United Nations: history of creation and tasks. Communist Internationals

In what year was the International Olympic Committee created? and got the best answer

Answer from Natasha Shekhovtseva[guru]
The International Olympic Committee (abbr. IOC) is an international organization created on June 23, 1894 in Paris by Baron Pierre de Coubertin to revive Olympic Games. The committee's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland. Nowadays the IOC is the largest and most respected organization in the world of sports. International Olympic Day is celebrated on June 23

Answer from DINAmovets In spirit[guru]
The International Olympic Committee was founded on July 23, 1894 by the French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who wanted to revive the Olympic Games of Greek antiquity.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the supreme body of the entire Olympic movement and is guided in its activities by the Olympic Charter. The role of the IOC is to promote both professional and amateur sport in accordance with the Olympic Charter. It ensures the regular holding of the Olympic Games and encourages, through appropriate measures, the promotion of women in sports, sports ethics and the protection of athletes.
The IOC consists of 202 members - National Olympic Committees, which meet in Session at least once a year. In addition, NOCs are united into the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) according to the principle of continental affiliation:
- Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA)
- Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
- European Olympic Committee (EOC)
- Pan American Sports Organization (ODEPA)
- Central American and Caribbean Sports Organization (ODECABE)
- South American Sports Organization (ODESUR)
- Oceania National Olympic Committee (ONOC)

Answer from Yita Mikhailova[expert]
a) 1894

Answer from Armen Rushanyan[newbie]
of course a)1894

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: In what year was the International Olympic Committee created?

In what year was the International Committee organized? railway transport?

In what year was it created International Union railways?

18. Select from the proposed options the five main requirements of passengers using the services of JSC Russian Railways (only the correct ones are given):

Comfort, high-quality service and information support for passenger transportation at the station and along the route

Providing personalized service

Reducing travel time for passengers

Possibility of booking and purchasing tickets remotely

Accuracy of departure, passage and arrival according to the schedule of passenger trains

Guarantee of preservation of life, health and personal property of passengers during transportation

Convenience of the passenger schedule;

Providing complete information about the route of any train

19. Select principles from the options provided work s-c for passenger services:

Providing certification services,

The principle of complexity

The principle of service convenience

Technological principle

Economic,

Optional use of services by the client

Marketing,

The principle of technical compliance of the service

Compliance of the quality of transport services with the level of service

Logistic,

The principle of information return of service

The principle of service elasticity

The principle of hospitality.

20. ISO 9000 standards are being widely implemented everywhere at foreign and domestic enterprises in various industries, the main purpose of which is...

Make transparent and documented all stages of the production cycle related to the quality of products

- make all stages of quality management transparent and documented...

Streamline the process of certification of goods and services on a global scale

21. The statistical approach to quality management of transport products is understood as….

Evaluation of a large amount of information of different nature...

Application of statistical methods in the quality management system

Continuous cycle of measurements and analysis of indicators...

Analysis of clientele needs in each individual segment

What is meant by technical compliance of the service in servicing passengers?

The technical level of equipment, rolling stock and its equipment must correspond to the service technology, otherwise...

Services should be offered to passengers from single to maximum set, the composition of which is determined by the client himself

Passenger companies and service centers must assume only those obligations, the fulfillment of which they guarantee

Services are provided in the place, time and form that suits the client

23. Under systematic approach Quality management of transport products means...

Grade large quantity information of different natures using universal indicators that allow you to compare the objects being assessed

Analysis of clientele needs in a particular segment

24. The marketing approach to quality management of transport products is understood as...

Analysis of clientele needs in each individual segment.

Application of statistical methods in the quality management system

Continuous cycle of measurements and analysis of indicators

Evaluation of a large amount of information of different nature using universal indicators that allow you to compare the objects being assessed

Services provided by forwarding organizations must take into account the interests of consumers, global experience and meet the following requirements: (only the correct ones are given)

Complexity
+accuracy and timeliness
+safety and environmental friendliness
+ethical
+Aesthetics
+ information content

The quality system in relation to JSC Russian Railways is... (only the correct ones are given)

Special organization of the transportation process and maintenance of technical equipment with control over all main and auxiliary technological operations affecting the main activity

Hierarchical system of measures to control compliance with transportation technology and infrastructure maintenance

The set of characteristics of passenger, cargo transportation...

27. The main objectives of the transport service are:

Improving long-term efficiency and financial sustainability

Comprehensive improvement of the needs of cargo handlers. and society as a whole in transportation
-Increasing the scale of transport production

Development of new forms of service based on the latest n-t achievements...

28. The complex of services and goods provided to a person and society as a whole, necessary to satisfy his biological, social, production, social and cultural needs in life is called...

Social

Social and cultural service

Technical

Technological

29. The result of activities to satisfy the needs of passengers, civil servants and civil servants in transportation in accordance with established standards and requirements is called….

Service

Freight forwarding service

Transport service

30. The type of transport service associated with the organization of the process of sending and receiving cargo, as well as with the performance of other work related to the transportation of cargo in accordance with the freight forwarding agreement is called ...
+ forwarding service

Service

Transport service

Service

31. The system of services for servicing passengers, civil defense and civil enterprises, including provision of transportation, performance of related and additional work is called...

Quality of transport services
+transport service

Transport and forwarding services

Service thread

32. The process of processing raw materials, materials, technical products and semi-finished products in the field of production and operation in order to change their parameters and characteristics and obtain quality products is called….

Technical service
+technological service

Social service

Social and cultural service

33. From the proposed options, select four levels of quality of transport services (transport service):

Compliance with standard

Compliance with quality management methods
+compliance with capabilities

Compliance with international agreements

Compliance with the mission, goals and objectives of the company
+compliance with market requirements
+meeting the client’s hidden needs

34. Maintenance of machines, mechanisms, machine tools, carriages, locomotives, automobiles, aircraft and other technical means and devices in order to increase the service life and maintain their operating parameters and characteristics within the range established by their operation or technical passport is called... (only the correct ones are given)

Technical service

35. The activity of establishing rules and characteristics for the purpose of their voluntary repeated use, aimed at achieving orderliness in the areas of production and circulation of products, increasing the competitiveness of products, works or services is called….

Standardization

36. Federal Law No. 87 of June 30, 2003 “On transport and forwarding activities” includes three main elements that form the rules of transport and forwarding activities:

The procedure for providing forwarding services

Requirements for the quality of forwarding services

Methods for quality control of forwarding services

List of forwarding documents

Classification of forwarding services,

37. A specialized information system that provides the ability to provide information to visitors, interact between them, perform trade operations and charge fees for using this system -….(only the correct ones are given)

Electronic marketplace.

Business process is...

A sequence of actions aimed at achieving a final, measurable and specific result

A security system that allows the buyer to choose....

Processing of raw materials...

April 25 marks the 65th anniversary of the day when delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on June 25.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, development of cooperation between countries.

The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.

The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion. In two series of meetings held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China agreed on the goals, structure, and functions of the world organization.

On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the United States, Great Britain and the USSR, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, declared their determination to establish “a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security.”

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization to develop the UN Charter.

Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the population gathered in San Francisco globe. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, delegation staff and the Conference secretariat, the total number of persons taking part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco Conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all likelihood also the largest international gathering ever held.

The agenda of the Conference included proposals developed by representatives of China, Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States in Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to develop a Charter acceptable to all states.

The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.

The UN has officially existed since October 24, 1945. - to this day, the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatory states. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The preamble to the Charter speaks of the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”

The purposes of the UN, as enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

Members of the UN have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality states; resolution of international disputes by peaceful means; refusal in international relations to threaten or use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

192 states of the world are members of the UN.

Main organs of the UN:
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative body, consisting of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates constantly. According to the Charter, the Security Council is entrusted with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. If all ways of peaceful resolution of the conflict have been used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to maintain peace in conflict areas in order to ease tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.

Over the entire existence of the UN, UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and compile reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., and make recommendations to the General Assembly on any of them.
- The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body established in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and provides advisory opinions on legal issues.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the organization’s activities. The Secretariat is headed by the Chief Executive Officer of the UN - general secretary UN (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).

The UN has a number of its own specialized institutions- international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) related to the UN, through ECOSOC, international agreements. Most UN members are members of UN specialized agencies.

IN common system The UN also includes autonomous organizations such as the World trade Organization(WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The official languages ​​of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

The UN is a Nobel Peace Prize winner. In 2001, the award “For contribution to the creation of a more organized world and the strengthening of world peace” was awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General Kofi Annan. In 1988 Nobel Prize received peace Peacekeeping forces UN.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, and develop cooperation between countries.

History of creation:

The name United Nations, coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 nations pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the common fight against the Axis powers.

The first international organizations were created for cooperation in specific areas. The current International Telecommunication Union was created in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, the Universal Postal Union was founded in 1874. Both organizations are today specialized agencies of the UN.

The First International Peace Conference was convened in The Hague in 1899 to develop agreements on the peaceful resolution of crises, the prevention of war, and the rules of warfare. The conference adopted the Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began its work in 1902.

The predecessor of the UN was the League of Nations, an organization conceived under similar circumstances during the First World War and established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles “to promote co-operation among peoples and to ensure peace and security.”

The International Labor Organization was also created by the Treaty of Versailles as an associated institution with the League. The League of Nations ceased to function due to its failure to prevent World War II.

In 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on the Creation of an International Organization to develop the UN Charter. The delegates based their work on proposals developed by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.

The United Nations has officially existed since October 24, 1945, by which date the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most other signatory states. The twenty-fourth of October is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion. In two series of meetings held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China agreed on the goals, structure, and functions of the world organization.

On February 11, 1945, following meetings in Yalta, US, UK and USSR leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin declared their determination to establish “a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security.”

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization to develop the UN Charter.

Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the world's population gathered in San Francisco. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, delegation staff and the Conference secretariat, the total number of persons taking part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all likelihood the largest international meeting ever held.

The agenda of the Conference included proposals developed by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to develop a Charter acceptable to all states.

The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.

The UN has officially existed since October 24, 1945 - to this day the Charter was ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatory states. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The preamble to the Charter speaks of the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”

192 states of the world are members of the UN.

Main organs of the UN:

The UN General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative body, consisting of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote). 193 member states.

The UN Security Council operates permanently. According to the Charter, the Security Council is entrusted with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. If all ways of peaceful resolution of the conflict have been used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to maintain peace in conflict areas in order to ease tension and separate the troops of the warring parties. 5 permanent members (China, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States and France) and 10 non-permanent members, elected for two-year terms. A state that is a member of the United Nations but not a member of the Security Council may participate, without the right to vote, in discussions when the Council considers that the matter under consideration affects the interests of that state. Both members of the United Nations and non-member entities, if they are parties to a dispute before the Council, may be invited to participate, without the right to vote, in the deliberations of the Council; The Council determines the terms of participation of a non-member state. Over the entire existence of the UN, UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations.

The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and compile reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., and make recommendations to the General Assembly on any of them. 54 members. The 4 member states of the Council are elected by the General Assembly for a term of three years. Seats on the Council are allocated based on the principle of geographical representation, with 14 seats allocated to African states, 11 to Asian states, 6 to of Eastern Europe, 10 - Latin American and Caribbean states and 13 - states Western Europe and other states.

The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body established in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and provides advisory opinions on legal issues. 15 judges

The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the organization's activities. The Secretariat is headed by the chief administrative official of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).

The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN, through ECOSOC, and international agreements. Most UN members are members of UN specialized agencies.

The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The official languages ​​of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

The UN is a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In 2001, the award “For contribution to creating a more organized world and strengthening world peace” was awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General Kofi Annan. In 1988, the UN Peacekeeping Forces received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Functions:

The purposes of the UN, as enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion.

UN members have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of states; resolution of international disputes by peaceful means; refusal in international relations to threaten or use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

Peacekeeping mission. The UN Charter itself does not provide for peacekeeping operations. However, they may be conditioned by the goals and principles of the UN, which is why the General Assembly regularly considers the need for a particular peacekeeping mission.

The implementation of a UN peacekeeping operation can be expressed in:

Investigating incidents and conducting negotiations with conflicting parties with a view to reconciling them;

Verifying compliance with the ceasefire agreement;

Promoting the maintenance of law and order;

Providing humanitarian assistance;

Monitoring the situation.

The first UN peacekeeping mission was to monitor the truce reached in the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1948. Also known are the peacekeeping missions in Cyprus (in 1964 - to stop hostilities and restore order), in Georgia (in 1993 - to resolve the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict), Tajikistan (1994 - to resolve the religious conflict), as well as peacekeeping missions UN sent to Yugoslavia and Somalia.

Plan.

Introduction pp.2-3

Chapter 1. History of the creation of international organizations. Kinds. Page 3-5

Chapter 2. Types and classification of international organizations. Page 5-9

Chapter 3. Modern international organizations. Pages 9-17

Conclusion. pp.17-19

Bibliography. p.20

Introduction .

This topic of the essay was chosen with the aim of studying the interaction of various states at the international level, i.e. in what specific issues and directions does this interaction occur, at what level are issues related to mutual assistance and resolution of disputes between states resolved.

At present, during the period of rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the existence of states without their interaction is impossible. Their interaction can be carried out both through economic and political relations. In the modern world, it is with the help of international organizations that cooperation between states is carried out. International organizations not only regulate interstate relations, but also make decisions on global issues of our time.

This abstract shows the structure of modern international organizations and their classification. Today there are many pressing issues: ecology, issues of war and peace, the fight against AIDS and drug addiction. Thus, every international organization is called upon to resolve these issues.

In addition, this essay reflects the history of the emergence of international organizations, for the creation of which it was necessary for certain historical events to occur in the world that would lead humanity to the idea of ​​interaction. Historical knowledge of the creation of international organizations allows us to trace the entire complex path of interaction between states. Considering the issue from the historical side, one can understand on what principles they were based and how international relations were improved, and what humanity is striving for.

Chapter 1

International organizations arose in ancient times and improved as society developed.

IN ANCIENT GREECE In the 6th century BC, the first permanent international associations appeared in the form of unions of cities and communities (for example, Lacedimian and Delian Symmacia), or religious and political unions of tribes and cities (for example, Delphic-Thermopylae amphictyony). Such associations were prototypes of future international organizations. Many scholars rightly emphasized that at that stage these alliances brought the Greek states closer together and softened their isolation.

The next stage in the development of international organizations was the creation of international economic and customs associations. One of the first such unions was the Hanseatic Trade League, which brought all of Northern Germany out of a state of medieval barbarism. This union was finally formalized in the 16th century. Lübeck was at the head of this association.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the German Customs Union was created. All states that entered this union were subject to the same laws regarding the import, export and transit of goods. All customs duties were recognized as general and distributed among the members of the union according to the number of people in the population.

Experts who study the history of international organizations believe that the first intergovernmental organization in its classical sense was the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, formed in 1831.

Already in the second half of the 19th century, international unions for measuring land were created (1864), the Universal Telegraph Union (1865), the Universal Postal Union (1874), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1875), the International Union for the Protection of International and artistic property and others. During this period, cooperation between states becomes more extensive, affecting ever larger areas of life. All organizations of this period had permanent bodies of fixed members and headquarters. Their competence was limited to discussing specialized problems.

The next important stage in the development of international organizations is the period after the First World War, when states began to create an international organization for maintaining peace and international security. So in 1919 The League of Nations was formed. The main bodies of the League of Nations were the meeting of all representatives of the League members, the council and the permanent secretariat.

Its main task was to maintain peace and prevent new wars. The League of Nations had to take all measures to maintain peace. If any member of the League resorted to war contrary to its obligations, the main members of the League were obliged to immediately break off all trade and financial relations with him, and the Council had to invite the various interested governments to send one or another contingent of troops.

The Charter of the League of Nations provided for various effective measures to maintain peace. It recognized the need to limit national armaments to the minimum necessary to ensure national security. The League Council had the task of selecting arms limitation plans for each state and submitting them to the interested governments.

But according to experts, the League of Nations was unable to cope with its main task: maintaining peace and peacefully resolving international conflicts. Those disagreements that arose between the members of the League resulted in failure to fulfill their obligations. She could not prevent the Second World War, as well as the attack of Japan on China, Italy on Ethiopia, Germany on Austria and Czechoslovakia, Italy on Spain, etc. And on April 18, 1946. The League of Nations was liquidated because the League of Nations did not fulfill its functions and at this historical stage ceased to exist.

Thus, the creation of international organizations and their development occurred in stages. Gradually, states realized the need for international cooperation in various spheres of life, which led to the exchange of inventions in the field of science, military technology, and art.

International organizations of the past have become the prototypes of modern international organizations, of which there are now a large number, and which play a large role in modern international relations.