The rule of how to put stress in words. How to put stress in a word: simple rules for literate speech

Rules for setting stress in words included in the orthoepic minimum.

1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress, as a rule, falls on the ending A:

I took, I took, I took, I took, I poured, I rushed, I took, I recreated, I drove, I chased, I got, I got, I waited, I waited, I took, I locked, I locked, I called, I lied, I poured, I lied, I tore As, I called As, I poured, narwhal, started, doused, hugged, overtook, skinned, departed, gave away, withdrew, responded, poured, called, poured, understood, arrived, tore, removed, created, tore, removed.

Note:

• the exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which pulls the stress on itself:
  poured out, called;
• in the verbs to put, sneak, send, send, send, the stress in the feminine form of the past tense DOES NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis:
  put, stole, sent, sent, sent.

2. In short passive past participles of the feminine gender, the accent falls on the ending A:

occupied, locked, inhabited, acquired, filled, encouraged, withdrawn, created

3. In verbs ending in -IT. when conjugated, the stress falls on the ending -ISH, -IT, -IM, -ITE, -AT, -YAT:

turn on - turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on;
hand over - hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over;
get through - get through, get through, get through, get through, get through;
bleed - the wound bleeds;
exclude - exclude, exclude, exclude, exclude, exclude;
call - call, call, call, call, call;
endow - endow, endow, endow, endow, endow;
roll - the wind will roll the ship;
litter - litter, litter, litter, litter, litter;
call - call, call, call, call, call, call;
lighten - make it easier, make it easier, make it easier, make it easier, make it easier;
encourage - encourage, encourage, encourage, encourage, encourage;
cheer up - you will cheer up;
lend - lend, lend, borrow, borrow, lend;
surround - surround, surround, surround, surround, surround;
repeat - repeat, repeat, repeat, repeat, repeat;
call back - call back, call back, call back, call back, call back;
call - call, call, call, call, call;
drill - drill, drill, drill, drill, drill;
strengthen - strengthen, strengthen, strengthen, strengthen, strengthen;
pinch - the heart hurts.

Note: In the following verbs ending in -IT, when conjugated, the stress does NOT fall on the ending:
vulgarize (= make vulgar) - they will vulgarize;
become aware - you become aware.

4. In verbs formed from adjectives, the stress most often falls on -IT:

fast - speed up;
acute - aggravate;
light - lighten;
peppy - encourage;
deep - to deepen.

Note: This pattern does not obey the verb embitter formed from the adjective " wicked».

5. In real participles In the past tense with the suffix -VSh-, the stress falls on the vowel that precedes this suffix in the word:

who has made, who has begun, who has understood, who has lived.

6. In passive past participles formed from the verbs to bend, bend, bend, the stress falls on the prefix:

bent, bent, bent.

7. Past participles, formed with the always stressed suffix -ЁНН-, in short form male retain this stress, and in the short form of participles with the suffix -ЁНН- in the feminine and neuter gender, the stress goes to the ending:

enabled - enabled - enabledA - enabledO
delivered - delivered - delivered - delivered
populated - populated - populated - populated
endowed - endowed - endowedA - endowed
relegated - relegated - relegatedA - relegated
encouraged - encouraged - encouraged
aggravated - aggravated - aggravated - aggravated
disabled - disabled - disabled A - disabled
repeated - repeated - repeated A - repeated
divided - divided - divided - divided
tamed - tamed - tamedA - tamed

8. On the root BAL- in words with the meaning of “behave badly”, “perform any whims”, “be overly pampered and capricious”, the stress does NOT fall:

spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled, spoiled

9. In gerunds with suffixes -VSh-. -LICE- the stress falls on the vowel that is in the word before these suffixes:

starting, giving, lifting, realizing, arriving, starting.

Note: The participles are often stressed on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb:
set - set,
fill - bay,
to take - to take,
start - start,
raise - lift,
live - lived,
put - put,
understand - having understood,
betray - betray,
undertake - having undertaken,
arrive - arrived,
accept - accept,
sell - selling,
to drink - drink,
create - created.

Remember: exhaust - having exhausted (DO NOT: exhausted).

10. In nouns of foreign origin (most often French), the stress falls on the last syllable:

hyphen, dispensary, heretic, blinds, catalogue, quarter, obituary, partner, expert.

11. The place of stress in a verbal noun usually coincides with the place of stress in the original verb from which it is formed:

religion (this verbal noun retains the same emphasis as in the original verb from which it is formed: (faith) confess);
provision (in this verbal noun, the same stress is preserved as in the original verb from which it is formed: to provide);
gas pipeline, garbage pipeline, oil pipeline (= what gas, garbage, oil conducts).

12. In some nouns, the stress is fixed and falls on the ROOT in ALL CASES:

airport - airports (n. pl.)
bow - bows - with bows
accountant - accountant (born p. pl.)
X - X - with X
crane - cranes
lecturer - lecturers - lecturers
locality - localities
cake - cakes - with cake - cakes
scarf - scarves - no scarf

13. In the following adjectives, the stress is the same as in the original noun from which this adjective is derived:

plum - plum
kitchen - kitchen

14. When forming a simple form of a comparative or superlatives on behalf of the adjective “beautiful”, the stress remains unchanged and falls on the vowel I of the stem:

beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful

15. In the following adverbs, the stress falls on the prefix DO:

top, bottom, dry

Note: This rule is not subject to the setting of stress in adverbs d it is impossible, white, red.

16. In the following adverbs, the stress falls on the prefix FOR:

ahead of time = in advance
after dark
before dark

Note: This rule is not subject to the placement of stress in the adverb enviably(it retains the same stress as in the original verb from which it is formed: envy).

Due to the heterogeneity and mobility of the Russian stress in the Russian language, there are words with the so-called. double stress, or accent options. Options can be equal: barge - bargeA; tarpaulin - tarpaulin, but most often options, add. in lit. language, are characterized as unequal, i.e. one of them is preferred: cottage cheese (main option) - cottage cheese (additional option).

Short list equal accentologist. options.

apartments - sparkle - sparkle

apartments

barge - barge

dropped - dropped

bijouterie - loop - loop

bijouterie

delusional - delusional rust - rust

rust - meatballs - meatballs

rust

Otherwise - otherwise

Semantic options- these are pairs of words, in a cat. variability of stress is designed to distinguish the meaning of words:

flour - flour; vina - vina; sharpness (blades) - sharpness (witty expression); to be afraid (to be afraid) - to be afraid (to run), etc.

These pairs of words are called homographs, i.e., words, match. spelling but not pronunciation.

Scroll words that differ in their meaning depending on the accent.

busy (person) - busy (house); sharpened (pencil) - sharpened (prisoner); portable (radio receiver) - portable (value);

transitional (score, bridge) - transitional (age); submerged (on the platform) - submerged (in water);

approximate (to something) - approximate (close);

draft (age) - draft (calling);

developed (child, industry) - developed (mentally; activity developed by us) - developed (untwisted: developed hair);

characteristic (person) - characteristic (act); linguistic (related to the verbal expression of thought) - linguistic (related to the organ in the oral cavity).

Stylistic options- these are pairs of words that, depending on the place of stress, are used in different styles of speech:

bite (common word) - bite (special);

silk (common) - silk (poetic).

Normative-chronological options- these are pairs of words in which heterogeneity is associated with tense. the period of use of this word in speech:

spare (modern) - spare (obsolete); Ukrainian (modern) - Ukrainian (obsolete);

angle (modern) - angle Urs (obsolete).

48. Stress in nouns

Many errors occur in the pronunciation of nouns during their declension, i.e., changing in cases and numbers. It is necessary to know whether the accent moves or does not move in dan. word, and if it moves, then on which syllable. There are different groups of nouns depending on the stability of the place of stress in them.

Nouns with fixed stress based on (n). In the enumerated below nouns, the stress always falls on the stem, that is, it does not move to the ending when changing in numbers and cases.

Examples: leisure, drop, pocket, minus, landscape, song, honor, profit, profile, convocation, means, etc.

In some words are possible deviations from the general rule in the preposition. unity case. numbers, if this form is used with a preposition "in" ("in") and has an ending - y (-y). In this case, the stress moves to this ending: in sight, in captivity, in hops.

Nouns with a fixed accent on the ending (o). If masculine nouns in im. (or accusative) singular cases do not have an ending (the so-called zero ending), then the stress is forced to move to the stem. The same happens in the words in the form will give birth. case plural. numbers.

Examples: garage, graph, heat, tourniquet, wand, border, hook, lichen, chunk, ski track, almond, walrus, regiment, belt, border, ruble, bench, foot, foot, circulation, iron, hill, crystal, spike, jester, yula, language, amber, etc.

Nouns with moving stress.

In Russian, there are groups of nouns with sub. accent, cat. moves from base to end and from end to base.

What rules do you need to know in order to choose the correct option for placing stress in words?

In the tasks of the USE on the observance of orthoepic norms, nouns, adjectives, verbs and participles are most often found. Movable stress makes it difficult correct setting accents. So let's start with nouns. Let's exclude what we will not dwell on.

Firstly, you will not meet equivalent and acceptable pronunciation and stress options (thinking and thinking; cottage cheese and cottage cheese).

Secondly, commonly used words just need to be learned and pronounced correctly not only in the exam, but also in life.

Paragraph, agent, alibi, analogue, watermelon, arrest, athlete, bows, dishes, gas pipeline, blessing, fear, hyphen, agreement, document, associate professor, leisure, nap, confessor, gospel, blinds, vent, clog, malice, sign, icon painting, invention, refinement, tool, spark, confession, rubber, quarter, self-interest, vine, aches, medicines, youth, ordeal, intention, illness, dumbness, provision, adolescence, plateau, portfolio, sheet, percentage, pullover, purple, revolver, belt, beetroot, silo, convocation, funds, customs, dancer, strengthening, chain, gypsy, porcelain, expert.

Thirdly, there are few rules. Judge for yourself.

1) If words with the root -log- are offered, then know that it is stressed: dialogue, catalog, epilogue, obituary. Exceptions are “analogue” and words that name professions and occupations: philologist, biologist, archaeologist.

2) If the word ends in -mia, then [o] is under stress: astronomy, economy, except for term words (anemia, metonymy).

3) If the word has a second part -mania or -aria, then [a] is under stress: drug addiction, anglomania; seminary, cooking, veterinary medicine.

Let's turn now to adjectives. They have a short form and mobile stress, which is influenced by gender and number. And here the rule is practically the same: if the adjective is in the form of a feminine gender, then the ending is stressed: bad, fast, young, expensive.

The neuter and plural forms require an accent on the stem: bad, fast, young, expensive; bad, fast, young, expensive. There are a number of adjectives that have 2 options, and yet the accent on the stem is considered preferable.

The ending is always stressed in adjectives-exceptions: funny, heavy, hot, light, equal, dark, warm, smart, black, good.

Funny, funny, funny; heavy, heavy, heavy, etc.

Verbs and their forms predominate in test items. Remember that the prefix - you is always percussion (jump out, lay out), and the root - ringing - is always unstressed (phone, call, call).

In the infinitive verb, the stress most often falls on the suffix: bestow, splash, seal.

Past tense verbs with and without prefixes have mobile stress, which also depends on the gender and number of verbs. In feminine form shock ending(waited, took off, accepted), and in the middle gender and plural the basis is shock (waited, waited, understood, understood).

Verbs are considered exceptions: put, sent, stole, sent.

Note that the prefixes for-, for-, pro-, so- also like stress (took, took, took).

Exceptions are those verbs in which the stress falls on the root: called, called, called; tore, tore, tore.

At full participles suffixes -ann- and -yann- unstressed (broken, scattered). The suffix -enn- is unstressed at the participle, if in the form of the future tense the stress is on the basis (wake up - awakened), and the suffix -enn- occurs only if in the form of the verb of the future tense the emphasis is on the ending (bring in - brought in).

Short participles are easier. We look at the full form, if there is a suffix -yonn-, then in the short form -yon- (brought - brought), another option is possible (given - given away, given away, given away, BUT given away).

Prefixes pull the accent!

Named - named, named, named, named.

Collected - collected, collected, collected, collected.

In the feminine and neuter, as well as in the plural, the stress is always on the ending (brought, brought, brought).

There are many adverbs in tests. There are no uniform rules for the pronunciation of adverbs, although some patterns can be found.

Every person at least once in his life found himself in an awkward situation when he incorrectly stressed a word, the pronunciation of which until that time had no doubt at all. Yes, the wrong accent in the word hurts the ear, but at the same time, almost everyone is mistaken here. Even educated, well-read people are not immune from this. Stress is a tricky topic in linguistics. In Russian, its significance is very high, since it is a means of distinguishing words.

Concept and use

Stress is a bright highlighting of one of the syllables in a word or phrase with different phonetic components (you can strengthen the voice, raise the tone in combination with intensity, loudness). It is necessary to develop the skills to correctly set the verbal background - after all, this is a mandatory requirement for every speaker.

Stress is necessary for correct and competent speech. Any word consists of one or more syllables. When there are more than 2 in a word, they are pronounced with different intensity and loudness. One of them will stand out - this is called a verbal accent. Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese stressed syllables are distinguished using pitch. In ancient languages ​​- Greek or Latin - the stressed syllable is distinguished by the duration of the vowel sound. They also distinguish between a dynamic, or power, blow, when an accented syllable is isolated with greater force. This type is, for example, Russian, English, French.

How to put emphasis?

Unlike French or Polish, in Russian the accent is free - it is not assigned to a specific syllable. Consider these examples:

• light (stress on the first syllable);
• brighten (emphasis on the 2nd syllable);
• firefly (it is necessary to highlight the last syllable).

Correct stress is the goal that every self-respecting person should strive for. But the task is complicated by the fact that the accent can fall on different parts of the word (that is, it is mobile):

• sign (to suffix);
• signature (on a prefix);
• sign (to the root).

Stress norms for most words in Russian are contained in the orthoepic dictionary. It is necessary to familiarize yourself with problematic words and remember their pronunciation.

Why is this question relevant?

The whole problem is that the stress in the word is inherently free. In some languages, it is fixed, that is, it always falls on the same syllable. For example: in French it is constantly on the last syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate syllable, in Czech - on the first. But in Russian there is no such regularity. Therefore, it is important to remember that stress is one of the most important signs of human literacy. Since there are no clear rules for this topic, most words just need to be memorized.

Which syllable is most often emphasized?

However, some patterns can still be identified. According to experts, the stress most often falls on the middle of the word, and also tends to the second half:

• Stavropol, but Stavropol Territory;
• get out, but get out.

Rules and patterns - how to remember everything?

Some rules will help you put the stress correctly. Linguists note 28 "special" roots of verbs (there are many more roots - verbs). Together with prefixes, they form a whole series of verbs, in which in the past tense in the feminine, the emphasis shifts to inflection (ending). But this only applies to women! In other forms, the stress remains on the root.

We present you the following verbs that you need to remember (you can immediately write them in a notebook): take, pick up, dial, take, wait, sleep. What is the emphasis in this case? Remember: took, took away, handed over, slept, waited. But he took it, they waited, they slept, they handed it over.

Often you can meet the wrong options: took away, drove away, waited, distorted. By analogy with other forms, native speakers often forget to transfer stress to inflection. But for literate speech, such pronunciation is unacceptable. Try to avoid such mistakes.

Modern dictionaries

Here are some stress dictionaries that will help you improve your speech:

1. Studiner M.A. Dictionary of Russian language difficulties for media workers, Moscow - 2016;
2. For a wide range of readers. Esakova N.A. Dictionary of the complexities of the Russian language. stress. Grammatical Forms, Moscow - 2014

Feel free to look into dictionaries as often as possible. Indeed, often people from childhood get used to speaking incorrectly and for this reason they do not doubt the correctness of their pronunciation. But what if memorization is given with great difficulty? Well, this process can be made more fun.

There are funny and interesting rhymes - memoirs. They are designed to remember the correct stress in words, where quite often you can make a mistake. Try to learn them - and you will remember once and for all where the stress falls in problematic words. And with a little imagination, you can come up with some original quatrains yourself.

Here are some good reminders:

1. Sweet Martha has all striped scarves!
2. Baba Fyokla is in the garden, she has beets in her garden.
3. You don't bring us curtains, we bought blinds.
4. They often ate cakes - shorts did not fit.
5. The bartender posted on his blog, a new complete catalogue.
6. Our painter paints the walls, joiner makes the shelves.

The golden rule for memorization

How to come up with a good rhyme to remember? Choose a suitable rhyme for the word, that is, a word whose correct stress you do not doubt. Don't put a word in the middle of a line! In order for the stress to be remembered, the rhyme must fall on this particular word. This method will help you easily and quickly remember the stress in words - and you will definitely not lose face in front of your interlocutor.

1. Verbs in the indefinite form in modern Russian tend to shift the stress to the beginning of the word.

For example, earlier the norm of pronunciation was glue. Now the standard pronunciation is glue.

This trend is most clearly manifested in two- and three-syllable verbs: to banish, to force.

In polysyllabic words, along with this, there is a tendency to the so-called balance of syllables, when the stress is placed in the middle of the word:

subscribe, dose, copy, tack, mount, motivate, telegraph, transport, electrify.

However, as in other cases, these processes occur in the language inconsistently and with different intensity (they are most clearly manifested in vernacular and colloquial speech). Sometimes both pronunciations coexist in literary language as equal or as basic and permissible, that is, less desirable.

note

Pay attention to the place of stress in the following verbs:

A) the only normative option is with an accent at the end of the word: cheer up, cheer up, cheer up, cheer up, cheer up(But: hollow out), sparkle, sour, lighten, tickle, powder, powder, powder, powder, speed up, speed up, deepen, deepen, simplify, simplify, turn purple, occupy, start, understand, accept, mischievous, indulge, spoil, indulge , bombard, costume, seal, seal, reward, equip;

b) the only normative option is with stress at the beginning and in the middle of the word: second, silt, clog, clog, uncork, uncork, sugar, vulgarize, compel, coerce, strengthen, mold, mold, scoop, exhaust (!), run out, asphalt, asphalt, block, block dig, compost, copy, transport;

V) equal options - with stress at the end of the word, in the middle and at the beginning of the word: swirl And swirl, sparkle And sparkle, oxidize And oxidize, oxidize And oxidize, rust And rust, rust - rust, rust - rust, corrugate And corrugate;

G) the main option is with an accent in the middle or at the beginning of a word, but it is acceptable - an accent at the end of a word: pepper - pepper, pepper - pepper, chill - chill.

Currently, orthoepic dictionaries give as valid pronunciations - aggravate, aggravate, however, such a pronunciation is still undesirable. It is preferable, especially in a formal setting, to pronounce - aggravate, aggravate.

The pronunciation of many of these verbs is an indicator of a person's speech culture. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the words: cheer up, hollow out, facilitate, deepen, begin, understand, accept, indulge, vulgarize, force, mold, scoop, exhaust.

2. The past tense forms of verbs usually keep the same stress on the same syllable as in the indefinite form:

clog - clogged, speed up - speeded up, invest - invested, infect - infected, seal - sealed.

At the same time, in the formation of past tense forms for many monosyllabic and disyllabic verbs, a model is used that is characteristic of monosyllabic and disyllabic short adjectives: when forming the feminine form, the stress falls on the ending, in other cases - on the stem:

start - started, started, started, started; to tear - tore, tore, tore, tore; understand - understood, understood, understood, understood; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.

note

Type forms started, understood, understood etc. not only are non-normative, but also indicate a very low culture of the speaker!

According to this model, past tense forms of verbs are also formed:

take, twist, drive, tear, wait, live, occupy, call, elect, curse, lie, pour, drink, swim, tear, blow up, be known, sleep and etc.

Basically, according to the same model, past tense forms are formed for the verbs to take, give, weave, but here, as with short adjectives, there are some deviations from the model:

take - took, took, took and took, took; give - gave, gave, gave and gave, gave; weave - weave, weave and weave, weave, weave.

When forming prefixed verbs, the pattern is usually preserved, but the stress is often transferred from the root to the prefix ( give - gave, gave, gave, gave), although in recent decades there has been a tendency to preserve the stress on the root (along with the pronunciation gave away, gave away pronunciation allowed gave away, gave away).

note

It should also be noted that not all one- and two-syllable verbs form the past tense according to this model. In particular, the stress in the forms of verbs is unchanged. put, lay and their derivatives ( laid, laid, laid, laid; made, made, made, made). Moving the accent to the endings ( put) indicates a very low culture of the speaker!

Certain fluctuations are also observed in the formation of past tense forms in reflexive verbs.

pay special attention into verbs be born, begin, take on, drink in, take on, hire: born And was born; has begun(wrong - started, started); took, took(possibly outdated - took, wrong - took); dug into(possibly outdated - got drunk), got drunk, got drunk(wrong - got drunk, got drunk); got busy(wrong - got busy), started(permissible - accepted, wrong - started).

3. In the present and future simple, the stress tends to move to the beginning of the word:

whiten - whiten, twirl - twirl, pray - pray, lay - lay, befriend - befriend, deserve - deserve, heal - heal, ship - ship, cook - cook.

But such a movement is not always the literary norm. So, pronunciation is considered a very gross mistake hammer instead of the normative hammering. The pronunciation is wrong turn on, close, call, infect and etc.

The following pronunciations are standard:

invigorate - invigorate, cheer - cheer up, drill - drill, loosen - loosen, impute - impute, excite - excite, yell - yell, muffle - muffle, muffle - muffle, ring - ring, ring - call, call - call, call back - call back, turn on - turn on, turn on - turn on, conclude - conclude, connect - connect, reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconciles), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconciles), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconcile), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconcile), to reconcile - to reconcile, to powder - to powder, to infect - to infect, to become infected - to become infected, to facilitate - to facilitate, to fasten - to seal a document with his signature, to fasten - to hold together, to deepen - to deepen, to diminish - to diminish, to aggravate - to aggravate(since the form is acceptable, but still undesirable - aggravate, then the form - aggravate).

Stress may also depend on the meaning of the word.

For example, the verb bring down in the meanings of "make fall, overturn" and colloquial "shift responsibility, blame on someone" in the present tense has an emphasis on the basis ( The lumberjack cuts down a tree; The defendant blames others). Homonym verb bring down- “go, move in a crowd”; "to go, fall or rise in a solid mass, stream" ( The people are pouring in; Snow falls in flakes) - in the present tense it has two standard pronunciation options: the main one - with an accent on the ending ( knocks down), and less desirable, but acceptable, with an accent based on ( knocks down).