The chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell

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Chemical composition cells and their structure

General information The chemical composition of plant and animal cells is similar, which indicates the unity of their origin. More than 80 chemical elements have been found in cells. Macronutrients: O, C, N, H. - 98% Micronutrients: K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na. - 1.9% Ultramicroelements: Cu, I, Zn, Co, Br. - 0.01%

Inorganic compounds The most common inorganic compound in the cells of living organisms is water. It enters the body from external environment; in animals it can be formed during the breakdown of fats, proteins, carbohydrates. Water is found in the cytoplasm and its organelles, vacuoles, nucleus, intercellular spaces. Functions: 1. Solvent 2. Transport of substances 3. Creation of an environment for chemical reactions 4. Participation in the formation of cell structures (cytoplasm)

Inorganic Compounds Mineral salts are necessary for the normal functioning of cells. For example, insoluble salts of calcium and phosphorus provide strength bone tissue.

Carbohydrates are organic compounds that contain hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates are formed from water (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) during photosynthesis. Fructose and glucose are constantly present in the cells of plant fruits, giving them a sweet taste. Functions: 1. Energetic (17.6 kJ of energy is released during the breakdown of 1 g of glucose) 2. Structural (chitin in the skeleton of insects and in the cell wall of fungi) 3. Storage (starch in plant cells, glycogen in animals)

Lipids A group of fat-like organic compounds, insoluble in water, but highly soluble in benzene, gasoline, etc. Fats are one of the classes of lipids, esters of glycerol and fatty acids. The cells contain from 1 to 5% fat. Functions: 1. Energy (oxidation of 1 g of fat releases 38.9 kJ of energy) 2. Structural (phospholipids are the main elements of cell membranes) 3. Protective (thermal insulation)

Proteins are biopolymers whose monomers are amino acids. In the structure of a protein molecule, the primary structure is distinguished - the sequence of amino acid residues; the secondary is a helical structure that is held together by many hydrogen bonds. The tertiary structure of a protein molecule is a spatial configuration resembling a compact globule. It is supported by ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds. The quaternary structure is formed by the interaction of several globules (for example, a hemoglobin molecule consists of four such subunits). The loss of a protein molecule of its natural structure is called denaturation.

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids provide storage and transmission of hereditary (genetic) information. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that consists of two twisted chains. DNA RNA Consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine (A) A-T A-U cytosine (C), thymine (T) or guanine (G)), C-G C-G pentose (deoxyribose) and phosphate. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule consisting of a single chain of nucleotides. It consists of four nitrogenous bases, but instead of thymine (T) in RNA, uracil (U), and instead of deoxyribose, ribose.

ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) is a nucleotide belonging to the group nucleic acids. The ATP molecule consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, ribose, and three residues of phosphoric acid. The splitting of one molecule of phosphoric acid occurs with the help of enzymes and is accompanied by the release of 40 kJ of energy. The cell uses the energy of ATP in the processes of protein synthesis, in movement, in the production of heat, in the conduction of nerve impulses, in the process of photosynthesis, etc. ATP is the universal energy accumulator in living organisms.

Cell Theory In 1665, the English naturalist Robert Hooke, observing under a microscope a cut of cork of a tree, discovered empty cells, which he called "cells". Modern cell theory includes the following provisions: * all living organisms consist of cells; a cell is the smallest unit of a living thing; * cells of all unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in structure, chemical composition, basic manifestations of vital activity and metabolism; * cell reproduction occurs by dividing, and each new cell is formed as a result of the division of the original (mother) cell; all multicellular organisms develop from a single cell * in complex multicellular organisms, cells are specialized in their function and form tissues; tissues consist of organs that are closely interconnected and subordinate to the nervous and humoral systems of regulation.

Cell organelles Cytoplasm is a semi-liquid medium in which the cell nucleus and all organelles are located. The cytoplasm is 85% water and 10% protein. Biological membrane Biological membrane: 1) delimits the contents of the cell from the external environment, 2) forms the walls of organelles and the shell of the nucleus, 3) divides the contents of the cytoplasm into separate compartments. The outer and inner layers of the membrane (dark) are formed by protein molecules, and the middle (light) - by two layers of lipid molecules. The biological membrane has selective permeability.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) This is a network of channels, tubules, vesicles, cisterns located inside the cytoplasm. There are smooth ER and rough (granular), bearing ribosomes. Smooth ER membranes are involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the rough ER.

Ribosomes Small spherical organelles ranging in size from 15 to 35 nm. Most of the ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleoli and enter the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear membrane, where they are located either on the EPS membranes or freely.

Golgi complex The Golgi complex is a stack of 5-10 flat cisterns, along the edges of which branching tubules and small vesicles extend. The Golgi complex is the outer cell membrane. The Golgi complex takes part in the formation of lysosomes, vacuoles, in the accumulation of carbohydrates, in the construction of the cell wall.

Lysosomes Lysosomes are spherical bodies covered with a membrane and containing about 30 enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, nucleic acids, fats and carbohydrates. Lysosomes are formed in the Golgi complex. When the membranes of lysosomes are damaged, the enzymes contained in them destroy the cell and temporary organs of embryos and larvae, such as the tail and gills during the development of frog tadpoles.

Plastids are found only in plant cells. Chloroplasts are shaped like a biconvex lens and contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Chloroplasts have the ability to capture sunlight and synthesize organic substances with the help of ATP. Chromoplasts are plastids containing plant pigments (except green) that give color to flowers, fruits, stems and other parts of plants. Leucoplasts are colorless plastids found most often in the uncolored parts of plants - roots, bulbs, etc. They can synthesize and accumulate proteins, fats and polysaccharides (starch).

Mitochondria are visible under a light microscope in the form of granules, rods, filaments ranging in size from 0.5 to 7 microns. The wall of mitochondria consists of two membranes - outer, smooth and inner, forming outgrowths - cristae. The main functions of mitochondria are: - oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water; - - accumulation of chemical energy in macroergic bonds of ATP.

Movement organelles Inclusions Cellular movement organelles include cilia and flagella The function of these organelles is either to provide movement (for example, in protozoa) or to move fluid along the surface of cells (for example, in the respiratory epithelium to move mucus) Inclusions are non-permanent components of the cytoplasm, the content which varies depending on the functional state of the cell. .

Nucleus According to its chemical composition, the nucleus differs from the rest of the cell components by its high content of DNA (15-30%) and RNA (12%). 99% of a cell's DNA is located in the nucleus. The nucleus performs two main functions: 1) storage and reproduction of hereditary information; 2) regulation of metabolic processes occurring in the cell. The nucleus consists of a nucleolus, consisting of protein and r-RNA; chromatin (chromosomes) and nuclear juice, which is a solution of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and enzymes, mineral salts.

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes do not have a formalized nucleus. Hereditary information is transmitted through a DNA molecule, which forms a nucleotide. The functions of eukaryotic organelles are performed by membrane-limited cavities B and Cine - green algae E - clearly formed nuclei that have their own shell. Their nuclear DNA is enclosed in chromosomes. In the cytoplasm there are various organelles that perform specific functions of the Kingdom of Fungi, Plants and Animals.

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Contents 1. Chemical composition of the cell: * Inorganic compounds (water and mineral salts) * Carbohydrates * Lipids (fats) * Proteins * Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA * ATP and other organic compounds (hormones and vitamins) 2. Structure and functions of the cell: * Cell Theory * Cytoplasm and Biological Membrane * Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes * Golgi Complex and Lysosomes * Mitochondria, Movement and Inclusion Organelles * Plastids * Nucleus. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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General Information The chemical composition of plant and animal cells is very similar, which indicates the unity of their origin. More than 80 chemical elements have been found in cells, but only 27 of them have a known physiological role. Macronutrients: O, C, N, H. 98% Micronutrients: K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na. 1.9% Ultramicroelements: Cu, I, Zn, Co, Br. 0.01%

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Inorganic compounds The most common inorganic compound in the cells of living organisms is water. It enters the body from the external environment; in animals, in addition, it can be formed during the breakdown of fats, proteins, carbohydrates. Water is found in the cytoplasm and its organelles, vacuoles, nucleus, intercellular spaces. Functions: 1. Solvent 2. Transport of substances 3. Creation of an environment for chemical reactions 4. Participation in the formation of cellular structures (cytoplasm)

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Inorganic Compounds Mineral salts in certain concentrations are necessary for the normal functioning of cells. For example, insoluble calcium and phosphorus salts provide bone strength. The content of cations and anions in the cell and its environment (blood plasma, intercellular substance) is different due to the semi-permeability of the membrane.

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Carbohydrates These are organic compounds, which include hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates are formed from water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis. Fructose and glucose are constantly present in the cells of plant fruits, giving them a sweet taste. Functions: 1. Energetic (17.6 kJ of energy is released during the breakdown of 1 g of glucose) 2. Structural (chitin in the skeleton of insects and in the cell wall of fungi) 3. Storage (starch in plant cells, glycogen in animals)

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Lipids A group of fat-like organic compounds, insoluble in water, but highly soluble in non-polar organic solvents (benzene, gasoline, etc.). Lipoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids. Fats are one of the classes of lipids, esters of glycerol and fatty acids. The cells contain from 1 to 5% fat. Functions: 1. Energy (when 1 g of fat is oxidized, 38.9 kJ of energy is released) 2. Structural (phospholipids are the main elements of cell membranes) 3. Protective (thermal insulation)

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Proteins These are biopolymers whose monomers are amino acids. In the structure of a protein molecule, the primary structure is distinguished - the sequence of amino acid residues; the secondary is a helical structure that is held together by many hydrogen bonds. The tertiary structure of a protein molecule is a spatial configuration resembling a compact globule. It is supported by ionic, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds, as well as hydrophobic interactions. The quaternary structure is formed by the interaction of several globules (for example, a hemoglobin molecule consists of four such subunits). The loss of a protein molecule of its natural structure is called denaturation.

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Nucleic acids Nucleic acids provide storage and transmission of hereditary (genetic) information in living organisms. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule consisting of two helically twisted polynucleotide chains. The DNA monomer is a deoxyribonucleotide, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T) or guanine (G)), pentose (deoxyribose) and phosphate. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule consisting of a single chain of nucleotides. A ribonucleotide consists of one of four nitrogenous bases, but instead of thymine (T) in RNA, uracil (Y), and instead of deoxyribose, ribose.

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ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) is a nucleotide belonging to the group of nucleic acids. The ATP molecule consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon monosaccharide ribose, and three phosphoric acid residues, which are connected to each other by high-energy bonds. The splitting of one molecule of phosphoric acid occurs with the help of enzymes and is accompanied by the release of 40 kJ of energy. The cell uses the energy of ATP in the processes of biosynthesis, in movement, in the production of heat, in the conduction of nerve impulses, in the process of photosynthesis, etc. ATP is the universal energy accumulator in living organisms.

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Cell Theory In 1665, the English naturalist Robert Hooke, observing under a microscope a cut of cork of a tree, discovered empty cells, which he called "cells". Modern cell theory includes the following provisions: * all living organisms are made up of cells; a cell is the smallest unit of a living thing; * cells of all unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in structure, chemical composition, basic manifestations of vital activity and metabolism; * cell reproduction occurs by dividing, and each new cell is formed as a result of the division of the original (mother) cell; all multicellular organisms develop from one cell * in complex multicellular organisms, cells are specialized in their function and form tissues; tissues consist of organs that are closely interconnected and subordinate to the nervous and humoral systems of regulation.

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Cytoplasm Biological membrane A semi-liquid medium in which the cell nucleus and all organelles are located. The cytoplasm is 85% water and 10% protein. The biological membrane delimits the contents of the cell from the external environment, forms the walls of most organelles and the shell of the nucleus, and divides the contents of the cytoplasm into separate compartments. The outer and inner layers of the membrane (dark) are formed by protein molecules, and the middle (light) - by two layers of lipid molecules. Lipid molecules are arranged in a strictly ordered manner: the water-soluble (hydrophilic) ends of the molecules face the protein layers, and the water-insoluble (hydrophobic) ends face each other. The biological membrane has selective permeability

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of channels, tubules, vesicles, cisterns located inside the cytoplasm. EPS is a system of membranes with an ultramicroscopic structure. There are smooth (agranular) and rough (granular) ER, bearing ribosomes. On the membranes of the smooth EPS there are enzyme systems involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the granular ER, and during the synthesis of a protein molecule, the polypeptide chain from the ribosome is immersed in the ER channel.

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Golgi complex The Golgi complex is a stack of 5-10 flat cisterns, along the edges of which branching tubules and small vesicles extend. It is part of the membrane system: the outer membrane of the nuclear membrane - the endoplasmic reticulum - the Golgi complex - the outer cell membrane. In this system, the synthesis and transfer of various compounds, as well as substances secreted by the cell in the form of a secret or waste, takes place. The Golgi complex takes part in the formation of lysosomes, vacuoles, in the accumulation of carbohydrates, in the construction of the cell wall (in plants).

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Lysosomes Spherical bodies covered with an elementary membrane and containing about 30 hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, nucleic acids, fats and carbohydrates. Lysosomes are formed in the Golgi complex. If the membranes of lysosomes are damaged, the enzymes contained in them can destroy the structures of the cell itself and the temporary organs of embryos and larvae, such as the tail and gills during the development of frog tadpoles.

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Plastids are found only in plant cells. Chloroplasts are shaped like a biconvex lens and contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Chloroplasts have the ability to capture sunlight and synthesize organic substances with the help of ATP. Chromoplasts are plastids containing plant pigments (except green) that give color to flowers, fruits, stems and other parts of plants. Leucoplasts are colorless plastids found most often in the uncolored parts of plants - roots, bulbs, etc. They can synthesize and accumulate proteins, fats and polysaccharides (starch).

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Mitochondria Visible under a light microscope in the form of granules, rods, filaments ranging in size from 0.5 to 7 microns. The wall of mitochondria consists of two membranes - outer, smooth and inner, forming outgrowths - cristae, which protrude into the inner contents of mitochondria (matrix). The matrix contains an autonomous system of protein biosynthesis: mitochondrial RNA, DNA and ribosomes. The main functions of mitochondria are the oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water and the accumulation of chemical energy in the macroergic bonds of ATP.

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Movement organelles Inclusions Cellular movement organelles include cilia and flagella - these are outgrowths of a membrane with a diameter containing microtubules in the middle. The function of these organelles is either to provide movement (for example, in protozoa) or to move fluid along the cell surface (for example, in the respiratory epithelium to move mucus). Inclusions are non-permanent components of the cytoplasm, the content of which varies depending on the functional state of the cell. .

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Nucleus The shape and dimensions of the nucleus depend on the shape and size of the cell and its function. In terms of chemical composition, the nucleus differs from the rest of the cell components in its high content of DNA (15-30%) and RNA (12%). 99% of the cell's DNA is concentrated in the nucleus, where it, together with proteins, forms complexes - deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNP). The nucleus performs two main functions: 1) storage and reproduction of hereditary information; 2) regulation of metabolic processes occurring in the cell. The nucleus consists of a nucleolus, consisting of protein and r-RNA; chromatin (chromosomes) and nuclear juice, which is colloid solution proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and enzymes, mineral salts.

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Prokaryotes and eukaryotes do not have a formalized nucleus. Hereditary information is transmitted through a DNA molecule, which forms a nucleotide. The functions of eukaryotic organelles are performed by cavities limited by membranes Bacteria and Blue - green algae There are clearly defined nuclei that have their own shell. Their nuclear DNA is enclosed in chromosomes. In the cytoplasm there are various organelles that perform specific functions of the Kingdom of Fungi, Plants and Animals.

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Chemical composition of the cell. Macro- and microelements.
Presentation by biology teacher GBOU School No. 879 of Moscow Titova S.S.

Unity of elemental chemical composition
Chemical element Earth's crust Sea water Alive organisms
O 49.2 85.8 65-75
C 0.4 0.0035 15-18
H 1.0 10.67 8-10
N 0.04 0.37 1.5-3.0
P 0.1 0.003 0.20-1.0
S 0.15 0.09 0.15-0.2
K 2.35 0.04 0.15-0.4
Ca 3.25 0.05 0.04-2.0
CI 0.2 0.06 0.05-0.1
Mg 2.35 0.14 0.02-0.03
Na 2.4 1.14 0.01-0.015
Fe4.2 0.00015 0.0003
Zn 0.01 0.00015 0.0003
Cu 0.01 0.00001 0.0002
I 0.01 0.000015 0.0001
F 0.1 2.07 0.0001

Chemical elements
Macronutrients (concentration in the body more than 0.01%, total content 99%)
Trace elements (concentration in the body less than 0.01%, total content less than 0.1%)
O, C, H, N, P, S, K, Ca, Na, CI, Mg, Fe
Zn,Cu,Mn,Co,I,F
Organogenic elements
O, C, H, N

P

S
Na,CI

The value of macro- and microelements in the human body
K
Participates in the processes of excitation of cells, the work of enzymes, the retention of water in the cell.
Ca
mg
Included in the cell walls of plants, bones, teeth, shells of mollusks; necessary for muscle contraction, intracellular movement
Component of chlorophyll; involved in protein biosynthesis

The value of macro- and microelements in the human body
Fe
It is part of proteins and nucleic acids, participates in the formation of bones and teeth
Zn
Cu
Found in proteins and nucleic acids
Participates in cell excitation processes

The value of macro- and microelements in the human body
co
It is part of proteins and nucleic acids, participates in the formation of bones and teeth
I
F
Found in proteins and nucleic acids
Participates in cell excitation processes

Water is the basis of life on Earth
Physical and chemical properties of water
It has no taste, color or smell.
It has a dipole property.
It has density and viscosity.
It can be in 3 states of aggregation.
t melt.-0 С, t boil.-10 0 С
Has surface tension.
Possesses capillarity.
General purpose solvent.

The structure of the water molecule
Hydrogen bond formation
hydrophobic substances
hydrophilic substances
+
+
-

The biological role of water
Gives the cell volume and elasticity.

The biological role of water
Carries out osmotic phenomena.

The biological role of water
It is a dispersion medium in colloid system cytoplasm.

The biological role of water
Promotes thermoregulation of cells.

The biological role of water
It is a medium for chemical reactions.

The biological role of water
It is a source of oxygen during photosynthesis.

The biological role of water
Carries out the movement of substances.

Substances
Hydrophilic (soluble in water)
Hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
Water content in various organs of the human body
Brain 86%
Liver 70%
Bones 20%

Functions of mineral salts
Buffer properties are determined - the ability to maintain the pH of the medium.
Provide osmotic pressure.
Enzyme cofactors are included.
Mineral salts can be in dissolved or undissolved states. Soluble salts dissociate into ions.
Insoluble calcium salts are part of the teeth, bones, shells and shells of unicellular and multicellular animals.

ions
Cations (most important)
Mg Included in chlorophyll
2+
Fe Fe Included in proteins, including hemoglobin
2+
3+
K Na Facilitate the transfer of substances across the membrane and is involved in the conduction of a nerve impulse
Ca Promotes muscle contraction and blood clotting
2+
+
Phosphate anion Included in ATP and nucleic acids
Carbonate - and bicarbonate anion Moderates fluctuations in the pH of the medium
Anions (most important)

Cells are made up of the same chemical elements that form inanimate nature.

Of the 112 chemical elements of the periodic table

D. I. Mendeleev found about 25 in the cells of living organisms.

According to the quantitative content in the cell, all chemical elements divided into 3 groups:

Macronutrients

Ultramicroelements

trace elements

they account for (99%)

(total less than, 001%)

Macronutrients

Macronutrients make up the bulk of the substance of the cell, they account for about 99%, of which 98% are four chemical elements:

oxygen - 65%

carbon - 18%

hydrogen - 10%

nitrogen - 3%

And another 1% is accounted for by 8 elements:

calcium, phosphorus,

chlorine, potassium, sulfur,

sodium, magnesium,

iron

Organogenic elements - are part of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, water

Trace elements - predominantly metal ions ( cobalt, copper, zinc etc.) and halogens ( iodine, bromine

and etc.). They are present in amounts from 0.001% to 0.000001%.

They are part of hormones, enzymes, vitamins.

For example, zinc is a necessary element of DNA and RNA polymerases, the hormone insulin. Iodine is part of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone.

Ultramicroelements – concentration below 0.000001%. They include gold, uranium, mercury, selenium and etc.

The physiological role of most of these elements in living organisms has not been established.

Chemical compounds in the cell

organic

Inorganic

Squirrels

Water

Fats

mineral salts

Carbohydrates

Nucleic

acids

inorganic substances

Water

It plays an important role in the life of cells and living organisms.

In the cell is in two forms: free and bound. Free (95% of all water) is used as a solvent and as a medium for protoplasm. Bound water (4-5%), due to its dipole nature (hydrogen atoms have a partially positive charge, and the oxygen atom has a partially negative charge), is associated with both positively and negatively charged proteins. As a result, an aqueous shell is formed around the proteins, which prevents them from sticking to each other.

Protein

inorganic substances. Water

The role of water in a cell is determined by its properties:

• small size of water molecules
• polarity of molecules
• connectivity

together

hydrogen bonds.

H-bonds between water molecules

Universal solvent

metabolic

Structural

It has a high specific heat capacity.

High thermal conductivity - due to small size of its molecules.

The biological role of water in the cell

Universal solvent

for polar substances: salts, sugars, acids, etc. Substances soluble in water are called hydrophilic.

With non-polar substances (hydrophobic - fats), water does not form H-bonds, and therefore does not dissolve or mix

with them.

Structural – the cytoplasm of cells contains 60%-95% water.

causes osmosis and turgor pressure, i.e. physical properties cells;

The biological role of water in the cell

Has a high specific heat capacity absorbs a large number of thermal energy with a slight increase +

own temperature.

It has the highest heat capacity of all known liquids. When the temperature rises environment part of the thermal energy is spent on breaking the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, while heat is absorbed. When cooled, hydrogen bonds between water molecules reappear and heat is released. This is due to its ability to provide thermoregulation of the cell.

High thermal conductivity due to the small size of its molecules.

The biological role of water in the cell

Metabolic - serves as a medium for chemical reactions to take place

participates in hydrolysis reactions (the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates occurs as a result of their interaction with water);

During photosynthesis, water is the source of electrons and hydrogen atoms.

It is also a source of free oxygen:

6H 2 O+6CO 2 =C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

mineral salts

mineral salts

Role in the cage

Compound

In the dissociated state:

- cations

With the difference in the concentration of ions on opposite sides of the membrane, the active transport of substances through the membrane is associated.

Composed of cations and anions

Provide a constant osmotic pressure in the cell.

K, Na, Ca,

Anions of phosphoric acid create a phosphate buffer system that maintains the pH of the intracellular environment of the body at a level of 6.9.

Carbonic acid and its anions create a bicarbonate buffer system that maintains the pH of the extracellular medium (blood plasma) at 7.4.

- anions HPO 4,

H 2 PO 4

HCO 3 , CI

They provide the functional activity of enzymes and other macromolecules (for example, phosphoric acid anions are part of phospholipids, ATP, nucleotides, etc.; Fe ion 2 + is part of hemoglobin, magnesium is part of chlorophyll, etc.).

In a state associated with organic substances

organic matter

Nucleic acids

Squirrels

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Organic compounds are compounds of carbon with other elements.

The organic matter of the cell

• A polymer is a substance with a high molecular weight

whose molecule consists of a large number

repeating units - monomers.

• Biological polymers are organic compounds,

found in the cells of living organisms.

The main organic compounds of the cell

Biopolymers Monomers organic matter

Polysaccharides (cellulose,

glycogen, starch)

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)

Alcohol, glycerin and fatty acids

Lipids and lipoids

Squirrels

Amino acids

Nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Squirrels

– These are biopolymers whose monomers are amino acids. They are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

20 amino acids found in proteins

Amino acids differ from each other only by radicals.

Amino acid structure

carboxyl group

(acid properties)

amino group

(basic properties)

hydrocarbon

radical

Amino acids in natural proteins

abbreviated

Name

Amino acid

Alanine

Arginine

Asparagine

Aspartic acid

Valine

Histidine

Glycine

Glutamine

Glutamic acid

Leucine

Lysine

Methionine

Proline

Serene

Tyrosine

Threonine

tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Cysteine

Amino acids

According to the ability of a person to synthesize amino acids from precursors, there are:

Non-essential amino acids - synthesized in the human body in sufficient quantities:

glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic and glutamic acids.

Essential amino acids -

are not synthesized in the human body. They need to come

into the body with food:

valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and phenylalanine.

Semi-essential amino acids - arginine, histidine.

Formed in insufficient quantities.

Their deficiency should be replenished with protein foods.

Non-essential amino acids

H 2 N

H 2 N

H 2 N

H 2 N

Aspargi-

new

acid

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

Tyrosine

Glutamine

CH 2

Glutami-

new

acid

CH 2

NH 2

H 2 N

H 2 N

H 2 N

H 2 C

CH 2

CH 2

Alanine

Asparagine

CH 3

CH 2

H 2 C

Cysteine

O \u003d C - NH 2

Proline

H 2 N

H 2 N

CH 2 Oh

Serene

Glycine

Semi-Essential Amino Acids

For children, they are indispensable.

H 2 N

H 2 N

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

Histidine

Arginine

CH 2

HC-N

NH 2

Essential amino acids

H 2 N

H 2 N

H 2 N

H 2 N

H-C-OH

CH 2

CH 2

H 3 C-CH

Phenylalanine

Threonine

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

Valine

Methionine

CH 3

H 2 N

H 2 N

CH 2

H 2 N

CH 2

CH 2

H-C-CH 3

H 2 N

Lysine

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

Isoleucine

tryptophan

Leucine

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

NH 2

Peptide bond formation

R 2

R 1

peptide

connection

carboxyl

group

H 2 O

carboxyl

group

amino group

amino group

H 2 O

H 2 O

first amino acid second amino acid

R 1

R 2

In proteins, amino acids are linked together peptide bonds (-NH-CO-) into polypeptide chains.

Peptide bonds are formed by the interaction of the carboxyl group of one amino acid with the amino group of another.

There are four levels of spatial organization of proteins

Primary Structure

A strictly defined sequence of amino acids connected peptide bonds , determines the primary structure of a protein molecule

Secondary structure of a protein

– a polypeptide chain twisted into an α-helix or β-sheet structure.

She is held by hydrogen bonds, that occur between NH- and CO-groups located on adjacent turns.

Functioning in the form of a twisted spiral is characteristic of fibrillar proteins (collagen, fibrinogen, myosin, actin, etc.)

Tertiary structure of a protein

Tertiary structure - coiling into a complex configuration - a globule, supported by disulfide bonds (-S-S-) arising between the radicals of sulfur-containing amino acids - cysteine ​​and methionine.

Many protein molecules become functionally active only after acquiring a globular (tertiary) structure.

Quaternary protein structure

The mutual arrangement in space of several identical or different polypeptide coils that make up one protein molecule forms quaternary structure (chemical bonds may be different).

Hemoglobin

in erythrocytes

Levels of spatial organization of proteins

Functions of proteins

• enzymatic: act as biological

catalysts, enzymes are able to speed up chemical reactions;

• construction: proteins are an essential component of all

cell structures;

• transport: O transfer 2 , hormones in the body of animals and humans;

• motor: all types of motor reactions are provided

contractile proteins - actin and myosin;

Functions of proteins

• protective: on hit foreign bodies in organism

protective proteins are produced - antibodies.

• energy: with a lack of carbohydrates and fats, they can oxidize

amino acid molecules (1 g of protein-17.6 kJ of energy).

• signal: special proteins are built into the membrane, capable of

change its tertiary structure to the action of external factors

environment. This is how signals are received from the external environment and transmitted information in a cell.

Carbohydrates -

substances consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the composition of which can be expressed by the formula WITH n (H 2 O) n

Carbohydrates can be divided into 3 classes:

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Oligosaccharides

CH 2 HE

NOCH 2

CH 2 HE

NOCH 2

CH 2 HE

NOCH 2

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

Deoxyribose

Cellulose

Ribose

sucrose

Glucose

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides - depending on the number of carbon atoms in their molecule, trioses (3C), tetroses (4C), pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C) are distinguished.

Properties: small molecules dissolve easily in water. Represented by crystalline forms, sweet in taste.

NOCH 2

NOCH 2

Glucose

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Carbohydrates

Oligosaccharides – substances formed by several monosaccharides (up to 10);

disaccharides – combine two monosaccharides in one molecule.

Properties: soluble in water. Crystallize. Sweet taste.

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

CH 2 HE

NOCH 2

CH 2 HE

sucrose

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides - are formed by combining many monosaccharides and have the formula (C6H10O5) n.

The most important are polysaccharides - starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.

Properties:

macromolecules are insoluble or poorly soluble in water.

They do not crystallize. Not sweet in taste.

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

Cellulose

Functions of carbohydrates

• energy: upon oxidation of 1 g of carbohydrates (to CO 2 and H2O)

17.6 kJ of energy is released;

• storage: stored in the cells of the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen;

• construction: V plant cell- strong basis of cellular walls (cellulose);

• protective: viscous secretions (mucus) secreted by various

glands, rich in carbohydrates and their derivatives (glycoproteins). Protect the walls internal organs(esophagus, intestines, stomach, bronchi) from mechanical damage and penetration microorganisms;

• receptor: are part of the receiving part.

cell receptors.

Lipids

Diversity

Fats

5 - 15% dry

cell substances, in adipose tissue - 90%

Fat-like substances:

phospholipids;

steroids; waxes;

free fatty acids

Fat molecules are formed by trihydric alcohol (glycerol) residues and three fatty acid residues.

The main property of lipids is hydrophobicity.

Fatty acid

+ 3H 2 O

Glycerol

Functions of lipids

• thermal insulation: in some animals (seals, whales) it deposited in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, which in whales forms a layer up to 1 m thick, maintains a constant body temperature.

• storage: accumulate in adipose tissue of animals, in fruits and

plant seeds;

• energy: with complete breakdown of 1 g of fat, 39 kJ of energy;

• structural: Phospholipids are an integral part of cellular membranes;

• regulatory : many hormones (e.g. adrenal cortex, sex) are derivatives of lipids.

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

ATP is a macroergic compound containing chemical bonds, during the hydrolysis of which energy is released.

adenine

NH 2

H 2 C

40 kJ

H 2 O

Ribose

ATP + H 2 O → ADP + H 3 PO 4 + energy (40kJ/mol)