Is there a time for adverbs. gerund
Participles, as invariable forms of the verb, are deprived of the opportunity to express morphologically temporary meanings. Participles are characterized only by the relative designation of time. The imperfective gerund denotes an action simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate: Sitting and lying under the bushes, they smoke cigarettes (M. G.) - gerunds of "present tense"; The trams rang deafeningly, flying up to the square (Cover.) - the gerund of "past tense"; We will meet, greeting each other - the gerund of "future tense".
Perfect participles denote the time preceding the action of the verb-predicate: Having rested, he was about to leave (Fed.). The previous action can refer not only to the past tense, but also to the future: Having rested, he will leave. The specified relations in time between the gerund and the verb-predicate are the main ones. They may vary.
Imperfect gerunds, naming repeated actions with predicate verbs with the same meaning, can denote both previous and subsequent actions: Getting up (preceding action) at dawn, she went down to the kitchen and, together with the cook, prepared a snack for tea (M. G.) ; The Little Russian was choosing books from the suitcase, putting them (subsequent action) on the shelf by the stove (M. G.). Denoting the preceding action (1st sentence), the gerund usually precedes the verb; when denoting the subsequent action (2nd sentence), the gerund is placed after the verb.
The perfect participle, standing after the verb-predicate, can denote an action simultaneous with the action of the verb: Bazarov continued to lie, buried in the wall (T.), or the subsequent action, which is a consequence of the action expressed by the predicate; A horse fell under Ignatov, crushing his leg (L. T.), or an action that quickly follows the action of the verb-predicate, but does not follow from it: He bowed to him, touching the floor with his hand (M. G.).
Transition of gerunds into adverbs
The immutability of the gerund and its syntactic role (circumstance) are the basis on which the transition of gerunds into adverbs takes place. This transition is facilitated by the absence of dependent words in the participle: - Why are you silent? - I enjoy silently (P.). When moving into adverbs, the gerund participle loses the meaning of an additional, accompanying action, loses all verbal categories, i.e. meanings of type, time, pledge and management: Neither bread nor clothes are obtained lying down (D. Bed.). The participles (usually of an imperfect form), which have become adverbs, play the role of a circumstance and characterize the action from a qualitative point of view: You must attack immediately (Furm.).
The participles that have passed into adverbs can be part of phraseological combinations: through the sleeves, folded hands, etc. This also includes combinations: swarming swarms, livmya pours, bitterly burns, etc., as well as turns of the adverbial type: apparently; as a matter of fact, etc.
Adverb
The meaning of the adverb, its morphological features and syntactic role
Adverbs include invariable words denoting a sign of an action, state, quality of an object or another sign. For example: He wanted to hug and kiss Streltsov, but a hot spasm suddenly squeezed his throat, and he, ashamed of his tears, turned away, hastily took out a pouch (Shol.). - Adverbs suddenly and hastily denote signs of actions called by the verbs squeezed and pulled out. But it’s so insulting to think about one thing (Fad.). - The adverb so denotes a sign of a state called by the word insulting. In the blue, dazzling blue sky - the July sun blazing with fire and rare clouds scattered by the wind of implausible whiteness (Shol.). - The adverb dazzlingly denotes a sign of the quality called by the adjective blue. The dandy colonel was visibly glad that he had dealt with the monument so soon (Schip.). - The adverb so denotes the sign of the sign, called the adverb soon. Two days later ... Gvozdev in a blue blouse, girded with a belt, in loose trousers, in brightly polished shoes, in a white cap ... and with a gnarled stick in his hand, walked sedately along the "Gora" (M. G.). - The adverb at the outlet denotes a sign of an object called the noun trousers.
The adverb, referring to the verb, adjective, adverb and noun, forms its connection with them by adjoining. Morphological features of adverbs:
1. Immutability (lack of forms of change in cases and numbers). Degrees of comparison are available only for adverbs in -o, -e, formed from quality adjectives(quickly - faster, colloquially faster, boldly - bolder, colloquially bolder). The comparative degree of adverbs is homonymous with the comparative degree of the adjective. They differ syntactically: comparative adjective refers to a noun, for example: Now the forest is fragrant, the night shadow is more magnificent (Fet); and the comparative degree of the adverb is to the verb, for example: A shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tyutch.). Rarely, for special stylistic purposes, superlatives are used in -aisha, -eishe, for example: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot (Gr.).
2. The presence of special derivational suffixes (some of them form adverbs together with the prefix po-): -o, -e (fun, sincerely), -i (hostile, friendly), -i (wolf-like, human-like), -omy, -him (in a good way, in a new way); suffixes of comparative and superlative degree (for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives): -her (more successful, more profitable), -e, -she (brighter, further), -ishe, -eishe (lowest, humblest), as well as suffixes of subjective assessment - -onk (o), -enk (o), -ohonk (o), -onechk (o) (quietly, well, lightly, quietly), -ovat (o), -evat (o) (bad, dapper) . Suffixes of subjective evaluation are possible for qualitative adverbs.
3. Lexical and word-building correlation with other parts of speech. In form, meaning and origin, adverbs correlate with various case forms of nouns (day, summer, gallop; interspersed, sideways), with adjectives (hard-boiled, at random; to the left; student), with pronouns (in your opinion), with verbs ( silently, lying, clover); the most ancient adverbs by education, by origin associated with pronouns in modern Russian, act as non-derivatives (where where, here, there).
The main role of adverbs in a sentence is the designation of various circumstances. As a circumstantial word, the adverb most often adjoins the predicate-verb: On the slope of the height, the wind licked the road, completely swept away and carried away the dust (Shol.), Although it can also refer to the definition and circumstance: Majordomo opened the door, in the old way low and narrow ( A.N. T.); He noticed a rider riding rather carelessly (Vs. Iv.).
In addition to circumstances, the adverb can be an inconsistent definition: He unbuttoned his frock coat with quick bony fingers, opening his shirt loose (L.T.) - and the predicate: After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.); ... Scarlet lips, bulging eyes (S.-Sch.).
In the role of subject and object, the adverb acts only in case of substantiation. Such cases are extremely rare. For example: I'm tired of your "tomorrows".
Adverb ranks by meaning
Depending on their meaning, adverbs are divided into two groups - attributive adverbs and circumstantial adverbs.
Definitive adverbs characterize an action or attribute in terms of its quality, quantity and method of performance.
Qualitative attributive adverbs denote the quality of an action or feature. For example: fun, loud, excited, unattractive, affectionate, bold, somehow, somehow, etc. He carefully kneaded the ear in his palms ... (Shol.); In the soft evening sky, the first, quiveringly twinkling star (Shol.) just lit up; The division commander behaved at first in a careless manner... (First).
Determinative quantitative adverbs denote the measure and degree of quality, the intensity of the action. For example: very, very, almost, barely, not at all, too much, too, a little, twice, three times, enough - Here you are cheeky with us, very even cheeky ... (Shol.).
Determinative adverbs of an image or mode of action characterize how an action is performed. For example: to smithereens, on foot, to the touch, swimming hand-to-hand, etc. Lopakhin crawled closer to the water ... (Shol.); Nikolai finished his porridge, washed and dried the bowler hat (Shol.).
An image or mode of action can be determined by comparison or assimilation; The wind pours in autumn, the leaves whisper in autumn (Ec.); [The guest] laughed and shouted out a ditty in a very rustic way (B. Paul). The designation of the mode of action is combined here with its qualitative characteristic.
Circumstantial adverbs serve as indicators of spatial, temporal, causal and target relationships. Adverbs of time indicate the time of an action. For example: yesterday, tomorrow, afternoon, night, summer, winter, sometimes, later, for the time being, earlier, etc. Only sometimes his eyes rested on green spills of millet untouched by fire and on thickets of corn and sunflowers ... (Shol.).
Adverbs of place indicate the location or direction of an action. For example: back, forward, up, down, here, ahead, from afar, everywhere, at home, nowhere, etc. There was not a drop of blood in his lime-white face, but he still moved forward ... (Shol.).
Adverbs of reason indicate the reason why an action is performed. For example: awake, blindly, rashly, foolishly, therefore, because of this, etc. He became angry with the clerk and drank three bottles of beer in a rush, which is why he died (P.).
Purpose adverbs indicate the purpose for which an action is performed. For example: why, then, out of spite, on purpose, etc. Why does the young arap love Desdemona like a moon, loves the darkness of the night? Then, that the wind, and the eagle, and the heart of the virgin have no law (P.).
Classes of adverbs by education
The correlation of adverbs with other parts of speech indicates their origin and method of formation.
Adverbs are correlative with names, pronouns and verbs. Replenishing at the expense of other parts of speech, adverbs do not lose their semantic connection with them. For example, adverbs formed from nouns are associated with subject meaning (ground, side, houses); adverbs formed from numerals - with the meaning of the number (twice, twice, two); adverbs formed from adjectives - with the meaning of quality (warm, beautiful, affectionate, gloomy); adverbs formed from verbs - with the meaning of action (lying, reluctantly, jokingly, immediately).
The process of formation of adverbs is long, and therefore the time of formation of adverbs does not coincide.
The group of pronominal adverbs stands out as the most archaic and has lost its morphological divisibility (for example: here, there, so, then).
Adverbs formed from nouns that have disappeared from the language are also early in education, and the morphological correlation with the names of these adverbs has not been lost (for example: to ashes, in a hurry, quietly, down the drain, smashed, from a kondachka, from a pantalik), as well as from old forms currently existing names (for example: right, right, left).
Other adverbs are later in their education (for example: to laugh, to death, to dust, on time, by eye).
The close grammatical connection of adverbs with other parts of speech determines the distinction between five lexical and morphological categories of adverbs:
1) adverbs correlative with pronouns;
2) adverbs correlative with nouns;
3) adverbs correlative with adjectives;
4) adverbs correlative with numerals;
5) adverbs correlative with verbs.
Ways of forming adverbs
The formation of adverbs took place and is taking place in various ways. The most typical of them are the following:
1) separation of one of the nominal forms from the system of inflection with simultaneous rethinking of it on the basis of new feature words. For example, adverbs in summer, winter, afternoon, evening are forms of the instrumental case of the nominal declension, frozen as a result of being used as a circumstantial word with the verb (come in the summer, go to bed in the evening, work during the day) (cf. arrive in the early summer),
2) merging prepositions with different parts of speech while rethinking case forms and turning them (together with prepositions) into separate words, for example: sideways, ford, up, down, secretly; white, for a long time, hand-to-hand, outright, at random; in my opinion, in your opinion; six of us;
3) repetition of the word with the addition of the preposition-prefix na- to the form of the adverb, for example: dry-dry, firmly-firmly, soon-hurriedly; repetition of different case forms of the same word, for example: black-black, white-white, a long time ago; as well as the repetition of synonymous forms, for example: kind-healthy, unexpectedly;
4) rethinking of gerunds by losing aspectual and temporal and pledge meanings, for example: sitting, lying down, immediately, reluctantly, jokingly;
5) suffix formation of adverbs, for example, from the bases of adjectives and present participles of the active voice: wide, melodious, friendly, threatening, as well as from the bases of cardinal numbers: twice, thrice.
The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
gerund - a special verb form that denotes an action that is additional in relation to the predicate, answers questions doing what? having done what? and combines the features of a verb and an adverb. In a sentence gerunds are the circumstances: Squealing, a heavy winch is crawling... (G. Ivanov).
Signs of the verb and adverb in the gerund
Verb Features | Adverb signs |
Kind (perfect and imperfect): deciding- deciding by playing- having played. | Immutability (like an adverb, the gerund does not change and is associated with other words by way of adjunction). |
Transitivity / intransitivity: reading(What?) book- doing. | Syntactic function (like an adverb, a gerund in a sentence is a circumstance). |
Return / non-return: dressing- getting dressed. | |
The ability to be defined by an adverb: understand correctly- correctly understanding, understanding. |
gerund does not have a category of time, but it expresses relative time: simultaneity with the action called the verb-predicate, or its precedence
Ranks of gerunds by meaning, the formation of gerunds
Participles imperfect form denote an additional action that occurs simultaneously with the main action, called the predicate: So the young rake thought, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin)
Participles imperfective forms are formed from the basis of the present tense of imperfective verbs with the help of a suffix -a (i): cry- crying, looking - looking, dancing jut - dancing (dancejA]).
Verbs with suffix -va-, which falls in the present tense, this suffix is retained in the participle: recognized jut- recognizing-t - recognizing (recognizing [ j- a]).
Some imperfective verbs do not form gerunds: verbs in -ch (to preserve, bake, shear); verbs with suffix -well- (sour, freeze), some monosyllabic verbs (sew, sing, wait, lie and etc.).
Participles from verbs be And steal have a suffix -learn-: being, stealthily.
Participles perfect look denote an additional action preceding the main action, called the predicate: ... And, sitting under a pine tree, he eats porridge ... (A. Tvardovsky).
Participles perfective forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive of perfective verbs with the help of suffixes -in, -lice(with this suffix gerunds formed from reflexive verbs), -shi: say- saying wash up- wash up, get in- get in.
Participles perfect form can also be formed from the basis of the simple future tense using the suffix -a(s): will read- read, find- finding. Particularly common gerunds perfect view of -and I) in stable combinations: hand on heart; with folded hands; sleeveless, headlong, reluctantly and etc.
Features of the use of gerunds
gerund with dependent words forms participial turnover .
gerund And participial turnover, denoting an additional (accompanying) action, adjoin the verb-predicate, which names the main action in the sentence. But this additional action must necessarily be performed by the subject (person) who is named the subject of this sentence: The boys dispersed dogs, taking a young lady under her cover (A. Pushkin).
A common mistake is to use gerunds and adverbial revolutions, the additional action of which is performed by a person or object that is not the subject of the predicate in this sentence: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, I hat came off(A. Chekhov).
Participles And adverbial phrases can also be used in impersonal sentences, but only in those where there is a character indicated by the dative case: In preparation for the exam, I had to go to the library often.
The actor may not be named in the sentence, but it is indicated by the value gerunds and the predicate in this impersonal sentence.
Participles and adverbs
Participles may lose the meaning and grammatical features of the verb and turn into adverbs. In this case gerunds cease to be signs of an additional action, their qualitative meaning (the meaning of the attribute of action) is enhanced in them. For example: He sat bent over; She walked slowly ; Dmitry listened to him frowning(M. Gorky).
Some gerunds have already moved into adverbs, losing the value of the additional action: listened silently ; writes With walking, standing; reading lying down ; says chokingly(= incomprehensible, fast); answered without thinking(= fast); spoke slowly(= slowly); stood stretched out(= straight); answered reluctantly(= sluggish); lives playfully (- easy, carefree) speaks incessantly(= non-stop); said loving(= kindly).
Morphological analysis of the participle includes the selection of two permanent features (type, immutability). The gerund has no non-permanent signs, since it is an invariable form. Verbal signs (transitivity - intransitivity, recurrence - irreversibility) can be included in morphological analysis of the participle.
Scheme morphological analysis gerunds. I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). II. Morphological features. 1.initial form(infinitive). 2. Permanent signs: 2) immutable form. III. syntax function. | An example of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. stumbling- gerund, a special form of the verb, as it denotes an additional action. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to stumble. 2.Permanent signs: 1) imperfect view; 2) immutable form. III. syntax function. In the sentence, it is a circumstance of the course of action: ran (in what way?) Stumbling. |
1. As already noted (see paragraph 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the participle is characterized differently in linguistics.
Some linguists consider gerunds as a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech. In this guide, we adhere to the latter point of view.
gerund - independent part speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of the verb and adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the verb-predicate is performed.
The participle answers questions doing what? having done what? There may also be questions How? Why? how? When? and etc.
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.
Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.
The main signs of the participle
| A) General grammatical meaning | Examples |
| This is the designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the verb-predicate is performed. | Standing at the window, he carefully read the note given to him. |
| B) Morphological features | Examples |
| A combination of the features of a verb and an adverb in one word. | |
| Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following features of verbs: |
Wed: think(imperfect aspect, irrevocable) - thinking; think(perfect form, irrevocable) - thinking; ponder(perfect form, reversible) - in thought |
| The participles are distributed like verbs. | Thinking about mother - thinking about mother; think about the future - think about the future; quarrel with mother - having quarreled with mother.. |
| The participles have the following signs of adverbs: | |
|
|
Reading, reading, deciding. |
|
|
After handing over the note, he stepped aside. |
| B) Syntactic signs | Examples |
| In a sentence, the participle depends on the verb-predicate. | |
| In the sentence, the participle and the adverbial turnover play the role of a circumstance. | [When?] Passing a note, he stepped aside. |
2. Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes - -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:
- gerunds imperfect form are formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:
be silent: be silent - at → silently;
decide: decide - ut → deciding; - gerunds perfect look are formed from the base of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up - be → hushed up;
solve : solve - be → deciding;
to do: busy - be-sya → taking up;
bring: brought - ti → bringing.
3. Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.
For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov).
Closing- gerund, as it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).
Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it How?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to And was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).
4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:
Parsing plan for participles
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | ||
| II | Initial form. Morphological features: | ||
| A | Permanent morphological features: | ||
| 1 | view; | ||
| 2 | recurrence. | ||
| B | Variable morphological features(invariant word). | ||
| III | Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the participle in this sentence). | ||
He hurt himself by falling off his horse.(Turgenev).
having fallen
- The participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions When? having done what?
- N. f. - having fallen. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) perfect look;
2) irrevocable.
B) Non-permanent morphological features (unchangeable word). - Forms a participial phrase with the form of a noun from a horse; in the sentence, the adverbial turnover is a circumstance of time.
How to highlight the adverb in speech? The easiest way is to ask the appropriate question. The article presents the grammatical signs of gerunds, their features, syntactic role in sentences with illustrative examples.
gerund- an independent part of speech (in some textbooks - a special form of the verb), which answers questions - What do you do? Having done what? It is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of suffixes -a / i, -v / -lice / -shi.
The use of gerunds examples: drawing paintings, sitting on the chair, gathered home, decorating christmas tree, buying apples.
What does gerund mean in speech?
In speech, gerunds denote an additional action, at the same time characterizing the main one (expressed by a verb in a personal form or an infinitive).
In fact, gerunds combine the meanings of verbs and participles:
- indicate an action;
- Name the sign of the action (how it is performed).
Examples: stopping, the man said hello - the man (what did he do?) stopped and said hello, said hello (in what way?) stopping; reading books, we learn - we (what do we do?) read and learn, we learn (how?) reading.
Grammatical signs of gerunds
Participles combine the grammatical features of verbs and adverbs.
Signs of verbs:
- View- perfect (done, folded) or imperfect (making, folding);
- Transitivity (watching a movie, remembering the way) and intransitivity (walking down the street, jumping from a tree);
- recurrence (bathing, getting dressed) and irrevocable (bathing, putting on).
Adverb signs:
- immutability(do not bow and do not hide);
- In phrases, usually, like adverbs, they adjoin personal forms of verbs, less often - to infinitives or participles (he says laughing; think while working)
Syntactic role of gerunds
In sentences, gerunds depend on the verb that acts as a predicate. Usually the gerund is a minor member of the sentence - it performs the syntactic role of circumstance.
TOP 5 articleswho read along with this
Examples: passing street, look around. taking away in the room, I washed the floors. leafing through Dictionary, I found what this word means.
Note! Participles are often confused with verbal participles, which in the sentence are definitions (Mom threw out (what?) withered flowers).
The participle in Russian grammar is qualified either as a special form of the verb (Lekant), or as a hybrid form (Peshkovsky, Vinogradov), combining the features of the verb and the adverb. Morphologically and syntactically, the participle is close to the adverb: the participle is morphologically invariable, refers to the predicate in the main clause and expresses adverbial meaning. On the obvious cases of the transition of frozen adverbial forms to the class of adverbs.
Semantically, the gerund remains within the framework of the verb: it retains the meaning of the action (and other verbal meanings), the control in the phrase characteristic of the original verb, and some verbal categories.
Like all other forms of the verb, in Russian literary language the gerund preserves the difference between the reflexive and irrevocable form, between the reflexive and irrevocable verb with the help of the postfix -sya: returning - returning - returning; finding - being; creating - creating; whitening - whitening
The categories (both lexico-grammatical and grammatical) that the gerund has are usually expressed within the framework of the verb stem: chitaj-ut - chitaj-a (NSV), read-to - read-in (SV); creating (act.) - creating (pass.).
Imperfect participles are formed :
From the basis of the present tense + suffixes -а-, -я-:
carry - carry, sing - sing, hurry - hurry
From a number of verbs with the help of suffixes -uchi-, -yuchi-:
being, playing
From the stem of the infinitive or past. temp. + suffixes -in-, -lice-:
to be - having been, to know - having known
The following imperfective verbs do not form gerunds :
1. Unproductive verbs with the suffix -nu-: go out - gas, wither - sluggish, get wet - wet.
2. Imperfect verbs, the basis of the present tense of which consists of consonants:
A). verbs with a monosyllabic stem with the suffix -a- in the infinitive: wait - wait, weave - weave;
b). verbs with a monosyllabic stem in -and-: beat - beat, drink - drink, pour - pour;
V). verbs with the infinitive stem on -a-, -i-, alternating with sonorants m, n: reap - reap (a / / n), reap - reap (a / / m), crumple - crumple (i / / n).
3. Verbs with the basis of the present tense in the back language g, k and the infinitive in -ch: oven - bake, guard - guard, shear - shear.
4. Verbs with alternating whistling s, s, st, x with hissing: knit - knit (s / / w), write - write (s / / w), whistle - whistle (st / / u), plow - plow ( x//w).
5. A number of individual verbs: climb, ride, take, call, prick, forge, etc.
Perfect participles are formed:
From the stem of the infinitive + suffixes -in-, -lice-, -shi-:
wake up - wake up, disappear - having disappeared
From the basis of the future tense + suffixes -а-, -я-:
notice - noticing, bring - bringing, see - seeing
Note:
1. Perfect participles are formed by adding the suffix -v- to the bases of the infinitive into a vowel: push - pushing, step - stepping, look - looking.
2. Perfect participles with the suffix -lice- are formed from the stem of the infinitive into a vowel, with the suffix -shi- - into a consonant: wipe - wiping, notice - noticing, think - thinking, bring - bringing.
(Gernal participles with suffixes -lice-, -shi- have colloquial coloring).
Reflexive verbs form gerunds only with suffixes -lice-: having washed, smiling, laughing.
Perfective gerunds can form parallel forms:
From unproductive verbs with the suffix -nu-:
chill - chill, chill
dry up - dry up, dry up
From verbs in -ere-:
lock up - lock up, lock up
3. Some perfective verbs form gerunds from the stem of the future tense with the help of suffixes -а-, -я-: read - read, forgive - saying goodbye, return - returning.
At the same time, parallel forms can also arise: they bring - they bring, they bring.
For verbs of the I conjugation, the forms with the suffixes -а-, -я- are more common: I will come - having come, I will bring - I will bring.
The gerund participles do not have a category of time . They can only express certain temporary meanings depending on the type of verb from which they are formed. The meaning of the tense of the participle acquires only in the context in relation to the form of the tense of the verb-predicate, therefore, the participles express only relative time.
Imperfect participles usually denote an action that is simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate.
Sometimes imperfective gerunds can denote a preceding or subsequent action.
Feeling the approach of the hunters, the cubs hid in the hole. (Previous)
The gendarmes ... tore off their hats, throwing them far away. (Subsequent)
Perfect participles most often designate the action they have named as preceding the action of the verb-predicate. - Having taken off your head, you don’t cry for your hair.
Being in a postposition, perfective gerunds can express a simultaneous or subsequent action. - He walked with his head bowed low. (Simultaneous.) I left the room, slamming the door loudly. (Subsequent.)
Participles, like verbs, have morphological categories:
A). type: tell - telling (NSV) *, tell - telling (ST); read - reading (NSV), read - reading (SV); to open - opening, opening (SV), to open - opening (NSV);
b). pledge (germs retain pledge value generating verb):
According to the two-collateral theory, they correlate with the real voice: fulfill the entire plan - having completed the entire plan; sit in the lesson - sitting in the lesson; to please friends with their successes - to please friends with their successes; clean the apartment - cleaning the apartment;
According to the three-collateral theory, they correlate with the real and revocable pledge: to tell scary story- telling a terrible story (Act. Z), wash in the morning - wash in the morning (Return Z);
Forms of the passive voice do not form gerunds, since they designate a procedural attribute of an object.
USING GENERAL PARTICIPLES IN SPEECH
Since the participle is a book form, its use often causes difficulties.
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