1 group of attachments. What groups of prefixes do you know? In Russian, there are three groups of prefixes

Depending on what problems arise when writing prefixes, all prefixes can be divided into the following groups.

The first group is the most trouble-free. These are prefixes that are always written the same way: in-, in-; vzo-; You-; before-; behind-; iso-; on the-; under-; o-, about; from-; pa- (only under stress - flood, stepson); re-; By; under; under-; great-; pre-, pre-; razo-; s-, co-; su-; y and others.

The second group is prefixes that are written, "adapting" to the letters following them. This is without- - demon-; vz- - sun-; voz- - voe-; from- - is-; bottom- - bottom-; times- - races-; roses - - grew -; through- - through-.

Of course, you remember how they change when writing. Formulate this rule yourself, only then read on.

In words with these prefixes, in a weak position (before the deaf), it is written with.

There is quite a lot of fiddling with this rule, but it is not the most difficult yet. And what attachments are the most difficult? Answer yourself and only then read on.

You are right if you thought: those whose spelling depends on the meaning. This is pre- and pre-.

(No less "erroneous" prefixes, non- and ni-, we will consider separately a little later.)

So, three groups of prefixes. For ease of remembering, you can make a table with them, and if you like to draw, depict them in some more interesting way. For example, in the form of three groups of little prefixes carrying large banners with the inscriptions: "We always write the same way!", "We depend on the subsequent consonant!", "We write depending on the meaning!"

Dictation with preliminary preparation. Write out from the text first the words with the prefixes of the first group, then the words with the prefixes of the second group, then the third. After that, write out the rest of the words that are difficult for you from the text, memorize them, and then write the text under dictation.

The enjoyment of the time spent in the company, to a large extent depends on whether there are skillful storytellers in this company. American writer Bel Kaufman expresses her thoughts on what a good storyteller should be.

“If you are attentive to your listeners, you will not offend them, blaspheme their religious beliefs, violate established rules of conduct or offend anyone's dignity ... You will not allow yourself a very common faux pas - you will not try to single-handedly take over the conversation, to only one of those present, not noticing everyone else ... Not every person is naturally given the liveliness of nature, acting talent, wit, the art of imitation. And if a dull, apathetic person does not become a brilliant storyteller, he can at least learn not to be bored"

Add to this story your own ideas about what a good storyteller and, in general, a person who is called "the soul of society" should be.

Preliminary presentation. Read the text. Write out from it first the words with the prefixes of the first group, then the second, then the third.

Then write down all the other difficult words for you and memorize them.

Using all the written words, write a summary of the text. Complete it with your own assessment of tourist behavior.

In many beautiful historical cities-monuments, there is an important problem of combating the inclinations of a certain part of tourists to imprint their name on ancient walls. They say that the administration of one tourist complex came up with a way out of a difficult situation, having managed both to satisfy this urgent desire of tourists and to protect the walls of architectural structures. For this, it was announced that everyone who wants to imprint their name can sign on a specially brought wooden board. At the same time, it was guaranteed that the painting of each would be carefully preserved in the monastery cellars. These boards are said to fill up at a phenomenal rate. And the paintings on the walls have not completely disappeared, but they have become much smaller.

Prefixes on z- and s- are mostly written as they are heard. But there is a rule: if a word begins with a voiced consonant, then the prefix should end in z-, if a voiceless consonant, then in -s.

A prefix or prefix is ​​a morpheme used for . Prefixes in 51 pieces, while there are both native Russian and foreign origin. Russian prefixes include the following: without- (bes-), v- (vo-), voz- (vos-, voz-), vz- (sun-), you-, do-, for-, from- (is -, iso-), on-, nai-, under-, over- (need-), non-, bottom- (nis-, low-), o-, ob- (obo-), obes- (provide- ), from- (oto-), by-, sub- (podo-), re-, pre-, pre- (pre-), with-, pro-, times- (ras-, dis-), s- (co-), co-, through- (through-), through-, out-, inter-, near-, over-, near-, counter-, and to foreign prefixes: anti-, archi-, de-, des-, dis-, in-, inter-, infra-, counter-, pro-, pan-, post-, proto-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, ex-. These prefixes are invariable, it is enough just to memorize their correct spelling.

Spelling prefixes

Difficulties in choosing a prefix arise when writing words starting with a- and o-. The prefix a- is used for something, for example: asymmetric (i.e. not symmetrical). The prefix o- is used to indicate the direction of action, the excess of action, etc., for example: (i.e. not just look, but perform this action more carefully and for a long time).

When writing prefixes pro- and pra- it is also necessary to analyze the meaning of the word. The prefix pra- means “ancient, old, distant relative, original”, for example: progenitor. In all other cases, it is necessary to use the prefix pro-, for example: to drop, bite through.

There are exceptions to all rules. These are mostly words of foreign origin. They need to be remembered or checked their spelling in a spelling dictionary.

It is especially difficult for schoolchildren to change prefixes pre- and pre-. The prefix has a fairly wide range of meanings, including the following: “about” (Azov region); “Addition, approximation, attachment” (fasten); "incomplete action" (powder); "action brought to an end" (recognize); “a little bit, not for long” (lie down); "accompanying action" (whistle); "acting in someone's interests" (hide). The prefix is ​​used when the word means “very, very, unnecessarily” (old) or “through, in a different way” (overcome).

b or b

If the word begins with the vowel letter E, E, Yu and I, then after the prefix you need b. A solid sign should be written if the prefix ends in a consonant, for example: connector, entrance. In compound words, if the prefix is ​​a numeral, it is also written b, for example: bunk. A solid sign is also written after most foreign language prefixes: injection, adjutant. soft sign after the prefix is ​​not written.

There are three groups of prefixes in Russian.

1. Prefixes that never change in writing.

REMEMBER!

2. Prefixes times-/ras-, roses-/ros-, without-/without-, from-/is-.

They change in writing depending on the root or stress.

-З- or -С- in prefixes times- / races, without- / demon, from- / is-:

-O- or -A- in prefixes times- / races, roses / grew up:

-С- or -SS- in words:

If the prefix ends in -C- and the root begins with -C-, then the word is written with two Cs:

calculate+count = count

devil + conscience \u003d shameless

In words calculation, prudent one letter is written -s-. The prefix ras- is added to the root -even-:

race + even = calculation

3. Prefixes pre-, at-.

Their spelling depends on the meaning they attach to the word.

In some words with prefixes pre-, at- meaning of prefixes is darkened ( Freaky, Haunt) or the prefix has grown together with the root ( obstacle, diligent, advantage).

And there are words that need to be distinguished by meaning:

Arrive (go) by train to the capital, but STAY (stay) in the mountains.

Such exception words with prefixes need to remember.

Spelling prefixes.

Job checks immediately five rules. Each of them is very easy in itself, but it is quite possible to get lost in them. Without constant training, do not expect excellent results!

Each of the answer options contains three words that are united by one rule. Each of the answer options contains three words that are united by one rule.

Immutable prefixes.

They are always spelled the same, no matter how you pronounce them:

RUSSIAN PREfixes:
in- (you-)
before-
behind-
To-
above-
about-
from-
re-
By-
under-
With-
y-

FOREIGN LANGUAGE PREfixes:
anti-
archi-
de-
dez-
dis-
in-
counter-
re-
sub-
the ex-

Distinguish!

Spelling b and b.

Clue.

Ъ and Ь always come after consonants before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I, as well as AND for b.

Trap!

Save, narrow down - before these letters b and b are not put. Bilingual - the first part does not end in a consonant.

Prefixes ending in Z or S.

Russian prefixes on z-/s- are written So, How are heard, that is, according to the phonetic principle.

A rule is derived from this principle: if after the prefix there is a voiced consonant, it is written at the end of z-, if it is deaf - s-.

Remember!

Many are cut on ignorance of deaf and voiced consonants.

H, W, C- Always deaf.

Check your pronunciation!

too ur

Trap!

DIS- is a foreign language prefix, so it does not change in writing.

Distinguish #1!

In compound words ( pedagogical institute, sports equipment) And it is preserved, since the first part is not a prefix, but a root!

Distinguish #2!

Raise, withdraw - but raise, charge, look, remove.

Prefixes PRE- and PRI-.

Distinguish!

Remember! This rule includes many foreign words or words whose origin is not always clear. You will have to learn them!

Action algorithm.

1. In each variant, determine by what rule the words are grouped.

2. Find exceptions in the answer options, insert the missing spellings.

3. Insert the rest of the missing letters according to the rule.

Clue. Don't start with the rule for PRE- and PRI-. It is the most difficult, so leave it for "dessert".

You may also be interested in the article on word formation methods, which describes the prefix method.

Parsing the task.

In which row at the place of the gap in all words is the same letter written?

1) not .. couples, not .. familiar, s .. born

2) pr..rotation, pr..to form, pr..skillful

3) ra..walk, and..throw, di..proportion

4) dis..information, pro..inform, notorious..famous

In the first version, words with a prefix that does not change in writing are presented, in the second - the prefixes PRE- / PRI-, in the third - prefixes on Z- / C-, in the fourth - Y / I after prefixes on a consonant.

Let's leave the spelling PRE- and PRI-.

Option number 1.

Week..four the letter O is missing in the invariable prefix NEDO-, not…acquainted- discard NOT-, the unchanged prefix O- remains, s ... to be born- prefix FOR-.

Option number 3.

Let's start with the foreign prefix DIS- in the word di..proporia. This prefix does not change in writing. In other words, we put down what we hear: pacing, and eruption.

Option number 4.

We are looking for a non-Russian prefix. In a word misinformation we find DEZ-, so after it we write I-. In a word about..inform a prefix ending in a vowel is used, so we also keep the i- in the root. And in the word heavenly..famous the Russian prefix BEZ- changes I- to Y-.

Option number 3.

In the three previous versions, we did not insert the same orthograms. Thus the correct answer is #3. We check it. Pr..rotation(=pen go from one state to another) , etc. form (=pen do) , etc. skillful(=very, pre-).

Practice.

1. In which row in all three words is the same letter missing?

1) p..write, with..glas, pos..yesterday

2) ra.. rely, be.. active, v.. remember

3) ex..form, ex..unpleasant, ex..follow

4) under..play, over..interesting, not without..famous

2. In which row in all three words is the same letter missing?

1) not .. done, to .. drag, and .. give

2) p..say, p..nick, not..lookable

3) pr..increase, pr..passion, pr..flicker

4) time .. search, without .. similar, by .. play

3. In which row in all three words is the same letter missing?

1) s..frequent, n..best, pos..yesterday

2) previous .. history, without .. active, not .. famous

3) pr..location, pr..lake, pr..huge

4) in..to do, in..donut (of light), ra..think

Sections: Russian language , Competition "Presentation for the lesson"

Class: 5

Presentation for the lesson

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Lesson type- acquisition of new knowledge.

The lesson is built according to the basic model and consists of the main three stages:

1. Motivational-orienting stage (motivation of knowledge, actualization of knowledge and goal setting)
2. Stage of comprehension (assimilation of new knowledge)
3. Reflective-evaluative stage

The structure of the lesson was chosen rationally, since the assimilation of new knowledge is based on updating, motivation and goal-setting, the stage of comprehending new material and its reflection is also necessary. The lesson focused on the formation of students' knowledge and skills to determine the lexical meaning of prefixes and their correct spelling.

Target: learn to determine the lexical meaning of prefixes, learn how to write them correctly.

Tasks:

• educational: to give an idea of ​​the three groups of prefixes depending on their spelling.
• Educational: development of spelling vigilance of students, cognitive abilities through a variety of activities.
• Educational: to carry out during the lesson moral education, nurture communicative relationships.

Equipment: computer, projector.

DURING THE CLASSES

Each part of the word expresses something, carries some meaning, serves for something.

A.N. Tikhonov

I. Organizational moment

Greetings. Record number and classwork.

II. Repetition

1. Construct a word (Slide 2)

Let's start our lesson with a little construction. Let's collect the word.
- Take the prefix in the word went, the root in the second word, the suffix and the ending in the word teaching. What word came out? (Repetition)
Now pay attention to the epigraph to our lesson. (Slide 3)
Author of "School explanatory dictionary Russian language "A.N. Tikhonov said:" Each part of the word expresses something, carries some meaning, serves for something. What part of the word was meant by the author of this statement? Name them.
– When we highlight significant parts in a word, what kind of analysis do we perform?

2. Morphemic analysis of words: let's talk, talkative, railway station, shot, roadless, in the reed. (Slide 4)

(Mutual check)

- Name the verb that is present among the written words.
-Determine the method of its formation.
What ways of forming verbs can you name? Give examples.

3. Work with the textbook

- Open your textbook to p. 19, consider ex. 615.
The goal is to consolidate the idea of ​​the prefix method as the main way of forming verbs and to train students in determining the meaning of prefixes.
What conclusion can we draw based on the examples considered? (Each prefix carries a meaning, means something)
- What is a prefix? Why is this a significant part of the word?
Let's write down the topic of the lesson. (Slide 1) Based on the topic, determine the purpose of our lesson.

III. Learning new material

– Open your textbooks on page 21, carefully read the text and write down the groups of prefixes depending on their spelling.
- What groups are prefixes divided into depending on the spelling? (Slide 5)
- What determines the writing of prefixes on s / s? Explain the spelling of the prefix in the word roadless.
- From the "Dictionary of the meaning of morphemes" write out examples for each group.

Examination.

IV. Anchoring

1) Read the text expressively. (Slide 6)

2) Determine the topic of the text.

(The text is not only about a specific swallow. Grandfather Mitriy explains the behavior of all swallows. In addition, this fragment talks about people who are interested in nature and all living things. Thus, the topic of the text is “Swallows and people.”
- swallows live next to a person and trustingly use his help, often involuntarily;
- an observant person, able to truly love nature, knows a lot about it and can explain, for example, the behavior of birds.)

3) Determine the type of speech used in the text. (A narrative with elements of description and reasoning: a story about an incident that happened to the author; a description of the behavior of swallows; reasoning about why the swallow behaved this way.)

4) How can you title the text? ("Thoughtful Swallow")

5) Complete task No. 2 to exercise 618.

6) Verification.

- What group of prefixes did not we meet in the words of this text?
- From the words provided to you for morphemic analysis, name the one that corresponds to the missing group. (Railway station)
How can we explain the spelling of the prefix in this word?

v. Homework (Slide 7)

1) Exercise 619
2) Learn the rule about writing prefixes (p. 21)

VI. Reflection(Slide 8)

Let's remember the epigraph of our lesson.
What part of the word are we talking about today?
What have you learned about this morpheme?
– What have you learned?

VII. Lesson summary(Slide 9)

Pick up the word:

My root is in the price, -
In the essay, find the prefix for me.
You met my suffix in a notebook,
All the same - in my diary and in the magazine! (Grade)

Grading a lesson.