Types of military activity and their features in various types of the Armed Forces and branches of service. Types of military activity Types of military activity and their
2. One of the most important varieties of human activity is military activity. Its goals are set out in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense". These include the repulse of aggression directed against our country, the armed defense of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation, and the fulfillment of tasks in accordance with international treaties.
Conventionally, military activity can be divided into three main types: combat, combat training and everyday.
combat activity- This is the main type of military activity. It is carried out in the course of hostilities, the main types of which are offensive and defense.
Combat training activities(it is carried out in order to ensure successful combat activities) consists of a system of measures for the training and education of military personnel and the preparation of subunits and units for joint military operations. In its process, military personnel conduct classes and training in various subjects of training, live firing, as well as exercises - the most effective form of field, naval and air training of personnel.
daily activities covers almost all other aspects of the life of military personnel. In each military unit, it is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the general military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. They regulate this activity in order to maintain internal order and discipline in subdivisions and units, ensuring high combat readiness, the study of military personnel, the organized performance of other tasks and the preservation of the health of personnel. Fulfillment of their duties in daily activities helps the soldiers to endure severe trials in a combat situation.
Military activities place high demands on servicemen in terms of professional training, education, health status, physical fitness and psychological stability.
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1. The main elements of human life. The importance of the regime of work and rest for the harmonious development of a person, his spiritual and physical qualities.
1.B basis healthy lifestyle life is the correct organization of life, which involves a reasonable alternation of the main elements: work, rest, nutrition and sleep.
Importance for human life have the quality and duration of sleep. Fast falling asleep, calm and deep sleep are facilitated by a constant bedtime, walks in the fresh air, dinner 2-3 hours before bedtime, fresh air, comfortable temperature, cleanliness and silence in the sleeping room.
Nutrition is one of the most important functions of any living organism. It is of great importance for every person. Non-compliance with the diet (time and number of meals) leads to disruption of the functions of the digestive system, to a decrease or increase in appetite, and then to various diseases associated with metabolism.
The mode of work and rest is the correct alternation of periods of work and rest, their duration, rational distribution of time V during the day, week, month, year.
One of the fundamental principles of the regime is its strict implementation, the inadmissibility of frequent changes. If there is a need to transition to a new regime, then such a transition should be gradual. These requirements are due to the fact that the body gets used to a certain rhythm, it develops a system of conditioned reflexes that facilitate the performance of certain of its functions.
The second principle of the regime is that all types of activities planned in it should be feasible for the body and not exceed the working capacity of brain cells, and rest should ensure their full recovery.
Free time can be spent in different ways, depending on interests. It is important that it must have an active action component.
Any violation of the regime leads to a breakdown in the well-established system of reflexes, and this can lead to negative changes in the state of health, primarily fatigue and overwork.
COMBAT TRAINING
Main types military activities and their features
All types of military activities of military personnel are aimed at maintaining high level combat readiness and combat readiness of subunits and units in which they perform military service. The main types of military activities are combat training, service and combat activities and real fighting.
Combat training is a system of measures for training and military education of personnel of units and subunits, combat coordination of units and subunits to prepare them for conducting combat operations or performing other tasks determined by the purpose of the Armed Forces. Combat training is aimed at ensuring a high level of combat capability of units and subunits. It is designed to ensure a high military-professional level of military personnel and is carried out continuously both in peacetime and in wartime. In the course of this training, classes, exercises, live firing, drills are held, in which servicemen study military regulations, weapons and military equipment, methods of action in battle, and subunits and units work out methods of action when performing combat missions. Combat training has a number of features. It has a clearly expressed collective orientation and is organized in such a way that in the course of classes, individual military personnel are simultaneously trained and military units to joint action. Mainly practical training aimed at mastering by soldiers weapons and military equipment and skillful use of them in combat.
The main part of combat training consists of exercises, which are multiple repetitions of actions aimed at mastering weapons and military equipment and their skillful use in combat.
The content of combat training is determined by curricula and programs. One of the basic principles of organizing combat training is to teach troops what is needed in a war. Therefore, the fulfillment of the tasks of combat training requires from each serviceman a high level of spiritual and physical qualities, mental stability and physical endurance.
Service and combat activity is aimed at ensuring a high level of combat readiness of subunits and units, i.e., the ability of troops in any situation to start military operations in deadlines. The degree of combat readiness in peacetime should ensure the rapid transition of troops to martial law and an organized entry into hostilities, and in wartime - the ability to immediately carry out the assigned combat missions. Service and combat activities include combat duty, guard and internal service.
Combat duty- this is the stay of specially allocated forces and means in full combat readiness to perform suddenly arising tasks or conduct combat operations. It is the fulfillment of a combat mission and is carried out by duty forces and means assigned from military units and subunits. These forces and means include combat crews, crews of ships, duty shifts of command posts, etc. Military personnel who have not been sworn in by the military oath, who have not mastered the combat training program, who have committed offenses that are being investigated, and sick. To ensure the necessary degree of combat readiness of military personnel while on combat duty, it is prohibited: to transfer to someone the performance of their duties; be distracted by activities not related to the performance of combat duty duties; arbitrarily leave a combat post; be armed and military equipment work that reduces their combat readiness.
guard duty It is designed for reliable protection and defense of combat banners, storage facilities with weapons, military equipment, and other materiel. Guard duty is the fulfillment of a combat mission and requires high vigilance from the personnel, precise observance and performance of their duties, determination and initiative. To carry out guard duty, guards are appointed - armed units assigned to carry out the combat mission of guarding and defending combat banners, military and state facilities. The composition of the guard usually includes: the head of the guard, guards according to the number of posts and shifts, breeding. For the direct protection and defense of objects from the guard, sentries are posted. The guards are appointed from among the soldiers (sailors) sworn in by the Military Oath, who have mastered the appropriate combat training programs and are ready, in terms of their moral and psychological qualities, to carry out guard duty.
Internal Service- This is the daily service activities in military units and subunits. It is organized and carried out in accordance with the Charter internal service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and is designed to maintain internal order and military discipline in military units, ensuring constant combat readiness.
2. Operational and combat activities of the troops
The operational and combat activity of the NKVD troops is the performance of sudden, urgent service-combat and combat missions to search for, capture and eliminate enemy landings, sabotage groups and enemy agents, bandit, insurgent and nationalist formations that resist armed criminals, violators of military laws time. Forms, methods, methods of their implementation belonged to the sections "Special Tactics" or "Special Operations". To solve operational-combat tasks, military formations, units, subunits, detachments, groups, individual military personnel could be assigned; officers of the NKVD troops. Tasks related to reconnaissance, search, detention, capture of armed persons or small groups were solved by separate detachments, subunits, in accordance with the provisions of special tactics; the fight against sabotage groups, bandit or nationalist formations was carried out in the form of special operations (Chekist, operational-Chekist, Chekist-military, operational-military) formations, units, military groups based on the developed plans for this event. During the Great Patriotic War special operations were carried out with the involvement of the unarmed local population, but under the leadership of officers from the NKVD troops or local bodies of the NKVD, the police and in the presence of an armed military or police reserve.
The main types of outfits were: checkpoints or checkpoints (checkpoints), reconnaissance and search groups (RPGs), ambushes, search groups (PG), maneuver groups (MG), operational military groups (OVG), barriers, secrets, posts observations.
The most important elements of combat formations in large-scale operations were groups: blocking, search, cordon, inspection of the area (combing), complete document checks (raids), reserve. Auxiliary elements of the battle formation in operations could be: pursuit groups, observation posts, patrol groups, guard or vehicle traffic control posts, secrets, patrols. Depending on the operational situation, operations were carried out different ways: Blocked area search, non-blockaded area search, directional search, full search, selective search, directional search, object search, pursuit, surrounding.
Checkpoints (checkpoints) as part of a squad, platoon are one of the main types of outfits that were not elements of battle formations, but were used in all operations of the NKVD troops as an integral part of security measures. The personnel of the detachment were put up on the routes of mass movement of the civilian population and military personnel in order to completely check documents proving their identity and the need to be on the territory in accordance with the requirements of security measures carried out according to the laws of wartime or orders of the military command. During the check of documents, the personnel of the checkpoint identified and detained people who did not have identity cards or those who had such, but expired or fake, also detained persons who were suspected of belonging to a hostile or criminal element. In order to prevent attempts by persons who did not want to go through the checkpoint to bypass it, secrets and ambushes were set up in the most likely directions of their movement. In the daytime, these functions were performed by observation posts. The reserve of the head of the checkpoint carried out all the detentions and escorts.
The secret is a hidden post for monitoring the surrounding area on the most probable routes of movement of enemy sabotage groups and landings, bandit formations, and wanted persons. An outfit consisting of 2–3 fighters is set up for a certain time, after which it leaves the place of the task on its own. The secret service is not checked due to the secrecy of the location of the squad. Depending on the situation, the secret could perform the task of an ambush.
Ambush - a hidden group, a unit for the sudden capture or destruction of the enemy, gang. The outfit was exhibited in places where they were most likely to appear. If necessary, the squad could only capture. Quantitative composition ambushes depended on the task being performed and could consist of 2-3 people to several units. A large ambush could include a capture group, a cover group, and observation posts.
Reconnaissance and search groups performed tasks as part of a squad or platoon in isolation from their bases. The outfit was intended for reconnaissance, search and destruction of sabotage groups and enemy agents, gangs of criminal and political persuasion, in areas where they are likely to be located. RPGs could become an element of battle order in "search in directions" operations. The detachment advanced to the area of the task in marching order, as it approached the object where the search object could hide (forest, bushes), the unit built a chain and began to move. The distance in the chain between the servicemen was set such that the soldiers could constantly maintain visual and fire communication with their neighbor. After passing the search object, the chain folded into a marching column and continued to move to the next object. Reconnaissance of the enemy was carried out with the help of local residents, employees of the NKVD and the police, following the tracks and material evidence found in the search area. After detecting the enemy, the RPG covered his location from two or three sides, offered to surrender, in case of refusal or resistance, the outfit opened fire to kill.
Search groups were appointed to search for deserters, terrorists, saboteurs, especially dangerous armed criminals, fugitives from custody when their location and identity were known. To detain or capture one especially dangerous criminal, 3–4 people were assigned to the squad, if a small gang was wanted, the PG composition should have included the number of fighters 2–3 times the number of wanted persons.
Maneuvering groups of 130-260 people (14 units were formed) were created on the eve of the war from the personnel of the border detachments of the western regions of the country to assist the operational units of the NKVD troops in the fight against gangs, rebel, nationalist and sabotage formations. MGs did not have a permanent location, they moved at the direction of the Directorate of Operational Forces to build up forces and means in areas with an aggravated operational situation to perform private combat missions or participate in hostilities as part of military groups together with units of operational units or other troops of the NKVD. The main component of the organizational structure of the maneuver group was separate platoons.
Operational military groups were intended to search for especially dangerous criminals or enemy agents in settlements and other places where they were most likely to be found. The composition of the OVG is a rifle company. The unit was divided into 7-10 subgroups of 5-7 people each, a reserve of 10-12 people was allocated. The composition of the operational-military group included 3-4 employees from the local bodies of the NKVD and the police. Each subgroup received a task for the day to work out 7-12 objects. In the village, this is a residential building, a utility yard, a personal plot. Each subgroup was armed with metal 1.5-2-meter pins for probing the likely places of caches, stacks of straw and haystacks, and places of storage of grain crops. In addition, they were armed with thick checkers for undermining obstacles where the probe could not penetrate, wire loops or metal hooks for overturning haystacks. During the search, the outfit subjected to inspection all the premises in the residential building, sheds, cellars; all walls, floor, ceiling were tapped to find voids. Each settlement, depending on the situation, was subjected to operational military action for 2–3 days or a day later. Operations with extensive use of operational-military groups were carried out in 1944–1945 and later.
Barriers were put up in the form of separate outfits to block likely routes to important military facilities or to prevent exits from the area of operations by sabotage groups, bandit, nationalist, and other hostile formations. Barriers could be an element of the battle formation of a blocking group in large operational-troop operations. The composition of the barrier - squad, platoon, company. The squad consisted of 3-4 outfits of 2-3 people at intervals from 25 to 150 m, depending on the terrain. A platoon could cover the line up to 1.5, a company up to 5 km. In order to keep secret the location of the main part of the unit, the barriers could put up their own outfits: observation posts, secrets, send patrols to separate directions. The barriers were exposed and served covertly in compliance with the strict requirements of camouflage. For the enemy, the appearance of a barrier in the way of their movement should have been invariably sudden.
Blocking - an integral part of measures to prevent the enemy from leaving the area of conducting an operational-troop operation, is carried out by a blocking group. Depending on the type of operation, the blocking group could perform the task with barriers, ambushes, secrets, patrol groups, and an overlap group.
Search is the main component of operations or activities to search for criminals, saboteurs, bandits, and other hostile and criminal elements. It was carried out by a search group in operational military operations or by separate detachments. The ultimate goal of the search is to find the whereabouts of the wanted individuals or groups, and, in addition, their capture or destruction, if there was a combat order to do so. The battle formation of the search group is a chain, the intervals in which depended on the task being solved, terrain conditions, time of day and weather. In especially difficult conditions, the fighters in the chain were exhibited in pairs.
The main types of operational-troop search operations were: search in a blockaded area, search in an unblocked area, search in directions, selective search, search on objects.
Search operations in a blockaded area were carried out when their results depended on the success of military operations on an army or front-line scale or events of a similar level. The operations were considered to be the most effective, but required the involvement of a significant amount of manpower and resources. The elements of the order of battle were the blocking group, the search group, the reserve. The search group could conduct one-way (chain movement in one direction) or counter (movement of continuous chains towards each other) search. The intervals in a single chain without breaks did not exceed 10–15 steps, the rate of movement was 1–2 km/h.
Search operations in an unblocked area were considered less effective, but they required a significantly smaller number of people, time to organize and conduct. The elements of the order of battle were the search group and the reserve. At the final line of the search and in the directions of the most probable withdrawal of the enemy from the search area, barriers, observation posts, and other types of outfits could be set up. The intervals in the chain were 29–30 steps, the search rate depended on the terrain conditions and could be from 2 to 4 km/h. This type was most often carried out operational-military operations.
Operations in the directions were carried out in the absence of data on the location of the wanted persons or groups. The elements of the battle formation were reconnaissance and search groups and a reserve. RPGs could search from their original position in parallel, divergent or converging routes.
Operative-military selective operations were carried out in conditions when the area of possible location of wanted persons or groups had no definite boundaries and there was no information about their whereabouts. The most probable zone or small settlement of the enemy was determined, a search was conducted there, and based on its results and information received from the local population, a decision was made on the further course of the operation. The elements of the battle formation were reconnaissance and search groups and a reserve. Observation posts could be set up in certain directions. In settlements, the search was carried out by a complete check of the documents of the people located there for the right to live and stay in a given farm, village, village, aul. The inspection was carried out, as a rule, in the presence of representatives of local authorities and the police.
Search operations on objects (on objects) were carried out by search groups as part of a squad or platoon, depending on the size of the object. The elements of the order of battle were: a survey (search) group, a group to cover the most likely routes of escape for the wanted, observation posts, and a reserve.
The cordon is an integral part of the operational-troop operation to search for a hostile and criminal element in places of mass congestion of the civilian population and military personnel (raids). The cordon was carried out by a chain at intervals between the fighters at arm's length. Checkpoints were part of the cordon.
Encirclement - a way to isolate wanted individuals or groups found during the operation. The personnel assigned to the encirclement group built the battle formation in such a way that, by maneuvering, the fighters at any moment could be in the path of movement of people trying to break through the encirclement line. Elements of battle order - encirclement group, observation posts and reserve. The composition of the environment group depended on the situation.
The pursuit of the enemy, bandits, individuals discovered during the operation could be carried out by pursuit groups in frontal or parallel methods. Frontal method - the movement of pursuers after the object of persecution, which was constantly or periodically viewed visually. Parallel pursuit was conducted by pursuit teams along parallel routes, out of sight of the fugitive or fugitives. The purpose of the persecution was to force them to stop, then to envelop or encircle. In the presence of a combat order, capture or destruction was carried out.
These were the methods, techniques, forms, tactics of individual outfits. military units and divisions of the NKVD troops in operational military operations in the fight against a hostile and criminal element in the pre-war period; their significant improvement refers to the period of the Great Patriotic War.
At the beginning of the war
With the first shots fired at the border, the operational-combat activity of the NKVD troops began to acquire a wide scope. From everywhere, the military units of the NKVD began to receive information from local residents about the armed uprising of nationalist formations and the appearance of enemy landings. To combat those and others, first of all, the personnel of the border detachments and other parts of the NKVD troops were sent. In the extremely difficult conditions of the military situation and the operational situation in the front line that is difficult to describe, the personnel of the NKVD troops successfully carried out a number of operations against nationalist formations. So, on June 26, 1941, in the front line of the North-Western Front, the personnel of the 5th operational motorized rifle regiment liquidated a detachment of over 120 people, consisting of nationalist groups, and several small formations.
However, the operational-combat actions of the NKVD troops in the front line did not last long. Due to the circumstances, the Military Councils of the fronts began to involve parts of the NKVD in the performance of tasks for the protection and defense of important objects of military importance. The fight against gangs and nationalist formations itself faded into the background. Often, the commanders of the NKVD units had operational information about the whereabouts of nationalist or criminal gangs and even sabotage groups, but were forced not to react to the situation, continuing to follow the orders of higher authorities. Examples of this kind could be observed in the use of the Tallinn and Riga operational regiments and border units troops of the NKVD in the Baltic. The results were immediate. Thus, in the first seven days of the war, only 15 sabotage groups and nationalist bandit formations were liquidated in the frontline zone of the North-Western, Western and South-Western fronts, while from one regiment "Brandenburg-800" in the same territories there were over 100 sabotage groups.
At the beginning of the war, sabotage and other hostile formations operated, as a rule, in the operational rear of the defending troops of the Red Army, therefore the fight against them was carried out by units of the NKVD troops located nearby. The organization of operations, as a rule, was carried out in a hurry, in conditions of lack of time, without the availability of reliable data on the enemy, without a sufficient number of personnel. The main method of operations was search in an unblocked area by a chain or search in directions by reconnaissance and search groups.
The lack of information about the enemy forced the command of the units, in the course of making decisions about the operation, to use large areas for its implementation. Therefore, selective search operations, as well as searches in an unblocked area, were used quite often. Operations were carried out in a short time, however, they often ended with positive results. They can be explained by the fact that after receiving operational information about the enemy and until the moment of his capture or destruction, a minimum of time passed, no more than 3–6 hours. A large expenditure of time often led to the fact that the enemy had time to change his place of residence, and it took a lot of time to conduct the pursuit, which the personnel did not have. The situation in the frontline changed frequently, it was unacceptable to leave your unit for a long time, there were already many servicemen who lagged behind their units.
During a joint retreat with units of the Red Army, information about the location of sabotage groups often came from military intelligence or field guards of the Red Army units. In this case, verification and re-verification of the received information about the enemy was not required, which made it possible to make a decision to eliminate him in the course of movement and immediately. The personnel assigned to perform a combat mission, more often a platoon, on the move carried out coverage or encirclement of the location of the enemy. When they refused to surrender, the personnel opened fire to kill. So, after the location of the enemy landing force was discovered by the head marching outpost of the 3rd regiment of the operational NKVD troops, it took only 2 hours to carry out the operation to destroy the sabotage group. Another example. The newly landed enemy landing was discovered by military intelligence officers a few kilometers from the marching column of the Red Army regiment. The regiment commander sent a reserve company in vehicles to the landing site. The personnel on the move launched an attack on the landing force, which did not have time to fully prepare for defense. During a short battle, the enemy was eliminated in a short time, it took 3 hours for everything about everything. The tactics of the personnel in this case were distinguished by swiftness, the reserve commander immediately threw out one platoon from both sides of the location of the landing force, carried out coverage, then destroyed the enemy landing force with fire from the spot.
According to the author, it is important to get acquainted with the data on the time spent on organizing operations to eliminate enemy sabotage groups and landing forces in the conditions of withdrawal of fronts, when the personnel were in constant combat readiness. The assessment of the situation was carried out during the march or at short stops. At the same time, there was little or no data on the enemy, there was nothing to analyze, the capabilities of their personnel, weather conditions did not need to be assessed, the plan of the operation was determined taking into account existing experience. Decisions on operations were made initially as preliminary, but with subsequent amendments to real conditions after returning to the starting position. Time for this work in the field was spent from 0.5 to 1.5 hours. For the same work, when the units were in the garrisons, it took from 3 to 6 hours.
It is a different matter if a sabotage group or an enemy landing force landed in front-line areas. In these cases, operational information about their landing in the military unit of the NKVD came from local residents (according to experience, within 2–4 hours), the transfer of personnel to their original position took from 3 to 6 hours, and it also took 3–3 hours to organize and conduct the operation. 6 hours. It turns out that the average time the enemy spent in the front line was 10-11 hours. Saboteurs were thrown out more often at night. If the enemy’s military or otherwise conducted reconnaissance in a given territory was organized in an appropriate way, the enemy landing during this time could not take active actions and adequately prepare for defense.
In the initial period of the war, in rapidly changing conditions, in the process of organizing an operation, its leader, due to a lack of intelligence data on the quantitative composition of a sabotage group or a nationalist formation, as a rule, could not analyze the balance of forces and determine the required number of personnel for its implementation. In these cases, the available fighters and commanders participated in the operations. Because the balance of power in successful operations in most cases it was 1:7–1:9 not in favor of the NKVD troops. There were many cases when the operational-combat task was successfully solved with a ratio of forces of 1: 2–1: 3, but at the same time, the time to organize the operation increased significantly, and the loss of personnel also increased.
Summarizing, we can state: the operational-combat activity of the NKVD troops in the first months of the war was not systemic and was not based in the decisions of the command staff on conducting operations or military actions on reliable information, due to its absence. The operations were carried out covering large areas with a constant shortage of personnel to conduct search operations. Due to lack of time, operations began without careful preparation and proper interaction between detachments and subunits, which often led to the withdrawal of part of the enemy forces from under fire.
1942 Improving operational and combat activities
At the beginning of 1942, the NKVD troops were tasked with intensifying the fight against spies, sabotage and other hostile formations in the front line, at protected facilities and adjacent territories, in cooperation with the territorial bodies of the NKVD and the police, to clear cities and other settlements from enemy agents, criminal element. Military units and even formations of the NKVD troops were involved in the performance of operational-combat tasks by separate units and even in full force. So, the 10th rifle division of the internal troops, on the orders of the NKVD of the USSR, from March 17 to 22, 1942, over and over again, simultaneously throughout the entire territory of Stalingrad, carried out a large-scale operation to clean up the city. The task was carried out by checking the documents of all citizens and military personnel without exception on the streets, during the inspection of attics, basements and storage facilities, residential and non-residential buildings in order to detain persons without documents or with those, but expired or forged Each unit (squad, platoon) a section of the area with residential and non-residential buildings was determined, on which it performed the task of searching for objects. IN apartment building the object of the search was the floor. The detainees were sent to filtration points. During the operation in Stalingrad, 9 enemy agents and about 300 people who had previously committed various kinds of crimes were detained.
The forces of the internal troops and units of the NKVD troops for the protection of the rear search operations were carried out in the settlements and in the adjacent territories, liberated from the Nazi invaders. The purpose of performing operational and combat missions was to capture agents, henchmen and accomplices of the enemy, deserters, marauders. Search operations on objects were carried out in the same settlements several times and at different times of the day. Operations were carried out by units of the NKVD troops to check documents in places of mass congestion of citizens and military personnel (raids): in the markets, railway stations, at river crossings. In some cases, raids were carried out in populated areas, in cases where there was operational data about enemy agents hiding in them, proteges and accomplices of the enemy. The elements of the order of battle were: a search group for objects, an overlap group and a reserve. In these cases, instead of a cordon group at the exits from the settlement, observation posts, secrets or ambushes were set up. On the most probable routes of escape from the settlement of the wanted persons or groups, the reserve of the head of the operation was placed. The organization of the task was invariably carried out at night, with the expectation that the signal about its beginning would be received by the search units for objects at dawn. The operations were carried out, as a rule, by the forces of the battalion, while the concept of the event and the course of its implementation were coordinated with the local bodies of the NKVD and the police, which in most cases became participants in the operation. During the operation, without exception, all persons trying to leave the settlement were detained. The results of round-ups in settlements were most often successful. For example, during operations in April 1942 in a number of settlements in the Stalingrad region, 2,327 criminals and accomplices of the enemy were identified from among the detainees.
In the summer of 1942, the operational situation outside the front line of the central and southern directions of the Soviet-German front developed in such a way that it was precisely there that the hostile and criminal element was concentrated to a greater extent. There was a need to carry out activities to clean up the area from an undesirable contingent. One of the forms of combating it was sudden checks of people moving at night along the roads on foot or in vehicles, another way was to carry out operations to comb forests, bushes and weeds by the military units of the NKVD and the Red Army, local bodies of the NKVD and police with the help of the local population.
Sudden checks were carried out by personnel of the military units of the NKVD. Operational groups consisting of 30–40 people were formed from duty units in the regiments of troops, who could perform tasks within a radius of up to 40 km from the place of deployment. The outfits blocked along one line the most probable directions of movement of gangs, agents and accomplices of the enemy. On each of the roads on the line, checkpoints were set up, between which secrets, ambushes or barriers served to detain people trying to bypass the checkpoint. The plans of operations were coordinated by the command of military units with special departments of higher army headquarters, local departments of the NKVD and the police, settlement or local village councils.
Operations to comb the area were carried out by the territorial bodies of the NKVD and the police on their own or in cooperation with the military units of the NKVD. The author at the age of thirteen had a chance to take part in one of these operations.
1942, the beginning of autumn. The front is 100–150 kilometers away. One sunny morning, the director of the Budarinsky secondary school in the Stalingrad region, before the start of classes, built a ruler and made an announcement that high school students, together with teachers, would participate in an operation to comb the thickets of weeds, classes were canceled. Then, in an excited voice, he ordered everyone to immediately run home, leave notebooks and books, take a piece of bread, and in one hour again stand on the ruler.
After that very hour, not a line was lined up in front of the school, but a column of boys and girls in classes, headed by teachers, class teachers. The director did not allow separate groups of boys and girls in the classes. The head of the regional police department appeared in front of the column, told what and how to do when the operation began, that armed policemen would go ahead of the chain, and a Red Army squad behind with rifles. He also said that during the movement, the task of each student and teacher is to detect a stranger in the weeds, immediately sit on the ground and transmit the “Stop” signal through the chain with a voice, and so that no one then takes any other actions. Class teachers were charged with the duty to ensure that the distance between students was no more than ten steps.
For an hour and a half, the school convoy was gathering dust on the way to the operation site. The mood is upbeat: still, it would be necessary to catch the bandits who stole bread from the collective farm barn in the neighboring area. Groups of women, workers of regional institutions and collective farmers from nearby farms joined the school column along the way.
The chain was lined up on a country road, to the right and left weeds to the chest and above. There were two dozen students in the classroom, about an equal number of boys and girls. At school, there was an order that they would always sit at the desk in pairs. The class teacher built a chain in the same way, with the alternation of those who sat at the desk with whom. The militiamen took up their revolvers and went forward. The squad of fighters was left behind, along with them the chief of the regional department and two more militiamen. In this formation, the search group went ahead. The girls immediately began to walk so as to be closer to the guys. And those proud of their mission walked with their heads held high. Work was worth it class teachers maintain intervals in the chain. The pace of movement slowed down every now and then, the girls did not wear trousers then, and the weeds were tall and prickly, they now and then had to move the stems of plants away from their feet. Conducted observation on the sides and forward mostly representatives of the stronger sex.
The chain went on for a long time, until finally it came to some kind of beam. The head of the regional department immediately gave the command “Hang up”. The participants of the operation did not find anyone in the tall thickets, and everyone was glad that they could go home.
A lot of such activities to clean up the area were carried out, involved in their implementation a large number of military personnel and the local population. Practice, however, has shown that such operations involving significant forces had good results, but were complex in organizational terms, a lot of time was spent on their implementation. In this regard, in order to carry out operational and combat missions in all troops of the NKVD, the tactics of reconnaissance and search groups, tested in the border troops, began to be introduced. In a number of instructions of the NKVD of the USSR on improving the service, the emphasis was on the fact that the methods for fulfilling the tasks of the RPG should form the basis of all operational and combat activities in the troops. A special instruction on the tactics of reconnaissance and search groups was even issued and distributed among the troops.
The ease of organization, efficiency and maneuverability of the outfit quickly gained popularity among the NKVD troops. The outfits solved many operational and combat missions. RPGs were sent to certain most probable directions of movement or location of persons subject to detention or liquidation in case of resistance. The quantitative composition of the RPG depended on the task being performed and in the spring of 1942 ranged from 5-7 to 10-12 people who served in isolation from their unit for 10-12 hours. However, already at the beginning of the summer, the number of personnel in reconnaissance and search groups increased to 20-25 people, organizationally - a platoon. This number of people in the composition of the RPG is most widespread. This was due to the fact that in the liquidation of even small sabotage groups and bandit formations, the reconnaissance and search groups in the composition before the separation were most often unable to fully cope with a well-trained and armed sabotage group. According to the well-known tactics of the bandits, they actively acted if they had a numerical superiority. When the number of reconnaissance and search groups doubled and even tripled, as a rule, small sabotage groups were eliminated without much difficulty. RPGs as part of a platoon successfully eliminated gangs of up to 16 people, i.e., with a ratio of forces of 1:4. Enemy sabotage groups, the number of which in 1942 ranged from 3-4 to 6-8 people, were confidently destroyed with a ratio of forces from 1:3 to 1:5 in favor of reconnaissance and search groups.
The commander of the squad or platoon was appointed senior attire. The basis of the RPG tactics was an active search in a given area or direction. In cases when the detachment detected the enemy, the personnel reorganized into a chain at intervals of 10-25 steps between the fighters, carried out rapprochement under the cover of a sniper with 6-8-meter jerks, threw grenades at the enemy, pursued him if he left the scene of the clash.
Experience shows that the results of performing an operational-combat mission were more successful if a platoon commander or an assistant company commander for reconnaissance was appointed senior officer. As an example, we can consider the practice of performing operational-combat tasks by the personnel of the NKVD troops to protect the rear of the Bryansk Front. Under the leadership of an RPG operative of the 18th border regiment active search and by decisive action over the course of several days, she detained about forty enemy agents and persons who had committed various crimes in the front line. In the rear of the Western Front, the RPG from the 88th Border Regiment, consisting of 10 fighters under the leadership of the platoon commander, was able to timely detect and then destroy the German paratroopers in the amount of more than two dozen soldiers and officers.
In cases where a meeting with a large gang or sabotage group was supposed, by decision of the senior commander or by mutual agreement, reconnaissance and search groups were united for joint actions. At the same time, the success of the joint group largely depended on the strength of the connections between the outfits and the clarity of interaction between them.
Since the spring of 1942, a new form of solving operational-combat tasks began to be used in the NKVD troops - Chekist-military groups (CHVG). The group included 30-40 fighters and commanders, 2-3 operatives from the intelligence departments of the NKVD units or representatives of the special departments of the Red Army formations. The main purpose of the ChVG was to search for, capture employees of the intelligence and counterintelligence agencies of the enemy, as well as to search for and eliminate his sabotage groups. The tasks of the Chekist-military groups were more complex and responsible in comparison with the RPG, but the ChVG also had more capabilities. Advancing to the area of the probable location of enemy agents, the ChVG conducted reconnaissance and search for the enemy with the help of local assistance brigades, the NKVD and the police.
However, the Chekist-military groups did not receive much development. The main reason was the constant cooperation with the local bodies of the NKVD and the police, who had a lot of their own affairs. There were no agents in the NKVD troops, no assistance brigades either.
With the onset of the summer of 1942, the NKVD troops carried out a number of large Chekist-troop operations covering large territories and with the involvement of significant forces and means to clear the area from a hostile and criminal element. According to the unified plan of the senior operational chief, the area of \u200b\u200bthe probable location of the enemy and bandit formations was blocked by separate ambushes or barriers, in which the Chekist-military and reconnaissance-search groups, under the leadership of operational officers of the intelligence departments of the NKVD units, conducted reconnaissance and search. In this case, as a rule, the survey of the area was carried out by RPG and CWG in divergent directions from a single point.
However, the scope of such operations did not always correspond to the results, primarily due to the fact that actions to search for enemy sabotage groups, bandit groups were carried out by purely military methods, without the availability of reliable intelligence data.
An example is the conduct of an operation on the orders of the leadership of the NKVD troops to protect the rear of the Central Front. On June 26, 1942, 28 reconnaissance and search groups numbering from 10 to 40 people were involved in the search for and elimination of paratroopers of unknown numbers from NKVD units located within a radius of 50-70 km from the proposed landing site, one KGB military group of 35 people, one fighter battalion, up to 100 members of the assistance brigades, 150 activists from nearby villages, three checkpoints were set up under the leadership of intelligence commanders. RPGs were searching, setting up ambushes on the likely routes of the enemy’s movement, and a thorough check of documents was carried out at the checkpoint. The NKVD of the Orel and Kursk regions were informed about the content of the operational situation. The operation lasted several days, but it was all in vain. As it turned out later, only one paratrooper was thrown from the plane.
In July 1942, the NKVD troops carried out a number of Chekist-military operations in the Caucasus to eliminate various kinds of bandit formations. To perform operational and combat missions, in each specific case, special units or task forces. The need to create special forces was conditioned by the conditions of the terrain, the difficulties of communication and the provision of all the necessary personnel, the absence in most cases of agent connections and data on bandits and bandits.
The operational group is the same reconnaissance and search group in the amount of 20–25 fighters and commanders from parts of the NKVD troops, but reinforced by one or two or more authorized representatives from local NKVD bodies.
Special detachments did not have a certain number of personnel and structure. They were formed depending on the goals and conditions for solving an operational-combat mission. So, by order of the commander of the 58th Army of September 11, 1942, on the basis of the order of the NKVD of the USSR, a detachment of 600 people was created from the 237th and 268th rifle regiments of the Makhachkala rifle division NKVD. Somewhat later, another detachment of 450 people was created from the 268th and 284th regiments.
September 21, 1942 on the basis of the order of the head of the NKVD troops for the protection of the rear northern group troops of the Transcaucasian Front in the rear of the 1st militia division, a detachment was formed, which included 510 people from the NKVD units, 263 from the 1st militia division, 125 from the Red Army units, 40 from local NKVD bodies and 80 from fighter detachments.
Operational groups were sent in separate directions to the area where the gang was supposed to be located or to the place where illegal or hostile actions were committed by the criminal group. The commissioners, through their connections, found out the whereabouts or the direction of the gang's departure. In accordance with the information received, the task force conducted a search or pursuit. After the discovery of the bandits, the personnel fettered their actions with fire, carried out the coverage and destruction. In the case of sudden actions for the bandits, the operational groups were successful. Thus, an operational group of 20 people in the villages of Khushtodag and Kholdag at the end of June 1942 liquidated two gangs with a total of 30 bandits. Operations were also successful in other villages.
However, such operations of operational and reconnaissance and search groups were lengthy in time and often ended unsuccessfully. The operations of special detachments from units of the NKVD troops, the Red Army and fighter detachments did not have much success.
The reason for failure in all cases was the same. The personnel of the NKVD units, who ended up in the Caucasus, had absolutely no experience of operational-combat operations in mountainous conditions. Operations invariably required guides who were not always reliable. But the main drawback at the beginning of the activities of the NKVD troops was the lack of assistance brigades and undercover communications. Performing operational and combat missions only by military methods, the personnel of the troops could not count on success. At the same time, the gangs included people from among the local residents who knew the ways and paths in the mountains, relatives and trusted persons living in the villages, who timely informed the gangs about the movements of the NKVD troops and their activities. The activities of the authorized local bodies of the NKVD in matters of gang intelligence were not always active, and the information received was not always reliable. All this allowed the leaders of the bandit groups to successfully maneuver and evade pursuit and clashes. The gangs suffered losses in skirmishes with the personnel of the NKVD troops, often broke away from persecution, left trophies in the form of stolen horses, cattle, and looted collective farm grain.
Revealing the shortcomings of the operational and combat activities of the NKVD troops in the Caucasus, the head of the NKVD troops for the protection of the rear of the Transcaucasian Front, in an order dated August 13, 1942, noted that the KGB intelligence agencies had not yet fully deployed their work, could not establish close contacts with local NKVD bodies , therefore, they cannot timely reveal the links of bandit formations with local residents, identify their routes of movement and places of shelter. The order set the task for the NKVD troops to immediately establish contact with the territorial bodies of the NKVD, jointly develop measures to eliminate sabotage and bandit groups, constantly exchange information on the development of the operational situation, on the creation of assistance brigades, and the establishment of undercover ties with the local population.
In addition, the order noted shortcomings in the organization and performance of service and combat missions. In particular, the document focused on omissions in matters of physical and special training of personnel and in the selection of fighters and commanders to perform operational and combat missions as part of a toga or other type of outfit. The document also drew attention to the fact that operational groups, reconnaissance and search groups, barriers often perform service and combat missions in isolation from the location of their military units and subunits, while they must come into contact with the local population, receive the necessary information, and also to achieve by their behavior a good attitude towards the soldiers and commanders of the Red Army.
Measures taken by the NKVD troops to improve the organization of the performance of service and combat missions have yielded positive results. There have been repeated cases when individual operational groups, in the course of conducting operations, liquidated bandit formations that significantly outnumber them. So, at the end of October 1942, in the Tabasaran region, an operational group consisting of 22 fighters and commanders liquidated a detachment of bandits ten times larger than the OG. At the same time, two dozen bandits were destroyed and 215 were taken prisoner.
Special detachments began to operate more successfully in the process of carrying out operational and combat missions to eliminate large gangs. Having operational data on the area where the enemy was located and reliable guides, the detachments blocked the exits from his territory, then carried out search and destruction. As a result of one such operation on October 10, 1942, a detachment of bandits numbering up to 1000 people was defeated in the Mekhkta and Agishta mountains. At the same time, 247 bandits were taken prisoner, more than a thousand heads of cattle were repulsed and transferred to the population.
In the process of performing operational-combat tasks by the personnel of the NKVD troops, service-search dogs were widely used, especially in the Caucasus region. Here, in the autumn of 1942, in a number of areas affected by banditry, with the help of four-legged assistants, more than 20% of the total number of hostile and criminal elements identified by search and reconnaissance search groups were found hiding in secluded places.
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Military service is a type of human activity that not only has a high social significance, but goes beyond the ordinary, associated with special conditions. Armed defense of the Fatherland at all times was considered an honorable duty and duty of every citizen. At the same time, the army has always been considered as a particle of society, therefore, it reflects all the socio-economic and political processes that take place in society, as well as all the laws of the international situation.
End XX - beginning of XXI V. are characterized by the emergence of a number of hotbeds of military tension, which are not associated with problems in relations between states, but with the strengthening international terrorism. Therefore, in the new XXI century. there is a need for armed defense of the country, and consequently, military professional activity retains its high social significance. What are the characteristics of this activity?
Military-professional activity is activity for the defense of the Fatherland. It contains numerous components. First of all, these are the following two main types: activities in combat conditions (combat activities) and activities in normal (peaceful) conditions. Let's take a closer look at these activities.
Combat activity is the activity of military personnel to achieve the goals of armed struggle. It should be noted that combat activity is very specific in terms of its goals and tasks, conditions, means, difficulties, and psychological content. It has its own psychological patterns, a certain internal structure, goals, motives, ways through which a number of factors influence its course: military-political, military-technical, ideological and psychological, type of weapon, team leadership, carried out in battle educational work, combat and psychological training of personnel.
The psychological content and structure of combat activity is affected by the fact that in combat complex tasks associated with danger to life, destruction of valuables, huge destruction, losses in people and equipment, various deprivations and inconveniences are solved. The conduct of combat is associated with an increase in moral and legal responsibility for the precise performance of duties, and requires extreme mental and physical exertion of all the forces of military personnel.
As mentioned above, any human activity has its own motives. Combat activity is no exception. If we talk about the motives for the start of hostilities at the state level, then the main reason here is almost always the emergence of a real threat to the integrity and security of the country. In turn, the conduct of hostilities involves the manifestation of a certain activity on the part of specific people (military personnel). At the same time, the activity of people in combat conditions (combat activity of military personnel) has its own motives, which include: needs, feelings, desires, aspirations, interests, ideals, beliefs, etc.
Undoubtedly, the most important need in combat is the desire of a person to survive. This is a normal, genetically determined need for self-preservation. However, in different people it can manifest itself in different ways and can have different consequences - both for a particular person and for his social environment. For example, one person actively and purposefully masters military equipment and modern combat techniques, because he understands that the one who is better prepared is more likely to survive in battle. At the same time, another person in a combat situation seeks to avoid dangerous situations, tries to hide behind the backs of his comrades, i.e., shows cowardice [36].
At the same time, one should think about the following question: if the need for self-preservation is biologically expedient, very strong and quite reasonable, then why does the history of mankind know thousands of examples of self-sacrifice that makes people sacrifice themselves in order to save others? The fact is that a person, being a social being, has not only biological, but also social needs, which, as you already know, occupy a higher position in the structure of the hierarchy of needs. Consequently, the combat activity of people is determined not so much by biological as by social needs.
The most important social motive for the combat activity of military personnel is the defense of their homeland, their families, and their loved ones. It was this motive that prompted thousands of people during the Great Patriotic War to sacrifice themselves for the sake of a common victory. This motive is social in nature: it does not arise in a person from the moment of birth, but is formed in the process of his upbringing and social development, manifests itself in various actions, is reflected in the worldview and beliefs. Therefore, the duty of every soldier is beyond military service but it consists in instilling patriotic feelings in their subordinates, in shaping their readiness to come out in defense of the Motherland.
As you know, any activity pursues certain goals. Through combat activities, military personnel achieve immediate and more distant goals. The immediate goal of combat activity may be the precise performance of one's duties related to the task assigned to the squad, crew, crew, or platoon. The distant goal of combat activity is the defeat of the enemy, the achievement of complete victory over him.
Achieving goals in combat proceeds under specific conditions that reflect the nature of the war as a whole - in a dangerous environment full of surprises and strong impacts. Therefore, combat activity is a complex form of purposeful interaction between servicemen and the combat situation. In achieving goals in combat, military personnel must take into account the combat situation, take into account its likely changes, overcome negative influences, make maximum and creative use of weapons, knowledge, skills, abilities, fighting qualities. In performing his duties, a serviceman is forced to mentally foresee the possible course and result of his actions, compare them with what was planned, monitor the situation, and control his behavior.
It should be noted that in any activity, a change in conditions causes the “launch” of adaptive mechanisms that provide adaptation to the changed conditions of activity. Combat activity also has its own adaptation mechanisms, but at the same time, full adaptation to the conditions of combat never occurs, since a person is not able to get used to the constant threat to his life. Sooner or later, in combat conditions, a breakdown of adaptation must occur, and for some people this happens very early, while for others much later. This circumstance is connected not only with the conditions in which the individual found himself, but also with his personal characteristics. Therefore, in the process of combat training, commanders of all levels are obliged to develop in their subordinates those personal qualities that determine the success of their activities in an extreme situation. Among them, first of all, should be attributed emotional and volitional stability, tolerance (resistance) to stress, moral normativity, etc.
The nature of modern combat and new weapons have made combat activity more difficult, and place increased demands on the moral and psychological readiness of the personnel of units and subunits in achieving the goals of armed struggle. Therefore, it is especially important to identify the psychological conditions for the effectiveness and reliability of the combat activities of servicemen. For military theory and practice, it is important to know how war and combat affect the psyche of people, how to control their behavior in combat conditions, prevent and overcome uncertainty, fear, and encourage them to skillful and selfless actions. The study of combat activity helps to understand the essence and conditions of the psychological stability and readiness of soldiers for combat operations, the ways of creating psychological models of modern combat operations.
Another type of military professional activity is activity in ordinary, peaceful conditions. At first glance, it hardly differs significantly from the activity that a person was engaged in before being drafted into the Armed Forces or entering military service under a contract. But such an opinion is erroneous. A young man called up for active military service, enrolled in a military educational institution or who has expressed a desire to serve under a contract, is first of all forced to abandon the usual stereotypes of behavior. This is due to the peculiarities of military service. For example, the implementation of the principle of one-man command presupposes the conscious subordination of one's will, desires to the will of another person - the commander, which in the socio-psychological plan is accompanied by a restriction of the degree of personal freedom and activity of choice. The need to limit the degree of personal freedom is also due to the strict regulation of military service (this includes the obligation to comply with the daily routine, etc.).
Another feature of the activities of military personnel is the constant readiness to fulfill their professional mission at any time and in any conditions, including at immediate risk to life, which in itself causes a certain psychological stress. In fact, military-professional activity in peacetime is an activity related to preparation for participation in hostilities. It involves the study of military equipment, mastering the techniques of modern combat, the formation of readiness to apply the acquired knowledge in combat.
It should also be noted that psychological stress is also due to the separation young man from the usual social environment (family, friends, etc.), adaptation to a new team, limited life prospects, some kind of "information blockade". It should be emphasized that with the conscription for military service, a young person changes his daily regimen and nutrition system, increases physical activity, which generally leads to a restructuring of energy and metabolic processes.
Consequently, with a call to military service or entering it under a contract, a person finds himself in completely new conditions, different from his previous life. Psychological research made it possible to identify the main features of military professional activity in peacetime. In the process of these studies, about a thousand conscripts who served at least 6 months were asked to indicate the 10 main, in their opinion, differences between military service and previous activities. The results obtained were subjected to a comprehensive analysis, the results of which are presented in Table 1.
Classification of specific factors of military service
Depending on the nature of their requirements and the level
Stakeholder Impacts
As follows from this table, there is a whole list of factors that have a specific impact on military personnel. At the same time, this impact, depending on the characteristics of a particular factor, can be carried out at one of three levels: biological, mental and activity. The conducted studies allow us to say that professional military activity differs significantly from other types of activity. social activities. These differences make it necessary for a person to adapt to new conditions when he enters military service.
In the structure of the modern Armed Forces, a long-term serviceman is the main figure. Level vocational training of a long-term serviceman to a large extent determines the ability to solve complex and diverse tasks to protect the Fatherland. Therefore, all the most developed countries of the world have always shown and are showing concern for improving the quality of professional training of long-term servicemen.
The professional activities of modern long-term servicemen are very diverse. On the one hand, this is due to the complex structure of the Armed Forces, the presence of various military specialties, on the other hand, with the development of human society, military service itself becomes more complex. Today, it is no longer enough for a soldier to have good physical development, he must also have certain knowledge, without which it is impossible to competently operate military equipment, and, consequently, to win in modern warfare. In the military-professional activity of a long-term serviceman, several main areas can be distinguished: management of the activities of a military team; education and training of the personnel of the unit (unit); continuous improvement of their professional skills and knowledge. [ 19 ]
In general, activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at the knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one's existence. Human activity appears first as a practical, material activity. Then theoretical activity is separated from it. Any activity usually consists of a series of acts-actions or deeds based on certain motives or motives and aimed at a specific goal.
The activity of the subject is always associated with some need, being an expression of the subject's need for something, the need causes his search activity, in which the plasticity of activity is manifested - its likening to the properties of objects that exist independently of it. In this subordination to the object, likening to it, is the determinism of activity by the external world. In the process of this assimilation, the need "gropes" for its object, objectifies it, transforms it into a specific motive of activity. IN further activities The subject is no longer directed by the object itself, but by its image that arises in a search situation [30].
The content of the activity is not determined only by the subject content of the need satisfied by this activity. A person takes into account the situation, the presence of subjective and objective possibilities, the presence of a goal, the absence of opposing needs acting in the same direction as the basic need. And only then, on the basis of the motive that this behavior has for the subject and is experienced as the subjective basis of the decision to act in this way and not otherwise, does the subject justify, authorize this behavior. The motive replaces one behavior with another, less acceptable more acceptable, and in this way creates the possibility of a certain activity.
However, the analysis of many types labor activity showed that the most significant factor in the regulation of behavior is emotional stability. Motivation may even exceed the optimal level for action, but the behavior is carried out inefficiently due to the disorganizing role of the emotional state. It turned out that it is not enough to master the methods of self-motivation, one must also be able to regulate one's states. The dependence of emotional stability on the moral and volitional qualities of a person, the ability to arbitrarily inhibit unwanted emotional reactions were revealed; - connection with the general fitness of a person in arbitrary self-regulation of various processes [15]
This tendency to shift interest from motivational regulation to emotional regulation is especially clear in the activities of people in military specialties, since military service is a specific type of activity that is highly coordinated. tension, a huge variety of forms. The content of military activity is determined by the essence of war as a continuation of politics by other means, by means of armed struggle. This struggle - combat or combat activity - is the most concentrated expression, the most intense military activity. At the same time, it integrates many other types of activity: political, legal, moral, pedagogical, economic, etc.
A more partial concept in relation to military activity is the concept of "military-professional activity" reflecting the process of an ever deeper and more complete division of military labor, the complexity of its content, and the increasing requirements for the personal and special qualities of a serviceman. The subject of military activity as a whole is the entire personnel of the army and navy.
Considering military activity as a process of performing the tasks of military service by military personnel, studying military equipment, carrying out combat duty, conducting combat operations against the enemy, etc. The following components are distinguished in it: the warrior's awareness of the task assigned to him; registration of motives and development of plans for future actions; the use of means and methods of activity (weapons and military equipment); regulation of actions in accordance with the task; evaluation and comparison of the obtained results with what was required or proposed to be done [11].
Most modern psychological developments are characterized by the allocation of the leading role of motivational aspects in the psychological structure of activity. And it is no coincidence that a direct appeal to the motivational-personal analysis of activity is one of the leading requirements. systems approach. At present, a sharp increase in the technical equipment and information richness of military labor leads to a number of psychologically significant changes in its content: an increase in the speed of information processing, decision-making and executive actions; an increase in the proportion of directly unobservable processes in control systems, the absence in many cases of direct contact with the enemy, remote control of means of armed struggle, an increase in the significance of each individual decision for the outcome of a battle, and practical action; the need for a long time to be in a high degree of readiness to destroy an enemy capable of unexpectedly, in a matter of seconds, appearing in a combat zone, etc. All this, without reducing the requirements for a person’s readiness to endure heavy physical exertion, raises the question of cognitive and theoretical capabilities of a serviceman in a new way - the stability of his attention, the speed and accuracy of perception, the speed and flexibility of thinking, independence, readiness to make a decision under a strict time limit, psychological stability, determination.
Military activity today has a pronounced collective character. The use of modern technical systems not only implies the distribution of functions between members of the crew, the crew should have a collectivist internal orientation. As the Soviet psychologist Gorbov F. noted, "In some cases, even an indisputable personal quality, determined on an individual basis ... has only a relative readiness to determine the contribution that will be made by this person during the period of joint group activity." .
Modern weapons, methods of their use make it necessary to unite significant masses of people and equipment in various complexes and complex systems. The elements of these systems are in a complex relationship over large spaces. The role of each element (crew, crew, individual) has increased unprecedentedly. Often the success of the entire system depends on one person. But the role of an individual person is highly appreciated only if the whole complex acted without mistakes [ 22 ]
Thus, as in all times, military activity today is characterized by constant danger; it is associated with a risk to life. military personnel are the first object of destruction by the enemy. All means of mass destruction are directed, first of all, against manpower. A great danger to military personnel is posed by weapons and Combat vehicles the Armed Forces themselves. The degree of this danger depends to a decisive extent on the level of professional suitability and readiness of soldiers to perform official duties, and also requires courage, courage, self-control, endurance, the ability to overcome fear, readiness for self-sacrifice and other strong-willed personality traits.
The activity of a serviceman is primarily due to his belonging to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Each serviceman is a member of that large group of people who are united under the concept of "Armed Forces", and, therefore, all his activities should be aimed at ensuring the functions and tasks for which they are created.
In accordance with the Federal Law "On Defense", the Armed Forces are intended to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, to defend the integrity and inviolability of the territory by armed means, and to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties.
Acting within the framework determined by the purpose of the Russian Armed Forces, a serviceman must be ready to perform his duties, which may include:
Participation in hostilities, performance of tasks in a state of emergency and martial law, in conditions of armed conflicts;
- performance of official duties Everyday life;
- carrying out combat duty, combat services, service in the garrison attire, performance of duties as part of the daily attire;
- participation in exercises or cruises of ships;
- Execution of an order given by the commander or chief. All types of military activity of a serviceman should, first of all, contribute to maintaining a high level of combat readiness and combat capability of the unit in which he performs military service.
Proceeding from this, three main elements can be distinguished in military activity: combat training, service and combat activities, and real combat operations.
Combat training
Combat training - a system of measures for the training and military education of personnel of units and subunits, combat coordination of units and subunits to prepare them for conducting combat operations or performing other tasks determined by the purpose of the Armed Forces. Combat training is primarily aimed at ensuring a high level of combat capability of units and subunits. (Combat efficiency is the ability of troops to conduct combat operations and perform combat missions in accordance with their mission; combat effectiveness depends on the staffing, combat training and morale and combat qualities of the personnel of units and subunits.)
Combat training is designed to ensure a high military-professional level of personnel of units and subunits. It is carried out continuously both in peacetime and in wartime.
In the course of combat training, classes, exercises, live firing, training are conducted, during which military personnel study military regulations, weapons and military equipment, methods of action in battle, and subunits and units work out methods of action when performing combat missions.
Combat training has a number of features. It has a clearly expressed collective orientation and is organized in such a way that in the course of training individual military personnel are simultaneously trained and military units are being prepared for joint operations.
Combat training is mainly practical training aimed at mastering weapons and military equipment by personnel and skillfully using them in combat to ensure superiority over the enemy.
Thus, the main part of combat training is made up of exercises that include repeated repetition of actions aimed at practicing actions with weapons and military equipment and skillful use of them. performance characteristics in battle.
Military activity is basically activity in a team (crew, crew, squad). Consequently, training is carried out both individually and as part of the fighting compartment to develop combat coherence.
The highest form of training in units and subunits is exercises in which methods of using weapons and military equipment in combat, combat coordination of subunits, and combat operations are practiced. The exercises are carried out in any weather, on real terrain, with standard weapons and equipment, in an environment close to combat.
In order to maintain constant combat readiness of weapons and military equipment in the units, park maintenance days and days of routine maintenance are planned, during which inspections and maintenance of weapons and military equipment are carried out, as well as work on the improvement of parks (a park is an area equipped for storage, maintenance and repair of military equipment), military camps, etc.
The content of combat training is determined by curricula and programs. One of the basic principles of organizing combat training is to teach troops what is needed in a war. Therefore, the fulfillment of the tasks of combat training requires from each serviceman a high level of spiritual and physical qualities, and the mastery of all elements of military activity requires mental stability and physical endurance.
Service and combat activities
Service and combat activity is primarily aimed at ensuring a high level of combat readiness of subunits and units, that is, the ability of troops to begin military operations in a timely manner in any situation. The degree of combat readiness in peacetime should ensure the rapid transition of troops to martial law and an organized entry into hostilities, and in wartime - the ability to immediately carry out the assigned combat missions.
Service and combat activities include: combat duty, guard and internal service.
Combat duty is the stay of specially allocated forces and means in full combat readiness to perform suddenly arising tasks or conduct combat operations.
Combat duty is the performance of a combat mission. It is carried out by duty forces and means assigned from military units and subunits. The duty forces and means include combat crews, ship crews, duty shifts of command posts, etc.
Training of personnel for combat duty is carried out as part of subunits, combat crews, duty shifts before each entry into combat duty.
Military personnel who have not been sworn in, who have not mastered the combat training program, who have committed offenses under investigation, and who are sick, are not assigned to combat duty.
To ensure the necessary degree of combat readiness, a number of restrictions and prohibitions in their behavior are imposed on the personnel on duty shifts.
So, for example, the personnel of the shift on duty while on combat duty are prohibited from: transferring the performance of their duties on combat duty; be distracted by activities not related to the performance of duties on combat duty; arbitrarily leave a combat post; carry out work on armament and military equipment that reduces their established readiness.
The guard service is intended for the reliable protection and defense of combat banners, storage facilities with weapons, military equipment, and other materiel.
Guard duty is the fulfillment of a combat mission and requires high vigilance from the personnel, precise observance and performance of their duties, determination and initiative.
Those guilty of violating the requirements of the guard service bear disciplinary or criminal liability.
Guards are appointed to carry out guard duty. A guard is an armed unit assigned to carry out the combat mission of guarding and defending combat banners, military and government facilities.
The composition of the guard includes: the head of the guard, the guards according to the number of posts and shifts, the guard. For the direct protection and defense of objects from the guard, sentries are posted.
Guards are appointed, as a rule, from among the soldiers (sailors) who have been sworn in by the military, who have mastered the appropriate combat training programs and are ready, in terms of their moral and psychological qualities, to carry out guard duty.
Internal service is the daily service activity in military units and subdivisions. It is organized and carried out in accordance with the Charter of the internal service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and is intended to maintain internal order and military discipline in a military unit, ensuring its constant combat readiness.
Combat training and service and combat activities of military personnel, subunits and units in the aggregate provide the necessary level of combat capability of troops and the degree of their combat readiness, i.e., the ability to be ready to fulfill their duty to protect at any time of the year and day, in any conditions Fatherland. Let us repeat once again: all military activities are aimed at preparing each serviceman, subunit and unit for the conduct of real combat operations.
Real fighting
Real combat operations are the type of military activity for the sake of which the Armed Forces are created and their combat training and service and combat activities are carried out. Real combat operations are military activities carried out directly in combat conditions and aimed at defeating the enemy.
From ancient times until the advent of firearms, combat was a hand-to-hand combat of warriors armed with cold weapons. With the development and improvement of firearms essential element combat gradually became fire from firearms. A further increase in the rate of fire, range and accuracy of weapons, equipping the troops with artillery, tanks and aircraft led to the fact that success on the battlefield began to be achieved by the concerted efforts of all branches of the military. The main features of modern combat are maneuverability, dynamism, rapid and abrupt changes in the situation, uneven development along the front and in depth, increased moral, psychological and physical tension of personnel. Modern Combat requires from each soldier stamina, initiative, discipline.
The most powerful impact on a person in combat is a danger that is perceived as a threat to life. Therefore, a special place in the course of the battle is played by the ability of a person to control his feelings, emotions and states, the ability to control his behavior and activities. Armed confrontation requires from a person not only high physical qualities, but also spiritual and moral ones. The history of wars knows many examples when the outcome of a battle was decided not by superiority in manpower and equipment, but precisely by the moral and psychological readiness of personnel to fulfill their military duty to the end.
A vivid confirmation of the above is the heroic defense of the Brest Fortress (June 22 - July 20, 1941). Built in the 19th century, by the middle of the 20th century the fortress had lost its military significance and was used to house Red Army units. The sudden attack of the Nazis at dawn put the garrison of the fortress (about 3.5 thousand people) in an extremely difficult position. Surrounded by the enemy, in conditions of acute shortage, and then lack of ammunition, medicines, food and water, the defenders of the fortress held back repeated violent attacks of superior enemy forces - an entire division of the Wehrmacht with reinforcements attached to it. Methodically, the Nazis fired artillery and bombed the fortress. But ours held on. “The Russians in Brest-Litovsk fought extremely stubbornly and persistently. They showed excellent infantry training and a remarkable will to fight, ”the Hitlerite commander said in a combat report. Hunger, thirst, bleeding wounds completely exhausted the strength Soviet soldiers. Sometimes only a bayonet and butt were their only weapons. Only gradually did the Nazis manage to occupy one fortification after another. The last defenders of the fortress went into the underground casemates and continued to inflict damage on the invaders at night. The head of the defense of the fortress in one of its sections, Major P. M. Gavrilov, was left alone without fighters, and on July 23, 1941, he took his last battle with the Nazis. Having hit several Nazis with a pistol and the remaining grenades, he, shell-shocked, unconscious, was taken prisoner. Even ruthless enemies expressed respect for this courageous man. Fortunately, Major Gavrilov survived in captivity and returned to his homeland in 1945, continuing his service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. For the exceptional courage and heroism shown in the defense of the Brest Fortress, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Each serviceman in the process of military activity must constantly strive to develop in himself such qualities as selfless devotion to his people, to the Motherland, confidence in defeating the enemy, courage, heroism, readiness for self-sacrifice, military camaraderie, mutual assistance in battle. All these qualities are acquired in the process of military service in the performance of all types of military activities.
Courage and excellent mutual assistance in battle were shown by the Suvorov miracle heroes. So, during the Italian campaign of 1799, the grenadiers of the Moscow regiment especially distinguished themselves in the battle on the Trebbia River. Surrounded by French infantry, they did not retreat or surrender. Muscovites fired back in all directions and, desperately throwing themselves at bayonets, escaped from the encirclement. And when Suvorov gave the order to advance and led the troops forward himself, the Moscow grenadiers rushed after their beloved commander. Staff Captain Fedorov, having gathered soldiers around him, made his way to the enemy banner, but was killed by a shot in the chest. His soldiers did not stop. The attackers were led by Captain Neradovsky, who also died soon after. Then the grenadiers, hardened by the death of their commanders, rushed at the enemy with redoubled forces, knocked them out of position and nevertheless captured the enemy banner. For this feat, the regiment received a collective award - a banner with a commemorative inscription about military distinction.
Consider general views and basic elements of military activity. It is important to note that there are a number of features in military activity, depending on the type or type of troops in which military service will have to be performed. In order to better, if such an opportunity presents itself, determine the type or type of troops for military service, where the acquired life experience, certain inclinations and preferences for the type of activity will be more fully useful, it is necessary to have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the modern army.
You already know in detail about the types and types of troops from the course "Fundamentals of Life Safety" for class X. Let us once again briefly recall what types and types of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are available and what their main purpose is. Perhaps, thanks to this information, you will make a choice, give preference to one or another type, branch of the military, where military service will be more effective. (See also insert, photos 20-26.)
In the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in 1998, four types of aircraft were formed:
Rocket troops strategic purpose(RVSN);
- Ground troops(SV);
- Air Force(Air Force);
- Navy (Navy).
Rocket troops strategic missions include stationary and mobile-based missile troops. They consist of rocket armies, military units. The Strategic Missile Forces are the main component of the strategic nuclear forces.
Ground troops- the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces of Russia. They include motorized rifle, tank, airborne, rocket and artillery troops, air defense troops, as well as special forces(reconnaissance, engineering, chemical and bacteriological protection, communications, electronic warfare, technical support, topogeodetic, hydrometeorological) and rear.
SV are designed to conduct combat operations mainly on land.
Motorized rifle troops are designed to conduct combat operations independently, as well as jointly with other branches of the military and special troops. The motorized rifle troops have motorized rifle, tank, missile, artillery, anti-aircraft missile units and units, as well as units of special forces and rear.
Modern motorized rifle troops are equipped with powerful weapons: missile systems, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank missile systems, anti-aircraft missile systems, effective means intelligence and control.
Tank troops make up the main striking force of the SV. Organizationally, tank troops consist of formations, units and subunits. They also include motorized rifle, missile, artillery, anti-aircraft artillery and missile units and subunits. The tank troops are armed with highly mobile tanks with powerful armor protection and weapons.
Rocket troops and artillery are a type of SV, which is the main means of fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy.
Airborne Troops(VDV) - a mobile branch of the military, designed to perform combat missions behind enemy lines. They are equipped with modern weapons and military equipment (airborne combat vehicles, aircraft, helicopters, etc.). Organizationally, the Airborne Forces consist of paratroopers, artillery, self-propelled artillery, special and other units and subunits.
The air defense troops of the SV are a branch of service designed to defeat an air enemy, cover groupings of troops, command posts and rear facilities.
In addition to the military branches, the SV includes special troops: signal troops, units and subunits of the rear.
Signal troops are designed to deploy and operate communication systems and ensure command and control of troops in all types of combat activities.
Units and subunits of the rear are intended for rear support of troops and combat operations.
Air Force - the new kind Armed Forces, created in 1998 by transforming two types of Air Force and Air Defense Forces.
The Air Force is a branch of the Russian Armed Forces, designed to repel an aerospace attack, gain air supremacy, as well as to solve shock (destruction of military facilities, destruction of enemy manpower and military equipment, etc.), reconnaissance, transport and special tasks.
The Air Force includes aviation: bomber, fighter-bomber, assault, fighter, reconnaissance, transport, army and special. The Air Force includes:
anti-aircraft missile troops, radio engineering troops, units and subunits of special troops.
The readiness of air force units and subunits to conduct combat operations is ensured by the composition of aviation technical units. These include aviation technical bases and separate aviation maintenance battalions.
Navy designed for the armed protection of the interests of Russia, the conduct of hostilities in the sea and ocean theaters of war.
The Navy consists of branches of forces: underwater, surface, naval aviation, marines and coastal defense troops. It also includes special forces, units and subunits of the rear.
Submarine forces - the strike force of the fleet. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo, and according to the type of power plant - into nuclear and diesel-electric.
The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads.
Surface forces are an important part of the Navy. Surface ships are the main forces for ensuring the exit of submarines to combat areas and their return to bases, for transporting and covering landing forces.
Naval aviation - a branch of the Navy, consists of strategic, tactical, carrier-based and coastal aviation.
Marine Corps - a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces.
Coastal defense troops are designed to protect naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, etc.
Logistic units and subunits are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy.
Having become acquainted with the types of the Armed Forces and branches of service, their purpose, it is also necessary to keep in mind that military duties differ not only depending on the branch of the Armed Forces or type of troops, but also on the military position.
In the Armed Forces, in accordance with the psychological classification established by the "Guidelines for professional psychological selection in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", military positions filled by soldiers and sailors, sergeants and foremen are divided into seven main classes of similar military positions: command, operator, communications and surveillance, driver, special purpose, technological and other military positions.
For a more complete picture of the features of military activity, let's briefly get acquainted with the main positions recruited by soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen in the branches of the Armed Forces by classes of similar military positions (Table 4).
Having become acquainted with all the features of military activity, it is necessary to conclude that the performance of duties by military personnel is a specific area of human activity, which is broad and multifaceted and requires a meaningful and balanced approach from a young person before entering military service to assess their capabilities and organize their preparation for military service. military service taking into account the requirements for spiritual qualities, the level of education and physical qualities.
Table 4
Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Let us consider a number of official duties of servicemen by types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which determine the requirements for the level of their professional training.
Operator military positions in the Strategic Missile Forces
Command radio operator. Full-time military position - operator. regular military rank- private. The operator performs the set and issuance of commands to control the onboard systems of space vehicles and control over the exchange of information between ground facilities and space objects.
The operator of the command radio link must know the purpose, design and operation of the radio link equipment, the set and issuance of commands to control the onboard systems of spacecraft, control the exchange of information with them and control the execution of commands.
The operator of the command radio line must be able to maintain intense attention for a long time, quickly perceive oral speech, memorize visual and auditory information, maintain high efficiency and activity under conditions of exposure to extraneous stimuli, be disciplined, executive, organized, accurate in work.
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