What literary type is represented? See what a “literary type” is in other dictionaries

Character (actor)– in a prose or dramatic work, an artistic image of a person (sometimes fantastic creatures, animals or objects), which is both the subject of the action and the object of the author’s research.

In a literary work there are usually characters of different levels and varying degrees of participation in the development of events.

Hero. The central character, the main one for the development of the action, is called hero literary work. Characters who enter into ideological or everyday conflict with each other are the most important in character system. In a literary work, the relationship and role of the main, secondary, episodic characters (as well as off-stage characters in a dramatic work) are determined by the author's intention.

The role that authors assign to their hero is evidenced by the so-called “character” titles of literary works (for example, “Taras Bulba” by N.V. Gogol, “Heinrich von Oftendinger” by Novalis) . This, however, does not mean that in works entitled with the name of one character, there is necessarily one main character. Thus, V.G. Belinsky considered Tatyana an equal main character in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin,” and F.M. Dostoevsky considered her image even more significant than the image of Onegin. The title can introduce not one, but several characters, which, as a rule, emphasizes their equal importance for the author.

Character- a personality type formed by individual traits. The set of psychological properties that make up the image of a literary character is called character. Incarnation in a hero, a character of a certain life character.

Literary type – a character that carries a broad generalization. In other words, a literary type is a character in whose character the universal human traits inherent in many people prevail over personal, individual traits.

Sometimes the writer’s focus is on a whole group of characters, as, for example, in “family” epic novels: “The Forsyte Saga” by J. Galsworthy, “Buddenbrooks” by T. Mann. In the 19th–20th centuries. begins to be of particular interest to writers collective character as a certain psychological type, which sometimes also manifests itself in the titles of works (“Pompadours and Pompadours” by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, “The Humiliated and Insulted” by F.M. Dostoevsky). Typification is a means of artistic generalization.

Prototype- a specific person who served the writer as the basis for creating a generalized image-character in a work of art.

Portrait as an integral part of the character structure, one of the important components of the work, organically fused with the composition of the text and the author’s idea. Types of portrait (detailed, psychological, satirical, ironic, etc.).

Portrait– one of the means of creating an image: depicting the appearance of the hero of a literary work as a way of characterizing him. A portrait may include a description of the appearance (face, eyes, human figure), actions and states of the hero (the so-called dynamic portrait, which depicts facial expressions, eyes, facial expressions, gestures, posture), as well as features formed by the environment or that are a reflection of the character’s individuality: clothing , manners, hairstyles, etc. A special type of description - psychological picture– allows the author to reveal the character, inner world and emotional experiences of the hero. For example, the portrait of Pechorin in the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov, portraits of heroes of novels and stories by F.M. Dostoevsky are psychological.

An artistic image is a specificity of art, which is created through typification and individualization.

Typification is the knowledge of reality and its analysis, as a result of which the selection and generalization of life material is carried out, its systematization, the identification of what is significant, the discovery of essential tendencies of the universe and folk-national forms of life.

Individualization is the embodiment of human characters and their unique identity, the artist’s personal vision of public and private existence, contradictions and conflicts of time, concrete sensory exploration of the non-human world and the objective world through artistic means. words.

The character is all the figures in the work, but excluding the lyrics.

Type (imprint, form, sample) is the highest manifestation of character, and character (imprint, distinctive feature) is the universal presence of a person in complex works. Character can grow from type, but type cannot grow from character.

The hero is a complex, multifaceted person. He is an exponent of plot action that reveals the content of works of literature, cinema, and theater. The author, who is directly present as a hero, is called a lyrical hero (epic, lyric). The literary hero opposes the literary character, who acts as a contrast to the hero, and is a participant in the plot

A prototype is a specific historical or contemporary personality of the author, who served as the starting point for creating the image. The prototype replaced the problem of the relationship between art and a real analysis of the writer’s personal likes and dislikes. The value of researching a prototype depends on the nature of the prototype itself.

• - a generalized artistic image, the most possible, characteristic of a certain social environment. A type is a character that contains a social generalization. For example, the type of “superfluous person” in Russian literature, with all its diversity (Chatsky, Onegin, Pechorin, Oblomov), had common features: education, dissatisfaction with real life, the desire for justice, the inability to realize oneself in society, the ability to have strong feelings, etc. d. Every time gives birth to its own types of heroes. The “superfluous person” has been replaced by the type of “new people”. This, for example, is the nihilist Bazarov.

Prototype- a prototype, a specific historical or contemporary personality of the author, who served as the starting point for creating the image.

Character - the image of a person in a literary work, which combines the general, repetitive and individual, unique. The author's view of the world and man is revealed through character. The principles and techniques for creating character differ depending on tragic, satirical and other ways of depicting life, on the literary type of work and genre. Literary character should be distinguished from character in life. When creating a character, a writer can also reflect the traits of a real, historical person. But he inevitably uses fiction, “invents” the prototype, even if his hero is a historical figure. "Character" and "character" - concepts are not identical. Literature is focused on creating characters, which often cause controversy and are perceived ambiguously by critics and readers. Therefore, in the same character you can see different characters (the image of Bazarov from Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”). In addition, in the system of images of a literary work, there are, as a rule, much more characters than characters. Not every character is a character; some characters only serve a plot role. As a rule, the secondary characters of the work are not characters.

Literary hero is an image of a person in literature. Also in this sense, the concepts “actor” and “character” are used. Often, only the more important characters (characters) are called literary heroes.

Literary heroes are usually divided into positive and negative, but this division is very arbitrary.

Often in literature there was a process of formalization of the character of heroes, when they turned into a “type” of some vice, passion, etc. The creation of such “types” was especially characteristic of classicism, with the image of a person playing a auxiliary role in relation to a certain advantage, disadvantage, or inclination.

A special place among literary heroes is occupied by genuine persons introduced into a fictional context - for example, historical characters in novels.

Lyrical hero - the image of the poet, the lyrical “I”. The inner world of the lyrical hero is revealed not through actions and events, but through a specific mental state, through the experience of a certain life situation. A lyric poem is a specific and individual manifestation of the character of the lyrical hero. The image of the lyrical hero is revealed most fully throughout the poet’s work. Thus, in individual lyrical works of Pushkin (“In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Anchar”, “Prophet”, “Desire for Glory”, “I Love You...” and others) various states of the lyrical hero are expressed, but, taken together, they give us a fairly holistic picture of him.

The image of the lyrical hero should not be identified with the personality of the poet, just as the experiences of the lyrical hero should not be perceived as the thoughts and feelings of the author himself. The image of a lyrical hero is created by the poet in the same way as an artistic image in works of other genres, through the selection of life material, typification, and artistic invention.

Character - protagonist of a work of art. As a rule, the character takes an active part in the development of the action, but the author or one of the literary heroes can also talk about him. There are main and secondary characters. In some works the focus is on one character (for example, in Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time”), in others the writer’s attention is drawn to a whole series of characters (“War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy).

Artistic image- a universal category of artistic creativity, a form of interpretation and exploration of the world from the position of a certain aesthetic ideal, through the creation of aesthetically affecting objects. Any phenomenon creatively recreated in a work of art is also called an artistic image. An artistic image is an image of art that is created by the author of a work of art in order to most fully reveal the described phenomenon of reality. At the same time, the meaning of an artistic image is revealed only in a certain communicative situation, and the final result of such communication depends on the personality, goals and even the mood of the person encountering it, as well as on the specific

At first glance, the image, the character, the literary type, and the lyrical hero are the same concepts, or at least very similar. Let's try to understand the vicissitudes of the meanings of the concepts being studied.

Image- this is an artistic generalization of human properties, character traits in the individual appearance of the hero. An image is an artistic category that we can evaluate from the point of view of the author’s skill: we cannot despise the image of Plyushkin, since it evokes admiration for Gogol’s skill; we may not like the type of Plyushkin.

Concept "character" broader than the concept of “image”. A character is any character in a work, so it is incorrect to replace the concepts of “image” or “lyrical hero” with this concept. But we note that in relation to the minor characters of the work, we can only use this concept. Sometimes you can come across the following definition: a character is a person who does not influence the event, who is not important in revealing the main problems and ideological conflicts.

Lyrical hero– the image of a hero in a lyrical work, whose experiences, thoughts, feelings reflect the author’s worldview; this is the artistic “double” of the author, having his own inner world, his own destiny. This is not an autobiographical image, although it embodies the spiritual world of the author. For example, the lyrical hero M.Yu. Lermontov is a “son of suffering”, disappointed in reality, romantic, lonely, constantly looking for freedom.

Literary type- this is a generalized image of human individuality, the most possible, characteristic, for a certain social environment at a certain time. A literary type is a unity of the individual and the typical, and “typical” is not synonymous with “average”: a type always absorbs all the most striking features characteristic of a specific group of people. The apogee of the author's skill in developing a type is the transition of the type to the category of household names (Manilov is a household image of an idle dreamer, Nozdryov is a liar and a braggart, etc.).

We often come across another concept - character. Character is human individuality, consisting of certain spiritual, moral, mental traits; this is the unity of emotional reaction, temperament, will and a type of behavior determined by the socio-historical situation and time. Each character has a dominant feature that gives living unity to the whole variety of qualities and properties.

Thus, when characterizing a hero, it is very important not to forget about the differences discussed above.

Good luck in characterizing your favorite literary characters!

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Type this a generalized artistic image that embodies the typical features inherent in a certain social environment; a number of literary characters connected by common social characteristics, characteristic of works of Russian literature.

The difference between type and character

The type of literary character, in contrast to character, represents not only the individual characteristics of the hero, but also a generalization of the established qualities of a specific category of persons. A number of characters of the same type are not identical in character; they are united by social trends. A character's personality is often a variation of a single literary type. Writers usually continue to develop and improve the type of hero they founded or discover new types.

Examples and origins of literary types

Type names come from literary origins or the names of their discoverers:

• "extra person" type– the combination became entrenched in literary theory after the publication of I. S. Turgenev’s story “The Diary of an Extra Man” (1850);
• type "lady of Balzac age"– a summary description of heroines, which came into use after the appearance of Honore de Balzac’s novel “A Thirty-Year-Old Woman” (1842);
• "double" type– the term began to be used after the publication of the story “Double. Petersburg poem" (1846) by F. M. Dostoevsky;
• "Turgenev girl" type– generalized image female characters from the works of I. S. Turgenev of the 50-80s of the 19th century;
• "tyrant" type- a characteristic hero of A. N. Ostrovsky’s plays (“The Thunderstorm”, “Dowry”, “At Someone Else’s Feast a Hangover”);
• tramp type- a typical image of Gorky’s stories (“Konovalov”, “Twenty Six and One”, “The Orlov Spouses”).

"Little man" type

Under the influence of realism in the 20-30s of the 19th century, the type of little man appeared in Russian literature. "Little Man" is a character of low origin and social status, who, unlike rebellious romantic heroes, does not have superpowers, but is a sincere and kind person. By forming and cultivating the image of the little man, writers sought to democratize literature and evoke attention and humanity to the common man who deserves affection.

The type of little man was discovered by A. S. Pushkin in the person of the main character of the story “The Station Warden” (1831) and revealed it in subsequent works (“The Bronze Horseman”; 1837). The tradition of the literary type was continued in N.V. Gogol’s stories “Notes of a Madman” (1835), “The Overcoat” (1842). The theme of the fragile commoner is also present in the works of A. P. Chekhov, F. M. Dostoevsky, Gorky, M. A. Bulgakov and others.

"Extra person" type

“The Extra Man” is a hero typical of Russian literature of the 40-50s of the 19th century, who embodies the type of desperate Russian nobleman.

The type of superfluous person is an intellectual from the highest circles, oppressed by insoluble life issues and the foundations of power. A typical hero opposes society, gets carried away by festivities, which is due to his fatigue, passivity and loss of meaning in life.

The earliest and classic representatives of the “superfluous person” type are the main characters of the works of A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”, M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” - Onegin, Chatsky, Pechorin - in which disappointment is combined with the features of a Byronic hero of the era of romanticism.

New person type

In the 50-60s of the 19th century, the “superfluous man” in Russian literature was replaced by the type of new man associated with changes in Russian socio-political orders.

Hero type " new person“Differentiated by insight, vigorous activity, propaganda position, strong-willed character.

Images of new people are clearly presented in the novels of I. S. Turgenev “Rudin” (1856), “On the Eve” (1860), as well as “Fathers and Sons” (1862), main character of whom Evgeny Bazarov is an uncompromising nihilist.

Meaning of type in literature

Types go back to the concept of personality of literary movements, the peculiarity of which is revealed through characteristic social signs. Thus, the correlation of a literary hero with a specific type determines the essence of personality.

The word type comes from Greek typos, which means imprint, sample.

In the classification, literary types are distinguished within the literary genus. Stand out:

epic literary types

NOVEL - great narrative piece of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

EPIC - a major work of fiction telling about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the genre of the epic novel appeared - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs during their participation in historical events.

A STORY is a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. gravitating towards a chronicle plot, reproducing the natural course of life. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

STORY - a work of fiction small size, which is based on an episode, an incident from the life of the hero.

TALE - a work about fictional events and characters, usually involving magical, fantastic forces.

FABLE (from “bayat” - to tell) is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.

lyrical (poem),

ODA (from Greek “song”) is a choral, solemn song.

HYMN (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.

EPIGRAM (from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY is a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called elegy “a song of sad content.” The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "plaintive song." Elegy arose in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC e.

MESSAGE - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET (from the Provençal sonette - “song”) is a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyme system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator was the poet Jacopo da Lentini), in England it appeared in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercets) and English (from 3 quatrains and a final couplet).

lyroepic

POEM (from Greek poieio - “I do, I create”) is a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary theme.

BALLAD - a plot song with dramatic content, a story in verse.

dramatic

TRAGEDY (from Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) is a dramatic work depicting an intense struggle of strong characters and passions, which usually ends with the death of the hero.

COMEDY (from Greek komos ode - “funny song”) is a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or everyday vices.

DRAMA (“action”) is literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting an individual in his dramatic relationship with society. Varieties of drama can be tragicomedy or melodrama.

VAUDEVILLE is a genre type of comedy; it is a light comedy with singing verses and dancing.

Farce is a genre variety of comedy; it is a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for rough tastes.

Literary types differ from each other according to various criteria - volume, quantity storylines and heroes, content, function. One type in different periods of literary history can appear in the form of different genres - for example, a psychological novel, a philosophical novel, a social novel, picaresque novel, Detective novel. Start theoretical division works on literary types were laid down by Aristotle in his treatise “Poetics”; the work was continued in modern times by Gotthold Lessing and Nicolas Boileau.

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Books

• Russian archive. Historical and literary collection. 1901, . Original title: Russian i th archive. Historical and literary collection. 1901. Issues 5-8 “Russian Archive” - a monthly historical and literary magazine published in Moscow from 1863 to 1917... Buy for 2036 rubles
• Russian archive. Historical and literary collection. 1863, . "Russian Archive" is a monthly historical and literary magazine published in Moscow from 1863 to 1917. The founder and editor of the magazine for many years was P. I. Bartenev, historian, archaeographer,…