What is the function of the human bladder? Foreign body in the bladder

The only remedy for CYSTITIS and its prevention, recommended by our subscribers!

The feeling of discomfort during urination is the reason for the diagnosis of the urethra and bladder. Symptoms may indicate bladder disease. Where is the bladder located in the body of women, what functions does it perform? What diagnostics and treatment is better for this or that pathology? Modern medicine offers many effective methods.

Location and functions of the organ

The bladder is the organ of the urinary system, located behind the pubic bone in the lower part of the abdominal cavity. The bladder is needed to collect urine from the kidneys. It passes into the urinary tract. In the upper part of the bladder are the ureters that connect the organ with the kidneys, in the lower part there is a channel for urination.

The structure of the organ is the same in women and men. In the male half, the prostate is adjacent to the lower part of the organ, the seminal ducts are on the sides, and in the ladies, the vagina and uterus are adjacent to its back wall. The main difference between the organs of a man and a woman is the length of the urethra: 15 cm in men and 3 cm in women. What pathologies of the bladder most often disturb the fair sex?

Occurring pathologies

Recently, cases have become more frequent when women turned to the doctor with complaints of pain during urination. The causes of symptoms vary. Some have exacerbated chronic diseases of the kidneys and bladder, while others have diseases of other organs that affect the urinary system. What diseases of the bladder do women have? What diagnostics of bladder diseases in women is more effective?

Inflammation - cystitis

This disease is very common. The infection enters the body and causes pain and other discomfort. Microbes that provoke cystitis enter the bladder from the intestines. Conditions for the rapid reproduction of microbes are stagnant processes in the pelvis or a sedentary lifestyle.

Bladder cystitis in women is very easy to detect. There is a frequent urge to urinate, but very little urine is produced. When urinating, pain appears, at first, blood can be seen in the urine. Treatment of even the chronic form of the disease is successful. Properly selected complex treatment with medicines gives a quick positive result, and after 7-10 days you can forget about the disease.

cystalgia

Cystalgia in women is cystic neurosis or allergic cystitis. The reasons for its appearance may be different: changes hormonal background, malfunctions of the nervous system or the development of infection. Cystalgia most often occurs in emotional and receptive women. Cystalgia may occur in women who are wary of sexual life. Pathology occurs in frigid women or those who practice interruption of sexual intercourse.

Cystalgia involves complex treatment. Several specialists are involved. In most cases, the reasons are related to mental state patient. Also, cystalgia is treated with antispasmodics and painkillers that help remove congestion in the small pelvis.

Urolithiasis (stones and sand) of the bladder

Urolithiasis occurs regardless of age. There are cases when stones are diagnosed even in children of the first year of life. Depending on the age, the composition of the stones also changes. In older people, their sizes are larger, and uric acid conglomerates are more often found.

There are many reasons for the appearance of stones:

• pathology of the parathyroid gland;
• metabolic disorder;
• dehydration of the body for a long time;
• genetic predisposition;
• diseases of the digestive system, urinary excretion in the chronic stage;
• pathology of the skeletal system, fractures;
• lack of vitamins in the body, especially vitamin D;
• consumption of sour, spicy and fried foods;
• lack of sunlight.

Symptoms of the disease: pain in the lower back, frequent urge to urinate and pain during it, cloudy urine, hypertension and others.

Ultrasound diagnosis of bladder stones in women will determine how much the pathology has affected the organ, and what treatment measures to take. Also, for a clearer picture, types of research may be required: general analysis and biochemistry of blood, excretory urography. Medicines are used to treat a bladder disease called urolithiasis. If the treatment does not give the desired effect, then surgical intervention is prescribed.

Neoplasms

Neoplasms can be benign and malignant. The first group includes: endometriosis, pheochromocytomas, adenomas, papillomas. A malignant tumor is cancer. To detect a tumor, a diagnostic method is used - cystoscopy. For the treatment of tumors, medicine provides for surgical intervention. After removal of the neoplasm, the patient is prescribed a course of treatment with drugs. In the most advanced cases, when the patient asks for help late, even medicine is powerless.

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a painful change in the lining of the bladder. With this pathology, epithelial cells become rigid, horny. Translated from Latin, the name of the disease means "plaque". During the examination of the cavity of the bladder, pale areas are found on the walls, slightly rising above the mucosa. Around these "plaques" the tissue is inflamed.

Signs of the disease are easy to identify. The patient has pain in the lower abdomen, frequent urge to urinate, discomfort during urination. Cystoscopy will help to make an accurate diagnosis. After the diagnosis is made, complex therapy is prescribed: antibiotics, vitamins, physiotherapy and anti-inflammatory drugs. Also, the patient may be assigned to remove the affected areas with electricity.

Atony

The appearance of atony is caused by damage to the nerve endings that are along the path of impulses from the spinal cord to the bladder. With such disorders, the patient urinates spontaneously. Urine does not come out completely, and the bladder is full. The cause of the pathology may be trauma to the spine.

polyps

A polyp is a growth on the lining of the bladder. It can grow in size over time. Polyps do not cause any particular symptoms; very rarely, bloody discharge may appear in the urine. Diagnostics is a must. Polyps can be detected and removed using a procedure called cystoscopy. But this method is used only in cases where the doctor is sure that the polyp is large. With its small size, there are no signs. If it does not interfere with the movement of urine, no treatment is prescribed.

Other diseases

Other, no less complex and serious pathologies include:

• omission - cystocele;
• exstrophy;
• cyst;
• sclerosis;
• hyperactivity;
• tuberculosis;
• hernia;
• ulcer;
• endometriosis.

The causes of bladder pathologies are different, and treatment in each individual case is carried out individually. It is impossible to independently determine the signs of a particular disease. Only high-quality diagnostics helps to determine a particular disease.

Today, medicine uses many modern methods and picks up the best treatment. In some cases, malignant neoplasms, after proper therapy, allow a woman to lead a normal life.

By secret

• Incredible… Chronic cystitis can be cured forever!
• This time.
• No antibiotics!
• This is two.
• During the week!
• It's three.

Follow the link and find out how our subscribers do it!

The bladder is part of the urinary system. It accumulates urine excreted by the kidneys and after the complete filling of its cavity, urination occurs.

The structure of the bladder

In men and women, the structure of the bladder is somewhat different, as well as the volume. Men have more, women have less. It is difficult to overestimate the need for it in the body, since the kidneys work around the clock, and all the fluid they secrete immediately flows down the ureters. Therefore, if nature had not provided for the bladder, then urination would occur completely uncontrollably and constantly. Urine would just flow out continuously. Pleasant little.

General description of the structure of the bladder

By virtue of their functions the bladder is an extensible muscular organ. In order for the liquid inside it to be easily retained, and its walls to stretch freely, the muscles of this organ are completely different from the whole organism and its structure is unique.

The walls of the bladder have the ability to contract in all directions thanks to the triple layer muscle fibers, which are located in relation to each other perpendicularly and obliquely.

The most important and most developed muscle of the bladder is the external sphincter.. By contracting and relaxing, it controls the outflow of urine. Similar sphincters are still located at the entrance to the bladder from the ureters. They prevent the capillary rise of the liquid to the top.

The sphincter muscles are circular in shape. Their activity is completely regulated by the brain and central nervous system. Signals are given from the GM, and the CNS, respectively, transmits them to the external sphincter for compression or for unclenching. The most mobile upper part of the bladder. When it is completely filled with urine, then its crown protrudes beyond the small pelvis, up to the navel.

Description of the structure of the membranes of the bladder

The bladder has only two membranes. One external and one internal. Outside, the bladder is covered with a serous membrane, which ensures its easy sliding inside the body during stretching and contraction. The inner lining is mucous. The muscular layer of the wall contains mucous glands, which provide protection to the bladder mucosa from the aggressive effects of urine.

Where is the bladder located and what parts does it consist of?

The bladder is located at the bottom of the pelvic region (pelvic region). In men and women, its location and structure is somewhat different due to the complete difference in the structure of the reproductive system.

Anatomically, the bladder is conditionally divided into four sections (or parts):

• the bottom is located below and connects to the urethra;
• the neck connects the bottom with the urethra;
• the tip is the most mobile and most extensible part;
• the body itself is a hollow bag for collecting urine.

Treatment and prevention of the bladder

Bladder treatment is prescribed only by a doctor after an appropriate examination. However, to achieve the best results, to speed up recovery and to enhance the effect of therapeutic agents, it is good to include in complex therapy peptide bioregulators and other natural preparations NPTsRiZ. They are also recommended to be taken for prevention in case of an existing predisposition.

So, to improve the functioning and condition of the bladder, the following drugs are recommended:

• - peptide bioregulator of the bladder;
• (liquid peptide complex) for kidneys and bladder;

Only A complex approach allows you to quickly and permanently maintain and maintain health.

The urinary bladder is the organ that important features in the human body. According to statistics, diseases of this organ genitourinary system more common in women than in men, which is explained by where it is anatomically located.

What symptoms indicate a serious pathology of the bladder, and what treatment will effectively cope with the disease?

The bladder is one of the organs of the small pelvis, it is designed to store and then remove waste products.

The body consists of four fundamentally important parts. The anatomy of the structure of the bladder is as follows:

• top;
• organ body;
• the bottom, where the vesical triangle is located;
• the mouth containing the contractile muscle, the main function of which is to retain fluid in the urinary organ.

The volume of the bladder in adults reaches 500-700 ml. The shape and location relative to other organs varies from filling. It is noteworthy that in women the volume of this organ of the genitourinary system is less than in men.

When the bladder is empty, it is located in the small pelvis, when filled, changes occur in the body, the upper part of the bladder rises to the pubis, and in rare cases to the human navel.

Pay attention to how the bladder looks like in representatives of different sexes.

The structure of the body does not depend on the gender of the person. In men, the prostate and seminal ducts are adjacent to the bladder area, while in women, the organ is located next to the uterus and vagina.

Functions of the bladder

The human bladder performs two main functions: storage and excretion of urine. How it works?

The urinary duct regularly delivers human waste products to the organ, which are excreted by the kidneys. The bladder, in turn, acts as a vessel for storing urine, with an average volume of up to 400 ml. When filling the "capacity" is the process of urination.

The function is triggered after stretching the walls of the bladder and is expressed in the compression of the muscle fibers of this organ and the relaxation of the sphincters. Thus, the removal of metabolic products from the human body in a natural way is carried out.

Bladder diseases

Symptoms of bladder disease cause concern in patients. Among the most common pathologies of the urinary organ that occur in men and women, the following should be highlighted:

• Cystitis is a common disease of the bladder, which is a lesion of the mucous membrane. The disease is a consequence of hypothermia, ignoring the rules of personal hygiene, microbes and bacteria entering the body.

Note. Prolonged inflammation of the bladder, characterized by temporary periods of remission, is a sign of chronic cystitis. Ignoring the chronic inflammatory process can lead to damage to the tissues of the organ.

• Bladder endometriosis is a disease of the female genitourinary system associated with the growth of the endometrium beyond its natural location. The disease affects the walls and cavity of the bladder, causing inflammation.

Note. The endometrium is the inner layer of the uterus, the main task of which is to fix the egg for further fertilization.

• Urolithiasis - characterized by the formation of stones in the affected organ. The cause of the disease is a metabolic disorder, thyroid disease and abnormal functioning of the genitourinary system, for example, in bedridden patients.

Note. The bladder in men is more likely to suffer from diseases of other organs. For example, urolithiasis, as a rule, is provoked by a lesion of the renal pelvis.

• Tumors of the bladder are a serious pathology that requires immediate surgical intervention. Among benign tumors, it is necessary to note adenomas, papillomas, polyps.

Note. The cause of papillomas is the human papillomavirus. Some types of neoplasms are prone to degeneration into malignant ones and require urgent diagnosis.

Symptoms

Bladder disease in women is a common phenomenon associated with structural features of the genitourinary system.

Signs of different diseases can be similar to each other, they are often caused by inflammation and infections in the bladder, provoked by an unhealthy lifestyle or poor personal hygiene.

Symptoms of bladder disease in women:

• frequent urge to go to the toilet, accompanied by pain and a feeling of fullness of the bladder, indicates hypothermia and inflammatory processes in the diseased bladder;
• discoloration of urine up to red, frequent urination, pain in the lumbar region are some of the symptoms of bladder pathology that characterize urolithiasis.

Note. In the body of a healthy person, salts are excreted along with other waste products. With pathology, salts accumulate, and stones form in the bladder;

• impaired urination with a small amount of blood is a sign of the presence of a benign or malignant tumor in a patient.

Note. Some diseases of the genitourinary system, for example, endometriosis and cystitis, are also accompanied by the periodic appearance of blood in the urine;

• violation of urodynamics, the presence of pain and burning at rest and their increase during urination are symptoms of cystitis;
• pain during intercourse, difficulty urinating, inflammation in the area of ​​the affected organ are clear signs of a cystocele.

Thus, bladder disease in women is accompanied by unpleasant symptoms. At the first signs of the disease, you should contact a specialist who will prescribe effective treatment to fight disease.

Diagnostics

The patient needs a diagnosis of the bladder, which will determine the causes of the disease and prescribe competent treatment.
Among the existing diagnostic methods, the following should be highlighted:

• general clinical - involves the collection of anamnesis (complaints of the patient) and the initial examination of the patient by the attending physician;
• laboratory tests - we are talking about the analysis of urine and blood.

Note. The presence of leukocytes and bacteria in the urine may indicate the disease. A blood test allows you to diagnose the inflammatory process in the genitourinary system;

• Ultrasound - performed when the bladder is filled with urine;
• X-ray method - allows you to examine the structure and study the functioning of all parts of the genitourinary system;
• magnetic resonance imaging - recommended for suspected bladder tumors;
• urodynamic study - indicated for urinary incontinence, cystitis;
• cystoscopy - examination is carried out with suspicion of cystitis, tumors, urolithiasis;
• biopsy - is prescribed for diagnosis in benign and malignant tumors, tuberculosis.

Treatment

Bladder disease in women and men must be treated under the strict supervision of a specialist. The patient needs to see a urologist, but a therapist can also prescribe an initial examination and establish a diagnosis.

To combat the disease, complex therapy is used. Usually the patient is prescribed a balanced diet and drinking plenty of water.

Simultaneously with the diet, treatment is carried out with the help of medications. Among the effective medicines, the following should be highlighted:

• antibiotics and antibacterial drugs - recommended in the treatment of diseases caused by bacterial infections;
• antispasmodics - do not affect the cause of the disease, but in short time eliminate pain syndrome;
• phytopreparations - they include natural plant components. Remedies help with cystitis (mild forms) and inflammation caused by hypothermia;
• anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs - eliminate severe pain, inflammation, normalize body temperature.

Note. All medicines are prescribed by the attending physician, who will select an effective medication, dosage and duration of treatment.

Surgery is necessary for extreme cases. The operation is recommended for malignant tumors, tuberculosis, bladder prolapse (cystocele). In other cases drug treatment enough to fight the disease.

Prevention

Both male and female bladder diseases can be prevented by following simple medical recommendations:

• exclusion of hypothermia;
• compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
• avoidance of stressful situations;

Note. Sedentary work is one of the reasons for the development of cystitis and other diseases of the genitourinary system. An active lifestyle and physical education will reduce the risk of the disease;

• emptying the bladder before and after sexual intercourse;
• limiting the use of spicy, salty and smoked foods;
• timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Bladder, vesica urinaria, is a hollow muscular organ that serves to accumulate urine and periodically remove it through the urethra. The shape, size and location of the bladder are related to the degree of its filling with urine, as well as the condition of neighboring organs. The filled bubble has an ovoid shape, protrudes above the symphysis adjacent to the abdominal wall and displaces the peritoneum upward. This feature is taken into account in clinical practice for puncture through the muscular layer of the abdominal wall to remove free fluid from the abdominal cavity with dropsy, astites. The volume of the bladder is 600-700 ml.
The urinary bladder is divided into the following parts:- Top, apex vesicae;
- Bottom, fundus vesicae;
- Body, corpus vasicae;
- Neck, cervix vasicae.
The top of the bladder is facing up and forward, the bottom - back and down. The body is located between the apex and the bottom, and the neck is at the junction of the bladder into the urethra. In addition, the surfaces are distinguished: front, top, back and side. In children, the bladder is more elongated and has a spindle shape. Fixation of the bladder is carried out by ligaments and muscles. From the top of the bladder to the navel passes the median umbilical ligament, lig. umbilicale medianum, which is an overgrown duct, urachus. In addition, the bladder is fixed by smooth muscles: pubic-vesical, m. pubovesical, - to pubic fusion and rectovesical, m. rectovesical, - to the rectum.

Topography of the bladder

Skeletotopia. The bladder is located in the anterior part of the small pelvis, directly behind the symphysis. In young children, most of the bladder is located above the symphysis, and in older people it lies deep in the pelvis.
In front, the bladder is adjacent to the symphysis and pubic bones, from which it is separated by a layer of loose connective tissue. Fractures of these bones may damage the bladder. Between the bladder and the symphysis is the retropubic cellular space, spatium retropubica.
Syntopy. Adjacent to the bottom of the bladder is the prostata, which tightly covers the neck of the bladder and the initial part of the urethra, located above the pelvic diaphragm. Behind the bladder are the vesicular glands and ampullae of the vas deferens. Adjacent to the back wall of the bladder in men, and in women - and. Passes along the posterior-lateral surface of the bladder. On the lateral surfaces of the bladder are the vas deferens, branches of the internal glomerular vessels and the vesico-vesical venous plexus. The loops of the intestines are adjacent to the covered areas of the bladder: sigmoid, thin, and sometimes transverse colon.

The structure of the bladder

The bladder wall consists of:
- Mucosa, tunica mucosa,
- Submucosal layer, tela submucosa;
- Muscular membrane, tunica muscularis-,
- Fascial or partially peritoneal cover, tunica adventitia (t. serosa).
mucous membrane, tunica mucosa, - grayish red. The folds are absent only in the region of the bottom of the bladder, where the mucous membrane is devoid of the submucosal layer and is fused with the muscular membrane. This area is called the bubble triangle, trigonum vesicae. It is located between the cells of the ureters, Ostium ureteris, and the internal opening (pupil) of the urethra, ostium urethrae internum. Between the openings of the ureter there is an interobvious fold, plica internum. Between the openings of the ureter there is an interobvious fold, plica uretericae, which prevents urine from flowing back into the ureter. Cystoscopy (examination of the bladder mucosa with a cystoscope) shows folds of the mucous membrane and openings (cells) of the ureters, which periodically open (2-3 times per minute) and push urine into the bladder.
Submucosal layer, tela submucosa, represented by loose, unformed. It contains networks of blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve elements.
Muscular membrane, tunica muscularis, - rather thick, forms the bulk of the wall. It consists of bundles of smooth muscle fibers arranged in three layers: outer, stratum externum; internal, stratum internum, - longitudinal and middle, stratum medianum, - circular. These layers of smooth muscle fibers combine to form the bladder muscle, which pushes urine, m. detrusor vesicae. The most developed layer is the stratum medianum, which at the beginning of the urethra is formed by the bladder crushers, m. sphincter vesicae. At the confluence of the ureters into the bladder, sphincters (crushers) are also formed due to the circular fibers of the muscle layer.
Serous membrane(peritoneum), tunica serosa, - covers the bladder and partially the surface of half of the back and side surfaces, on the rest of the surface it has a fascial cover.

X-ray anatomy of the bladder

An X-ray examination without the introduction of a contrast agent (an overview image) can determine the presence of stones or foreign bodies in it. When a contrast agent is injected into the bladder (contrast cystography), when iodine substances, barium sulfate, oxygen or carbon dioxide are injected, its shape and condition of the walls are visible.

Bladder ultrasound

The filled bladder is the main reference point in the echography of the pelvic organs. On echograms, it looks like an echo-negative formation with clear contours, located directly behind the anterior abdominal wall in the lower floor of the abdominal cavity. With longitudinal scanning, the lower contour of the bladder is not completely visualized, since this part falls into the acoustic shadow from the pelvic bones. On transverse echograms, the walls of the bladder are clearly visible - they are visualized as kidney-shaped formations. The lower part has a rectangular shape, and the upper one is wider, ovoid.
An empty bladder is not visible on the echogram, so the first condition for the study is filling with a liquid of 300-400 ml. Mucous folds straighten out, and the inner surface becomes smooth. The study is carried out both through the anterior abdominal wall and through the urethra and rectum using devices. The posterior wall of the bladder is more clearly visible than the anterior. Behind the bladder on the echogram is clearly visible (in women) the uterus, and in men - the prostate gland.
blood supply the bladder is carried out by the upper vesical arteries, aa. vesicates superiores (from the umbilical artery), and the lower vesical arteries, aa. vesicalis inferior (from the internal iliac artery), which anastomose with each other. In addition, the bladder receives several branches from the internal pudendal, obturator, and middle rectal arteries. The veins of the bladder drain blood to the vesical venous plexus, plexus venosus vesicalis. The superior and inferior vesical veins branch off from the plexus and empty into the internal iliac vein.
Lymph drainage carried out through the lymphatic vessels, which originate from the lymphatic networks of the capillaries of the subserous and submucosal plexus and flow into the internal iliac lymph nodes, nodi lymphatici Chassis intemi.
innervation the bladder is carried out from the lower abdominal plexus, plexus hypogastrics inferior. Efferent parasympathetic prenodular fibers originate in the lateral horns of the II IV sacral segments, from where they exit as part of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves, and then also separate in the form of the pelvic splanchnic nerves, nn. splanchnici pelvici, enter the organ nodes of the bladder, from which postganglionic fibers depart to the muscles of the bladder. These fibers cause the muscle that ejects urine to contract and relax the sphincter of the bladder. Efferent sympathetic nerves originate from the lateral horns of the lumbar region of the spinal cord, which are part of the anterior roots and, having separated from them in the form of white connecting branches, reach the inferior mesenteric ganglion. From here originate postganglionic fibers, which are part of the abdominal nerves, nn. hypogastrici, reach the smooth muscles and cause relaxation of the urinary expulsion muscle and contract the sphincter of the bladder. Sensitive innervation of the bladder receives from the sacral plexus, (n. pudendus).

Thank you

The site provides background information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Where is he located?

Bladder- This is an unpaired organ, which is an important part of the urinary system. It is located in the pelvis underbelly) just behind the pubic bone.

Function, volume and structure

The bladder is the reservoir for urine coming out of the kidneys. From here, urine flows further into the urethra. From above, two ureters approach the bladder, connecting it to the kidneys. Below, one urethra departs from it.

The volume of the bladder varies in adults within 0.25 - 0.5 ( sometimes even up to 0.7) liters. In the empty state, its walls are reduced, when filled, they are stretched. Its shape in the filled state resembles an oval, but it varies greatly depending on the amount of urine.
The bladder is divided into three parts: fundus, walls, neck. From the inside, the bubble is covered with a mucous membrane.

Sphincters are important components of the bladder. There are two of them: the first voluntary is formed by smooth muscles and is located at the very beginning of the urethra ( urethra). The second is formed by striated muscles and is located in the middle of the urethra. It is involuntary. During the release of urine, the muscles of both sphincters relax, while the muscles of the walls of the bladder tense.

The bladder consists of four walls: anterior, posterior and two lateral. The walls consist of three layers: two muscular and one mucous. The mucous layer is covered with small mucous glands and lymphatic follicles. The structure of the bladder mucosa is similar to that of the ureters.

In men and in women

The structure of the bladder in representatives of different sexes is the same. In men, the prostate is adjacent to the lower outer part of the bladder, and the seminal ducts are located on its sides. In women, the back of the bladder borders the uterus and vagina.
A significant difference is observed in the length of the urethra. So, in men it is 15 centimeters long or more, and in women it is only 3 centimeters.

In children

In newborn babies, the bladder is much higher than in adults. Gradually, it descends and by the fourth month rises above the pubic bone by only one centimeter. It is due to this high position that the bladder in babies does not come into contact with the intestines ( in boys) and with the vagina in girls.

The shape of the bladder in a newborn child resembles a spindle, the muscle layers are still weak, but the mucous membrane and folding are sufficiently formed already by birth. The length of the ureters is 6 - 7 cm. At the age of 5 years, the bladder has the shape of a pear, and after 8 years it becomes like an egg. And only by the pubertal period does his form approach the form of an adult.
In a newborn baby, the volume of the bladder is from 50 to 80 cc. By the age of five, its volume increases to 180 ml. From the age of 12, its volume approaches the lower limit of the "adult", that is, to 250 ml.

During pregnancy

The main task of the urinary organs is to cleanse the body of metabolic products.
With the increase in the duration of pregnancy, a woman usually begins to feel more frequent urge to urinate, because the uterus is located directly behind the bladder, it enlarges and presses on the bladder. This is a completely normal state. But if after urination there is a feeling of an unemptied bladder, if the process is accompanied by unpleasant sensations, this may indicate inflammation. Most often, problems begin from the 23rd week of pregnancy. The cause of inflammation is the same enlarged uterus. It squeezes the ureters, leads to congestion, an infection develops in the urine.

Statistics say that every tenth pregnant woman is faced with cystitis. And very attentive should be those who used to have inflammation of the bladder.
Obligatory medical assistance and qualified treatment. If you start the process, the result may be the appearance of a small baby, difficult childbirth.
Treatment is with approved antibiotics, as well as bladder washes.

Absence of a bubble

Such an anomaly is very rare. Most often, bladder agenesis is combined with underdevelopment of other major organs or systems. Such malformations are incompatible with life.

diverticulum

A diverticulum is a sac-like cavity formed by the wall of the bladder. Sometimes in rare cases, the diverticulum is not single. Their volume may vary. Diverticula usually form on the lateral and posterior surfaces near the ureteral outlets. The diverticulum opens into the bladder. In some cases, the diverticulum communicates directly with the ureter. The presence of diverticula creates good conditions for the development of pathogenic microflora in the bladder. Such patients are prone to pyelonephritis, cystitis. In the diverticulum itself, conglomerates are often formed, since a certain amount of urine is constantly retained in it.

In patients with diverticula, urine output occurs in two stages: first, the bladder itself is released, after which urine exits the diverticulum. In some cases, urinary retention is observed.

A diverticulum is found during cystoscopy. Contrast-enhanced x-rays may also reveal a diverticulum.
Therapy of diverticulum is only surgical. It is eliminated, the exit to it is closed. The operation is performed both by abdominal and endoscopic methods.

Diseases

Most often, pain in the bladder area indicates a disease of completely different organs. This may be the kidneys, urethra or prostate in men. In this regard, if there is no evidence of bladder damage, other urinary organs should be examined. Most often, pain appears at the end of urination or with a very full bladder.
Next, a description of the most common bladder diseases, symptoms and methods of their treatment will be given.

Inflammation - cystitis

This is a very common disease, despite the fact that the lining of the bladder has specific defense mechanisms against infection. Most often, the germs that cause cystitis enter the bladder from the intestines or the reproductive system. Good conditions for the development of inflammation are created with congestion in the pelvis, with a sedentary lifestyle.

Symptoms
The patient is often drawn to the toilet in a small way, but very little urine is excreted. With a strongly running process, urges can be at intervals of a quarter of an hour. The patient also feels pain, which is most severe when inflammation spreads to the mucous membrane of the bladder neck. The pain can shoot towards the anus, in the groin.
At first, a small amount of blood may be detected in the urine. The temperature may rise.

Treatment
Antibiotics, vitamins and painkillers are used ( if you need to relieve the pain). Sometimes, with cystitis, sitz baths are prescribed with water temperatures up to 40 degrees with the addition of chamomile preparations. The duration of the procedure is ten minutes. You can put a warm heating pad on the lower abdomen. All thermal procedures are carried out only if there is no temperature.
It is important to temporarily abandon canned food, pickles, spices, marinades. You need to drink more if there are no edema.
American scientists have found that the use of green tea helps to eliminate the signs of cystitis. The composition of tea includes substances that protect the tissues of the mucous membrane of the bladder.
The acute stage of the disease is stopped within a week - one and a half.
But the treatment must be completed, otherwise the disease can become chronic.

Stones and sand (urolithiasis)

Urolithiasis can begin to develop at any age. Sometimes bladder stones are found even in newborns. The composition of the stones depends, among other things, on the age of the patient. So in elderly patients, uric acid conglomerates are usually found. Their size can vary from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters.

Reasons for the deposition of stones

• metabolic disorder,
• genetic predisposition,
• Chronic diseases of the digestive and urinary organs,
• parathyroid disease,
• Diseases of the skeletal system, fractures,
• Long term dehydration
• Lack of vitamins, especially vitamins D ,
• Frequent eating of pickles, spicy, sour,
• Hot climate,
• Lack of ultraviolet radiation.

Signs of the disease

• Pain in the lower back
• Frequent urination, pain during urination,
• The presence of blood in the urine may be in very small quantities, not detectable by eye),
• Urine with turbidity,
• At the beginning of the infectious process, body temperature rises to febrile values.

Urolithiasis is determined using ultrasound, blood test, urinalysis, blood biochemistry, excretory urography.
Treatment of the disease is carried out with medication, with ineffectiveness, surgical treatment is resorted to. Stones are also crushed using ultrasound.
Much attention should be paid to proper nutrition, which should be selected taking into account the composition of the stones.

Tumors

Bladder tumors account for four percent of the number of tumors of different localization. The reason for their appearance is still not clear. But one of the risk factors is frequent contact with aniline dyes.
All tumors are divided into benign and malignant. In addition, the neoplasm can be located in the epithelial layer, or it can be created from connective fibers ( leiomyomas, fibromyxomas, fibromas, hemangiomas). TO benign tumors include pheochromocytomas, endometriosis neoplasms and adenomas, as well as papillomas.

Cystoscopy is used to detect and determine the type of bladder tumor. This is one of the varieties of endoscopy. A thin tube with a camera at the end is inserted into the urethra. The doctor on the monitor screen examines the condition of the urinary organs of the patient. It is possible to take cells for research. X-rays with contrast are also used.
Tumors of any kind are usually treated with surgery. If possible, endoscopic techniques are used for benign neoplasms, as they are less invasive.

Cancer

Of all forms of cancer in the bladder, transitional cell carcinoma is the most common - 90%, and only 10% is adenocarcinoma and squamous cell form. The precursors of bladder cancer are papillomas.

Increased chance of getting bladder cancer:

• Smokers are four times more likely to
• In people who often encounter aniline dyes,
• This disease is more common in men
• With chronic inflammation of the bladder,
• In violation of the formation of the pelvic organs,
• After irradiation of the urinary organs,
• In persons who do not urinate on demand. In this case, urine acts on the mucous membrane of the bladder for a longer time and causes pathological processes,
• When using a number of medicines, as well as sweeteners ( cyclamate, saccharin).

Symptoms

• Blood in the urine. There is a lot of blood, it can be detected visually.

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a painful change in the mucous membrane of the bladder, in which the epithelial cells become hard, horny. In this disease, the transitional epithelial cells lining the mucosa are replaced by stratified squamous cells. Translated from Latin, "leukoplakia" means "plaque". The disease is called so because during cystoscopy on the mucosa, more pale, variously shaped tissue areas are visible, which slightly rise above the rest of the surface. Around these areas, healthy tissue is inflamed.

Causes

• chronic cystitis,
• The presence of stones
• Mechanical or chemical effect on the mucosa.

The exact cause of leukoplakia has not yet been elucidated.

signs

• Pain in the lower abdomen
• Frequent urge to urinate, sometimes fruitless,
• Discomfort during urination.

The disease is determined by cystoscopy.

Treatment

• antibiotics,
• vitamins,
• Infusions into the bladder of drugs heparin, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid,
• Removal of affected areas with electricity.

Atony

Atony is also called involuntary bladder. A disorder develops when the nerve endings that are on the path of impulses from the spinal cord to the bladder are damaged. Thus, urination is carried out spontaneously, without human control.
Urine is not excreted in portions, the bladder is filled to the maximum, urine is excreted from it drop by drop.

Causes
The most common cause is a severe injury to the lower back ( sacrum) affecting the spinal cord. In addition, atony can develop as a complication of certain diseases ( syphilis), disrupting the function of the roots of the spinal cord.

For some time after the injury, the body experiences spinal shock, which disrupts urination. Timely intervention of doctors can normalize the patient's condition at this stage. To do this, with the help of a catheter, you need to empty the bladder from time to time, preventing its walls from stretching. This helps normalize the reflex. If this is not done, the patient will experience uncontrolled urination from time to time.

In some patients, the reflex is triggered by tickling the skin in the perineum. So they can regulate the process of urination themselves.
Another type of atony is a neurogenic-disinhibited bladder. In such a situation, the central nervous system does not give a strong enough signal to the bladder. Therefore, urination is frequent and the patient cannot influence it. Such a violation is typical for brain stem injuries, as well as incomplete rupture of the spinal cord.

polyps

A polyp is a small growth on the mucous membrane that appears in the lumen of a hollow organ.
Polyps of various sizes up to several centimeters can develop in the bladder.
Most often, a polyp does not cause any specific symptoms. In some cases, there may be blood in the urine.

Diagnostics

• Cystoscopy,
• ultrasound examination,

In most cases, polyps are detected by chance during an ultrasound examination of the genitourinary organs. Cystoscopy is prescribed if there is bleeding, and also if the doctor doubts the goodness of the polyp.

Therapy
As a rule, if the polyp is not too large and does not interfere with the movement of urine, it is not treated. If the presence of a polyp affects the patient's well-being, an operation is performed to remove the growth. The operation is performed with a special type of cystoscope. The patient is given general anesthesia. The operation is simple.
Polyps are considered a transitional form between benign and malignant neoplasms. Therefore, their presence requires periodic examination for malignant cells.

Descent - cystocele

A cystocele is a prolapse of the bladder at the same time as the prolapse of the vagina. Often with a cystocele, there is also a prolapse of the urethra.

Causes

• Lack of fiber in the pelvis
• Perineal tear during childbirth
• Relaxation of the diaphragm that supports the urinary organs
• Non-physiological localization of the uterus,
• Prolapse and prolapse of the uterus.

Symptoms

• The walls of the vagina protrude under tension, a fragment of tissue up to 200 ml can gradually fall out,
• The bladder is partially emptied during urination,
• There may be urinary incontinence during coughing or laughing,
• Frequent urge to urinate.

Treatment
Operational only. During the operation, the pelvic muscles are strengthened, the organs are fixed in their normal places.

Exstrophy

This is a violation of the formation of the bladder, which is laid at about 4 weeks of fetal development. With exstrophy, the bladder is located outside, the abdominal wall is bifurcated, there is no sphincter of the bladder. As a rule, children with exstrophy no longer have any developmental disorders. The cause of exstrophy is unknown, it develops in 1 in 30,000 babies and is three times more common in male babies.

The defect can be developed more or less strongly. So, some children have two bladders, one of which is normal, the other is malformed.
Violation is corrected promptly, usually requires a series of operations, the number of which depends on the degree of defect. The first intervention is usually scheduled for the first ten days from the moment the baby is born. Treatment rarely leads to complete control of the patient over the process of urination.
In the event that the bladder does not grow in proportion to the growth of the child, despite operations, augmentation is done ( increase).

During this procedure, from the tissues of the patient's body ( intestines or stomach) a new bubble is formed or the required site is delivered. Unfortunately, after such an operation, the patient needs to wear a catheter all the time. However, techniques for helping with exstrophy are constantly being improved.

Cyst

This rare disease can be found in people of any age. The cyst forms in the urachus, the urinary duct that runs from the fetal bladder to the amniotic fluid. Usually by the 5th month this duct closes. However, in some cases this does not happen or it does not completely overgrow. Then the urachus goes from the bladder to the navel and can provoke some diseases, one of which is the urachus cyst.

The cyst may contain mucus, original feces, serous fluid. If microbes enter the contents of the cyst, it begins to fester. For a very long time, the volume of the cyst can be small, and the patient or his relatives are not even aware of its presence. But over time, the child's body temperature increases, he complains of pain in the lower abdomen. If the inflammation is severe, there may be signs of intoxication. If the cyst is large enough, it can be felt. Sometimes an umbilical fistula is formed in the patient, from which the contents of the cyst are released during tension.

Treatment
The cyst of the urachus is treated only by the surgical method, and its treatment refers to urgent measures. Since with suppuration there is a possibility of an abscess that opens into the bladder or abdominal cavity.

Hyperactivity

When urinating more than 8 times a day, they talk about an overactive bladder. The disease is quite common - 17% of the total population of developed countries. It most often affects the elderly, the number of patients increases every year.
Usually an overactive bladder manifests itself with such a strong urge to urinate that the patient cannot resist. Sometimes patients experience incontinence.

Symptoms

• Urinary incontinence,
• frequent urination,
• Inability to hold urine when urging to go to the toilet.

This disease is not very well studied, but factors that increase the likelihood of developing OAB are already known:

• coffee abuse,
• Abuse of sweet sodas,

Diagnostic methods

• General blood analysis,
• General urine analysis,
• Urinalysis for uric acid, urea, glucose, creatinine,
• Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko,
• Ultrasound examination of the bladder, kidneys and prostate,
• urine culture,

Cystoscopy or x-rays may also be ordered.

Treatment

• Charger,
• Physiotherapy,
• biofeedback method,
• surgical method,
• Drug therapy.

Treatment of an overactive bladder is a fairly lengthy process. Usually they start with conservative methods, and if they do not work, they move on to surgical ones.

Tuberculosis

Almost every fifth person affected by pulmonary tuberculosis also suffers from urinary tuberculosis. The causative agent of the infection is transferred with the blood flow from previously affected kidneys. This form of tuberculosis occurs equally often in both sexes. Due to the fact that tuberculosis of the bladder is almost asymptomatic, it is almost never possible to detect and start treating it on time.
The causative agent of tuberculosis causes inflammation of the entrances of the ureters, then it spreads to the entire organ.

Symptoms
The disease has no specific symptoms. The patient feels a general malaise, may lose weight, as he has no appetite, he quickly gets tired and sweats at night. But with the further development of the disease, violations are found in the work of the urinary organs.

• Frequent urination up to 20 times a day. During urination, patients complain of acute pain in the perineum,
• In some cases, urinary incontinence is observed,
• There is blood in the urine
• Pain in the lower back ( characteristic with the addition of an inflammatory process in the kidneys) up to renal colic,
• Every fifth patient with tuberculosis of the bladder has pus in the urine, it is cloudy. This condition is called pyuria.

Diagnostics

• x-ray of the retroperitoneum,
• intravenous pyelography,
• computed tomography with contrast,
• cystoscopy.

Treatment
Treatment is carried out with the help of drugs, it is long - from six months. In this case, a group of drugs is prescribed at least three. In therapy, antibiotics are used that are active against the causative agent of tuberculosis. Therapy is quite difficult to tolerate by patients, as the drugs have many undesirable effects. If the patient's kidneys are not working well, the amount of drugs is reduced, which helps to reduce the poisoning of the body.

If the disease has affected the structure of the organ, an operation is prescribed - augmentation plastic of the bladder. During the operation, the volume of the bladder increases, the patency of the ureters and bladder normalizes, the patient gets rid of vesicoureteral reflux.

Sclerosis

Sclerosis affects the neck of the bladder. In this disease, the tissues of the cervix are replaced by connective fibers or become scarred. The cause of the disease is the inflammatory process. Most often, sclerosis develops after surgery to remove prostate adenoma, as a complication. Sometimes the cause of sclerosis cannot be found.

Symptoms

• violation of urination up to complete urinary retention.

Diagnostics

• examination and questioning of the patient,
• ascending contrast urethrography,
• ureteroscopy,
• urofluometry,
• transrectal ultrasound.

Treatment
Sclerosis is treated exclusively by the surgical method.

Ulcer

With a bladder ulcer, an ulcer forms on the inner wall of the organ. Usually the process starts at the top of the bubble. The shape of the ulcer is round, it secretes a small amount of blood and fester. Hyperemic tissues surround the ulcer.

Symptoms
The symptoms are very similar to those of chronic cystitis.

• pain in the groin, appearing from time to time,
• frequent urge to urinate.

Often, in the fairer sex, deterioration is observed before menstruation.

Diagnostics

• Analysis of urine,
• blood analysis,
• cystoscopy.

Treatment
At the first stage, they resort to drug therapy, including antibiotics and irrigation of the bladder with drugs. But such treatment rarely helps.
Therefore, at the second stage, they resort to surgical treatment - the removal of part of the bladder affected by the ulcer. In the event that the diameter of the ulcer is large, a part of the intestine is delivered to the site of the removed site. In some cases, even surgical treatment does not bring relief and the disease returns.

Hernia

A hernia is the penetration of an organ wall through a hernial orifice. More susceptible this species hernia elderly men.

signs

• urinary disorder,
• urination in two stages,
• urine with turbidity,
• before the release of urine, the hernial formation becomes more voluminous and decreases after urination.

Diagnostics

• cystoscopy,
• ultrasound examination of the bladder,
• cystography.

Treatment
Treatment is surgical only. The operation is performed under general anesthesia, it is abdominal. After the operation, the patient stays in the hospital for another five to seven days.
The operation is not considered very difficult, but after it there may be the following complications: divergence of the edges of the surgical wound, return of the hernia, peritonitis, urinary streaks, the formation of a urinary fistula.

endometriosis

The number of cases of bladder endometriosis is increasing every year. Endometriosis of this organ can develop when:

• penetration of endometrial cells from the ovaries to the bladder mucosa,
• ejection of menstrual blood,
• spread of endometriosis from the anterior wall of the uterus.

Sometimes the endometrium is brought onto the bladder during a caesarean section. In addition, there is also congenital endometriosis.

Symptoms

• heaviness in the lower abdomen, which is more pronounced before menstruation,
• frequent urination, sometimes painful,
• the presence of blood in the urine.

Diagnostics

• examination by a urologist,
• Analysis of urine,
• cystoscopy.

After warming up, the patient's condition worsens.

Treatment
Treatment of the disease is only surgical.

Before use, you should consult with a specialist.