The preposition po in Russian. Incorrect use of prepositions

Any schoolchild can answer; children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what prepositions there are throughout the entire school curriculum. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because they make it possible to build the dependence of words on each other so that the statement takes on meaning and becomes a sentence. And although a preposition is an unchangeable part that does not act at all as a member of a sentence, but can only be attached to one, for a correctly constructed statement its presence is mandatory and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, you simply need to know what prepositions there are, how they affect the endings of the words they are associated with, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this small detail that forms semantic dependencies and relationships between words.

In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of a preposition in the Russian language sounds something like this: this is a service word that formalizes the subordination of the case form of names to another word, expressing an attitude towards objects regarding their actions.

Main functions

Like all function words, prepositions are not used independently; they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as a part of speech, but they are included among them. In some cases, it is the preposition that can determine antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, making it quite easy to choose the right combination of words for the statement.

For example: to school - from school; before lesson - after lesson; at the kindergarten - at the kindergarten - near the kindergarten; due to inattention - due to inattention.

What are the prepositions?

All prepositions are divided into temporal, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in one case, while others are used with words in different cases. For example:

• to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
• thanks to a friend, thanks to school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
• at seven o'clock - V. p. (at what?);
• in the park - P. p. (in what?).

The example shows that the preposition “in” can be used with words in different cases. Prepositions such as in, about, from, with, through, at, on, without, can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.

If the preposition is formed from and is used with only one case, then it is called derivative. For example:

- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;

- In one hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun flow, used with a preposition "V";

- thanks to the help, the original form of the preposition is the gerund .

Structural differences

Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided by their structure. Namely:

• Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, these are one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derivative prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
• Complex or paired ones, which are essentially a type of simple prepositions: because of, from under and others.
• Compounds that are prepositional-case combinations: in fact, along by, in part, in relation to, depending on and so on.

Places by value

Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it cannot have its own meaning, but only determines the grammatical relationships between nouns used in oblique cases and other words. In other words, it lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, however, it can convey various adverbial nuances of the connection between words.

All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into the following categories:

• Spatial or prepositions of place: from, in, to, at, by, under, because of, about, in front of, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works at a factory; runs around the house.

• Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, by, to, with, before, during. For example: after half an hour; jogging in the morning; walk before bed.

• Causal: from, for, from evil, due to, thanks to, by chance, in view of, as a result. For example: blushed with shame; broke a vase out of spite; I made a mistake due to carelessness.

• Prepositions indicating purpose: for the sake of, for, in, to and others. For example: say for fun; speech on occasion; go on vacation.

• Object, determine and indicate to which object the action is directed: about, about, with, about, regarding, about and others. For example: miss your daughter; find out about ratings.

Classification of derived prepositions

Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into the following categories. Many hours are devoted in the school curriculum to what kinds of prepositions that come from other parts of speech, and rightly so, because it is very important to know what kind of connection words can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.

Spelling prepositions

Knowing what prepositions there are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum regarding prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children learn is: “Prepositions with other words are written separately.” To correctly determine whether a word is a function word, a question or complement can be placed between the preposition and the associated word.

For example: on (what?) the sea or at the Black Sea.

In high school, children are introduced to adverb education. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it already a preposition. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence contains a noun in and how it is related to the controversial part.

For example: look around (adverb) or look around you (preposition).

There is also the following rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a preposition and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the semantic meaning should not change.” Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:

• due to (because of, for a reason);
• like (like);
• about (about, about);
• as a result (due to reason).

For example: Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk. Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk.

Notes

The following prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in fact, in contrast to.

It should also be noted that paired or conjoined prepositions, such as because of, from under, for, for, over, are written only with a hyphen.

For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the closet.

There are also prepositions whose spelling you just need to remember. Namely: near(without and through(with a soft sign).

Using prepositions with cases

It is very important to know what prepositions there are in cases, since often it is thanks to the preposition that you can correctly determine in which case a particular word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that prepositions are not used with nominatives, only with indirect ones:

• with the genitive case - without, around, for, from, from, at, with;
• with the dative case - to, thanks to, according to, in spite of, in defiance of, towards, by;
• with the accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, for;
• with the instrumental case - above, before, between, behind, under, with;
• with the prepositional case - about, at, in, on.

This table of prepositions is compiled taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each individual case can be used only with one or more cases of nouns.

Instead of a conclusion

Actually learn this topic in school years thoroughly is not so difficult; there are very few rules for spelling and forming prepositions from other parts of speech. The main task is that you should learn to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. This is what will allow you not only to correctly structure the words of a sentence, but also to be able to write them down without confusing the endings.

Prepositions "in" and "on"

Good afternoon

Thank you for your attention!

Prepositions "in" and "on"

Good afternoon

My name is Evgeniy. I am a Russian language teacher. We continue the lessons from the “Practical Grammar” series. I have already given my lesson for the LingQ library “Prepositions of the Russian Language”, but they keep asking me about the prepositions “in” and “on”, because they are very widely used in the Russian language.

Sometimes it's really hard to decide which preposition to use: in or on.

Let's first look at the uses of the preposition "in".

It is used: 1\\\\\\\\. With all continents and with most countries: in Europe, in America, in Asia, in Africa; in Russia, in Germany, in the USA

With cities, with villages and with the names of other administrative regions: in Moscow, in Berlin, in Paris, in London, in a village, in a village, in the Central District, in the Oryol region, in Chechnya, in the state of Iowa, in the province of British Columbia, in the county of Essex, in the state of Bavaria.

In houses and in most other enclosed spaces, inside something: in a house, in an apartment, in a room (but: in the kitchen), in a glass, in a closet.

WITH educational institutions, banks, organizations, offices, cultural institutions: at the institute, at the university, at school, at the travel agency, at the ministry, at the museum, at the theater, at the cinema, at the park, at the circus.

With different groups of people: in the classroom, in the group, in the department, in the staff, in the accounting department, in the administration, in the government, in parliament.

Now consider the use of the preposition “on”.

It is used: 1\\\\\\\\. With cardinal directions: north, south, west, east, northwest, southeast.

With islands, with the banks of rivers, seas: on an island, in Cuba (because it is on an island), in Jamaica, on the Hawaiian Islands, relaxing on the Black Sea (but compare: Cologne is on the Rhine. There used to be a lot of fish in the Rhine. - in the first case on the shore - therefore “on”, in the second case inside - therefore “in”)

With streets, squares and other open spaces: on Pushkin Street, on Nevsky Prospect, on Broadway, on the Champs Elysees, on Palace Square, on Alexanderplatz, on Theater Square.

On a horizontal surface: on the field, on the second floor, on the beach, in the stadium (but: on the wall).

With faculties, courses and various events: at the Faculty of Philosophy, at foreign language courses, at the Department of Russian Language; at a concert, at a lesson, at an exhibition, at a play, at a ballet, at an opera.

With enterprises, with means of transport: at a factory, at a factory, going by bus, by train, by car, by boat, by plane (but: I’m going to work by bus. It was hot on the bus - the second sentence talks about situations inside the bus, therefore – “c”).

With mail and stations: at the Main Post Office, at the Moscow Station, at the East Station in Berlin.

It should be added that the prepositions “in” and “on” are used with the prepositional case when asking “where?” and with the accusative case when asking “where?” - that is, when moving: I was at the post office - I’m going to the post office.

I live in Berlin - I'm going to Berlin.

But as you can see, in both cases the same prepositions are used: in Moscow - to Moscow, on the street - to the street, at the post office - to the post office.

And lastly, remember the important conjunctions of conjunctions: in-from, us-with: I’m going to Germany - I’m coming from Germany. I entered the room - I left the room. I'm going to work - I'm leaving work. I was at the concert - I came from the concert.

I hope that now it is clearer to you when to use “in” and when to use “on”.

Thank you for your attention!

See you again in the lessons of the “Practical Grammar” series!

With verbs of feeling: to grieve, cry, grieve, yearn, miss, miss - a prepositionBy grieve for your son, cry for your mother, grieve for your father, yearn for your hometown. But personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons with the indicated verbs are used in the prepositional case. For example:cries for you, misses us. It is incorrect to use a preposition after the above verbsbehind. For example: he misses you, he misses you.

After verbs of motion:walk, walk, run, move, wander – pretext By used with the dative case. For example:walked through the garden, walked through the forest, ran along the road. Pretext By with the prepositional case it is used to mean “after something”:upon expiration of the term, upon graduation from college, upon arrival in the city. After the preposition By pronouns How many And some are put in the dative case:How many books do you borrow from the library?

Prepositions are written with a hyphenfrom behind, from under; over, over . For example: because of mountains, from under Novgorod; on-over shore, pose le som(prepositions on-over And pose outdated).

Derivative prepositions formed from adverbs are written together. For example:sit around table, live close sea, sail across flow, watch following train, go towards wind, walk along boulevard.

Some derived prepositions formed from nouns are written together. For example:something like smiles, like clouds, in view of approaching cyclone (But : have in mind, stand in mind shores ), reach an agreement about excursions; But: transfer money to the account(for what?) museum; don't come due to illnesses(Why?); (But: turn on as a consequence(what?) new materials ). At the end of a prepositiondue to letter is written e.

Derivative prepositions are written separatelyin continuation (years ) And within (month). They are interchangeable and together with the noun answer the question - how long? At the end of these prepositions the letter is writtene. You can compare: work on a novel (how long?) in continuation (during) five years (in continuation, during - prepositions); meet(in what? where?) in continuation a novel of familiar characters. Observe (in what? where?) during rivers annual changes (in continuation, throughout – nouns with prepositionV ) .

It's written smoothly Not in prepositions despite And regardless of. For example: despite the setback, I was pleased with the trip. The skiers moved forward despite a strong snowstorm. With other prepositionsNot written separately. For example:not with us, not because of him, not to the club.

This kind of action took place once in the auditorium, where an evening dedicated to the end of the first half of the year was taking place, when the prepositions that jumped onto the stage suddenly began to sing:

• We are prepositions, prepositions, prepositions,
• We have existed in the language for a long time,
• But few, few can know us
• It is given by nature, as you can see.
• We suggest checking, and urgently,
• Your speech has a vague syllable,
• Is it still in place and exactly?
• Is every preposition in the sentence?
• If not, get out of here
• You have no place at this ball.
• Well, go, go, bye
• We didn't take up our broom!

After this, the pretexts began to scold those sitting in the auditorium, so much so that many of them experienced a feeling of awkwardness and shame.

Particularly caustic and evil ridicule was given to those who constantly confuse the preposition for with the preposition about and say, for example: “I miss him” (instead of missing him), “I miss her” (instead of yearning for her), “this testifies to that” (instead this indicates that). Immediately, those who use the preposition o instead of the preposition in , saying: “to dedicate about their affairs” (instead of dedicating to their affairs), also got it.

“Amateurs” were mercilessly criticized for creating unclear speech by replacing non-prepositional constructions with prepositional ones: “operate with these numbers” (instead of operating with these numbers), “explanation about the games being played” (instead of explaining the games being played).

Here, those who with an “important air of connoisseurship” broadcast: “The school principal pointed out that discipline in our class had recently worsened and insisted that it needed to be improved.” Correcting the mistake, the prepositions read this phrase in chorus as it should sound in the mouth of a literate person: The school director pointed out that discipline in our class had recently worsened and insisted that it needed to be improved.

A big stir was caused by the scene played in which main role fulfilled the preposition thanks to . Long and skinny, looking like Don Quixote, he jumped out from behind the scenes and, after making several circles around the stage, rushed straight into the auditorium. Here he began to fight with those who used it inappropriately. Pointing the tip of his spear at the offender’s chest, he asked in a terrible voice:

- Why do you thank illnesses?!

- Why are you thanking the drought?!

-Why are you thanking the flood?

“I don’t thank you,” the unfortunate man babbled.

- No, thank you! Who said: “Thanks to illness, I didn’t learn my lesson,” “Thanks to the drought, the grain did not grow,” “Thanks to the flood, many people died”?

- How should I have said it?

- Because of illness, due to drought, during a flood, you know?

- Understand.

- Remember!!

The skit ended with a lecture by Professor Predlozhensky, who brought the angry knight forward and, standing next to him, explained to the audience that the preposition thanks has still not lost its lexical meaning and therefore is used mainly in cases when we are talking about reasons that cause a positive ( desired) result, for example: thanks to the attention of comrades, thanks to the teacher’s concerns, thanks to measures taken, thanks to success, etc.

Continuing the lecture, the professor noted a large number of errors associated with violation of grammatical norms, and, in particular, pointed out the incorrect use of prepositions from, with and their antonyms in, on.

At home, at school, on the street and in other places,” he said, “we often hear such erroneous expressions: “I came from the store, I came from school, I came from the cinema, I came from the Crimea, from Belarus, from Odessa,” etc. n. To avoid these mistakes, we must remember that the prepositions from and with with verbs denoting the direction of movement are very close in their lexical meaning and that they are easy to confuse with each other, as do those who say: “came from the theater, arrived from Odessa,” instead of saying: came from the theater, came from Odessa, etc.

Taking this into account, when indicating the direction of movement, it is necessary to check the prepositions from and with their antonyms in and on, indicating the opposite direction. In fact, if a person goes to school, to the theater, to the library, or if he goes to Crimea, to Belarus, to Kazakhstan, then he must return from school, from the theater, from the library, from Crimea, from Belarus, from Kazakhstan. And on the contrary, if a person went to work, to a carnival, or went to the Caucasus, to Altai, then he must definitely return from work, from the carnival, from the Caucasus, from Altai, which will be both logical and correct.

When naming means of transportation, the following options are possible: on a bus - by bus, in a car - by car, on the metro - by metro, on a train - by train, on a plane - by plane.

In addition, in professional use, unusual prepositional combinations are allowed, for example: he works on the radio, in the theater, serves in the navy, the film was shot in a film studio, etc.

In conclusion,” said Professor Predzhensky, “I would like everyone present to understand that most of the prepositions in the Russian language have not only a grammatical, but also a lexical meaning, which helps us more accurately clarify the relationships between objects, between actions and objects, and also between signs and objects. And the more often we think about this, the fewer errors associated with the incorrect use of prepositions the most picky critics will find in our speech.