General idea of ​​the image of the world. Psychology of the image of a.n.

In 1979, an article by A.N. Leontiev "Psychology of the image", in which the author introduced the concept of "image of the world", which today has a very large descriptive potential for all areas of psychology. The concept was introduced to summarize the empirical data accumulated in the study of perception. As the concept of "image" is integrating for describing the process of perception, so the concept of "image of the world" is integrating for describing the entire cognitive activity.

For an adequate perception of an object, both the perception of the whole world as a whole and the "inscription" of the perceived object (in broad sense words) into the image of the world as a whole. Analyzing the texts of A.N. Leontiev, the following properties of the image of the world can be distinguished:

1) the image of the world is “predetermined” by a specific act of perception;

2) combines individual and social experience;

3) the image of the world fills the perceived object with meaning, that is, it causes the transition from sensory modalities to the amodal world. Meaning of A.N. Leontiev called the fifth quasi-dimension (except for space-time) the image of the world.

In our works, it has been experimentally proved that the subjective meaning of events, objects, and actions with them structures (and generates) the image of the world is not at all analogous to the structuring of metric spaces, affectively “contracts and stretches” space and time, places emphasis on significance, violates their sequence and inverts . Just as two points that are far apart on a flat sheet can touch if the sheet is folded in three-dimensional space, objects, events and actions that are far apart in time and space coordinates can touch in meaning, turn out to be “before”, although they happened “after” according to space-time coordinates. This is possible because "the space and time of the image of the world" are subjective.

Generating functions of the image of the world provide the construction of many subjective "variants of reality". The mechanism for generating and choosing the possible (forecast) is not only and not so much logical thinking, but the “semantics of possible worlds”, directed by the nuclear layer (goal-motivational complex) of the image of the world.

For further use, here are five definitions of the concept “image of the world” that we compiled earlier:

1. The image of the world (as a structure) is an integral system of human meanings. The image of the world is built on the basis of highlighting what is significant (essential, functional) for the system of activities implemented by the subject). The image of the world, presenting the cognized connections of the objective world, determines, in turn, the perception of the world.

2. The image of the world (as a process) is an integral ideal product of consciousness, obtained by constantly transforming the sensual fabric of consciousness into meanings.

3. The image of the world is an individualized cultural and historical basis of perception.

4. The image of the world is an individual predictive model of the world.

5. The image of the world is an integrated image of all images.

A.N. Leontiev and many of his followers described a two-layer model of the image of the world (Fig. 1), which can be represented as two concentric circles: the central one is the core of the image of the world (amodal, structures), the peripheral one (sensory design) is the picture of the world.

Rice. 1. Two-layer model of the image of the world

Due to the difficulties of operationalizing the study of the image of the world on the basis of a two-layer model, we used a three-layer model in our works in the form of three concentric circles: the core inner layer (amodal goal-motivational complex), the middle semantic layer and the outer layer - the perceptual world (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Three-layer model of the image of the world

The perceptual world is the most mobile and changeable layer of the image of the world. The images of actual perception are components of the perceptual world. The perceptual world is modal, but it is also a representation (attitude, foresight and completion of the image of an object based on the prognostic function of the image of the world as a whole), regulated by deeper layers. The perceptual world is perceived as a set of moving objects ordered in space and time (including one's own body) and an attitude towards them. It is possible that one's own body defines one of the leading systems of space-time coordinates.

The semantic layer is transitional between surface and core structures. The semantic world is not amodal, but, unlike the perceptual world, it is integral. At the level of the semantic layer, E.Yu. Artemyeva singles out the actual meanings as the relationship of the subject to the objects of the perceptual world. This integrity is already determined by the meaningfulness, signifi- cance of the semantic world.

The deep layer (nuclear) is amodal. Its structures are formed in the process of processing the "semantic layer", however, there is still not enough data to reason about the "language" of this layer of the image of the world and its structure. The components of the nuclear layer are personal meanings. In the three-layer model, the authors characterize the nuclear layer as a goal-motivational complex, which includes not only motivation, but also the most generalized principles, attitude criteria, and values.

Developing a three-layer model of the image of the world, we can assume that the perceptual world has areas of perception and apperception (zones of clear consciousness according to G. Leibniz), similar to Wundt's zones. The term "areas of apperception" and not "zones of apperception" was chosen by us not by chance. This term emphasizes both the continuity of the ideas of Leibniz and Wundt, and the difference in the content of the term. Unlike W. Wundt, today one can point not to associative and arbitrary, but to motivational, target and anticipatory determinants of the allocation of areas of apperception. In addition, taking into account the proven S.D. Smirnov's position that perception is a subjective activity, it can be said that the allocation of areas of apperception is determined not only by actual stimulation, but also by all the previous experience of the subject, is directed by the goals of actions practical activities and, of course, the determinants of actual cognitive activity. The areas of apperception are not at all continuous, as was the case with Wundt. For example, in the experiments of W. Neisser, it is clearly shown that when perceiving two superimposed video images, the subjects easily select any of them on the task, which is due to the anticipatory influence of the prognostic functions of the image of the world.

Similar areas exist in the deep layers of the image of the world. It is possible that the psychological mechanism of changes in the perceptual world, and behind it in the deeper layers, is precisely the dynamics of actualization of areas of apperception, the content of which, in turn, is determined by the motive (subject) of human activity. The parts of the perceptual world that are most often found in areas of intense perception, that is, associated with the subject of activity, are the most well structured and developed. If we imagine the model of the three-layer structure of the image of the world as a sphere, in the center of which there are nuclear structures, the middle layer is the semantic layer, and the outer layer is the perceptual world, then the professional functional substructure is modeled as a cone growing at the top from the center of such a sphere (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Functional (activity) apperceptive subsystem of the image of the world

Stable activity functional subsystems of the image of the world are formed in any activity, but they are especially clearly “manifested” in the study of professional activity: a professional often demonstrates that he “sees”, “hears”, “feels” the features of his subject area (engine knock, wallpaper joints, shades of color or sound, surface irregularities, etc.) is better than non-professionals, not at all because he has better developed sense organs, but because the functional apperceptive system of the image of the world is “tuned” in a certain way.

Professional attitude to subjects and means of professional activity E.Yu. Artemyeva called the world of the profession. At the heart of the proposed E.A. Klimov of the multifaceted structure of the image of the professional world lies the thesis that professional activity- one of the factors of typification of individual images of the world: 1. Images of the surrounding world among representatives of different types of professions differ significantly. 2. The society is quantized into various objects in different ways in the descriptions of professions different types. 3. There are specific differences in the picture of the subject relatedness of the gnosis of different types of professionals. 4. Different professionals live in different subjective worlds(highlighted by me - V.S.).

E.A. Klimov proposed the following structure of the image of the world of a professional (Table 1):

Table 1: The structure of the image of the world of a professional

The seventh plane is the most dynamic under normal conditions, the first the least. The image of the world of a professional consists of well-defined systemic integrity, the disintegration of which leads to the loss of the professional usefulness of ideas.

Conclusion

Thus, comparison of SPPM to visual stimuli with and without assessment of their duration made it possible to detect a complex of positive-negative components (N400, N450-550, P#50-500, P500-800) that appears 400 ms after the start of the stimulus and probably reflective search and retrieval

SEB analysis from long-term memory, comparison of SEB with the duration of the presented signal, verbalization and voicing of the evaluation result.

Using the dipole localization method, it has been established that the sources of these SSPM components are presumably located in the cerebellar hemispheres, the temporal cortex, and the insular lobe of the brain.

Literature

1. Lupandin V.I., Surnina O.E. Subjective scales of space and time. - Sverdlovsk: Ural Publishing House. un-ta, 1991. - 126 p.

2. Surnina O.E., Lupandin V.I., Ermishina L.A. Some patterns of change in the subjective time standard // Human Physiology. - 1991. - T. 17. - No. 2. - S. 5-11.

3. Pasynkova A.V., Shpatenko Yu.A. On the mechanism of subjective reflection of time // Questions of Cybernetics. Measurement problems

mental characteristics of a person in cognitive processes. - M.: VINITI, 1980. - 172 p.

4. Makhnach A.V., Bushov Yu.V. Dependence of the dynamics of emotional tension on the individual properties of the personality // Questions of Psychology. - 1988. - No. 6. - S. 130.

5. Luscher M. The Luscher color test. - L-Sydney, 1983. - 207 p.

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7. Kavanagh R., Darccey T. M., Lehmann D. and Fender D.H. Evaluation of methods for three-dimensional localization of electric sources in the human brain // IeEe Trans Biomed Eng. - 1978. - V. 25. - P. 421-429.

8. Ivanitsky A. M. The main mystery of nature: how subjective experiences arise on the basis of the work of the brain. Psikhol. magazine - 1999.

T. 20. - No. 3. - S. 93-104.

9. Naatanen R. Attention and brain function: Proc. allowance: Per. from English. ed. E.N. Sokolov. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1998. - 560 p.

10. Madison G. Functional modeling of human timing mechanism // Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehansive Summaries of Upsala Dissertations From the Faculty of Social Sciences. - 2001. - V. 101. - 77 p. upsala. ISBN 91-554-5012-1.

11. Ivry R. and Mangles J. The many manifestations of a cerebellar timing mechanism // Presented at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the

12. Ivry R. and Keele S. Timing functions of the cerebellum // J. Cognitive Neurosc. - 1989. - V. 1. - P. 136-152.

13. Jeuptner M., Rijntjes M., Weiller C. et al. Localization of cerebellar timing processes using PET // Neurology. - 1995. - V. 45. - P. 1540-1545.

14. Hazeltine E., Helmuth L.L. and Ivry R. Neural mechanisms of timing // Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - 1997. - V. 1. - P. 163-169.

Received December 22, 2006

N. A. Chuesheva

THE CONCEPT OF "IMAGE OF THE WORLD" IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

The concept of "image of the world" is not new to modern science. It is actively used by philosophers, psychologists, linguists. The concept of "image of the world" is often replaced by a number of similar concepts - "picture of the world", "scheme of reality", "model of the universe", "cognitive map". Traditionally, the image of the world is understood as a certain set or an orderly multi-level system of human knowledge about the world, about oneself, about other people, etc., which mediates, refracts through itself any external influence. Previously, this concept was paid attention only to culturology, cultural history, ethnology and linguistics, which studied the picture of the world of different peoples. Within the framework of philosophy, it is emphasized that individual consciousness in its formation is based on a scientific map.

the mud of the world, which is interpreted as a structural element of the system of scientific knowledge. The picture of the world, in contrast to the worldview, is the totality of worldview knowledge about the world, "the totality of the subject content that a person possesses" (Jaspers). Linguists argue that the image of the world is formed on the basis of a particular language and is determined by its specificity. In cultural studies, the issues of mediating the image of the world of the subject by the features of the culture to which the given subject belongs are studied. Sociologists focus their attention on the reflection of various social objects, phenomena and connections between them in the subjective image of the human world.

The problem of the image is also one of the most important problems psychological science. According to

N. A. Chuesheva. The concept of "image of the world" in psychological science

many researchers, the development of the image problem has great importance not only for theoretical psychology but also for solving many practical problems. In psychology, the picture of the world is considered in the context of the world of a particular person and the world as a whole.

The introduction of this concept into psychological science is mainly associated with the development of a general psychological theory of activity (Leontiev A.N., 1979). The key idea of ​​A. N. Leontiev was the assertion that in the process of constructing the image of an object or situation, not individual sensory impressions, but the image of the world as a whole, are of primary importance.

Considering the processes of generation and functioning of the image, A. N. Leontiev refers to the person himself, to his consciousness. He introduces the concept of the fifth quasi-dimension, in which the objective world is revealed. This is a semantic field, a system of meanings. The introduction of this concept made it possible to understand how, in the process of activity, an individual builds an image of the world in which he lives, and his actions, by which he remakes and partially creates an image, i.e. how the image of the world functions, mediating the activity of the individual in the objectively real world. The individual builds, according to A. N. Leontiev, not the World, but the Image, “scooping” it out of objective reality. As a result of the process of perception, an image of a multidimensional world, an image of objective reality, is obtained.

In addition, A. N. Leontiev argues that the world in its remoteness from the subject is amoral. Modalities arise only when subject-object relationships and interactions arise. The picture of the world includes invisible properties of objects: amodal - discovered by experiment, thinking and supersensible - functional properties, qualities that are not contained in the "object's substrate". The supersensible properties of an object are represented in meanings. The picture of the world includes not the image, but the depicted. The image of the world is not some kind of visual picture or copy, designed in the "language" of one or another sensory modality.

This provision served as an impetus for further development of the problem, determined the subject of subsequent works, which, in turn, emphasized that “in psychology, the problem of perception should be posed as the problem of building a multidimensional image of the world, an image of reality in the mind of an individual” .

Further development of the problem is associated with the names of S. D. Smirnov, A. S. Zinchenko, V. V. Petukhov and others. In their works, the concept of “image of the world” acquires a different status than in the work of A. N. key concept in the study and analysis of cognitive processes.

The fundamental, key position for S. D. Smirnov (1981) was the distinction between “mi-

rum of images”, individual sensory impressions and a holistic “image of the world”.

When defining the image of the world, S. D. Smirnov points to the understanding that it is not the world of images, but the image of the world that regulates and directs human activity. Revealing this contradiction, he notes the main characteristics of the image of the world:

The amodal nature of the image of the world, since it also includes supersensible components, such as meaning, meaning. The idea of ​​the amodal nature of the image of the world allows us to assert that it includes not only those properties of objects that are detected on the basis of “object-subject” interactions, but also those properties of objects that require the interaction of two or more objects to be detected. The image of the human world is a form of organization of his knowledge;

The holistic, systemic nature of the image of the world, i.e. irreducibility to a set of individual images;

The multilevel structure of the image of the world (the presence of nuclear and surface formations in it) and the problem of carriers of individual components of the image of the world, its evolution as a whole;

Emotional and personal meaning of the image of the world;

Secondary image of the world in relation to the outside world.

Thus, S. D. Smirnov shows how the concept of "image of the world" in the aspect that was proposed by A. N. Leoniev, allows you to take a decisive step towards understanding that cognitive processes are of an active nature.

An analysis of the above problems shows a range of issues related to the introduction of the concept of the image of the world into the problems of sensory cognition.

VV Petukhov showed the need for further development of the concept of "image of the world" and presented the operational content of this concept in relation to the psychology of thinking.

Considering various means and methods for solving mental problems, he determined the specifics of an adequate unit of empirical study of the representation of the world. Such a unit, in his opinion, should be a certain unity of nuclear and surface structures.

F. E. Vasilyuk studied the image of the world from the point of view of the typology of life worlds and developed the fundamental property of the image - subjectivity, and thus brought to the fore the emotional component of the image of the world.

The problem of the relationship between subjective experience and the image of the world is central in the studies of E. Yu. Artemyeva. She points out that such an integral formation as a subjective representation of the world (the image of the world) carries "traces of the entire prehistory of the mental life of the subject" . Thus, there must be a structure that is capable of being a regulator and a building

the material of the image of the world, and such is the structure of subjective experience. This structure includes three layers. The first and most superficial is the “perceptual world” (Artemyeva, Strelkov, Serkin, 1983). The perceptual world has four coordinates of space, and is also characterized by meanings and meanings. The specificity of this layer lies in the fact that its "building material", its texture are modal. This layer corresponds to the surface structures of the image of the world.

The next layer is semantic. This layer contains traces of interaction with objects in the form of multidimensional relationships. By nature, they are close "to semantics - systems of "meanings" understood in one way or another." Traces of activity are fixed in the form of relationships and are the result of three stages of the genesis of the trace (sensory-perceptual, representational, mental). This layer is transitional between surface and nuclear structures (when compared with the layers of the image of the world). When describing the division of subjective experience into layers, this layer by E. Yu. Artemyeva was called the “picture of the world”.

The third, the deepest, correlates with the nuclear structures of the image of the world and is formed with the participation of conceptual thinking - a layer of amodal structures that is formed during the "processing" of the semantic layer. This layer is designated in the narrow sense by the image of the world.

The picture of the world is in a peculiar relationship with the image of the world. The picture of the world is a certain set of relations to actually perceived objects, closely connected with perception. It is more mobile, in contrast to the image of the world, and is controlled by the image of the world, and the building material supplies the "perceptual world" and perception.

An interesting approach to understanding the picture of the world is presented in the work of N. N. Koroleva. She made an attempt to develop the concept of "picture of the world" in terms of personal approach to the human mindset. From the point of view of this approach, the picture of the personality's world is a complex subjective multi-level model of the life world as a set of objects and phenomena that are significant for the personality. The basic forming pictures of the world of the personality are determined, which are invariant semantic formations as stable systems of personal meanings, the substantial modifications of which are due to the peculiarities of the individual experience of the personality. Semantic formations in the picture of the world perform representative (representation of the life world to the subject), interpretive (structuring, interpretation of life phenomena and events), regulatory (regulation of human behavior in life situations) and integrative (ensuring the integrity of the picture of the world) functions. Semantic organization of the picture of the world

has a "synchronic" plan, which defines the main classes of objects of the semantic field of the personality and is represented by a system of semantic categories, and a "diachronic" one, which reflects the basic parameters of interpretation, evaluation and dynamics of the picture of the world and is represented by a system of semantic constructs. In our opinion, this approach allows you to penetrate deeper into the inner world of the individual and recreate its individual identity.

Understanding the content side of the image of the world is presented in the work of Yu. A. Aksenova. It introduces the concept of "picture of the world order", which exists in the individual consciousness and is understood as one of the dimensions of the subject's picture of the world. The picture of the world order (individual or universal) is presented as a way of describing the world, a way by which a person understands the world and himself. Choosing this or that way of describing the world, a person manifests himself, structuring the world in his mind, asserts his place in this world. Thus, the completeness of mastering and the ability to manifest one's deep, essential beginning depends on the choice of the method of describing the world.

E. V. Ulybina considered the dialogical nature of everyday consciousness and the sign-symbolic mechanisms of the functioning of this construct. As a result of the process of symbolization, the material-object specificity of the phenomena of the objective world is overcome. The conducted psychological experiments made it possible to reconstruct significant aspects of the subject 's picture of the world .

E. E. Sapogova considers the construction of the image of the world in individual consciousness as the ability of a person to arbitrarily control the processes of reflection, and reflection, in turn, represents mediation by sign systems that allow a person to appropriate the socio-cultural experience of civilization. In her opinion, the “image of the world” has an active and social nature. Formed in ontogeny, the image of the world becomes a "generating model" of reality. In her work “The Child and the Sign”, E. E. Sapogova refers to V. K. Vilyunas, who believes that “it is the global localization of the reflected phenomena in the “image of the world”, which provides an automated reflection by a person of where, when, what and why he reflects and does, constitutes the concrete psychological basis of a conscious character mental reflection in a person. To be aware means to reflect the phenomenon as “prescribed” in the main system-forming parameters of the image of the world and to be able, if necessary, to clarify its more detailed properties and connections.

It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of A.P. Stetsenko, who believes that it is necessary to refer to the concept of “image of the world” in the case when the researcher is faced with the task of “... identifying special structures of mental reflection that provide the child with

E. H. Galaktionova. Gesture as a factor mental development child

the possibility of achieving specifically human goals - the goals of orientation in the world of social, objective reality, i.e. in the world of "people and for people" - with the prospect of further management of the process of such orientation ". In other words, the solution of such problems will make it possible to determine the patterns of occurrence, the mechanism of development in ontogenesis of specific human abilities of cognition. All this, according to A.P. Stetsenko, is the foundation for the formation of cognitive processes and is a prerequisite for the subsequent development of the child.

Considering the concept of "image of the world" within the framework of the theory of psychological systems (TPS), it is necessary to indicate that this theory is a variant of the development of postclassical psychology. TPS understands a person as a complex, open, self-organizing system. The mental is considered as something that is generated, arises in the process of functioning of psychological systems and thereby ensures their self-organization and self-development. “The essence of the TPS lies in the transition from the principle of reflection to the principle of generating a special psy-

chological (not mental) ontology, which is a systemic construct that mediates the relationship between a person and the world of “pure” objectivity (“amodal world”), which ensures the transformation of the amodal world into “reality” “mastered” by a person and becoming his individual characteristic. A person as a psychological system includes a subjective (image of the world) and an activity component (a way of life), as well as reality itself, which is understood as a multidimensional world of a person. The image of the world is presented as a holistic and systemic-semantic reality, representing the world this person in which he lives and acts.

Summing up, it is necessary to point out that despite the fact that to date the accumulated a large number of theories that reveal the concept of "image of the world", structure, psychological mechanisms, and more, each of the presented theories studies its own aspects of the problem. As a result, it is impossible for the subject to form a holistic view of the unfolding picture of the world.

Literature

1. Dictionary of a practical psychologist / Comp. S.Yu. Golovin. - M., 1997. - S. 351-356.

2. Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ed. E.F. Gubsky, G.V. Korableva, V.A. Lutchenko. - M., 1997.

3. Leontiev A.N. Image of the world // Selected. psychological works: In 2 volumes - M., 1983. - S. 251-261.

4. Smirnov S.D. The world of images and the image of the world // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 1981. - No. 2. - S. 13-21.

5. Petukhov V.V. The image of the world and the psychological study of thinking // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 1984. - No. 4. - S. 13-21.

6. Vasilyuk V.E. Methodological analysis in psychology. - M., 2003. - 272 p.

7. Artemyeva E.Yu. Fundamentals of the psychology of subjective semantics. - M., 1999. - 350 p.

8. Queen N.N. Semantic formations in the picture of the world of personality: Abstract of the thesis. dis... cand. psychol. Sciences. - St. Petersburg, 1998. - 16 p.

9. Aksenova Yu.A. Symbols of the world order in the minds of children. - Ekaterenburg, 2000. - 272 p.

10. Ulybina E.V. Psychology of everyday consciousness. - M., 2001. - 263 p.

11. Sapogova E.E. The child and the sign: a psychological analysis of the sign-symbolic activity of a preschooler. - Tula, 1993. - 264 p.

12. Stetsenko A.P. The concept of "image of the world" and some problems of the ontogeny of consciousness // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 1987. - No. 3.

13. Klochko V.E., Galazhinsky E.V. Self-realization of personality: a systematic view. - Tomsk, 2000. - 154 p.

Received June 21, 2006

UDC 159.922.7

E. N. Galaktionova

GESTURE AS A FACTOR OF CHILD'S MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

Barnaul State Pedagogical University

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the problems of non-verbal communication, which can be seen in the increase in the number of published works (A. Pease, D. Fast, V. A. Labunskaya, E. I. Isenina, E. A. Petrova, A. Ya. Brodetsky , G. E. Kreydlin and others). Ideas about the meaning are actively developing various kinds non-verbal communication, values ​​of cruelty

communication in human development, which are reflected in a number of works on general and special psychology, communication psychology, etc. In the literature, the need to study and develop non-verbal means of communication is considered as one of the conditions for the most successful adaptation of a person in any environment, establishing communication

I. M. Shmelev

In psychology, the concept of "subject" is a special category that describes a person as a source of knowledge and transformation of reality. This category reflects the active attitude of a person to the world that surrounds him and to himself. The central formation of human reality is subjectivity, which arises at a certain level of personality development and represents its new systemic quality.

The phenomenon of the subject's picture of the world is quite versatile and began to be studied in detail in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, L.F. Kuznetsova, I. Lakatos, V.A. Lektorsky, T.G. Leshkevich, L.A. Mikeshina, T. Nagel, M. Planck, K. Popper, V.S. Stepin and others, where the thesis was put forward as one of the provisions that an integral image of the world is formed on the basis of all types of the picture of the world.

Unlike the term "picture of the world", the concept of "image of the world" was introduced into scientific use, starting with the publication of the work of S.L. Rubinshtein, Being and Consciousness. Man and the World” and the works of A.N. Leontiev.

The concept of "image of the world" in the domestic scientific and psychological literature was proposed by A.N. Leontiev. By this term, he understood a complex multi-level formation that has a field of meaning and a system of meanings.

In the conscious picture of the world of the individual A.N. Leontiev singled out three layers of consciousness: the sensual fabric of consciousness (sensory experiences); meanings (their carriers are sign systems: traditions, rituals, objects of spiritual and material culture, images and norms of behavior, language); personal meaning (individual features of the reflection of the objective content of specific concepts, phenomena and events of concepts).

Differentiation of the image of the world and the sensual image of A.N. Leontiev bases on the fact that if the first is amodal and generalized (integrative), then the second is modal and specific. At the same time, the scientist emphasized that the sensual and individual sociocultural experience of the subject underlies the individual image of the world.

Developing the ideas of A.N. Leontiev, V.P. Zinchenko identifies two layers of consciousness: existential consciousness (movements, actions, sensual images) and reflective consciousness (combines meanings and meanings). Thus, worldly and scientific knowledge correlates with meanings, and the world of human experiences, emotions and values ​​correlates with meaning.

A follower of A.N. Leontieva S.D. Smirnov, understands the image of the world as a system of expectations that generates object-hypotheses, on the basis of which the structuring of individual sensory impressions and subject identification takes place.

The concept of "image of the world" today has gone beyond the boundaries of psychology, and has acquired the status of a philosophical category in the works of some scientists. At the same time, both in psychology and philosophy, contradictions arose in the understanding of close, but not equivalent to each other, the concepts of “image of the world”, “picture of the world”, “worldview”, “worldview”, “worldview”.

In the article by S.D. Smirnov, these categories are clearly separated: "... the image of the world has the character of a nuclear structure in relation to what appears on the surface in the form of one or another modally designed and, therefore, subjective picture of the world" . The division of surface and core structures also contains a fundamental division of the categories of the picture of the world and the image of the world. Based on this, V.V. Petukhov notes that the representation of the world (image of the world) - knowledge about the world (picture of the world) have differences. “Nuclear (representation of the world) and superficial (knowledge about it) structures differ differently than different – ​​more and less deep – levels of knowledge” . “The representation of the world is inherent in a person according to his “generic” definition - as a carrier of consciousness. This representation is not, as already explained, a rational construction, but reflects the practical "involvement" of a person in the world and is associated with real conditions of his social and individual life... Nuclear structures... as the fundamental pillars of the existence of man as a conscious being, reflect his actual connections with the world and do not depend on reflection on them. Surface structures are connected with the knowledge of the world as a special goal, with the construction of one or another idea about it.

The separation of the concepts of “image of the world” and “picture of the world” can also be found in the studies of E.Yu. Artemyeva, O.E. Baksansky and E.N. Kucher and others, however, even today these concepts are often used as synonyms.

Currently, there are three main approaches to the study of the category "image of the world".

Thus, the image of the world in research in the field of the psychology of cognition is presented as a mental representation of external reality, the starting point and the final result of any cognitive act, an integral product of the activity of the entire system of cognitive processes of a person (L.V. Barsalu, R. Blake, D. Dennett, M. .Cooper, R. Line, R. Levin, W. Neisser, J. Piaget, L. Postman, E. Frenkel-Brunswick, K. Higby, A. Cheyne, K. Shannon, M. Sheriff, and also A.G Asmolov, A.N. Leontiev, V.V. Petukhov, S.D. Smirnov, R. Eder and others).

The main characteristics of the image of the world are:

• amodality,
• integrity,
• multilevel,
• emotional and personal meaning,
• secondary to the outside world.

In the psychology of cognition, the construction of an image of external reality appears as an actualization, and then enrichment, clarification, and adjustment of the initial image of the subject's world.

In the studies of scientists representing this approach, the image of the world is a nuclear formation in relation to what on the surface acts as a representation of the world or a modally designed picture of the world. This position is confirmed by the analysis of the works of many authors who consider the image of the world as an amodal, a priori, primary structure.

Proceeding from this, the image of the world is an amodal representation of the world as a system of expectations and forecasts in categorical forms of intuition and the categories themselves, acting as working hypotheses when interacting with the absolute reality of the environment.

Since in the process of perception the function of the image of the world is determined by its integrity, it cannot be structured in this definition. This conclusion is confirmed in the work of A.N. Leontiev, which indicates that the main contribution to the process of constructing an image of a situation or an object is made by the image of the world as a whole, and not by individual sensory perceptions. S.D. Smirnov, developing the idea of ​​the integrity of the image of the world, also considers the image of the world as a system of expectations regarding the development of events in reality that determine the formation of perceptual hypotheses. This situation allows us to assert that in the structure of the image, the image of the world precedes individual sensations, as well as any individual image as a whole.

The image of the world in the psychology of consciousness is considered as an integral system of meanings, an ideal product of the process of consciousness, its constituent part, together with sensory fabric and personal meaning (E.Yu. Artemyeva, G.A. Berulava, V.P. Zinchenko, G.A. Zolotova, A.Yu. Kozlovskaya-Telnova, G.V. Kolshansky, A.N. Leontiev, Yu.M. Lotman, V.V. Nalimov, V.F. Petrenko, V.I. Rubinshtein, V.P. Serkin, V.N. Toporov, T.V. Tsivyan, A.G. Shmelev, E.S. Yakovleva and others). The formation of the image of the world acts as a process of transformation of the sensual fabric of consciousness into meanings. The individual system of meanings and the specificity of the relationship between them determine the features of the individual semantic space of the personality. The formation of an individual language of a personality and its linguistic picture of the world takes place in the system of activities in the process of assimilation of individual and cultural experience.

In the psychology of consciousness, the image of the world appears as a biased, subjective model of the world, including the rational and the irrational, and can be interpreted as a "phantom" of the world, a myth, as well as an integral and universal text, which is represented in our minds by a complex system of various meanings ( culture text).

In personality psychology, the image of the world is presented in the form of a subjective interpretation of reality by a person, which allows him to navigate in reality, as well as in the form of a subjective space of the personality, reflecting the individual structured and subjectively transformed experience of a person in his real relationships and unique connections with the surrounding reality (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, B.G.Ananiev, L.I.Antsiferova, A.K.Belousova, G.A.Berulava, F.E.Vasilyuk, V.E.Klochko, D.A.Leontiev, A.V. .Naryshkin, S.L. Rubinshtein, Yu.K. Strelkov, etc.).

One of the important approaches in understanding the layered structure of the image of the world in personality psychology is the concept of G.A. Berulava about the image of the world as a mythological symbol.

G.A. Berulava understands the concept of “image of the world” as “personally conditioned, initially unreflected, integrative attitude of the subject to himself and to the world around him, which carries the irrational attitudes of the subject” .

As criteria for studying the image of the world, the author singles out its substantive and formal characteristics: substantive characteristics include individual differential components of a person's empirical experience.

Formal characteristics are grouped into three scales:

- the scale of emotional saturation contains two poles - emotionality (people with an emotionally saturated image of the world, whose emotional background can be both negative and positive) and indifference (people with an emotionally neutral image of the world, whose judgments are devoid of extreme emotional assessments);

- the scale of generalization includes the poles of integrality (integrity, syntheticity, cognitive simplicity in the perception of the surrounding world prevail in people) and differentiality (persons who are prone to the perception of various objects of the objective world, and their image of the world is cognitively complex, analytical, mosaic, fragmentary);

- the scale of activity contains the pole of activity, an active-activity, creative image of the world (people are dominated by value or normative judgments, orientation to significant events in the future), and the pole of reactivity is an image of the world that has a passive contemplative character (for people of this type, the objective world is presented as a fatal circumstance that must be obeyed, judgments are dominated by assessments of past life events).

Based on the developed criteria, the author identified 8 main types of personality profiles according to the poles of the scales of formal characteristics: IDA (the image of the Self at the pole of indifference, differentiation, activity); IDP (indifference, differentiation and passivity); IIP (indifference, integrity and passivity of the image-I); IIA (indifference, integrity and activity of the image - I); I, I, P (irrationality, integrity and passivity of the image of I); EIA (emotionality, integrity and activity of the image - I); EDA (emotionality, differentiation and activity of the image - I); EDP ​​(emotional richness, differentiation and passivity of the image - I).

Also, the author, based on a meaningful analysis of the image of the world, identified three types of personality. People with an empirical image of the world are characterized by a morally indifferent attitude to the world around them, without the presence of normative-value categories of obligation in judgments. For these subjects, the Image of the Self contains a list of positive qualities, and the image of the surrounding world contains the perception of people as persons with whom it is pleasant and not pleasant to communicate.

People with a positivist image of the world are distinguished by the presence in their statements of certain moral dogmas and rules for relating to the properties of other people, their personal properties, as well as to the world around them. The image of I of representatives of this type contains qualities that do not satisfy a person, and which he wants to correct. The image of the surrounding world has a negative assessment and is characterized by the phrase: "What is not done - everything is for the better." The image of the future describes a person's desire to achieve something good (job, career, wealth etc.).

People with a humanistic image of the world manifest transcendent motives of life. The image of the world of these subjects is characterized by concern for the well-being of other people, manifested in judgments about “how good this world is not only for me, but also for other people, concern for the surrounding objective world - its ecology, nature, animals, etc. ". The image of one's own Self contains ideas about the extent to which the existing personal properties not only satisfy the subject himself, but also other people.

The considered classification most fully reflects the structural content of the image of the world of the subject.

On the basis of all the theories considered, the following main provisions of the psychology of the image of the world can be distinguished:

1. There are no such characteristics of human cognition that would be immanent in the image of the world. Meaningfulness, categoriality of the conscious image of the world express the objectivity that is revealed by the cumulative social practice.

2. The image of the world includes supersensory components (meanings, meanings), is adequate not to the stimulus, but to the action of the subject in the objective world, i.e. the image of the world is immodal.

3. The image of the world is a holistic, non-additive phenomenon, the unity of the emotional-need and cognitive spheres.

4. The image of the world is an ordered system or a set of human knowledge about oneself, about other people, about the world, etc., which refracts through itself, mediates any external influence. Any adequate perception of an individual object depends on the adequate perception of the objective world as a whole and the relation of the object to this world. Movement towards the stimulus is the mode of existence of the image of the world. According to the method of approbation and modification of the image of the world as a whole, under the influence of impressions, the interaction of stimulus effects and the image of the world is built.

5. For a specific stimulus, a cognitive hypothesis of the corresponding modality is formulated, i.e. the image of the world constantly generates hypotheses at all levels.

6. The image of the world develops in the process of human activity, arises at the junction of internal and external impressions, i.e. characterized by social and activity nature (S.D. Smirnov, V.P. Zinchenko).

7. The image of the world is dialectical and dynamic and is not immutable and frozen.

Thus, the image of the world should be understood as a single syncretic symbol that cannot be decomposed into separate components; a universal and integral text, the richness of meanings of which is reflected by our consciousness; a picture of the objective world seen through the prism of transcendent reality, the orienting basis of the subject's behavior. The image of the world is a holistic, multi-level system of a person's ideas about himself, his activities, other people and the world; a set of perceptions of the subject about himself, psychological mechanism, the main task of which is to compare these representations with patterns of behavior, semantic landmarks, images of a person. The image of the world is the orienting basis of the subject's behavior.

7. Petukhov V.V. The image of the world and the psychological study of thinking [Text] / V.V., Petukhov / / Bulletin of Moscow University. - Series 14. - Psychology. - 1984 - No. 4. - S. 15.

8. Rubinstein S.L. Being and consciousness. Man and the world [Text] / S.L. Rubinstein. - St. Petersburg: Peter 2003. - 512 p.

9. Smirnov S.D. The world of images and the image of the world [Text] / S.D. Smirnov // Bulletin of the Moscow University. Series 14 "Psychology". - 1981. - No. 2. - P.15-29.

10. Eder R.A. Comments on children's self-narratives | R.A. Eder//The remembering self. Construction and accuracy in the self-narrative / Ed.U.Neisser, R. Fivush. -Cambrilde: Cambridge University Press, 1994. - P. 180-191.

Of course, all Soviet authors proceed from the fundamental provisions of Marxism, such as the recognition of the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of spirit, consciousness, and the psyche; from the position that sensations and perceptions are a reflection of objective reality and a function of the brain. But we are talking about something else: about the embodiment of these provisions in their concrete content, in the practice of research psychological work; about their creative development in the very, figuratively speaking, flesh of perception studies. And this requires a radical transformation of the very formulation of the problem of wear psychology and the rejection of a number of imaginary postulates that persist by inertia. The possibility of such a transformation of the problem of perception in psychology will be discussed.

The general proposition which I will try to defend today is that the problem of perception must be posed and developed as a problem of the psychology of the image of the world.(I note By the way, that the theory of reflection in German is Bildtheori, that is, the image.)

This means that every thing is initially posited objectively - in the objective connections of the objective world; that it - secondarily posits itself also in subjectivity, human sensibility, and in human consciousness (in its ideal forms). It is necessary to proceed from this in the psychological study of the image, the process of generation and functioning.

Animals, humans live in the objective world, which from the very beginning acts as a four-dimensional: three-dimensional space and time (movement), which is "objectively real forms of being"

This proposition should by no means remain for psychology only a general philosophical premise, allegedly not directly affecting the concrete psychological study of perception, the understanding of mechanisms. On the contrary, it forces us to see many things differently, not as it has developed within the framework of Western psychology. This also applies to understanding the development of the sense organs in the course of biological evolution.

Life of animals With from the very beginning takes place in the four-dimensional objective world, the adaptation of animals occurs as an adaptation to the connections that fill the world of things, their changes in time, their movement, which, accordingly, the evolution of the sense organs reflects the development of adaptation to the four-dimensionality of the world as it is, and not in its individual elements.

Turning to man, to the consciousness of man, I must introduce one more concept - the concept of the fifth quasi-dimension, in which the objective world opens up to man. This - semantic field, system of meanings.

The introduction of this concept requires a more detailed explanation.

The fact is that when I perceive an object, I perceive it not only in its spatial dimensions and in time, but also in its meaning. When, for example, I cast a glance at a wrist watch, then, strictly speaking, I have no image of the individual attributes of this object, their sum, their "associative set." This, by the way, is the basis of the criticism of associative theories of perception. It is also not enough to say that I have, first of all, a picture of their form, as Gestalt psychologists insist on this. I perceive not the form, but an object that is a clock.

Of course, in the presence of an appropriate perceptual task, I can isolate and realize their form, their individual features - elements, their connections. Otherwise, although all this is included in invoice image, in his sensual fabric, but this texture can be curtailed, obscured, replaced without destroying or distorting the objectivity of the image.

The thesis I have stated is proved by many facts, both obtained in experiments and known from everyday life. It is not necessary for perceptual psychologists to enumerate these facts. I will only note that they appear especially brightly in images-representations.

The traditional interpretation here is to attribute to the perception itself such properties as meaningfulness or categoriality. As for the explanation of these properties of perception, they, as R. Gregory (1) correctly says about this, at best remain within the boundaries of the theory of G. Helmholtz. I note at once that the deeply hidden danger here lies in the logical necessity to appeal in the final analysis to innate categories.

The general idea I am defending can be expressed in two propositions. The first is that the properties of meaningfulness, categorization are the characteristics of the conscious image of the world, not immanent in the image itself, his consciousness. They, these characteristics, express the objectivity revealed by the total social practice, idealized in a system of meanings that each individual finds as "out-of-his-existence"- perceived, assimilated - and therefore the same as what is included in his image of the world.

Let me put it another way: meanings appear not as something that lies in front of things, but as something that lies behind the shape of things- in the cognized objective connections of the objective world, in various systems in which they only exist, only reveal their properties. Values ​​thus carry a special dimension. This is the dimension intrasystem connections of the objective objective world. She is the fifth quasi-dimension of it!

Let's summarize.

The thesis I defend is that in psychology the problem of perception should be posed as the problem of building in the mind of an individual a multidimensional image of the world, an image of reality. That, in other words, the psychology of the image (perception) is concrete scientific knowledge about how, in the process of their activity, individuals build an image of the world - the world in which they live, act, which they themselves remake and partially create; it is knowledge also about how the image of the world functions, mediating their activity in objectively real the world.

Here I must interrupt myself with some illustrative digressions. I am reminded of a dispute between one of our philosophers and J. Piaget when he visited us.

You get, - this philosopher said, referring to Piaget, - that the child, the subject in general, builds the world with the help of a system of operations. How can you stand on such a point of view? This is idealism.

I do not at all adhere to this point of view, - replied J. Piaget, - in this problem my views coincide with Marxism, and it is absolutely wrong to consider me an idealist!

But how then do you assert that for the child the world is the way his logic constructs it?

Piaget did not give a clear answer to this question.

There is an answer, however, and a very simple one. We are really building, but not the World, but the Image, actively “scooping out” it, as I usually say, from objective reality. The process of perception is the process, the means of this “scooping out”, and the main thing is not how, with the help of what means this process proceeds, but what is obtained as a result of this process. I answer: the image of the objective world, objective reality. The image is more adequate or less adequate, more complete or less complete ... sometimes even false ...

Let me make one more digression of a completely different kind.

The fact is that the understanding of perception as a process by which an image of a multidimensional world is built, by each of its links, acts, moments, each sensory mechanism, comes into conflict with the inevitable analyticism of scientific psychological and psychophysiological research, with the inevitable abstractions of a laboratory experiment.

We single out and investigate the perception of distance, the distinction of forms, the constancy of color, apparent movement, etc., etc. With careful experiments and the most precise measurements, we seem to drill deep, but narrow wells that penetrate into the depths of perception. True, we do not often succeed in laying “communication channels” between them, but we continue and continue this drilling of wells and scoop out of them a huge amount of information - useful, as well as of little use and even completely useless. As a result, whole heaps of incomprehensible facts have now formed in psychology, which mask the true scientific relief of the problems of perception.

It goes without saying that by this I do not at all deny the necessity and even the inevitability of analytical study, the isolation of certain particular processes and even individual perceptual phenomena for the purpose of studying them in vitro. You just can't do without it! My idea is completely different, namely, that by isolating the process under study in the experiment, we are dealing with some abstraction, therefore, the problem of returning to the integral subject of study in its real nature, origin and specific functioning immediately arises.

In relation to the study of perception, this is a return to the construction of an image in the mind of an individual. external multidimensional world, peace as he is, in which we live, in which we act, but in which our abstractions in themselves do not “dwell”, just as, for example, the “phi-movement” so thoroughly studied and carefully measured does not dwell in it (2).

Here again I have to make a digression.

For many decades, research in the psychology of perception has dealt primarily with the perception of two-dimensional objects - lines, geometric shapes, in general, images on the plane. On this basis, the main direction in the psychology of the image arose - Gestalt psychology.

At first it was singled out as a special "quality of form"; then in the integrity of the form they saw the key to solving the problem of the image. The law of "good form", the law of pregnancy, the law of figure and background were formulated.

This psychological theory, generated by the study of flat images, turned out to be "flat" itself. In essence, it closed the possibility of the "real world - psychic gestalt" movement, as well as the "psychic gestalt - brain" movement. Meaningful processes turned out to be substituted by the relations of projectivity and isomorphism. V. Koehler publishes the book “Physical Gestalts” (it seems that K. Goldstein wrote about them for the first time), and K. Koffka already directly states that the solution to the controversy of spirit and matter, psyche and brain is that the third is primary and this is the third there is a qestalt - form. Far from the best solution is offered in the Leipzig version of Gestalt psychology: form is a subjective a priori category.

And how is the perception of three-dimensional things interpreted in Gestalt psychology? The answer is simple: it lies in the transfer to the perception of three-dimensional things of the laws of perception of projections on a plane. Things of the three-dimensional world, thus, act as closed planes. The main law of the field of perception is the law of "figure and background". But this is not a law of perception at all, but a phenomenon of perception of a two-dimensional figure on a two-dimensional background. It refers not to the perception of things in the three-dimensional world, but to some of their abstraction, which is their contour*. In the real world, however, the definiteness of an integral thing emerges through its connections with other things, and not through its “contouring”**.

In other words, with its abstractions, Gestalt theory replaced the concept of objective peace notion fields.

It took years in psychology to experimentally separate and oppose them. It seems that at first this was done best by J. Gibson, who found a way to see the surrounding objects, the environment as consisting of planes, but then this environment became illusory, lost its reality for the observer. It was possible to subjectively create precisely the "field", it turned out, however, to be inhabited by ghosts. Thus, a very important distinction arose in the psychology of perception: the “visible field” and the “visible world”.

In recent years, in particular in studies conducted at the Department of General Psychology, this distinction has received fundamental theoretical coverage, and the discrepancy between the projection picture and the objective image has received a fairly convincing experimental justification (3).

I settled on the Gestalt theory of perception, because it especially clearly affects the results of reducing the image of the objective world to individual phenomena, relationships, characteristics, abstracted from the real process of its generation in the human mind, the process taken in its entirety. Therefore, it is necessary to return to this process, the necessity of which lies in the life of a person, in the development of his activity in an objectively multidimensional world. The starting point for this should be the world itself, and not the subjective phenomena it causes.

Here I come to the most difficult, one might say, the critical point of the train of thought I am trying out.

I want to state this point right away in the form of a categorical thesis, deliberately omitting all the necessary reservations.

This thesis is that the world in its remoteness from the subject is amodal. We are talking, of course, about the meaning of the term "modality", which it has in psychophysics, psychophysiology and psychology, when, for example, we are talking about the form of an object given in a visual or tactile modality, or in modalities together.

Putting forward this thesis, I proceed from a very simple and, in my opinion, completely justified distinction between properties of two kinds.

One is such properties of inanimate things that are found in interactions with things (with "other" things), i.e., in the interaction "object - object". Some properties are revealed in interaction with things of a special kind - with living sentient organisms, that is, in the interaction "object - subject". They are found in specific effects, depending on the properties of the recipient organs of the subject. In this sense, they are modal, that is, subjective.

The smoothness of the surface of an object in the interaction "object-object" reveals itself, say, in the physical phenomenon of friction reduction. When palpated by hand - in the modal phenomenon of a tactile sensation of smoothness. The same property of the surface appears in the visual modality.

So, the fact is that the same property - in this case, the physical property of the body - causes, acting on a person, impressions that are completely different in modality. After all, “shine” is not like “smoothness”, and “dullness” is not like “roughness”.

Therefore, sensory modalities cannot be given a "permanent registration" in the external objective world. I emphasize external, because man, with all his sensations, himself also belongs to the objective world, there is also a thing among things.

In his experiments, subjects were shown a square of hard plastic through a reducing lens. “The subject took the square with his fingers from below, through a piece of matter, so that he could not see his hand, otherwise he could understand that he was looking through a reducing lens. We asked him to give his impression of the size of the square... We asked some of the subjects to draw a square of the appropriate size as accurately as possible, which requires the participation of both sight and touch. Others had to choose a square of equal size from a series of squares presented only visually, and still others from a series of squares, the size of which could only be determined by touch ...

The subjects had a definite holistic impression of the size of the square. The perceived size of the square was approximately the same as in the control experiment with only visual perception" (4).

Thus, the objective world, taken as a system of only "object-object" connections (ie, the world without animals, before animals and humans), is amodal. Only with the emergence of subject-object relationships, interactions, various modalities arise, which also change from species to species (meaning a zoological species).

That is why, as soon as we digress from subject-object interactions, sensory modalities fall out of our descriptions of reality.

From the duality of bonds, interactions "O-O" and "O-S", subject to their coexistence, the well-known duality of characteristics occurs: for example, such and such a section of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves and, say, red light. At the same time, one should not only lose sight of the fact that both characteristics express "a physical relationship between physical things" "

Here I must repeat my main idea: in psychology, it should be solved as a problem of the phylogenetic development of the image of the world, because:

A) an “orienting basis” of behavior is needed, and this is an image;

B) this or that way of life creates the need for an appropriate orienting, controlling, mediating image of it in the objective world.

Briefly speaking. We must proceed not from comparative anatomy and physiology, but from ecology in its relation to the morphology of the sense organs, etc., Engels writes: "What is light and what is non-light depends on whether the animal is nocturnal or diurnal."

The question of "combinations" is of particular interest.

1. Combination (of modalities) becomes, but in relation to feelings, an image; she is his condition. (Just as an object is a "knot of properties", so an image is a "knot of modal sensations".)

2. Compatibility expresses spatiality things as a form of their existence).

3. But it also expresses their existence in time, so the image is fundamentally a product not only of the simultaneous, but also successive combinations, mergers**. The most characteristic phenomenon of combining viewpoints is children's drawings!

General conclusion: any actual influence fits into the image of the world, i.e. into some “whole” 14 .

When I say that every actual, i.e., now acting on perceptive systems, property "fits" into the image of the world, then this is not an empty, but a very meaningful position; it means that:

(1) the boundary of the object is established on the object, i.e., its separation takes place not at the sensory site, but at the intersections of the visual axes. Therefore, when using the probe, the sensor shifts. This means that there is no objectification of sensations, perceptions! Behind the criticism of "objectification", that is, the attribution of secondary features to the real world, lies the criticism of subjective-idealistic concepts. In other words, I stand by the fact that it is not perception that posits itself in the object, but the object- through activities- puts himself in the image. Perception is his “subjective positing”.(Position for the subject!);

(2) inscription in the image of the world also expresses the fact that the object does not consist of “sides”; he acts for us as single continuous; discontinuity is only its moment. There is a phenomenon of the "core" of the object. This phenomenon expresses objectivity perception. The processes of perception are subject to this nucleus. Psychological proof: a) in the brilliant observation of G. Helmholtz: “not everything that is given in sensation is included in the “image of representation” (equivalent to the fall of subjective idealism in the style of Johannes Müller); b) in the phenomenon of additions to the pseudoscopic image (I see edges coming from a plane suspended in space) and in experiments with inversion, with adaptation to an optically distorted world.

So far, I have dealt with the characteristics of the image of the world that are common to animals and humans. But the process of generating a picture of the world, like the picture of the world itself, its characteristics change qualitatively when we move on to a person.

In man the world acquires the fifth quasi-dimension in the image. It is by no means subjectively ascribed to the world! This is the transition through sensibility beyond the boundaries of sensibility, through sensory modalities to the amodal world. The objective world appears in meaning, i.e. the picture of the world is filled with meanings.

The deepening of knowledge requires the removal of modalities and consists in such a removal, therefore science does not speak the language of modalities, this language is expelled in it.

The picture of the world includes invisible properties of objects: a) amodal- discovered by industry, experiment, thinking; b) "supersensible"- functional properties, qualities, such as "cost", which are not contained in the substrate of the object. They are represented in the values!

Here it is especially important to emphasize that the nature of meaning is not only not in the body of the sign, but also not in formal sign operations, not in the operations of meaning. She - in the totality of human practice, which in its idealized forms enters the picture of the world.

Otherwise, it can be said like this: knowledge, thinking are not separated from the process of forming a sensual image of the world, but enter into it, adding to sensibility. [Knowledge enters, science does not!]

Some general conclusions

1. The formation of the image of the world in a person is his transition beyond the "directly sensual picture." An image is not a picture!

2. Sensuality, sensual modalities are becoming more and more "indifferent". The image of the world of the deaf-blind is not different from the image of the world of the sighted-hearing, but is created from a different building material, from the material of other modalities, woven from a different sensory fabric. Therefore, it retains its simultaneity, and this is a problem for research!

3. The "depersonalization" of modality is not at all the same as the impersonality of the sign in relation to the meaning.

Sensory modalities in no way encode reality. They carry it with them. That is why the disintegration of sensibility (its perversion) gives rise to the psychological unreality of the world, the phenomenon of its "disappearance". This is known and proven.

4. Sensual modalities form the obligatory texture of the image of the world. But the texture of the image is not equivalent to the image itself. So in painting, an object shines through behind smears of oil. When I look at the depicted object, I do not see strokes. The texture, the material is removed by the image, and not destroyed in it.

The image, the picture of the world, does not include the image, but the depicted (image, reflection is revealed only by reflection, and this is important!).

So, the inclusion of living organisms, the system of processes of their organs, their brain in the objective, subject-discrete world leads to the fact that the system of these processes is endowed with a content different from their own content, a content that belongs to the objective world itself.

The problem of such "endowment" gives rise to the subject of psychological science!

1. Gregory R. Reasonable eye. M., 1972.

2. Gregory R. Eye and brain. M., 1970, p. 124-125.

* Or, if you like, a plane.

**T. e. operations of selection and vision of the form.

3. Logvinenko A. D., Stolin V. V. Study of perception under conditions of inversion of the field of vision. - Ergonomics: Proceedings of VNIITE, 1973, no. 6.

4. Rock I., Harris Ch. Vision and touch. - In the book: Perception. Mechanisms and models. M., 1974. pp. 276-279.

Collection output:

PSYCHOLOGY OF IMAGE A.N. LEONTIEV

Goryachev Vadim Vladimirovich

cand. psychol. Sci., Associate Professor, Ryazan branch of MPSU, Ryazan

The image is a rather active concept and is used in different ways in the system of scientific knowledge: psychological, historical, philosophical, pedagogical, ethnographic. In psychology, the image is often defined in the context of sensory perception and reflection of reality, the study of consciousness and the development of human cognitive activity. A fundamentally new problematic situation, not only in the system of psychological knowledge, but also in the general educational space, outlines approaches to the image of the world in the context of the psychology of perception, expressed by A.N. Leontiev in his work "The Image of the World". As the scientist wrote: “the formation of the image of the world in a person is a transition beyond the “directly sensory picture”. The purpose of our article is to consider the category of "image" in the works of A.N. Leontiev, and above all, his position on the existing relationship and interdependence of reflection and activity.

Analyzing the state of the theory of perception, A.N. Leontiev comes to the conclusion that in psychology there is a large amount of accumulated knowledge in this direction, but there is actually no full-fledged theory. From the point of view of a scientist, it is necessary to reconsider the very fundamental direction in which research is moving. Of course, A.N. Leontiev proceeds from such fundamental provisions of dialectical materialism as the recognition of the primacy of matter in relation to the spirit, consciousness, psyche, understanding of sensation and perception as a reflection of objective reality and brain function. The researcher insisted on the implementation of these provisions in the practice of experimental work, while the author considered it necessary to radically change the very formulation of the problem of the psychology of perception and abandon the imaginary postulates that are preserved in it.

One of the main provisions made and defended by A.N. Leontiev, consists in the following: the problem of perception should be posed as a problem of the psychology of the image of the world and developed from this point of view. At the same time, the problem should be analyzed consistently materialistically, considering that every thing primarily exists objectively - in the objective connections of the real world, and that it secondarily posits itself in human consciousness, the direction of research should be the same.

A.N. Leontiev also touches upon the problem of the biological development of the sense organs in connection with the four-dimensional nature of the real world. He rightly points out the need to understand the phylogenetic evolution of the sense organs as a process of adaptation to a four-dimensional space. Further A.N. Leontiev introduces the concept of the so-called fifth dimension, in which objective reality is revealed to a person, understanding it as a certain semantic field or system of meanings. “In a person, the world acquires a fifth quasi-dimension in the image. It is by no means subjectively ascribed to the world. It is a transition through sensibility, through sensory modalities to the amodal world. The objective world appears in meaning, that is, the picture of the world is filled with meanings. Perceiving a certain object in this way, the subject does not have an image of its individual features, their simple combination (criticism of associative theories) and does not primarily perceive the form (criticism of Gestalt psychology), but perceives the object as a categorized object. Naturally, in the presence of an appropriate perceptual task, it is possible to perceive both the individual elements of the object and its form, but in the absence of such, it is objectness that comes to the fore.

A.N. Leontiev introduces the division of the image into its texture or sensual fabric and objectivity. Texture is understood as a combination of individual elements of perception and the connections between them, main feature its is the possibility of folding and substitution, without distorting objectivity. Most often, the explanation of this phenomenon (the indirect connection between the sensory fabric and the objectivity of the image) consists in attributing the categorical nature of perception itself. It is essential that with this approach there is a logical need to refer to ontogenetic a priori categories, which, according to the scientist, seems to be very dangerous.

In contrast to this approach, the author puts forward fundamentally new idea: the properties of meaningfulness and categoricality should be understood as characteristics of the conscious image of the world, not immanent to the image itself. O.E. Baksansky notes referring to A.N. Leontiev that: “These characteristics express the objectivity revealed by the totality of social practice, idealized in the system of meanings that each individual finds as “outside-of-his-existing” - perceived, assimilated - and therefore, just like what is included in his image of the world. Thus, meanings are something that lies behind the “appearance of things”, in the objective connections of the real world, known by the subject. In other words, the meanings form in themselves a certain special dimension, which, according to A.N. Leontief is the fifth quasi-dimension of reality.

A.N. Leontiev in his work defines perception as a means of constructing an image of reality (building an image, but not reality itself), an image more or less adequate to the latter. An important point, on which the scientist focuses attention, is the inadmissibility of being limited in research to an analytical approach. With regard to the psychology of perception, this problem consists in returning to that integral image of reality, which is built in the mind of the subject, in the process of perceiving the latter. In other words, the image of the world cannot be reduced to a set of individual phenomena, characteristics and relationships abstracted from the real process of its functioning in the mind of the subject. Based on this provision, A.N. Leontiev expresses the idea of ​​the amodality of the real world in its separation from the subject. Putting forward this thesis, the author proceeds from the distinction of all information that can be acquired about an object into two types of property:

1. properties of inanimate objects that can be discovered in the process of their interaction with other inanimate objects;
2. properties of inanimate objects that can be detected only in the process of their interaction with living organisms that have sense organs arranged in a certain way.

Properties of the second kind are manifested in specific effects perceived by specially adapted sense organs and depending on the structure of the latter; it is in this sense that, according to A.N. Leontiev, are subjective or modal. It is essential that the same characteristics of objects can evoke impressions of different modalities in the subject. In addition, such a property of perception as the integrity of the image is empirically substantiated, that is, the data of different sense organs are organized in a certain way into a single image, and contradictions are resolved during this process. Which may occur between information coming from different sources.

Important, from our point of view, is the position discussed by A.N. Leontiev that any influence fits into the image of the world, i.e. into some whole. As an empirical justification, the scientist cites the following established facts:

1. not everything given in sensations reduces to a subjective image of the situation;
2. there is a phenomenon of "completing" the image, that is, attributing to the situation actually missing, but subjectively necessary elements.

Thus, the image of the world is a certain model, which is built on the basis of subjective experience, and in the future it mediates the perception of this experience.

Summarizing the above, I would like to highlight the most fundamental ideas of A.N. Leontiev regarding the category “image of the world” introduced by him into scientific circulation:

1. The image of the world is not the sum of perceptual images, the image is not a sensory picture.
2. The image of the world mediates the interaction of the subject with reality.
3. The world outside the subject is amoral, the modalities of sensations appear as a result of the subject-object relationship of the individual with reality.
4. Information from different sense organs in a certain way is consistent in the image of the world into a single representation, that is, contradictory data in a certain way are consistent in a consistent image.
5. The modal characteristics of the sensations caused by the objects of reality depend on which biological species the perceiving subject belongs to.
6. The image of the world represents not only objects that are actually present in the thesaurus of perception of the subject, it is a relatively stable representation of reality.

These provisions, from our point of view, are very significant in the context of studying the image of the world. Particularly noteworthy is the formulation of the problem of the existence of a certain formation that acts as an intermediary between objective reality and the perceiving subject, functioning as a prism, which arouses the subject's interest in some of its elements and makes him completely ignore others. In addition, the thesis of A.N. Leontiev about the amodality of the surrounding reality outside the subject, that is, the world acquires modal characteristics only in the process of interaction between the subject and reality.

In the context of the study of the phenomenon of the image of the world, the idea of ​​A.N. Leontiev that this formation is not a simple summation of perceptual data, that is, it is a relatively stable formation resulting from the processing of perceptual data. This understanding of the image of the world is connected with the fact that any incoming information is embedded in some existing structure of the subject, which results in his ability and ability to take into account those objects in the environment. Which in this moment not in the actual field of perception.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the statements made by A.N. Leontiev's provisions were not duly appreciated by a wide range of researchers, and the phenomenon of the image of the world still remains practically little studied in Russian psychology. Probably, this situation is associated with certain methodological difficulties, overcoming which will allow us to consider the image of the world as an object of psychological science in the broadest sense.

Bibliography:

1. Baksansky O.E., Kucher E.N. Cognitive image of the world: scientific monograph / O.E. Baksansky, E.N. Coachman. M.: "Kanon +" ROOI "Rehabilitation", 2010. - 224 p.
2. Leontiev A.N. Selected psychological works: in 2 vols. Vol. 2 - M. Pedagogy, 1983. 320 p.
3. Leontiev A.N. Image of the world // World of psychology. 2003. No. 4. S. 11-18.