Yuri Dmitriev the journey of a lifetime. Essay-reasoning-reflection on a moral and ethical topic My ugly friend read a story about a toad

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Why are frogs cold?

Frogs are always cold. And always wet, even if they live on land. Frogs breathe not only through their lungs, but also through their skin. And for this, the skin must be free of any covering. The frog really has no shell, scales, or hair. But on the other hand, this is very dangerous: such skin can dry out even in the shade, but in the sun the frog would dry out and die very quickly. But the frogs don't die. And they are saved by the fluid secreted by numerous glands located on the skin. That's why the frog is always wet. Therefore, it is always cold: after all, moisture is constantly evaporating, and any evaporation from any surface, as is known, cools this surface. As a result of the evaporation of moisture, the temperature of the frog becomes lower than the air around it, usually by 2–3, sometimes by 8–9 degrees. The warmer the air, the more evaporation and the colder the frog.

But if the frog is saved from drying out by the liquid secreted by special glands, then what saves it from flies or mosquitoes, from countless microbes that can find shelter on unprotected thin and delicate skin? However, nature took care of the frogs here too - the same liquid that saves it from drying out also protects it from mosquito and midge bites. In addition, this liquid, as scientists say, contains bactericidal, that is, bacteria-killing substances.

The ability of frogs to kill microbes is another mystery, another riddle to which no answer has been found. Perhaps frogs will help people make another important discovery. After all, they have helped scientists more than once.

But even without this, man owes a lot to frogs. After all, frogs are active destroyers of insects, mainly insects that harm humans.

My ugly friend

The first time we met was in the forest. She was sitting on the path, large, heavy, breathing heavily, like a person suffering from shortness of breath.

I had seen toads before, but somehow I never had the opportunity to look at them - I had no time, I was always in a hurry to get somewhere. And then I was in no hurry and, squatting down, began to look at the toad.

She didn't mind. In any case, she made no attempt to escape. I looked at the toad and remembered the many stories and legends that surround this animal. Someone once explained to me that all sorts of tall tales are told about toads because they are very ugly, even ugly. But the more I looked at the toad, the more I became convinced that this was not true, that it was not so ugly after all. Maybe at first glance the toad really doesn’t seem beautiful. But should we judge at first glance?

And as if in order for me to be convinced that I was right, there was a new meeting with the toad.

Now this meeting took place not in the forest, but in the far part of our yard. We called this part of the yard the garden because several large old linden and poplar trees grew there, and lilac bushes grew thickly along the fence. It was there, in this garden, near a large rotten stump, that I met the toad again. Of course, it was not the same toad that I saw in the forest. But for some reason I wanted it to be the same one, so that it would somehow get from the forest to our yard. And now she is the one who lives here. Because she, like me, really likes our an old house, and the yard, almost entirely overgrown with grass, and trees, and lilacs.

No, of course it was another toad. But she probably really liked our yard, and it was not for nothing that she settled here.

I often visited the old tree stump and sometimes met a toad there. She sat quietly in a small hole or in thick grass, hiding from the hot rays of the sun. Only on cloudy days was she active. At night - I knew this for sure - I hunted tirelessly, in any weather.

In the library I took several books that told about toads, lizards, frogs, and in one of them I read that a toad can be tamed. Having taken out the mealworms, I began to come to the toad with “gifts”. I put the worms on the tip of a thin splinter and presented them to my toad. But for some reason she didn’t take them. At first I was surprised, but then I remembered that toads only grab moving insects. Then I quietly twirled the wand. This also did not make an impression at first. But one day... No, I was not distracted - I looked at the worm without taking my eyes off. And yet I didn’t notice how he disappeared. I put another worm on the tip of the splinter. And the same thing happened to him. And with the third, and with the fourth. They disappeared, and the toad still sat motionless, as if she was not at all responsible for the disappearance of the worms.

From that day on, every morning at the same hour I came to the old stump and found my toad in the same place. It seemed she was waiting for me.

Gradually I began to shorten the splinter and pretty soon I shortened it so much that I could replace it with an ordinary match. And I was already sure: the time was not too far off when the toad would take food right out of my hands.

But somehow I was late for a date and didn’t find the toad in the usual place. I walked around the stump, she was nowhere to be found. I rummaged in the grass - no. And suddenly I saw a dark, shapeless lump, already covered with flies.

Who did it?

Someone took and killed my toad just because she was ugly!

Ugly... And I saw in front of me her amazing, golden eyes with dark dots, a large toothless mouth that gave her some kind of very kind expression, the delicate skin on her abdomen, her touching, seemingly so helpless, front paws, and it seemed to me that she was very beautiful.

Why don't others see this? Why do people so often see what is not there and not notice what is?!

Toad: fiction and reality

Toads and frogs are similar in appearance. Many people, who rarely encounter these animals, even confuse them. But if you look closely, the difference is easy to see. The frog is a diurnal inhabitant, and the toad is nocturnal, therefore frogs have a round pupil, like all diurnal animals, and the toad has a vertical pupil, like nocturnal ones.

You still have to look closely at the eyes, but the legs are immediately visible. And by looking at the legs you can immediately clearly tell where the frog is and where the toad is. The frog's hind legs are long, strong, and muscular, while the front legs are much smaller. The toad's hind legs are not so strong and not so long, but the front legs are not so short either. Movement also depends on the structure of the legs. That's why toads move slowly, frogs move quickly, toads only make short leaps, and frogs make long leaps.

If you look at a calmly sitting frog and a toad, then the difference will be striking: the frog’s head seems to be slightly raised up and the whole body is raised. This makes it easier to catch flying insects. The toad not only catches flying insects, but also grabs those crawling on the ground. Therefore, her body seems to be pressed down, and her head is slightly lowered.

Most people have a negative attitude towards frogs and toads. If they simply don’t like frogs (“brrr, wet, cold!”), then they are also afraid of toads. The toad has a bad reputation. Even in ancient times, when cursing someone, they wanted the cursed person to be attacked by locusts, harmful flies and toads. It is no coincidence that toads are classified as harmful and dangerous, because “this animal is completely cold and wet, everything is poisoned, terrible, disgusting and harmful. When an animal is teased, it becomes so angry that if it can, it splashes its skin secretions on a person or poisons it with its poisonous, harmful breath. An eaten toad causes death; its breath and gaze are also harmful, causing a person to turn pale and disfigured.” And this was not said by some illiterate person. This was written by the famous physician and biologist Konrad Gesner in 1551 in his famous “History of Animals”.

And it is not surprising that toads have long attracted the attention of various swindlers and adventurers. Some brewed various potions from toads, which supposedly cured all sorts of diseases, others buried toads in the ground so that there would be a harvest, others stuffed dried toads into the patient’s mouth to drive away fever, and still others made poison from toads.

Now, of course, no one believes that dried toad is a medicine or that its look is dangerous. But many are sure that the toad secretes a special liquid and warts appear on the hands.

The toad actually secretes a whitish liquid - it even has special glands on its skin. But this liquid has nothing to do with the appearance of warts - it is generally completely harmless to humans. (Only if it gets into the eye, it can cause an unpleasant sensation.) But this liquid makes the toad meat inedible. And, having tried it once, the predator will forever lose the desire to attack toads. This is the toad’s only way of defense: after all, it doesn’t have sharp fangs or claws to fend for itself, it doesn’t even have fast legs to run away in case of danger.

In the forest, a toad sits all day long somewhere under a bush or in a shallow hole under the roots of trees. And as soon as it gets dark, he crawls out to hunt. And he will hunt until the morning. It is difficult to count how many insects it will destroy during this time, even if you specifically do this: the lightning-fast tongue “grabs”, that is, it sticks the insect and pulls it into the mouth. The human eye is not able to notice this action, since it lasts 1/15th of a second from start to finish.

The toad's eyes are also well adapted for hunting - it pays attention only to moving objects, and even then only to those that are at a distance of no more than ten centimeters - to such a distance the toad can “throw out” its tongue.

The toad destroys flies, mosquitoes, caterpillars, and slugs. And it’s not for nothing that experienced gardeners have long brought toads from the forest and released them into their gardens. They knew that a better garden pest watchdog could not be found. And it’s not without reason that in England, where there are very few toads, they were specially brought from France and sold for a lot of money, and in Paris, until relatively recently, there was a special market for toads!

Now that people have learned to control pests with the help of chemicals, the importance of toads seems to have decreased. But this is not entirely true: American scientists have calculated that even in places where plants are chemically treated, one toad saves $25 worth of food over the summer. But how much benefit does it bring where people do not take part in pest control?

In our forest I often see the gray toad. But sometimes I meet green ones. I always respectfully give way to both.

Common newt

Common newt - that's what it's called. And indeed, it is very common in our middle zone, found almost everywhere, and quite large quantities. Perhaps, of all amphibians, only the sharp-faced frog and the grass frog are more numerous than the common newt. But it seems different: you see frogs always and everywhere, but you don’t always see newts in a puddle or small pond. That’s why in the spring and early summer I try to visit “my” puddle more often - I’m in a hurry to watch the newts. Later they will get out of the water and begin to lead such a lifestyle that even an experienced person will not always find them. They will hide during the day in dense bushes or in abandoned rodent burrows, sit under fallen trees or under piles of brushwood, and only leave their shelters at night. But at night, how can you see him, small, ten centimeters, greenish-brownish, inconspicuous? Only in spring and early summer, when newts live in the water, are they easy to see. Moreover, at this time they take off their modest attire and dress brightly. Especially the males. At this time they have amazing decoration- a huge comb stretching from the back of the head to the end of the tail. The comb is painted in orange and blue tones, shimmers with mother-of-pearl, and the animal looks like some kind of fantastic creature. The females, although they do not have a crest, try to keep up with their gentlemen, and when they perform their spring mating “dance”, watching them is not only interesting, but also very pleasant.

However, the beauty of newts is short-lived: after a short time, the males will fade and their crest will disappear. The coloring of the females will also fade. But they are no longer interested in beauty - they are all concerned about their offspring. Unlike their neighbors in the pond - frogs and toads, newts are quite caring mothers. In any case, they try not only to protect their future offspring as much as possible, but also to arrange them in such a way that, when they are born, they do not suffer from hunger. Tritonich glues the eggs - each separately - onto the leaves of underwater plants, and then folds or bends these leaves, and the eggs appear, as it were, between the valves. And so that the larvae, which appear after three weeks of these eggs, do not starve, the mother places them quite far from each other. After all, newts are predators, they feed on small animals, and when they appear all at once in one place (and there are 150 of them, but maybe 500–700), they will quickly devastate everything around. Therefore, the mother provides everyone with a small, albeit conditional, but still their own hunting area. Already on the second day of life, the newt larva begins to feed intensively and grow quite quickly: in two months it will grow 5–6 times and by the end of summer it will reach about four centimeters. This is not yet an adult newt, although it is not much different from an adult. And just like an adult, the larva will leave the water and go to look for earthly shelter. And in the spring it will return to the reservoir, grow up and turn into a real newt - a very useful animal that destroys a large number of mosquito larvae.

That is why, when I see brightly colored spring newts “dancing” in the water, I not only admire them, I am glad that there are many of them and there will be even more of them.

Lizard

At one time our housemate was an amazing man, a famous inventor. We boys, of course, didn’t know what he was inventing, but we were sure: some extraordinary airplanes or, in as a last resort, tanks. However, with all our respect for inventions, we considered our neighbor a great eccentric, because his entire apartment was filled with glass boxes in which a wide variety of lizards lived.

One day we happened to see our neighbor putting long, flat boxes into the refrigerator. The boxes were unusual, the inventor laid them out very carefully, and we immediately decided: he was conducting some kind of experiment. Our curiosity knew no bounds. And our surprise and disappointment was just as boundless when we learned that the boxes contained lizards. It turns out that our neighbor was going on a business trip and, in order not to leave his pets unattended - he lived alone - he decided to “freeze” them.

The inventor spent a whole month on a business trip, and when he returned, he carefully took the boxes out of the refrigerator, and soon gray and green lizards were running around in glass boxes - terrariums - as if nothing had happened. And the inventor looked at them with undisguised pleasure.

And then we were once again and finally convinced that our neighbor was a big eccentric.

Many years have passed since then, but I remember our neighbor very well. But now he no longer seems like an eccentric to me. I don’t know when I first seriously thought about lizards, maybe that morning when I learned that our neighbor was “freezing” them while he was away, maybe later, when one day I saw a lizard basking in the sun in the forest.

I sat down to rest on a dry tree fallen by the wind. It was very quiet, the sun was breaking through the branches in bunches, and where the rays fell on the grass or bushes, I could see every blade of grass, every leaf. There was a small stump sticking out nearby. It was brightly lit. And in the middle of the hemp, as if carved from metal by a skilled craftsman, decorated with fine embossing, a lizard lay motionless, basking in the sun.

Since then, I have seen lizards many times - both in the wild and in terrariums - and never tired of admiring them. But then for the first time I looked at the lizard for so long, looked until some careless movement of mine scared it away. I didn’t even have time to notice where she ducked - into the grass or under a tree. How fast and nimble!

That’s what it’s called – the quick lizard.

Another lizard, which is also often found in our forests, is slimmer, has larger scales, and is also very agile. But if a sand lizard lays eggs, from which small lizards emerge, then this one gives birth to live young. That's why she got her name - viviparous. The cubs of a viviparous lizard - there are usually 8-10 of them - are born almost completely black. They sit motionless in the grass or cracks in the soil for several days, and then begin an independent life.

The life of lizards - both sand lizards and viviparous lizards - is similar. Unless the viviparous swims well, but the fast one does not. But quick burrowing makes the burrows much deeper. They climb into these burrows in the fall (and some simply crawl under fallen leaves or into moss) and fall asleep until spring. (Our neighbor gave the lizards such an “artificial winter” by placing them in the refrigerator.) Spring will come, insects will appear, and lizards will crawl out of their burrows. They will quickly begin to scurry around in the grass, run along paths, and climb trees in search of prey. They have a good appetite. Lizards are useful, beautiful, graceful animals, and many people love them. But, unfortunately, not everyone loves lizards, some are simply indifferent to them, and some are not averse to catching them and torturing them in a box. True, it is not easy to catch a lizard - it is dexterous, fast, and besides, when it is grabbed by the tail, it “releases” it.

By the way, almost everyone knows about this, but few people have any idea why this happens. Really, what’s the matter, maybe it’s so brittle or so weakly attached? No, the tail is attached quite reliably - scientists carried out experiments: they began to attach a weight to the tail of a dead lizard, which weighed nineteen grams, gradually increasing it. The tail withstood a load of almost half a kilogram. But maybe a dead lizard has such a strong tail, but a living one has a weakly attached one? Or does she “let go” of him herself? Neither one nor the other. If you carefully take a living lizard by the tail and lower it upside down, it will hang by the tail, although this is apparently unpleasant for it and it would like to break free. But she cannot let go of the tail, and it itself does not break. This means that the tail is not so weakly attached.

There are vertebrae in the lizard's tail. In the middle of each vertebra there is a layer of cartilage. The vertebrae are surrounded by strong muscles. When these muscles contract, they seem to break the vertebra into two parts, along this layer. But they break it only when the lizard feels pain. This means that the lizard does not lose its tail “on purpose”, not consciously: after all, even when caught, but not experiencing pain, it does not throw it away, although this must be done to save its life. Conversely, the tail comes off at the slightest pain, even when she is not in danger. But that rarely happens. Much more often the tail, or rather its loss, saves the lizard’s life.

A predator usually grabs a running lizard by the tail. The tail, of course, comes off, but its muscles continue to contract for some time, the tail moves, and the predator does not immediately figure out what he got. Meanwhile, the lizard will have time to escape.

Then she will grow a new tail. But while it grows, the lizard will not be able to run as fast, nor will it be able to catch insects as deftly as before. It will be bad for the lizard! She really needs a tail.

Legless spindle lizard

The spindle is a small stick cut on both sides, which was once used for spinning in villages, and can now be seen, perhaps, only in museums. And many don't even know what it is. Therefore, the name “spindle” seems strange. And this forest dweller really looks like a spindle. But people who encounter a spindle in the forest have no time to look at it or think about its name: at best, they try to get away. And those who are “brave” quickly grab sticks. Still would! Snake! Who else is crawling through the forest?

And if you say that the most ordinary harmless lizard is crawling through the forest, people will be very surprised and will not believe it.

And yet it is so. Spindle is a lizard. The absence of legs is its only resemblance to a snake. But the rest is nothing in common. She has eyelids, but a snake does not, the scales of the spindle are not like those of a snake, and the shape of the body is not that of a snake. Finally, the spindle, like the lizard, “releases” its tail. And most importantly, like any lizard, it is useful because it feeds on caterpillars and slugs. The spindle crawls slowly, low, with its head lowered to the ground. She met a slug, grabbed it with her toothless jaws, shook her head from side to side and - no slug. And the spindle crawled on. I saw a caterpillar. She looked at it from one side to the other, as if trying to figure out how best to grab it. Once! And there is no caterpillar. So this legless lizard crawls through the forest. Maybe it won’t destroy very many caterpillars and slugs in one day. But the spindle does not crawl for a day, not two, or even ten years. The spindle can live 30–40 years and will work conscientiously all these years. Unless, of course, someone mistakes it for a snake and uses a stick or a stone... And that person will not know that he killed an animal that not only bites or stings, but cannot even pinch!

My ugly friend

The first time we met was in the forest. She was sitting on the path, large, heavy, breathing heavily, like a person suffering from shortness of breath.

I had seen toads before, but somehow I never had the opportunity to look at them - I had no time, I was always in a hurry to get somewhere. And then I was in no hurry and, squatting down, began to look at the toad.

She didn't mind. In any case, she made no attempt to escape. I looked at the toad and remembered the many stories and legends that surround this animal. Someone once explained to me that all sorts of tall tales are told about toads because they are very ugly, even ugly. But the more I looked at the toad, the more I became convinced that this was not true, that it was not so ugly after all. Maybe at first glance the toad really doesn’t seem beautiful. But should we judge at first glance?

And as if in order for me to be convinced that I was right, there was a new meeting with the toad.

Now this meeting took place not in the forest, but in the far part of our yard. We called this part of the yard the garden because several large old linden and poplar trees grew there, and lilac bushes grew thickly along the fence. It was there, in this garden, near a large rotten stump, that I met the toad again. Of course, it was not the same toad that I saw in the forest. But for some reason I wanted it to be the same one, so that it would somehow get from the forest to our yard. And now she is the one who lives here. Because she, like me, really likes our old house, and the yard, almost all overgrown with grass, and trees, and lilacs.

No, of course it was another toad. But she probably really liked our yard, and it was not for nothing that she settled here.

I often visited the old tree stump and sometimes met a toad there. She sat quietly in a small hole or in thick grass, hiding from the hot rays of the sun. Only on cloudy days was she active. At night - I knew this for sure - I hunted tirelessly, in any weather.

In the library I took several books that told about toads, lizards, frogs, and in one of them I read that a toad can be tamed. Having taken out the mealworms, I began to come to the toad with “gifts”. I put the worms on the tip of a thin splinter and presented them to my toad. But for some reason she didn’t take them. At first I was surprised, but then I remembered that toads only grab moving insects. Then I quietly twirled the wand. This also did not make an impression at first. But one day... No, I wasn’t distracted - I looked at the worm without taking my eyes off. And yet I didn’t notice how he disappeared. I put another worm on the tip of the splinter. And the same thing happened to him. And with the third, and with the fourth. They disappeared, and the toad still sat motionless, as if she was not at all responsible for the disappearance of the worms.

From that day on, every morning at the same hour I came to the old stump and found my toad in the same place. It seemed she was waiting for me.

Gradually I began to shorten the splinter and pretty soon I shortened it so much that I could replace it with an ordinary match. And I was already sure: the time was not too far off when the toad would take food right out of my hands.

But somehow I was late for a date and didn’t find the toad in the usual place. I walked around the stump, she was nowhere to be found. I rummaged in the grass - no. And suddenly I saw a dark, shapeless lump, already covered with flies.

Who did it?

Someone took and killed my toad just because she was ugly!

Ugly... And I saw in front of me her amazing, golden eyes with dark dots, a large toothless mouth that gave her some kind of very kind expression, the delicate skin on her abdomen, her touching, seemingly so helpless, front paws, and it seemed to me that she was very beautiful.

Why don't others see this? Why do people so often see what is not there and not notice what is?!

Class hour “My ugly friend” (1 word)

Class: 2nd grade

Target:- to show the integrity of nature, that there is nothing superfluous in nature;

To cultivate humane feelings towards all living things; ecological culture.

Teacher: Man is a part of nature. He lives among her, enjoys her wealth, admires her beauty. People have always loved trees, grass, flowers, birds, insects, animals. But is it everyone? Let's take animals for example. Are all animals loved by humans? Do you love and take care of everyone? (2 words) Why? Name your favorites and least favorites? (Children's answers)(3 words)

So you don't like mice and rats, cockroaches, worms, bats, snakes, toads, frogs? With mice, rats, cockroaches - it’s understandable. They bring a lot of trouble to a person’s health and well-being when they settle in his home. What about the other animals you named? Let's talk today and see why some animals are loved and admired, while others are treated poorly and tried to destroy them? Is it fair to treat these animals mercilessly?(4cl . )

Mystery: He sits with his eyes bulging,

doesn't speak Russian

born in water

but lives on earth.(Toad) (5 words)

Toad complaints (They say that Itoad, It’s harmful that I have warts on my hands. None of this is true. I actually secrete a whitish, strong-smelling liquid through my skin. But there are no warts from this liquid. This is just how I save myself from enemies. This liquid makes us toads inedible. Having once tasted our meat with mucus, the predator will forever lose the desire to attack toads. This is its only defense - after all, the toad has neither sharp teeth nor fast legs to escape in times of danger.

Student: But the toad brings enormous benefits. It is not for nothing that experienced gardeners often bring toads into the garden and release them there. During the day, the toad sits under a leaf in the shade, and at night it crawls out to hunt.And all night long he walks between the beds, throwing out his long sticky tongue, grabbing flies, mosquitoes, caterpillars, slugs. And you can’t count how many harmful insects it will destroy! That's why the toad is our great friend. So what if she’s ugly. Friends are not loved for their beauty. - So what benefits does a toad bring? (Children's answers)

Teacher asks a riddle aboutworm Mystery: Long, soft and thin,
He lives in damp soil.
Only the sun rises in the sky,
He goes home to his place.
But it will only rain,
He's crawling outside...
Amazing weirdo
This rain...(Worm) (6 words) Worm's complaints (a student wearing the crown of this animal. Oh, and sometimes it’s hard for me. Everyone tries to step on me when I crawl out of the ground after the rain. There’s no need to do this, because I bring benefit to nature.Teacher: What benefits does a worm bring?

Student. Worms - the most useful animals in the world. They loosen and crush dry clods of earth. With their help, plant roots receive air and moisture. Worms also fertilize the soil, swallowing the soil with all sorts of waste, dead plants, and the remains of insects and animals. Earthworms They chew their “delicacy” with pleasure, and spit back the real fertile soil. The more fertile the soil, the better the harvest.

Teacher asks a riddle aboutspider. Mystery: This long-armed old man wove a hammock in the corner. Invites: “Mid flies! Relax, little ones!(7 words)

Spider Complaints ( student in the crown of this animal)

And it’s not easy for me to live in this world. I weave and weave a web so that harmful insects get into it, and many travelers take it and tear it. And everyone is trying to destroy us. And I bring considerable benefit.

Student. Benefit fromspiders great. Spiders are voracious: each one eats no less per day than it weighs. When the hunt is especially successful, the cross spider catches… five hundred insects per day in its net. Flies predominate in this catch. And on the body of one fly alone they counted 26 million microbes! And such terrible ones that make people suffer from various dangerous diseases. Spiders save us from this infection.

What can we conclude, guys?

The conclusion is simple : You need to take care of spiders - don’t crush them, don’t tear the web! Everyone must remember: the spider is man's friend!

Teacher asks a riddle aboutbat.

Mystery: You won’t understand whether it’s an animal or a bird.
You won’t get lost with her at night -
Sees everything around with his ears!
The mouse, but does not eat cheese with mice.
(Bat ) (8 words)

Bat complaints ( student in the crown of this animal)

Many legends and superstitions are associated with us. We have a very unusual appearance; we lead a nocturnal lifestyle. We see at night not with the help of sight, but with the help of hearing.

Many people are afraid of us, they consider us vampires. If we were flying during the day, we wouldn’t seem so strange and suspicious to you. And people wouldn’t make up various fables about us. There is no need to be afraid of us, we bring benefits to gardens and vegetable gardens!

Student. These animals are very useful to our fields and gardens, as they destroy many nocturnal insects - up to 500 mosquitoes per flight!).

One winged creature catches up to 10 million flies, midges, mosquitoes, mosquitoes and night moths per year. To exterminate such a number of harmful insects, it would be necessary to spend tons of pesticides, causing damage to nature and people themselves.

Teacher asks a riddle aboutsnake.

A rope winds, with a head at the end.(Snake) (9 words) Snake complaints ( student in the crown of this animal) Everyone knows that we hiss and bite. People often die from our bites. But this can be avoided if you know more about us. We hiss, warning of danger - don’t touch us, get out of the way!Student. There is one species in our forests poisonous snakes- viper. Its gray or brown color with a wavy pattern on its back makes it invisible among the sun's glare and foliage. Therefore, neither a person nor an animal notices it, they come close, or even step on it - as a result, the viper resorts to self-defense and bites - after all, it has no other defense! The Viper reveals itself by hissing. Why does the viper hiss? She warns people - let her crawl away or move away yourself! And there will be no trouble! The extermination of poisonous snakes is prohibited in our country! They benefit people. The viper, feeding on forest and field mice, protects people from many dangerous diseases that these rodents carry. Snake venom findswidely used in medicine.Special snake nurseries have been created where venom is extracted from snakes. This is a very valuable raw material that is used to obtain medications for many diseases. (10 words) Teacher. You learned a lot about "ugly"animals.Has your attitude towards them changed? There are no unnecessary animals in nature. All of them are useful and necessary. This - Live nature, which means he has the right to life! We need to treat nature with care and not forget that we are visiting it.. (11 words)

Guys!
Frogs, spiders, worms
Never push!
Never tear up cobwebs on trees!

If you pass by calmly

You will bring great benefits to nature!

It seems to me that in the work “Toad”, the author is not just trying to suggest an idea, he seems to pour out his soul in the lines.
It is possible that, to some extent, the author is telling us about his sad experience. Positioning himself as a toad, he tells us about the hard life of an outcast who faces ridicule and bullying every day.
The boy in this case is a representative of that very cruel society that subjects the unfortunate toad to trials. Expressing his thoughts through the words of his grandmother, the author seeks to urge a person to tolerance.
You can also look at it from the other side. The toad represents people who are ugly on the outside but beautiful on the inside. How often do people judge a person by their appearance, without thinking at all that the soul of a person with a disfigured face can be beautiful, while a person with a beautiful face can be ugly on the inside. In this case, the author seeks to encourage people to value not their appearance, but their soul. He is trying to show that the soul of every living creature is a much more important development of personality than a pretty face. The author conveys the idea of ​​forgiveness, which is presented in the scene when the toad seems to forgive the boy for his action.
It conveys the idea that even a vile and cruel person is capable of change. He teaches us to give people a second chance, to treat them kinder and more tolerantly.
The author also talks about a strong soul that, despite the boy’s actions, she did not become embittered, sincerely forgiving him.
And finally, the author teaches us patience. He shows us that there is no point in returning evil to evil and that you can convey a person’s mistake not just by saying it to his face, which he will most likely ignore, but by influencing consciousness. The grandmother showed the boy that if you judge only by appearance, then in the end you can ruin the whole world. "There will be no peace in war." "If you sow cruelty in the world, you will not find mercy"

Review of the story "Toad" by Radia Pogodin

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It conveys the idea that even a vile and cruel person is capable of change. He teaches us to give people a second chance, to treat them kinder and more tolerantly.

Hunger will never change, not at all, and why don’t we write such wonderful reviews for me?

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He can hang - he has special suction cups on the underside of his head for this. He can also breathe - on the sides of his head he has fluffy tufts - gills. But the tadpole cannot eat - it does not yet have a mouth. The mouth will appear only after a few days. And then the tadpole will slowly begin to scrape the surface of the plants and slowly move. Day by day he becomes more and more active, and as if from this activity his head is enlarged and his gill tufts are becoming smaller. Instead, gill slits appear, like in fish. But now the tadpole no longer looks like a fish at all - it doesn’t even have fins, and it swims only with the help of its tail. And then the gill slits gradually begin to overgrow - the tadpole develops lungs. Now he rises to the surface more and more often to get some air.

At the back, on the sides of the tail, barely noticeable tubercles appear at first, which increase every day. These are the future hind legs. The front ones have also begun to grow, but they are not yet visible - they are hidden under folds of skin.

Gradually the tadpole becomes a half-frog. He is no longer a tadpole because he has lungs and hind legs. But it’s not a frog either, because it still has a tail and only two legs. Finally, the front legs grow. By this time, the tail had become completely small, shrunk, wrinkled. And then the day came when the tail completely disappeared. Now the frog looks completely different from the tadpole. But he looks like a frog in everything.

A little frog, very small, he probably just dropped his tail yesterday and crawled out onto the shore. Probably for the first time in his life he left his native body of water. Stop! It's you that I need!

The little frog was already heading away from the pond, but I caught him. Well, go back! I threw the frog into the water. He quickly worked with his paws, swam to the shore and climbed onto it. An eccentric little frog: instead of saving himself, hiding in the water, he again climbs towards danger - after all, for him I’m probably an incomprehensible, terrible monster! Well, just wait! And I threw the frog into the water again. This time I threw it further away. And he turned again and swam in my direction. But on the way he met some kind of sliver. The frog put his tiny front paws on it, pulled himself up, leaned his chest and was already sitting on the sliver. And he looks very pleased. Or maybe it’s just me who seems so? I don’t know, but, in any case, the frog achieved his goal - he got out of the water.

It’s strange: in the spring, his parents tried to get to the water as quickly as possible; the tadpole, which has now turned into this little frog, could not live without water. But this one doesn’t want to stay in the water for a minute.

But what can you do, that’s how frogs are designed. Now they (this only applies to herbaceous and sharp-faced ones) will move away from the water, and when the time comes, they will begin to look for it again. Water is needed both to overwinter and to lay eggs. At this time, the frogs very persistently and very confidently search for water. And maybe the same frog, having already become an adult frog, will return to the pond where he was born. This often happens in frogs. They even come to places where there were once puddles and then disappeared.

Scientists learned about this property of frogs relatively recently. One spring, while plowing, people saw a lot of frogs in the field. Actually, throughout the entire field, but in the place where there once was a pond. The frogs were collected and taken from the field. But after a few days they were again sitting on the plowed ground, exactly in the place where the pond had previously been.

Scientists were interested in this behavior of frogs. Many experiments were done, and they all confirmed: frogs return to where the pond was. How do they remember a place? How do they find it? People don't know this yet.

It also remains mysterious how frogs generally find the ponds and puddles they gravitate towards at certain times of the year. At first it was assumed that frogs are very sensitive to moisture and can sense water even at a great distance. But this assumption has disappeared, since frogs travel only after rain or in damp weather, or in the spring, when the ground has not yet dried out. In dry weather, and even in open places, frogs cannot move for a long time: their skin will dry out and they will inevitably die. And people still cannot understand how frogs find bodies of water.

Frogs are always cold. And always wet, even if they live on land. Frogs breathe not only through their lungs, but also through their skin. And for this, the skin must be free of any covering. The frog really has no shell, scales, or hair. But on the other hand, this is very dangerous: such skin can dry out even in the shade, but in the sun the frog would dry out and die very quickly. But the frogs don't die. And they are saved by the fluid secreted by numerous glands located on the skin. That's why the frog is always wet. Therefore, it is always cold: after all, moisture is constantly evaporating, and any evaporation from any surface, as is known, cools this surface. As a result of the evaporation of moisture, the temperature of the frog becomes lower than the air around it, usually by 2–3, sometimes by 8–9 degrees. The warmer the air, the more evaporation and the colder the frog.

But if the frog is saved from drying out by the liquid secreted by special glands, then what saves it from flies or mosquitoes, from countless microbes that can find shelter on unprotected thin and delicate skin? However, nature took care of the frogs here too - the same liquid that saves it from drying out also protects it from mosquito and midge bites. In addition, this liquid, as scientists say, contains bactericidal, that is, bacteria-killing substances.

The ability of frogs to kill microbes is another mystery, another riddle to which no answer has been found. Perhaps frogs will help people make another important discovery. After all, they have helped scientists more than once.

But even without this, man owes a lot to frogs. After all, frogs are active destroyers of insects, mainly insects that harm humans.

The first time we met was in the forest. She was sitting on the path, large, heavy, breathing heavily, like a person suffering from shortness of breath.

I had seen toads before, but somehow I never had the opportunity to look at them - I had no time, I was always in a hurry to get somewhere. And then I was in no hurry and, squatting down, began to look at the toad.

She didn't mind. In any case, she made no attempt to escape. I looked at the toad and remembered the many stories and legends that surround this animal. Someone once explained to me that all sorts of tall tales are told about toads because they are very ugly, even ugly. But the more I looked at the toad, the more I became convinced that this was not true, that it was not so ugly after all. Maybe at first glance the toad really doesn’t seem beautiful. But should we judge at first glance?

And as if in order for me to be convinced that I was right, there was a new meeting with the toad.

Now this meeting took place not in the forest, but in the far part of our yard. We called this part of the yard the garden because several large old linden and poplar trees grew there, and lilac bushes grew thickly along the fence. It was there, in this garden, near a large rotten stump, that I met the toad again. Of course, it was not the same toad that I saw in the forest. But for some reason I wanted it to be the same one, so that it would somehow get from the forest to our yard. And now she is the one who lives here. Because she, like me, really likes our old house, and the yard, almost all overgrown with grass, and trees, and lilacs.

No, of course it was another toad. But she probably really liked our yard, and it was not for nothing that she settled here.

I often visited the old tree stump and sometimes met a toad there. She sat quietly in a small hole or in thick grass, hiding from the hot rays of the sun. Only on cloudy days was she active. At night - I knew this for sure - I hunted tirelessly, in any weather.