When was Russian truth founded? Russian truth

1. If a husband kills his husband, then brother takes revenge on brother, or son on father, or son on brother, or son on sister; if no one takes revenge, then 40 hryvnia for the person killed.

If the person killed is a Rusyn, or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a sneak, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or from Slovenia, then 40 hryvnia must be paid for him.

2. If someone is beaten to the point of blood or bruises, then he does not need to look for a witness, but if there are no marks (of beatings) on him, then let him bring a witness, and if he cannot (bring a witness), then the matter is over. If (the victim) cannot take revenge for himself, then let him take 3 hryvnia from the perpetrator for the offense, and payment to the doctor.

3. If anyone hits someone with a stick, pole, palm, bowl, horn or the back of a weapon, pay 12 hryvnia. If the victim does not catch up with the one (the offender), then pay, and that’s the end of the matter.

4. If you hit with a sword without taking it out of its sheath, or with the hilt of a sword, then 12 hryvnia for the offense.

5. If he hits the hand and the hand falls off or withers, then 40 hryvnia, and if (he hits the leg) and the leg remains intact, but begins to limp, then the children (of the victim) take revenge. 6. If anyone cuts off any finger, he pays 3 hryvnia for the offense.

7. And for a mustache 12 hryvnia, for a beard 12 hryvnia.

8. If someone draws a sword and does not hit, then he pays a hryvnia.

9. If the husband pushes the husband away from him or towards him - 3 hryvnia - if he brings two witnesses to the trial. And if it is a Varangian or a kolbyag, then he will be sworn in.

10. If a slave runs and hides with a Varangian or a kolbyag, and they do not bring him out within three days, but discover him on the third day, then the master will take away his slave, and 3 hryvnia for the offense.

11. If anyone rides someone else’s horse without asking, then pay 3 hryvnia.

12. If someone takes someone else’s horse, weapon or clothing, and the owner identifies the missing person in his community, then he should take what is his, and 3 hryvnia for the offense.

13. If someone recognizes (his missing thing) from someone, then he does not take it, do not tell him that it is mine, but tell him this: go to the vault where you took it. If he does not go, then let him (provide) a guarantor within 5 days.

14. If someone collects money from another, and he refuses, then he will go to court with 12 people. And if he, deceiving, did not give it back, then the plaintiff can (take) his money, and for the offense 3 hryvnia.

15. If someone, having identified a serf, wants to take him, then lead the master of the serf to the one from whom the serf was bought, and let him lead to another seller, and when it comes to the third, then tell the third: give me your serf, and you look for your money in front of a witness.

16. If a serf hits a free husband and runs away to his master's mansions and he starts not to betray him, then take the serf and the master pays 12 hryvnias for him, and then, where that stricken person finds the serf, let him beat him.

17. And if someone breaks a spear, a shield, or spoils clothes, and the spoiler wants to keep him, then take money from him; and if the one who spoiled begins to insist (on the return of the damaged thing), to pay in money, how much the thing costs.

True, set for the Russian land, when the princes Izyaslav, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav and their husbands Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nicephorus of Kiev, Chudin, Mikula gathered.

18. If the fireman is killed intentionally, then the killer will pay 80 hryvnias for him, but people do not pay; and for the princely entrance 80 hryvnia.

19. And if the fireman is killed like a robber, and people do not look for the murderer, then the rope where the murdered was found pays the virva.

20. If they kill the fireman at the cage, at the horse, or at the herd, or at the time of the collapse of the cow, then kill him like a dog; the same law applies to tiun.

21. And for the princely tiun 80 hryvnias, and for the senior groom with the herd also 80 hryvnias, as Izyaslav decided when the Dorogobuzh men killed his groom.

22. For a princely village headman or a field headman, pay 12 hryvnia, and for a princely rank and file 5 hryvnia.

23. And for a killed scum or serf - 5 hryvnia.

24. If a slave-nurse or breadwinner is killed, then 12 hryvnia.

25. And for a princely horse, if it has a spot, 3 hryvnia, and for a stinking horse 2 hryvnia.

26. For a mare 60 kn, for an ox 40 kn, for a cow 40 kn, for a three-year-old cow 15 kn, for a one-year-old half a hryvnia, for a calf 5 kn, for a lamb nogat, for a ram nogat.

27. And if he takes away someone else’s slave or slave, then he pays 12 hryvnia for the offense.

28. If a husband comes bleeding or bruised, then he does not need to look for a witness. 46

29. And whoever steals a horse or an ox, or steals a cage, if he was alone, then he pays a hryvnia and is cut 30; if there were 10 of them, then each of them pays 3 hryvnia and 30 rez.

30. And for the prince’s side 3 hryvnia if they burn it or break it.

31. For torturing a stinker, without a princely command, for insult - 3 hryvnia.

32. And for a fireman, tiun or swordsman 12 hryvnia.

33. And whoever plows a field boundary or spoils a boundary sign, then 12 hryvnia for the offense.

34. And whoever steals a rook, then pay 30 rezan (to the owner) for the rook and 60 rezan for the sale.

35. And for a pigeon and chicken 9 kunas.

36. And for a duck, goose, crane and swan you pay 30 rez, and 60 rez for sales.

37. And if someone else’s dog, or hawk, or falcon is stolen, then 3 hryvnia for the offense.

38. If they kill a thief in their yard, or at a cage, or at a stable, then he is killed, but if the thief is kept until dawn, then bring him to the prince’s court, and if he is killed, and people saw the thief tied up, then pay him .

39. If hay is stolen, then pay 9 kunas, and for firewood 9 kunas.

40. If a sheep, or a goat, or a pig is stolen, and 10 thieves steal one sheep, let each one pay 60 rez for the sale.

41. And the one who grabbed the thief receives 10 rezan, from 3 hryvnias to the swordsman 15 kunas, for the tithe 15 kunas, and to the prince 3 hryvnias. And out of 12 hryvnias, the one who caught the thief gets 70 kunas, and for the tithe, 2 hryvnias, and the prince gets 10 hryvnias.

42. And here is the virnik charter: take 7 buckets of malt for a week, also a lamb or half a carcass of meat, or 2 legs, and on Wednesday I cut for three cheeses, on Friday like this. same; and as much bread and millet as they can eat, and two chickens per day. And put 4 horses and give them as much food as they can eat. And take 60 hryvnia for the virnik and 10 rez and 12 vereveritsa, and first the hryvnia. And if fasting happens, give the virnik fish, and take him 7 rez for the fish. All that money is 15 kunas per week, and they give as much flour as they can eat while the virniki collect vira. Here's Yaroslav's charter for you.

43. And here is the charter for bridgemen: if they pave the bridge, then take a foot for work, and from each abutment of the bridge, a foot; if the dilapidated bridge is repaired by several daughters, 3, 4 or 5, then the same.

Russkaya Pravda is one of the main historical sources that reveals the events that took place in Kievan Rus V X- XI centuries. It is also the main monument of the law of a given state. It contains information about
features government controlled;
managerial personnel who served under the prince
about the local management system;
on the protection of the rights of people belonging to the upper classes;
payment for various services they provide to ordinary community members.

Historians know three editions of Russkaya Pravda. The author of the first edition, known as the “Brief Truth” or “Pravda Roska,” is considered to be Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich (the Wise) and his sons, the Yaroslavichs (Izyaslav Kievsky, Oleg Chernigovsky, Vsevolod Pereyaslavsky). The time of its compilation is XI century

"A Brief Truth" contains forty-three articles and is divided into three large parts.
1. “The Truth of Yaroslav” or “The Most Ancient Truth” (from the first to the eighteenth articles; contains information about princely officials, about basic laws, about types of punishments for various crimes).
2. “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs” (from the nineteenth to the forty-first articles; contains information about the basic norms of criminal and procedural law; articles protecting feudal property and the very system of the early feudal state).
3. “The Virny Charter” and “The Bridge Builder’s Lesson” (contains information about the maintenance of princely officials who were responsible for collecting the vira (penal tax) and building bridges).
The second edition is called “Spatially Pravda”. It was compiled in XII - XIII centuries. One of the most famous authors This edition is Vladimir Monomakh (the “Extensive Pravda” included the “Charter” compiled by him). Other Rurik princes, rulers of the largest principalities, also took part in the preparation of this document.

"Extensive Truth" consists of 121 article and is divided into six parts.
1. First part (articles with 1 according to 46) is the fruit of the collective labor of the princes who participated in the Lyubich Congress in 1097 year.
2. Second part (articles with 47 according to 52) belongs to the pen of Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich, who ruled in Kyiv and patronized moneylenders (regulates the procedure for various financial transactions).
3. Third part (with 53 according to 66) is the “Charter” of Vladimir Monomakh (regulates various contractual relations between feudal lords and smerds).
4. Part four (with 67 according to 85) belongs to Vsevolod Olgovich, Prince of Chernigov.
5. Fifth part (with 85 according to 106) compiled by the same Vsevolod, Prince of Chernigov.
6. Part six (with 106 according to 121) compiled by Vsevolod Yuryevich, Prince of Vladimro-Suzdal (son of Yuri Dolgoruky).
The author of the third edition of “Russian Pravda” - “Abridged Pravda”, relating to XVII century, unknown. Based on the text, we can conclude that a certain government official was working on it, who was faced with a rather difficult task - to identify from a large volume of articles those legal norms that were still in force at that time. That is, he tried to give the ancient monument more rights modern look.

code of ancient Russian law of the era Kyiv State and feudal fragmentation of Rus'. Came down to us in lists of the 13th - 18th centuries. in three editions: Brief, Long, Abridged. The first information about the ancient Russian system of law is contained in the agreements of Russian princes with the Greeks, where the so-called “Russian law” is reported. Apparently, we are talking about some monument of a legislative nature that has not reached us. The most ancient legal monument is “Russian Truth”. It consists of several parts, the oldest part of the monument - “The Most Ancient Truth”, or “The Truth of Yaroslav”, is a charter issued by Yaroslav the Wise in 1016. It regulated the relations of the princely warriors with the residents of Novgorod and among themselves. In addition to this charter, the “Russian Pravda” includes the so-called “Pravda of the Yaroslavichs” (adopted in 1072) and the “Charter of Vladimir Monomakh” (adopted in 1113). All these monuments form a fairly extensive code regulating the life of a person of that time. It was a class society in which the traditions of the tribal system were still preserved. However, they are already beginning to be replaced by other ideas. Thus, the basic social unit spoken of in “Russkaya Pravda” is not the gens, but the “world”, i.e. community. In "Russian Truth" for the first time such a widespread custom of clan society as blood feud. Instead, the dimensions of the vira are determined, i.e. compensation for the murdered person, as well as the punishment imposed on the murderer. The vira was paid by the entire community on whose land the body of the murdered man was found. The highest fine was imposed on the murder of the fireman, the head of the community. It was equal to the cost of 80 oxen or 400 rams. The life of a stinker or serf was valued 16 times less. The most serious crimes were robbery, arson or horse theft. They were subject to punishment in the form of loss of all property, expulsion from the community or imprisonment. With the advent of written laws, Rus' rose one more step in its development. Relations between people began to be regulated by laws, which made them more orderly. This was necessary because, along with the growth of economic wealth, the life of each person became more complicated, and it was necessary to protect the interests of each individual person.

Russian Truth, which was formed on the basis of laws that existed in the 10th century, included norms of legal regulation that arose from customary law, that is, folk traditions and customs.

The content of Russian Pravda testifies to high level development of economic relations, rich economic ties regulated by law. “The truth,” wrote the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, “strictly distinguishes the giving of property for storage - a “deposit” from a “loan”, a simple loan, a favor out of friendship, from the giving of money in growth from a certain agreed percentage, a short-term interest-bearing loan from a long-term one. and, finally, a loan - from a trade commission and a contribution to a trading company enterprise from an uncertain profit or dividend. Truth further gives a certain procedure for collecting debts from an insolvent debtor during the liquidation of his affairs, knows how to distinguish between malicious and unfortunate insolvency. What is trade credit and transactions in credit is well known to Russian Pravda. Guests, non-resident or foreign merchants, “sold goods” for native merchants, i.e. sold them on credit. The merchant gave the guest, a fellow countryman who traded with other cities or lands, “kunas for purchase ", on a commission for the purchase of goods for him on the side; the capitalist entrusted the merchant with "kunas and guests" for turnover from the profit."

At the same time, as can be seen from reading the economic articles of Russian Pravda, profit and the pursuit of profit are not the goal of ancient Russian society. The main economic idea of ​​Russian Pravda is the desire to ensure fair compensation, remuneration for damage caused in the conditions of self-governing collectives. Truth itself is understood as justice, and its implementation is guaranteed by the community and other self-governing groups.

The main function of Russian Pravda is to ensure what is fair, from the point of view folk tradition, solving problems that arose in life, ensuring a balance between communities and the state, regulating the organization and remuneration of labor for the performance of public functions (collecting food, building fortifications, roads and bridges).

Russian Truth was of great importance in the further development of Russian law. It formed the basis of many norms international treaty Novgorod and Smolensk (XII-XIII centuries), Novgorod and Pskov charters of judgment, Code of Laws 1497, etc.

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Russian Truth is a collection of legal norms of Kievan Rus.

Russian Truth became the first legal document in Ancient Rus', which combined all existing laws and decrees and formed a kind of unified regulatory and legislative system. At the same time, Russian Pravda is an important cultural monument, as it represents a brilliant example of writing and written culture from the earliest period of the development of the state.

Russian Truth contains norms of criminal, inheritance, trade and procedural legislation; is the main source of legal, social and economic relations of Ancient Rus'.

The creation of Russian Truth is associated with the name of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. On this moment The original of this document has not survived; only later copies exist. There is also debate about the origin of the Russian Truth, but scientists are inclined to believe that the document arose during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, who collected all existing laws into one book in approximately 1016-1054. Later, the document was finalized and rewritten by other princes.

Sources of Russian Truth

Russian truth is presented in two versions - short and lengthy. The short version includes the following documents:

• Is it true Yaroslav, 1016 or 1030s;
• Pravda Yaroslavich ( Izyaslav , Vsevolod ,Svyatoslav ;
• Pokon virny - determination of the order of feeding virniks (prince's servants, vira collectors), 1020s or 1030s;
• A lesson for bridge workers - regulation of wages for bridge workers - pavement builders, or, according to some versions, bridge builders - 1020s or 1030s.

The short edition contains 43 articles, it describes new state traditions, and also preserves some old customs such as blood feud. The second part describes some rules for collecting fines and types of violations. In both parts, justice is based on the concept of class - the severity of the crime depends on the class of the criminal.

A more complete version includes the charter of Yaroslav Vladimirovich and the charter Vladimir Monomakh. The number of articles is about 121, the Russian Truth in an expanded edition was used in civil and ecclesiastical courts to determine punishments for criminals, and also regulated some commodity-money relations.

The norms of criminal law in Russian Pravda correspond to the norms adopted in many early state societies. Preserved the death penalty, intentional murder was separated from unintentional murder, the degrees of damage (also intentional or unintentional) and fines were also indicated depending on the severity of the offense. It is interesting that the monetary fines mentioned in the Russian Pravda were calculated in different monetary units.

A criminal offense was followed by a trial. Russian Pravda determined the norms of procedural legislation - how and where trials were held, who could take part in them, how it was necessary to contain criminals during the trial and how to judge them. Here the class principle was preserved, when more noble citizens could count on a weaker punishment. Regarding the collection of debts, the document also provided for a procedure according to which it was necessary to withdraw a sum of money from the debtor.

Russian Truth determined the categories of citizens and their social status. Thus, all citizens were divided into several categories: nobility and privileged servants (this included warriors and the prince, who had privileged rights); ordinary free residents (junior warriors, tax collectors, as well as residents of Novgorod and Novgorod land); dependent population (lower strata - smerds, serfs, purchases and ryadovichi - that is, peasants who were dependent on the feudal lords and the prince).

The meaning of Russian Truth

Russian Truth became the first legal document in Rus' and had a very importance for the development of statehood. Scattered laws and decrees adopted in different lands could not provide sufficient legal support public life and legal proceedings, Russkaya Pravda corrected this shortcoming - now there was a document that served as a legal document and was used in courts. Russian Pravda laid the foundations for the future legal system, and also became the first source that officially fixed the class division of the state, the privilege of the nobles over the common people, and feudalism that began to take shape. Court documents, which were written later, always included Russian Pravda in their basis and were formed precisely on its basis (for example, Code of laws of 1497).

It is also important to note that Russian Truth is the most important source of knowledge about the life of Kievan Rus in reality. initial stage development of the state.