The village of Kryukovo, Moscow region, post-war period. New information about the feat of Panfilov’s heroes was found in the archives

End of November 1941, surroundings of the village and Kryukovo station. This is where the front line passed in those days. The Red Army and the Wehrmacht, like two boxers exhausted from a long fight, ran into it. One, angrier and more experienced, still attacked, although his blows no longer had the crushing power they had at the beginning of the fight. The second, forced to fight “on defense,” seemed to be standing on his feet with all his strength. He missed blows, washed himself with blood, fell. But every time he got up and entered the battle again.

Panfilovets, regiment commander, Bauyrzhan Momysh-Uly, was looking for a foothold, the last frontier, for his fighters. And I didn’t find it. Then the senior lieutenant took up the knife. “I carefully cut the [commander] card and handed half of it to Sulima. - Here, burn it. We will no longer need to navigate and explore the area east of Kryukov". To the east was Moscow, and it was this city that Momysh-Uly took “to the ends of the world” - not only from the Germans, but also from himself.

There's nowhere to retreat

8th Guards Panfilovskaya rifle division(formerly 316th Rifle) was part of the 16th Army of the Western Front. The commander, Lieutenant General K.K. Rokossovsky, had the idea of ​​​​organizing a strong defense on the eastern banks of the Istra River and the Istra Reservoir - the so-called “front line”. That is, the commander believed that his soldiers could take a few more steps back.

Rokossovsky's plans were approved by the chief of the Soviet General Staff, Marshal B. M. Shaposhnikov. But the commander of the Western Front, G.K. Zhukov, personally put an end to them. He demanded to stay on the “army line”, west of Istra. Zhukov, of course, understood the desire of the commander of the 16th Army to give his soldiers the most advantageous position. But it threatened the plans of the front. Namely, the defense of the city of Klin and covering the concentration of troops of the 1st Shock Army, which came from the reserve of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command.

To tell the truth, neither the opinion of Army Commander 16 nor the objections of the front commander were of any importance. At the end of the cold autumn of 1941, the shallow and frozen Istra Reservoir was not a serious obstacle to the Wehrmacht. Already on November 25, the Germans not only crossed it, but also pushed the Soviet troops away from the eastern bank. Rokossovsky ordered to counterattack the enemy and regain what was lost, but our fighters were unable to achieve this. And the Germans, having transported the main (albeit by that time thinned out) forces of the 11th and 5th to the eastern bank tank divisions, by mid-day on November 28 they broke through the Soviet defenses.

In particular, the headquarters of the 8th Guards Rifle Division and the 19th Tank Brigade, located in the village of Maryino, came under attack. This led to the loss of control of the Soviet units, which fell under the “tank roller”. Even Rokossovsky’s own headquarters, at that time located in the village of Kryukovo, was under threat.

The village of Kryukovo and the station of the same name were to become one of the key points of defense of the 16th Army. The 8th Guards Rifle Division, the best in Rokossovsky's army, was responsible for the sector. But Panfilov’s men were not ironclad either: two weeks of continuous brutal fighting at the last stage of repelling the German “Typhoon” (the attack on Moscow) cost the division dearly. Its fighters could not withstand the new blow. The urgent encrypted message that went to the headquarters of the Western Front from the army headquarters on the morning of November 29 began with alarming words: “the enemy broke through the front of the 8th State Division”. A little later, the events received a more specific description: “The 8th Civil Defense Division, being attacked by enemy tanks and infantry, could not withstand the attack and, having lost control, began to retreat in disarray to the east. By the end of the day the division was stopped".

Tug of war near Kryukovo

Rokossovsky responded quickly and harshly. Having criticized the command of the 8th division, he categorically demanded that the formation counterattack with all forces: rifle, tank and cavalry units - to knock out the enemy from Kryukovo and advance further.

But both Rokossovsky and Zhukov, who also knew about the crisis in the Panfilov division’s sector, understood that even the most severe orders would not stop German tanks, much less counterattack. Additional troops were needed. Zhukov could not put his hand into the reserves of the Headquarters: this jeopardized the entire plan of the general counteroffensive that he had developed. But the defense of the 16th Army was falling apart before our eyes, and this was no less dangerous. Zhukov decided to scrape together reinforcements for Rokossovsky in neighboring armies - literally platoon-by-platoon.

"It is especially important

Komandarmam 5, 22.43, 49 A

Copy: Army Commander 16.

The Comfront ordered urgently from each rifle division to allocate one rifle platoon armed with the required weapons and ammunition. Select platoons that have already participated in battles.

The assembled platoons, no later than 5 p.m. on November 29, will be sent by motor transport to the disposal of Commander 16 to staff the 8th and 9th Guards and 18th Rifle Divisions.”.

More recently, the command of the Red Army once again became convinced that tanks cannot be stopped by infantry alone. The 1st Guards Tank Brigade of M. Katukov was ordered to arrive to help Rokossovsky. Mikhail Efimovich puzzledly clarified in a coded message addressed to the commander of the 8th Guards Rifle Division that, in fact, the brigade in this moment embroiled in a fight and it would be nice to know that someone will replace her. At the same time, when composing this message, Katukov probably understood that his tankers would have to “break up”: the situation near Kryukovo required immediate action. Since the 1st Guards Tank Brigade could not leave its sector of the front, the brigade commander threw everything that he could pull out of the battle at once to help Panfilov’s men - a total of 11 tanks, three to five for each of the three rifle regiments of the 8th Guards. Plus the motorized rifle battalion of the brigade, which took a position on the flank of Panfilov’s men. Eleven tanks. Very little, but in the next few days it was they who helped the 8th Guards Division hold the defense at Kryukovo.

The rest of Katukov's brigade was able to transfer their positions and come to the rescue only on the night of December 3. And in the afternoon, the 8th Guards Division went on the offensive, trying to drive the enemy out of Kryukovo. By that time, the Germans (35th Infantry and 5th Tank Divisions) were no longer so hot with offensive fervor, but the Germans were still capable of a strong defense. Especially in conditions when the advancing division barely reached the strength of an infantry regiment.

During December 3-5, Panfilov’s men and Katukov’s tankers persistently stormed Kryukovo, but could not achieve success. German counterattacks were equally unsuccessful. Having failed to break into the village and the Kryukovo station, the Soviet troops stopped, suffering losses in manpower and tanks.

These unsuccessful battles clearly showed the command that Kryukovo could not be recaptured with the available forces. To prepare the next attack, the commander of the 8th Guards, Major General V.A. Revyakin, was given an artillery regiment, two rocket artillery divisions and the 17th rifle brigade. The latter had only recently arrived at the front and consisted of inexperienced fighters. But the brigade was fully equipped and armed! The rest of the “General Revyakin’s task force” created for the offensive could only dream of such happiness for a long time.

From the last frontier

The new Soviet attack on Kryukovo was no longer just another attempt by the Red Army to capture Kryukovo and the surrounding area. At dawn on December 7, 1941, the command planned a general offensive of the troops of the Western Front. Due to a shortage of shells, Rokossovsky ordered not to conduct artillery preparation, but to fire only at targets identified during the attack.

Meanwhile, the Germans did everything to turn their positions into a real fortified area. Kryukovo and the nearby village of Kamenka, of course, bore little resemblance to Stalingrad, especially in size. But the veterans who survived later recalled the fierce street fighting in early December as one of the heaviest of the entire war.

Soviet infantry crossed the Goretovka River twice a day and attacked Kamenka from the south. Twice the enemy drove our fighters back with strong mortar fire. By midnight, the remaining 140 riflemen and 80 men of the mortar company were located on the edge of a grove on the northern outskirts of Kamenka.

Eight tanks from the Katukov brigade, under the command of the Soviet tank ace Dmitry Lavrinenko, fought the Germans all day long at eastern outskirts Kryukovo. The advance of the tankers was stopped by heavy German fire. anti-tank artillery. But a strike group of five combat vehicles under the command of Senior Lieutenant A. Burda (in the future - another outstanding tanker of the USSR) broke into Kamenka and entered into battle with enemy tanks and anti-tank guns. This group's promotions were also not going well. The Germans collected too many anti-tank weapons.

The 17th Rifle Brigade caused the most fear due to the fact that it was not fired upon. Unfortunately, the fears were not groundless: the brigade went on the offensive late, and by the evening one of its battalions was "to leave the front in disarray". To stop the fighters, it was necessary to use a barrage detachment from the reconnaissance company.

The strength and nerves of the Germans were also at their limit at that moment. Just a few days ago, these same units broke through the front of the 8th Guards Division and forced Panfilov’s troops to retreat in disarray. However, with every passing hour it became clearer to the Germans that they would not be able to get through the few kilometers that remained to Moscow. Moreover, the question is rather who will be able to escape alive.

“Operational report for 12.00 8.12.41 headquarters 8

1. 8th Guards The csd with the units assigned to it, after fierce three-day battles, captured Kryukovo and Kamenka on 9.00 8.1241.

The enemy, having a significant numerical superiority, offered stubborn resistance. Under the influence of our units, he was broken and fled in panic in the direction of Mikhailovka».

The results of the battles were summed up by the captured teams of the Panfilov division, who reported 29 captured German tanks, 41 vehicles, two artillery tractors and four armored personnel carriers. And this was just the beginning, the first “tribute” from the defeated German units retreating from Moscow. In the coming weeks, the trophy hunters of the 8th Guards Division will need a lot more paper to record all the property that was abandoned by the fleeing enemy.

Having stood at the “edge of the world,” designated Momysh-Uly, the soldiers of the Panfilov Division and the 1st Guards Tank Brigade took their first steps to the west.

Text author: Andrey Ulanov

Sources:

1. Documents from the “Feat of the People” website.

• Operational documents of the headquarters of the Western Front, 16th Army, 8th Guards Rifle Division, 1073rd Rifle Regiment, 1st Guards Tank Brigade.

Very little remains until the 75th anniversary of the start of the counteroffensive of Soviet troops near Moscow during the Great Patriotic War. This is a special date for the place where I live. After all, the last line of defense of the capital passed through the territory of modern Zelenograd. The current Panfilovsky Avenue (then Kryukovskoe Highway) was not just a road, but also a front line. The Museum of Zelenograd has a permanent exhibition “Where the Unknown Soldier Died” (it was from the mass grave in Zelenograd that the remains buried near the Kremlin wall were taken), but for the upcoming date the museum has also organized the exhibition “75th Anniversary of the Battle of Moscow.” And he did the right thing!

The exhibition is not taking place in the main premises of the museum on Gogol Street, but in the exhibition hall in the 14th microdistrict. The “chapter” of the exhibition includes portraits of Rokossovsky and Zhukov.

The opening of the exhibition was attended by members of the regional veterans' organization, local old-timers and schoolchildren.

There was a bit of officialdom. In particular, the former director of the museum, Tatyana Vizbul, spoke.

Then everyone was given a tour of the exhibition. The exhibition begins with objects illustrating the events that preceded the battles on the territory of modern Zelenograd. On this stand, in particular, there are photographs of work on the construction of defensive structures on the approaches to Moscow. Residents of local villages went on foot to build them in the Novopodrezkovo area and even Khimki.

Samples of German printed propaganda. Such leaflets were scattered from the air at the locations of Soviet troops. By the way, a couple of years ago in this exhibition hall there was an excellent exhibition dedicated to our and German propaganda during the war.

A corner of the exhibition illustrating the mass migration of residents of the western regions to the center of the country.

Portrait of the legendary division commander Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov. It was the soldiers of his division who defended the Kryukovo station. The general himself did not reach our place - November 18 died during mortar shelling in the village of Gusenevo, Volokolamsk region. A few days before this, a legendary battle took place at the Dubosekovo crossing near Volokolamsk. There is now a lot of controversy around this event due to the fact that last year the State Archive published documents , from which it follows that the feat of 28 Panfilov heroes in the form in which it entered the mass consciousness was an invention of the journalist. However, the very fact of stubborn fighting and heroic defense waged by the division in this place is not disputed by the documents.

Another legendary military leader is Konstantin Rokossovsky. He commanded the 16th Army, which defended Moscow in our direction (Panfilov was his subordinate). Rokossovsky himself was almost captured in November 1941 in Peshki, a village on the Leningradskoye Highway, 15 kilometers from Zelenograd.
At the exhibition, of course, every exhibit is important. For example, the stirrups are a reference to the cavalry of Lev Dovator, who took part in battles in the area of ​​modern Zelenograd. Light maneuverable cavalry in snowy conditions cold winter often turned out to be more reliable and efficient than technology.

By the end of November, the front line came close to present-day Zelenograd. In this picture it is easy to recognize the St. Nicholas Church, which has survived to this day. However, most likely, the plot of this picture is a work of fiction. The church is located 3 kilometers “deeper” than Panfilovsky Avenue, along which the front line passed, and, of course, it looked different during the war.

But this painting - “The Battle for Kryukovo Station” - was painted in 1945 by the artist Gorpenko, a direct participant in the events depicted in it. And Pyotr Vasilyevich Logvinenko advised him. We will return to this name later.
This painting is a copy. Former director of the Zelenograd Museum Tatyana Vladimirovna Vizbul said that she had been chasing this painting since the 60s, when she first saw it. But we managed to get a copy only 40 years later, when in our time printing technology had reached a new level.

Here is another reading of the same scene from the artist Kuznetsov (the painting was painted in 2000). In general, the battle for Kryukovo station is a popular subject for battle writers. I saw at least two more similar paintings - in the main exhibition of the museum and in a diorama in one of the Zelenograd schools. This is not surprising - the fighting was fierce, the village of Kryukovo changed hands several times.
Most of the canvases depict recognizable twin buildings standing on either side of railway. They were destroyed during the war, but, as far as I understand, no one knows exactly under what circumstances: either this happened during the fighting, or they were specially blown up by our troops. Let me remind you that these buildings were the same age as the railway - they were built in 1841, for the launch of the “cast iron” between Moscow and St. Petersburg (see ). They served to supply locomotives with water. Such towers were at all stations of III and IV classes. To this day they have survived only in Solnechnogorsk.

The exhibition includes a lot of ammunition found in Zelenograd and its environs. We continue to make such discoveries to this day. This year, pyrotechnics of the Ministry of Emergency Situations carried out in our area training camp(read) and literally within a week they discovered 15 explosive objects within the city.

The exhibition also presents items from the field life of Soviet and German soldiers. There's a lot to see there. For example, you can compare what the personalized medallions of the Wehrmacht and Red Army soldiers looked like. In addition, there are many interesting archival photographs.

Another feature of the exhibition is numerous copies of documents (award lists, reports on the progress of battles, lists of the dead, etc.). They were provided by the archives of the FSB, the Ministry of Defense, and the State Military Archive. They say many of these documents were previously secret. Now you can freely study them - they lie right on top of the display cases. The photo, if I'm not mistaken, shows a list of soldiers buried in a mass grave near Kryukovo station. For a long time, the names of only 38 people were engraved on the monument, but then It revealed that there is another list in the archives - with 473 names. Five years ago, for the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow, the monument was renewed, opening additional memorial plaques. Now there are 511 names on them.

In the center of this photo is a portrait of Mikhail Efimovich Katukov, commander of a tank brigade that played a large role in the defense of Moscow. This portrait was painted by Katukov’s personal driver, who went through the entire war with him. And the painting was presented to the Zelenograd Museum by the widow of the military leader Ekaterina Sergeevna, who, by the way, lived to be 101 years old and passed away only in January 2015.

And this portrait will be especially interesting to Zelenograd residents. It depicts Pyotr Vasilyevich Logvinenko, after whom a street in the new part of the city is named. This is no coincidence - Logvinenko was the commissar of the Talgar regiment of the Panfilov division, which was just fighting for the village at Kryukovo station. In one of these battles, after the commander was wounded, Logvinenko took command of the regiment. And even earlier, he was awarded the Order of the Red Star for personal heroism shown in battles. From 1963 until his death in the 90s, Pyotr Vasilyevich lived in Zelenograd.
The overcoat next to the picture also belonged to Logvinenko. True, this is already a post-war overcoat.

Monument “Tank T-34” at the 41st kilometer of Leningradskoye Highway.

And this is what the monument at first looked like at the 40th kilometer of the Leningradskoye Highway on the site of modern “Bayonets”.

And below, in my opinion, completely unique frame. It contains an old pyramid and almost completed Bayonets. Photo from 1973. A new memorial was opened in 1974.

Well, this is almost its modern appearance. With one amendment - recently next to the "Bayonets", so now there is also a road behind the Mound of Glory.

The exhibition ends with a wall on which everyone can post photographs of their relatives who went through the war. A sort of wall-mounted “Immortal Regiment”. The museum staff were the first to take advantage of this opportunity.

And in a separate zone you can listen to the memories of residents of the village of Kryukovo and other local villages who survived the events of 1941. It’s a pity that I didn’t have time for this on the opening day.
In addition, as I understand it, radio messages from the war times are usually heard in the background at the exhibition (due to the event, the soundtrack was turned off). In general, the organizers tried to provide visitors with the opportunity for maximum immersion.

The exhibition, in my opinion, turned out great. Of course, the exhibition about the Battle of Moscow, now unfolding in the Manege, is probably larger, more interactive and unique, but it is stupid to compare them. This exhibition is located in a residential area, practically within walking distance for residents of the new part of Zelenograd. And besides, it is organized exactly in the place where the events it tells about took place. In general, not coming here with children to tell them a little about our history, in my opinion, is a sin.
And by the way, do not think that viewing this report will replace your visit to the exhibition. There are many more small details, including archival photographs and newspapers. Plus copies of documents, memories of old-timers - in general, there is something to look at and listen to.

The exhibition hall is located on Mikhailovka Street in building 1410. The opening hours can be viewed. Ticket price: 100 rubles for adult visitors, 40 rubles for representatives of preferential categories, 30 rubles for children. And on November 20 (on the occasion of the third Sunday of the month) the exhibition can be visited for free. The exhibition runs until December 18.

From November 30 to December 8, 1941, the front line passed through the territory of modern Zelenograd. Here, in the vicinity of the then villages of Matushkino and Kamenka and the village of Kryukovo, was the last line of defense of Moscow. You can get in touch with the events of those days by visiting the exhibition “Where the Unknown Soldier Died” at the Zelenograd Museum. In the virtual tour of the Infoportal, you will find out how many times during the fighting the Kryukovo station changed hands, where the residents of Matushkino buried the dead Germans, and why the largest mass grave of the Red Army soldiers was built precisely at the 40th kilometer of the Leningradskoye Highway.

The exhibition dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War at the Zelenograd Museum begins with a large model of the village of Matushkino and its environs. It was made by a native and creator of the museum of this village. At the time of the fighting on the last line of defense of the capital, he was almost nine years old. Boris Vasilyevich worked on this layout for three years.

It clearly shows the Leningradskoye Shosse (horizontal stripe at the top) and the current Panfilovsky Prospekt (almost a vertical stripe closer to the right edge on the right), which was then called Kryukovskoye Shosse. It was along the Kryukovskoe Highway at the turn of November-December 1941 that the front line passed in this section of the defense of Moscow. To the right were the Soviet troops, to the left were the German ones. The road itself was mined by the Red Army during their retreat.

By December 1941, the village of Matushkino consisted of 72 houses. Its only street ran from what is now Panfilovsky Prospekt (approximately from the Beryozka stop) to the territory of the modern automobile plant and the Component plant. A little further south there was a so-called settlement of 11 houses, which was completely destroyed during the fighting and occupation. Many houses were damaged in the village of Matushkino itself. In place of the destroyed huts, Boris Larin depicted their skeletons on his model. In general, even such small details as the location of craters formed after the bombing of a village, or individual units of military equipment, are not accidental on the model. For example, on the outskirts of the village you can see a powerful cannon, which the Germans were preparing to shell the capital, and on the Kryukovskoe highway (approximately in the area of ​​​​the modern military registration and enlistment office) - soviet tank, who miraculously broke into the village of Matushkino and shot this cannon, and then was blown up by a mine. Another of our tanks is “hidden” in a shelter behind the current Bayonet memorial. This is also no coincidence - there was a large tank battle, which you will probably be told about on a tour at the museum.

The village of Matushkino, like the village at the Kryukovo station, was occupied by the Germans on November 30. A German tank column, accompanied by machine gunners, approached the village from Alabushevo, since the invaders were unable to break through along the Leningradskoye Highway a few days earlier. By that time, our troops were no longer in the village.

The Germans basically drove the local residents out of their warm houses into basements and dugouts, which they had begun to dig in advance at the end of summer - beginning of autumn. There the mothers lived in very difficult conditions and spent several days waiting for the liberation of the village. As Boris Larin recalled, they extracted water from ice, which they crushed on nearby ponds, getting out of their shelter at night. The Larin family house did not survive the occupation. Boris Vasilyevich preserved his memory of him in this model of the hut.

The counteroffensive of Soviet troops near Moscow began on December 5, and the official date for the liberation of Matushkino is the 8th. After the liberation, local residents were tasked with restoring the economy and burying the dead soldiers. On the model of the village you can see in its center a pyramid on the mass grave of Red Army soldiers. Soldiers were also buried in the area of ​​the current Bayonet memorial. The choice of this place was largely due to practical considerations - after the battles, a convenient crater remained there next to the anti-aircraft gun position. In 1953, a decree was issued to enlarge the burials, and the remains of soldiers from the village of Matushkino were also transferred to the grave at the 40th kilometer of the Leningradskoye Highway. At the same time, the first full-fledged monument was unveiled here. In 1966, it was from here that the ashes of the Unknown Soldier were taken, who were in the Alexander Garden near the walls of the Kremlin. And in 1974, the Bayonet monument was opened on this site.

By the way, even during the period of occupation, a burial place for dead German soldiers was arranged in the village of Matushkino - crosses over their graves can also be found on the model of Boris Larin. But soon after the liberation, the remains of the Germans were dug up and buried again in the forest - away from human eyes.

The last line of defense passed through the territory of modern Zelenograd and its environs along the Lyalovo-Matushkino-Kryukovo-Kamenka-Barantsevo line. Behind the Leningradskoye Highway the defense was held by the 7th Guards Rifle Division. From the Leningradskoye Highway to the Red October state farm (the territory of the current 11th and 12th microdistricts) - the 354th Infantry Division. It is in honor of its commander, general (at the time of the fighting in the area of ​​​​modern Zelenograd - colonel) Dmitry Fedorovich Alekseev, one of the avenues of our city. Kryukovo station and its surroundings were defended by the 8th Guards Rifle Division named after Panfilov. The legendary Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov himself did not reach our lands - a few days before in the village of Gusenevo, Volokolamsk region. South of Kryukovo stood the 1st Guards Tank Brigade and the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps (in the area of ​​Malino and Kryukovo) and the 9th Guards Rifle Division (in the area of ​​Barantsevo, Bakeevo and the Obshchestvennik state farm). All these units were part of the 16th Army under the command of Konstantin Rokossovsky. The army headquarters was literally in the village of Kryukovo for several hours, and then was moved first to Lyalovo, and then to Skhodnya.

By the beginning of winter 1941, the situation at the front was critical. On December 2, Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Germany's minister of public education and propaganda, asked German newspapers to leave room for a sensational report about the capture of Moscow. The German press in those days reported that Moscow was already visible through field binoculars. For Wehrmacht officers, sabers with gilded hilts were made, with which they had to march in the parade along Red Square. One of these sabers is on display at the Zelenograd Museum.

Here you can also see samples of German weapons found in our area. Mostly all these exhibits were brought by local residents. The Zelenograd Museum owes the appearance of a significant part of the exhibits to the search team led by Andrei Komkov, who actively worked in our area in the first half of the 90s. The searchers had to not only dig out the skeleton of a German MG34 machine gun (the largest object in the center of the stand), but also straighten it. At the time of discovery, it was bent at almost 90 degrees. Ammunition found in our area is still brought to the museum to this day. They say that during the construction of the interchange at “Bayonets” with the question “Do you have this?” they came almost every day.

This photo shows a German helmet, boxes for powder charges, an engineer's shovel and a gas mask case that every German soldier had.

The Soviet army was significantly inferior to the German in the quality of weapons. Suffice it to say that the most common weapon in our troops was the Mosin rifle, which had been in service since 1891 - since the time of Alexander III.

The Germans were superior to us not only in weapons, but also in personal equipment. Of course, mostly officers could boast of cameras and shaving accessories, but the equipment of German soldiers also included, for example, a small pencil case with an antiseptic that disinfected water. In addition, pay attention to the metal medallions, which even now, 70 years after the war, allow us to identify the newly discovered remains of German soldiers. For Soviet soldiers, as you know, the role of a medallion was played by a pencil case, in which they put (and sometimes, out of superstition, did not put) a piece of paper with a name. Such a pencil case, by the way, can also be seen in the Zelenograd Museum.

Iron Cross Class II is a German award from World War II.

Field medical bag of a German paramedic with a set of surgical instruments, dressings and medicines.

The adjacent display case displays items from German military life, including dishes. They say that such dishes could be seen among local residents for a long time after the war - when retreating, the Germans abandoned their property. And every self-respecting family had a German canister.

However, no matter how well the Germans were equipped, the hope for a quick end to the war played a cruel joke on them - they turned out to be not very ready to fight in winter conditions. The overcoat presented in the window, of course, cannot be touched with your hands, but it is clear that it is not designed for the Russian cold. And December 41 turned out to be cold - on the day the Soviet counteroffensive began, the temperature dropped below 20 degrees.

In the same part of the hall you can see a fragment of the interior of a village house of that time: a Viennese chair that was fashionable in those years, a bookcase with books and a bust of Lenin, and a loudspeaker on the wall. The same “plate” - only larger and with a bell - hung at the Kryukovo station. Local residents gathered at her place to listen to Sovinformburo reports on the situation at the fronts.

The hall, which houses the military exhibition of the Zelenograd Museum, created for the 50th anniversary of the Victory in 1995, is divided into two parts by a red carpet running diagonally. This is both a symbol of the last line of defense of Moscow and the beginning of the path to distant Victory. Next to the symbolic Eternal Flame are sculptural portraits of the commanders who led the defense of the capital: the commander of the 16th Army, Konstantin Rokossovsky, and the commander of the Western Front (which included the 16th Army).

The bust of Rokossovsky is a preliminary design for the monument that has stood in the park of the 40th anniversary of the Victory since 2003. Its author is sculptor Evgeny Morozov.

Let's start with the 7th Guards Division. On November 26, she arrived from Serpukhov to Khimki, took up positions in the Lozhki area, and there she took part in the first battles on our soil. One of the division's regiments was surrounded in those places. 66-year-old local resident Vasily Ivanovich Orlov led the soldiers out of the ring of encirclement along paths known to him alone. After this, the division took up defensive positions on the right side of the Leningradskoye Highway and on December 8, 1941 liberated Lyalovo and other neighboring villages. A street in Skhodnya is named after the 7th Guards Division.

The division was commanded by Colonel Afanasy Sergeevich Gryaznov.

In the exhibition of the Zelenograd Museum you can also see Gryaznov’s jacket, cap and gloves, in which he took part in the Victory Parade on June 24, 1945.

Political fighter Kirill Ivanovich Shchepkin fought as part of the 7th Guards Division near Moscow. He miraculously escaped death several times, and later became a physicist and corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. You will be told on a tour in the museum about how political fighters differed from other soldiers.

The 354th Rifle Division was formed in the city of Kuznetsk Penza region. She arrived in our region on November 29 - December 1, landing under heavy fire at the Skhodnya and Khimki stations. "Penza" took up defense between the 7th and 8th guards divisions- as already mentioned, from Leningradskoye Shosse approximately to modern Filaretovskaya Street.

The original map, punctured by a mine fragment, shows the division's combat path - from November 30, 1941 to September 1942 - from Moscow to Rzhev.

On December 2, 1941, one of the regiments of the 354th division under the command of Bayan Khairullin tried to liberate the village of Matushkino, but the baptism of fire ended in failure - the Germans managed to gain a foothold in the village and set up firing points. Several days after this were spent on reconnaissance, and during the counteroffensive that began on December 8, the 354th Division nevertheless liberated Matushkino (and then immediately broke into Alabushevo and Chashnikovo) - a memorial sign near the Beryozka stop is dedicated to this event.

In the battles near Moscow, the division suffered huge losses. If on December 1, 1941, its composition consisted of 7828 people, then on January 1, 1942 - only 4393 people.

Among the dead was division political instructor Alexey Sergeevich Tsarkov. His name is engraved first on the mass grave near the Kryukovo station. In the exhibition of the Zelenograd Museum you can read his letter, which he sent to his wife and son on December 1: “Shura, I have the honorable share of protecting the heart of our Motherland, beautiful Moscow. […] If I stay alive, I’ll send a letter.” Nearby is a funeral dated December 6...

The central episode of the battles on the last line of defense of Moscow was, of course, the battles for the Kryukovo station. The village under her was the largest settlement on the territory of modern Zelenograd - it consisted of 210 houses and about one and a half thousand inhabitants. At the end of November, the section of the railway from Skhodnya to Solnechnogorsk was defended by armored train No. 53, equipped in Tbilisi. In the Museum of Zelenograd you can see an authentic combat leaflet of the armored train, the issue of which dated November 27 tells about the battle with German tanks near Podsolnechnaya station. It is noteworthy that for reasons of secrecy, the names of the stations are given in this text in abbreviated form: Podsolnechnaya - P., Kryukovo - K. In the last days of November, the railway in Kryukovo was partly dismantled, the station buildings were destroyed, and the armored train went towards Moscow. Subsequently, he fought on the North Caucasus Front, where he ended his combat career.

Very stubborn battles were fought for Kryukovo. Over the course of 9 days, the station changed hands eight times, sometimes changing its “owner” several times a day. Local residents recalled that, sitting in their shelters, they heard either Russian or German speech. The first attempt at liberation was made on December 3, but failed. After this, forces were sent to obtain intelligence information about the location of enemy firing points. In addition, tank destroyers crawled into the village at night and threw Molotov cocktails at the equipment and houses occupied by the Germans. The next attack of our troops on Kryukovo happened on December 5, for this purpose an operational group was created, which was personally commanded by the commander of the 8th division Vasily Andreevich Revyakin, who replaced the deceased Panfilov in this post. Kryukovo was finally liberated only in the evening of December 8th. After the battles, a huge amount of equipment remained here, which the Germans abandoned, rapidly retreating so as not to be surrounded.

Despite the fact that the Germans spent very little time here, they managed to mark Kryukovo and other settlements by executing local residents. For example, a Russian language teacher from the village of Kryukovo and the chairman of the Kamensk collective farm were executed. The Germans left their bodies on the street and did not allow them to be removed - to intimidate others.

In 1943, the artist Gorpenko painted the first known painting, “The Battle for Kryukovo Station.” These days it can be seen at an exhibition dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow in the exhibition hall of the Zelenograd Museum in the 14th microdistrict. The main exhibition of the museum presents modern work artist Sibirsky. It, of course, should be perceived as a work of art, and not a historical document.

By the way, since we're talking about works of art, let us also remember the famous song “A platoon dies near the village of Kryukovo.” Surely many Zelenograd residents are interested to know whether it is dedicated to our Kryukovo. There is no clear answer to this question. There are several settlements with this name in the vicinity of Moscow, but in the context of the Great Patriotic War, our Kryukovo is, of course, the most famous. And it doesn’t matter that in 1938 it received the status of a village - for a song this is an acceptable “inaccuracy”. However, according to the author of the text of this song, Sergei Ostrovoy, the village of Kryukovo in his work is a collective image.

One of the most famous participants in the battles in the Kryukovo area was senior lieutenant of the Panfilov division Bauyrzhan Momyshuly, who commanded first a battalion and then a regiment. In early December he was wounded, but did not go to the hospital. In the photo below he is in the center of the frame.

Momyshuly - main character Alexander Bek's story "Volokolamsk Highway". After the war he became a writer himself. Among his works is the book “Moscow is behind us. Notes of an Officer" and the story "Our General" about Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov. At the former 229th school near the Kryukovo station there is a monument to Bauyrzhan Momyshuly, and his name was inherited by school No. 1912, which included the former 229th several years ago.

The commissar of the regiment under the command of Momyshuly was Pyotr Vasilyevich Logvinenko, whose name is immortalized in the name of the street between the 14th and 15th microdistricts. In 1963, Logvinenko moved to Zelenograd and spent the rest of his life here, being an active participant in the veterans' movement. His portrait and some personal belongings can also be seen at the exhibition of the Zelenograd Museum in the 14th microdistrict.

General Panfilov, unfortunately, did not reach our lands, but two other, no less famous military leaders took part in the battles in the Kryukovo region: the future Marshal of the Armored Forces Mikhail Efimovich Katukov and the commander of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps, Lev Mikhailovich, who died on December 19, 1941 Dovator.

Cavalry played an important role in the defense of Moscow. In snowy, frosty winter conditions, light, maneuverable cavalry often turned out to be more reliable and effective than equipment in battle.

And Dovator and Katukov were not just colleagues, but also friends. The Zelenograd Museum displays a cavalry burka, a kubanka hat and a bashlyk (a headdress tied over a hat), which Dovator gave to Katukov. These items were given to our museum in 1970, after the death of her husband, with the words “given to you on your land, to keep” by Ekaterina Sergeevna Katukova.

The counter-offensive of our troops, which began on December 5, largely turned the course of the Great Patriotic War. On December 8, Kryukovo, Matushkino, Lyalovo, and other villages in the vicinity of Zelenograd were finally liberated, on December 12 - Solnechnogorsk, on the 16th - Klin, on the 20th - Volokolamsk. Joyful events on the fronts, naturally, were reflected in the Soviet press. At one time, at a dacha in Mendeleevo, a whole stack of newspapers from those times was found - some of them can be seen by museum visitors.

The military exhibition of the Zelenograd Museum presents many more interesting items: a soldier’s tunic from 1941, the already mentioned “medallion” of a Red Army soldier, personal belongings of the commander of the 354th division Dmitry Alekseev. Here you can learn about the conflict between Zhukov and Rokossovsky, hear the story of Erna Silina, a resident of the village of Aleksandrovka, who as a 16-year-old girl became a nurse in the Panfilov division and went through the entire war, and study weapons from the war.

The exhibition “Where the Unknown Soldier Died” occupies a very small area, but has enormous depth. Therefore, we advise you not just to visit the military hall of the Zelenograd Museum, but be sure to do it with a guided tour. All necessary information about the museum’s opening hours and visiting conditions is presented on the institution’s website. Let us remind you that the Museum of Zelenograd also has permanent exhibitions “History native land", " " And " ".

Prepared by Pavel Chukaev. Photos by Vasily Povolnov

We thank the staff of the Zelenograd Museum Svetlana Vladimirovna Shagurina and Vera Nikolaevna Belyaeva for their help in preparing the material.

Kryukovo district occupies southern part Zelenograd administrative district of Moscow. The municipality occupies an area of ​​10.5 square meters. km, and the number of permanent residents here exceeds 90 thousand people.

History of Kryukovo

Modern Kryukovo is located on the lands where the villages of Kryukovo and Staroe Kryukovo were previously located. For the first time, information about settlement in these places appeared in archival chronicles of the 16th century. It is still not known for certain why the name of the village was Kryukovo. Historians put forward many versions, but the most popular of them is the one that says that these lands belonged to the boyar brothers Ivan and Boris Kryuk, from whose names the modern name comes.

There is very little accurate information left in historical chronicles about how the village developed. It is only known that local residents were forced to move several times, because as a result of military operations and natural Disasters, the village was completely destroyed. Nevertheless, despite all the disasters, the village was reborn again.

The main activity for local residents was trading in agricultural products. Considering that the territory of Kryukovo is located along the highway that connects Moscow with Tver, local goods enjoyed great success.

The development of the settlement was influenced by several factors. Thus, in 1851, a railway station appeared in Kryukovo, around which infrastructure quickly began to develop. Gradually the small village grew, and already in 1938 it began to be called a workers’ village.

Development of the village and its contribution to Russian history

The events of the Second World War brought real glory to Kryukovo. In December 1941, the Nazis occupied the workers' village and came very close to the capital. In order to defend Moscow and prevent the German invaders from occupying the suburbs of the capital, the command sent riflemen under the leadership of I.V. to defend Kryukovo. Panfilova. With incredible efforts and heroism, the military was able to recapture the village from the enemy and threw the conquerors back beyond Kryukovo. This battle became one of the most important, and it was the victory at Kryukovo that made it possible to domestic troops prepare a bridgehead for the defense of the capital.

The post-war era was very difficult. During the fighting, the village was completely wiped off the face of the earth, and local residents had to rebuild it again. Around the same time, near Kryukovo, neighboring villages began to rise from the ashes, including Kamenka, Aleksandrovka and Mikhailovka.

Since the 60s, active construction of multi-storey buildings began in the village. At that time, the country's leadership planned to create several satellite cities of Moscow. In just a few years, Kryukovo has grown to a significant size.

At the end of 1987, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer the territory of Kryukovo and surrounding villages to the control of the city of Zelenograd, which by that time was already a district district of Moscow. This is exactly how it was formed municipal district Kryukovo, which united the territories of former villages.

The history of these places is reflected in modern names microdistricts of the district:

• microdistrict Kryukovo, located on the territory of a former village;
• Alexandrovka microdistrict, which is located on the lands of the village of the same name;
• Malino industrial zone, also based on the territory of the settlement of the same name.

History of the village of Kryukovo is of great importance for the entire history of Moscow. It was these places that repeatedly repelled aggressors and conquerors. And it is precisely by this that the modern district of Kryukovo has earned its right to worthily enter a milestone in the history of our country.

Historical information for creating a layout

“The Battle of Moscow. Kryukovo. 28.11 - 8.12 1941"

(based on the book: Essays on the history of the region. Where the unknown soldier died. Collection of works of the State Zelenograd Regional History Museum. Issue 6 / Scientific edition and compilation by N.I. Reshetnikov. - M., 2005. - 330 pp.)

“... our army suffered crushing defeats, suffering incredible losses.”

“...battle for the village of Kryukovo (now Zelenograd). ...In the village of Kryukovo in 1940 there were 210 households and over 1,500 people lived, it was one of the largest settlements in the entire district, and had its own station on the first Moscow-Petersburg railway. ... The 16th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General K.K. Rokosovsky, in the Kryukovo and Nakhabino areas the 8th, 9th Guards and 18th Rifle Divisions fought the enemy’s 4th Tank Group. The directive of November 29, 1941 sent the 354th Infantry Division and five rifle brigades (36, 37, 40, 49 and 53). These were poorly prepared units from reserve formations.

On November 29, 1941, fighting took place on the outskirts of the village of Kryukovo. ...German troops were advancing non-stop along the Leningradskoye Highway. ...the advantageous location of the village of Kryukovo on terrain accessible to tanks, proximity to the railway made it a significant target for German generals. ...Kryukovo is a place of bloody battles!

The 16th Army consisted of the 7th Guards. SD, 18 SD, 8 Guards SD, 44 CD, 1 Guards TBRyu Personnel 22,259 people ... all formations were 50% equipped with rifles, machine guns, mortars and guns.”

p.145-153:

“Rokossovsky strengthened the 8th Guards. SD 1st guard. Tank brigade (6 heavy and 16 medium and light tanks). ... we still do not know the true number of losses during the Second World War, since commanders tried to downplay the number of their losses in reports. ... a group of sappers of the mine team 291 special forces showed cowardice, threw 70 anti-tank mines on the side of the road and ran away... partial loss of control, severe frosts, uncoordinated actions of units - led to confusion... On December 2, the enemy brought in fresh reserves and went on the offensive on Kryukovo. On December 2 at 13.50 we were forced to leave Kryukovo. At 17:00 the enemy completely captured the village of Kryukovo. 8 SD by dawn 12/3/41 restore the original position, capture Kryukovo, Kamenka... (from Combat Order No. 025, issued by the commander of the 8 Guards SD at 00:50) In conditions of low temperatures, when the use of equipment was limited, in conditions deep snow cover, which paralyzed traffic, the role of cavalry increased. Cavalrymen of 44 D under the command of Colonel P.F. Kuklin made their contribution. The KV tank got stuck in the northwestern brick factory and did not take part in the battle. 3.12 1075 SP reached the outskirts of Kryukovo, under machine gun fire, lost up to 70% killed and wounded 1075 SP on 3.12.41 287 people (29 killed, 105 wounded).

p.155-160:

“... the regiment reached the line: MTS, highway on the northwestern outskirts of Kryukovo, where it was stopped by heavy enemy fire. ... enemy defense system from the basements of houses. The enemy concentrated up to 70-80 tanks and 5 infantry regiments. ...2 SB defended a brick factory west of the railway; 3rd SB defended the village, which is 500 meters east of Kryukovo. 159 GSP occupies a brick barn, western outskirts of MTS, a village east of Kryukovo station. 1st SB with 3rd anti-tank rifle with a PA platoon defends a state farm, 400 meters east of Kryukovo station. 3 SB with 1 PTR with a platoon of fighters defends the east. Kryukovo station 500 meters 2 SB with 2 anti-tank guns occupies and defends the railway plant. 3/159 SP during 12/5/41 advanced on Kryukovo-Savelki and continues to improve trench work. 2nd SB lost 28 people, 2 guns were knocked out, enemy anti-tank missiles were suppressed by 2 mortars at Kirp. To the south, an enemy tank is firing directly. ... at 12.50 1077 SP occupied "Red October", the battle is for the brick factory (northern) ... the enemy is firing at the front line of mortar batteries - Alabushevo, the forester's house and 0.5 km west of MTS.

p.161-177:

1/1075 SP defends the line 200 m northeast. Kryukovo station, saddle road Red October, Kryukovo. 2/1075 SP defends the line: eastern outskirts of Kryukovo station, (claim) Kirp (500 m south-east of Kryukovo station) 3/1075 SP defends the line to the west. The slopes of the ravine, which is 500 m north of Kryukovo station. On the left, 1073 SP is fighting with enemy infantry and tanks in the Kirp region! 073 SP led an attack on Kryukovo in a western direction, advancing 400 m, and lay down in a clearing on the eastern outskirts of Kryukovo. From the combat report of the commander of the 1073 SP 12/5/41: CP from 1.00 to 8.00 - booth in the area of ​​the bridge over the railway. 159 guards The joint venture of the 7th Guards SD moved to the defense of the line: 1 km north of the MTS, along the edge of the forest to the road connecting Kryukovo and Savelki stations. The 2nd battalion of the regiment held the defense along the railway track. Its left flank was located 300 meters west of Kryukovo station and 700 m along the railway. From operational report No. 83: 1st SB defends the field on the left 1 km north of MTS. MTS continues to improve trench work. ... At 6 p.m., movement of vehicles and light tanks was noticed from the direction of Alabushevo along the railway. on Kryukovo, along the edge of the forest from the Matushkino side in the direction of Kryukovo. From combat order No. 027 km. 8th Guards SD: 54 CP - take possession of the southwest. the outskirts of Kryukovo, then advance on the Hospital; 51 CP with SME 1 Guards TBR take over Kamenka. Then advance in the direction of the Rest House (0584). From the combat report of 1073 SP dated 12/7/41: the enemy holds Kryukovo, mortar and artillery fire on the village and the 2nd brick factory, which is 1 km west of Malino. ...1073 The joint venture was concentrated in the building of a brick factory, which is 200 meters southeast of Kryukovo station. The enemy was in the Kryukovo district and the village of Kamenki, where a powerful defense center was created with numerous bunkers and dug-in tanks. ... our troops have only 20 guns and mortars on 1 km of the 1077 SP front. - captured mark 216.1 and the north-eastern outskirts of Kryukovo...51 CP, having contact with the SME, takes its starting position along the ravine, which is in front of Kamenka in readiness to attack Kamenka from the right (from the south-east). ... 1073 SP broke into the eastern edge of Kryukovo, after which the enemy began to retreat to the center of the village. From private combat order No. 08 dated 12/8/41: 8 GVSD with 1 Guards TBR is consolidated and defends: Kirp. 1 km east of Aleksandrovka, north. And zap. The edges of the grove of northern Kryukovo, height 216, 1 st. Kryukovo, MTS... 597 OSB in the regiment areas in the Kryukovo, Kamenka region, prepare buildings for defense. From the table: 8SD destroyed up to 3 regiments of soldiers and officers during the entire battle. That's how it ended fighting, which did not subside for 10 days.

p.183:

"Typhoon" was rushing towards Moscow. 2 Dec. In 1941, the defense line of Moscow was established, the enemy did not get further. Today “The Last Frontier” is a memorial complex along Panfilovsky Prospekt, called during the war. Kryukovsky highway. ...the confrontation along this road from December 2 to 6 did not stop between Rokosov’s 16th Army and the fascist divisions of Hepner’s 4th Panzer Group.

p.194-195:

...at the site of the battles, not far from the center of Panfilovsky Prospekt, stands a temple in honor of St. Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna. The temple was built on the site of the houses of the Red October state farm. The 354th Division operated here. “Red October” was a fascist stronghold.”

The extract was compiled by L.V. Rezanov.