Presentation on cell theory. Pimenov A.V.
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The cell is the basis of the structure
Prokaryotes Fungi Plants Animals In protozoa, the two concepts of “organism” and “cell” coincide, because they are unicellular
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HOOK (Hooke) Robert
4 (1635-1703), English naturalist, versatile scientist and experimenter, architect. For the first time, examining a section of a cork under a microscope, I saw that they consisted of separate structures separated by partitions; I called them CELLS.
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Leeuwenhoek Anthony van
5 (October 24, 1632, Delft - August 26, 1723, ibid), Dutch naturalist, one of the founders of scientific microscopy.
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B. Brown
In 1831, the English scientist B. Brown discovered the cell nucleus. This discovery served as an important prerequisite for establishing the similarities between plant and animal cells.
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BER Karl Maksimovich (Karl Ernst)
7 (1792-1876), naturalist, founder of embryology, one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, foreign corresponding member (1826), academician (1828-30 and 1834-62; honorary member from 1862) St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Born in Estland.
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Schleiden Matthias Jacob
8 (04/05/1804, Hamburg - 06/23/1881, Frankfurt am Main) Proved that all plant cells have a nucleus.
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Schwann Theodor
9 (12/07/1810, Neuss - 01/11/1882, Cologne) Formulated and published the cellular theory of the structure of organisms in 1839. It served as one of the prerequisites for the emergence of Darwin’s theory of evolution
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CYTOLOGY (from cyto... i...logy), the science of cells. Studies the structure and functions of cells, their connections and relationships in organs and tissues of multicellular organisms, as well as unicellular organisms. Studying the cell as the most important structural unit of living things, cytology occupies a central position in a number of biological disciplines; it is closely related to histology, plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, etc. The study of the cellular structure of organisms was begun by microscopists in the 17th century. (R. Hooke, M. Malpighi, A. Leeuwenhoek); in the 19th century a single one for everything was created organic world cell theory (T. Schwann, 1839). In the 20th century The rapid progress of cytology was facilitated by new methods (electron microscopy, isotope indicators, cell cultivation, etc.).
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How to see and study a cell? Optical MICROSCOPY, a set of methods for observing micro-objects using various optical microscopes. These methods significantly depend on the type of microscope lens, its auxiliary devices, the type of microobject and the method of preparing it for observation, as well as on the nature of its illumination during observation.
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MICROSCOPE (from micro... and...scope) is a tool that allows you to obtain an enlarged image of small objects and their details that are not visible to the naked eye. The microscope magnification, reaching 1500-2000, is limited by diffraction phenomena. With the naked eye, at the best viewing distance (250 mm), an observer with average visual acuity can distinguish one small particle (or part of an object) from another only if they are separated by a distance of 0.08 mm. An optical microscope makes it possible to examine structures with a distance between elements of up to 0.25 microns, an electron microscope - about 0.01-0.1 nm.
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ELECTRON MICROSCOPE is an instrument that uses an electron beam to produce a magnified image. The resolution of an electron microscope is hundreds of times greater than that of an optical microscope.
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Modern provisions of cell theory
The cell is a structural and functional unit, the unit of development of all living organisms. Cells have a membrane structure. The nucleus is the main component of the cell. Cells reproduce only by division. The cellular structure of organisms indicates that plants and animals have the same origin.
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Check of knowledge
Give the concept of a cell, highlight the similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cells Tell the history of the discovery of the cell Who formulated the cell theory, why it is of particular importance for science State the main provisions of the cell theory
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Homework
Page 142-143 Messages on the topic “History of the discovery of the cell” “Cytology as a science” “About great people who contributed to the development of cytology.”
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Robert Hooke 1665 Published the work "Micrography", where he outlined the results of his research. By examining a thin section of the cork under a microscope, he discovered the existence of many small cells and called them “cells.” This is how this term originated. ()
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek 1680 Described with great accuracy microorganisms observed under a microscope. He called them "microscopic animals", but did not note their cellular structure. ()
Theodor Schwann 1839 Using his own data and the results of M. Schleiden, he summarized knowledge about the cell and formulated the cell theory. The main point of this theory: the cell is the elementary structural unit of all plant and animal organisms. (1810 – 1882)
Schwann-Schleiden cell theory 1. All animals and plants have a cellular structure. 2. Plants and animals grow and develop through the emergence of new cells. 3. A cell is the smallest unit of living things, and a whole organism is a collection of cells.
Modern Cell Theory 1) The cell is the basis of the structural and functional organization of plants and animals. 2) Plant and animal cells are similar in structure and develop in a similar way (by dividing the original cell). 3) Cells in all organisms have a membrane structure. 4) The cell nucleus represents its main regulatory organelle. 5) The cellular structure of living organisms is evidence of the unity of their origin.
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The presentation on the topic "Cell Theory" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Biology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 7 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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Cell theory is the most important biological generalization, according to which all living organisms are composed of cells. The study of cells became possible after the invention of the microscope. For the first time, the cellular structure of plants (a cut of a cork) was discovered by the English scientist, physicist R. Hooke, who also proposed the term “cell” (1665). The Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to describe vertebrate red blood cells, spermatozoa, various microstructures of plant and animal cells, various single-celled organisms, including bacteria, etc.
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Creation of cell theory
In 1831, the Englishman R. Brown discovered a nucleus in cells. In 1838, the German botanist M. Schleiden came to the conclusion that plant tissues consist of cells. The German zoologist T. Schwann showed that animal tissues also consist of cells. In 1839, T. Schwann’s book “Microscopic Studies on the Correspondence in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants” was published, in which he proves that cells containing nuclei represent the structural and functional basis of all living beings.
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M. Schdeiden and T. Schwann mistakenly believed that the main role in the cell belongs to the membrane and new cells are formed from intercellular structureless substance. Subsequently, clarifications and additions were made to the cell theory by other scientists. Back in 1827, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences K.M. Baer, having discovered the eggs of mammals, established that all organisms begin their development from one cell, which is a fertilized egg. This discovery showed that the cell is not only a unit of structure, but also a unit of development of all living organisms. In 1855, the German physician R. Virchow came to the conclusion that a cell can only arise from a previous cell by dividing it.
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Basic provisions of modern cell theory
A cell is a unit of structure, vital activity, growth and development of living organisms; there is no life outside the cell. Cell - one system, consisting of many elements naturally connected with each other, representing a certain holistic formation. The nucleus is the main component of a cell (eukaryote). New cells are formed only as a result of the division of original cells. The cells of multicellular organisms form tissues, and tissues form organs. The life of an organism as a whole is determined by the interaction of its constituent cells.
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Additional provisions of the cell theory
Cells of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are systems of different levels of complexity and are not completely homologous to each other. Copying is the basis of cell division and reproduction of organisms. hereditary information- molecules of nucleic acids (“each molecule of a molecule”). The concept of genetic continuity applies not only to the cell as a whole, but also to some of its smaller components - mitochondria, chloroplasts, genes and chromosomes. A multicellular organism is new system, a complex ensemble of many cells united and integrated in a system of tissues and organs, connected to each other through chemical factors, humoral and nervous (molecular regulation). Multicellular cells are totipotent, that is, they have the genetic potential of all cells of a given organism, are equivalent in genetic information, but differ from each other in the different expression (function) of various genes, which leads to their morphological and functional diversity - differentiation.
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Cell theory is the most important biological generalization, according to which all living organisms are composed of cells. The study of cells became possible after the invention of the microscope. For the first time, the cellular structure of plants (a cut of a cork) was discovered by the English scientist, physicist R. Hooke, who also proposed the term “cell” (1665). The Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to describe vertebrate red blood cells, spermatozoa, various microstructures of plant and animal cells, various single-celled organisms, including bacteria, etc.
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Creation of the cell theory In 1831, the Englishman R. Brown discovered a nucleus in cells. In 1838, the German botanist M. Schleiden came to the conclusion that plant tissues consist of cells. The German zoologist T. Schwann showed that animal tissues also consist of cells. In 1839, T. Schwann’s book “Microscopic Studies on the Correspondence in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants” was published, in which he proves that cells containing nuclei represent the structural and functional basis of all living beings.
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Creation of the cell theory The main provisions of T. Schwann's cell theory can be formulated as follows. Cell - elementary structural unit structures of all living beings. Cells of plants and animals are independent, homologous to each other in origin and structure.
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M. Schdeiden and T. Schwann mistakenly believed that the main role in the cell belongs to the membrane and new cells are formed from intercellular structureless substance. Subsequently, clarifications and additions were made to the cell theory by other scientists. Back in 1827, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences K.M. Baer, having discovered the eggs of mammals, established that all organisms begin their development from one cell, which is a fertilized egg. This discovery showed that the cell is not only a unit of structure, but also a unit of development of all living organisms. In 1855, the German physician R. Virchow came to the conclusion that a cell can only arise from a previous cell by dividing it.
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Basic provisions of modern cellular theory The cell is a unit of structure, vital activity, growth and development of living organisms; there is no life outside the cell. A cell is a single system consisting of many elements naturally interconnected with each other, representing a certain integral formation. The nucleus is the main component of a cell (eukaryote). New cells are formed only as a result of the division of original cells. The cells of multicellular organisms form tissues, and tissues form organs. The life of an organism as a whole is determined by the interaction of its constituent cells.
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Additional provisions of the cell theory Cells of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are systems of different levels of complexity and are not completely homologous to each other. The basis of cell division and reproduction of organisms is the copying of hereditary information - nucleic acid molecules (“each molecule of a molecule”). The concept of genetic continuity applies not only to the cell as a whole, but also to some of its smaller components - mitochondria, chloroplasts, genes and chromosomes. A multicellular organism is a new system, a complex ensemble of many cells, united and integrated in a system of tissues and organs, connected to each other through chemical factors, humoral and nervous (molecular regulation). Multicellular cells are totipotent, that is, they have the genetic potential of all cells of a given organism, are equivalent in genetic information, but differ from each other in the different expression (function) of various genes, which leads to their morphological and functional diversity - differentiation.
1590 Jansen invented a microscope in which magnification
provided by connecting two lenses.
1665 Robert Hooke first used the term cell.
1650-1700. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek first described bacteria and
other microorganisms.
1700-1800. Many new descriptions and drawings have been published
various tissues, mainly plant ones.
In 1827, Karl Baer discovered the egg in mammals.
1831-1833. Robert Brown described the nucleus in plants
cells.
1838-1839. Botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann
combined the ideas of different scientists and formulated the cellular
theory which postulated that the basic unit of structure
and functions in living organisms is the cell.
1855 Rudolf Virchow showed that all cells are formed in
result of cell division.
1590 Jansen microscope. The history of the creation of cell theory
1665 Examining a section of cork under a microscope, English
scientist, physicist Robert Hooke discovered that it consists of cells,
separated by partitions. He called these cells "cells". The history of the creation of cell theory
In the 17th century, Leeuwenhoek designed
microscope and opened the door to the microworld for people.
Before the eyes of amazed researchers
a variety of ciliates flashed,
rotifers and other tiny living creatures.
It turned out that they are everywhere - these tiny
organisms: in water, manure, air and dust, in
soil and gutters, in rotting
animal and plant waste
origin. The history of the creation of cell theory
1831-1833. Robert Brown described the nucleus in plant cells.
In 1838, the German botanist M. Schleiden drew attention to the nucleus,
considered it to be the originator of the cell. According to Schleiden, from granular
substance, the nucleolus condenses, around which it forms
nucleus, and around the nucleus is a cell, with the nucleus in the process of formation
cells may disappear. The history of the creation of cell theory
The German zoologist T. Schwann showed that from
cells and animal tissues are made up.
He created a theory stating that
cells containing nuclei represent
is structural and functional
the basis of all living beings.
The cell theory of structure was
formulated and published
T. Schwann in 1839. Its essence can be
expressed in the following terms:
1. The cell is the elementary structural unit of the structure of all living things
creatures;
2. Plant and animal cells are independent and homologous to each other
by origin and structure. Every cell functions
independently of others, but together with everyone.
3. All cells arise from a structureless intercellular
substances. (Error!)
4. The vital activity of the cell is determined by the membrane. (Error!) The history of the creation of cell theory
In 1855, the German doctor R. Virchow made a generalization: a cell can
arise only from the previous cell. This led to
awareness of the fact that the growth and development of organisms are associated with
cell division and their further differentiation, leading to
formation of tissues and organs. The history of the creation of cell theory
Karl Baer
Back in 1827, Karl Baer discovered the egg in mammals,
proved that the development of mammals begins with fertilization
eggs.
This means that the development of any organism begins with one
fertilized egg, the cell is the unit of development. The history of the creation of cell theory
1865 The laws of heredity were published (G. Mendel).
1868 Opened nucleic acids(F. Mischer)
1873 Chromosomes discovered (F. Schneider)
1874 Mitosis was discovered in plant cells (I. D. Chistyakov)
1878 Mitotic division of animal cells discovered
(V. Fleming, P. I. Peremezhko)
1879 Fleming - behavior of chromosomes during division.
1882 Meiosis was discovered in animal cells (W. Fleming)
1883 It was shown that in germ cells the number of chromosomes in
two times less than in somatic (E. Van Beneden)
1887 Meiosis was discovered in plant cells (E. Strassburger)
1898 Golgi discovered the reticular apparatus of the cell, the Golgi apparatus.
1914 Chromosome theory of heredity formulated
(T. Morgan).
1924 Natural scientific theory of origin published
life on Earth (A.I. Oparin).
1953 Ideas about the structure of DNA were formulated and created
its model (D. Watson and F. Crick).
1961 The nature and properties of the genetic code are determined
(F. Crick,
L. Barnett, S. Benner). Basic provisions of modern cell theory
1. Cell - elementary living system, building unit,
life activity, reproduction and individual development
organisms.
2. The cells of all living organisms are homologous, the same in structure and
origin.
3. Cell formation. New cells arise only through
division of pre-existing cells.
4. Cell and organism. A cell can be independent
organism (prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes). All
Multicellular organisms are made up of cells.
5. Cell functions. Cells carry out: metabolism,
irritability and excitability, movement, reproduction and
differentiation.
6. Cell evolution. Cellular organization arose at the dawn of life and
has passed a long path of evolutionary development from nuclear-free
forms (prokaryotes) to nuclear (eukaryotes). Methods for studying cells
Light microscopy. Magnification up to 3000 times.
Electron microscopy. Magnification up to several hundred thousand times.
Centrifugation.
Use of radioactive isotopes, etc. Methods for studying cells Methods for studying cells Methods for studying cells Let's summarize:
The first microscope was invented:
1590 by Jansen.
In 1665 Robert Hooke:
I saw it, sketched it and called the cell a cell.
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek discovered:
The world of microorganisms.
Robert Brown first described in plant cells:
Core.
Matthias Schleiden proved:
All plants are made up of cells, an essential structure
is the core.
In 1838–1839 formulated the main provisions
cell theory German scientists:
Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden.
Both Schwann and Schleiden believed that new cells are formed:
From the intercellular substance. Let's summarize:
In 1855, Rudolf Virchow proved:
New cells are formed by dividing the mother cell.
The basic unit of structure and life activity of all living things
organisms is:
Cell.
All cells of living organisms have:
Similar structure.
The cells are homologous because:
They have the same origin and similar structure.
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