Everything about the 1917 revolution in brief. February Revolution: briefly

The main reasons for the revolution were:

1) the existence in the country of remnants of the feudal-serf system in the form of autocracy and landownership;

2) an acute economic crisis that affected leading industries and led to decline Agriculture countries;

3) the difficult financial situation of the country (the fall in the ruble exchange rate to 50 kopecks; an increase in public debt by 4 times);

4) the rapid growth of the strike movement and the rise of peasant unrest. In 1917, there were 20 times more strikes in Russia than on the eve of the first Russian revolution;

5) the army and navy ceased to be the military support of the autocracy; the growth of anti-war sentiment among soldiers and sailors;

6) the growth of opposition sentiments among the bourgeoisie and intelligentsia, dissatisfied with the dominance of tsarist officials and the arbitrariness of the police;

7) rapid change of government members; the appearance of personalities like G. Rasputin in the environment of Nicholas I, the fall in the authority of the tsarist government; 8) the rise of the national liberation movement of the peoples of the national borderlands.

On February 23 (March 8, New Style) demonstrations took place in Petrograd on the occasion of International Women's Day. The next day, a general strike swept the capital. On February 25, the events were reported to the emperor at headquarters. He ordered to “stop the riots.” The Duma was dissolved for two months by decree of Nicholas II. On the night of February 26, mass arrests of the leaders of revolutionary uprisings took place. On February 26, troops opened fire on demonstrators, killing and wounding more than 150 people. But after this, the troops, including the Cossacks, began to go over to the side of the rebels. On February 27, Petrograd was engulfed in revolution. The next day the city passed into the hands of the rebels. Duma deputies created a Temporary Committee for Restoring Order in Petrograd (chaired by M.V. Rodzianko), which tried to take control of the situation. At the same time, elections to the Petrograd Soviet took place, and its executive committee was formed, headed by the Menshevik N.S. Chkheidze.

On the night of March 1-2, by agreement of the Provisional Committee and the Petrograd Soviet, the Provisional Government was formed (chairman G.E. Lvov).

On March 2, Nicholas II abdicated the throne in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. He renounced the crown and transferred power to the Provisional Government, instructing it to hold elections to the Constituent Assembly, which would determine the future structure of Russia.

Several political groups have emerged in the country, proclaiming themselves the government of Russia:

1) A temporary committee of members of the State Duma formed a Provisional Government, whose main task was to win the trust of the population. The Provisional Government declared itself legislative and executive powers, in which the following disputes immediately arose:

About what the future Russia should be: parliamentary or presidential;

About solutions national question, questions about land, etc.;

On the electoral law;

On elections to the Constituent Assembly.

At the same time, the time to solve current, fundamental problems was inevitably lost.

2) Organizations of persons who declared themselves authorities. The largest of them was the Petrograd Council, which consisted of moderate left-wing politicians and proposed that workers and soldiers delegate their representatives to the Council.

The Council declared itself the guarantor against a return to the past, against the restoration of the monarchy and the suppression of political freedoms.

The Council also supported the steps of the Provisional Government to strengthen democracy in Russia.

3) In addition to the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet, other local bodies of actual power were formed: factory committees, district councils, national associations, new authorities on the “national outskirts”, for example, in Kiev - the Ukrainian Rada.”

The current political situation began to be called “dual power,” although in practice it was multiple power, developing into anarchic anarchy. Monarchist and Black Hundred organizations in Russia were banned and dissolved. In the new Russia, two political forces remained: liberal-bourgeois and left-wing socialist, but in which there were disagreements.

In addition, there was powerful pressure from the grassroots:

Hoping for a socio-economic improvement in life, the workers demanded an immediate increase wages, the introduction of an eight-hour working day, guarantees against unemployment and social security.

The peasants advocated the redistribution of neglected lands,

The soldiers insisted on easing discipline.

The disagreements of the “dual power”, its constant reform, the continuation of the war, etc. led to a new revolution - the October Revolution of 1917.

CONCLUSION.

So, the result of the February revolution of 1917 was the overthrow of the autocracy, the abdication of the tsar, the emergence of dual power in the country: the dictatorship of the big bourgeoisie represented by the Provisional Government and the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which represented the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry.

The victory of the February revolution was a victory of all active strata of the population over the medieval autocracy, a breakthrough that put Russia on par with advanced countries in the sense of proclaiming democratic and political freedoms.

The February Revolution of 1917 became the first victorious revolution in Russia and turned Russia, thanks to the overthrow of tsarism, into one of the most democratic countries. Originated in March 1917. dual power was a reflection of the fact that the era of imperialism and the world war unusually accelerated the course of the country's historical development and the transition to more radical transformations. The international significance of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution is also extremely great. Under its influence, the strike movement of the proletariat intensified in many warring countries.

The main event of this revolution for Russia itself was the need to carry out long-overdue reforms based on compromises and coalitions, and the renunciation of violence in politics.

The first steps towards this were taken in February 1917. But only the first...

Separatist tendencies in individual regions also intensified. Finland and Poland decided to declare independence.

Main reasons. “The lower classes cannot, but the upper classes do not want...”

Historians come to the conclusion that October Revolution had both socio-economic and political prerequisites.

• The people were tired of the exhausting war, which squeezed out all the strength from the people.
• The war led to the fact that agriculture and the industrial complex practically collapsed.
• The impoverishment of peasants and workers due to the massive financial crisis was widespread.
• Reforms (political and economic) were repeatedly postponed. There were irreconcilable differences within the executive and legislative branches.

There were bodies that enjoyed serious support in society - the Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. These organizations were supported by masses of people dissatisfied with the existing situation in the country. They were supported by factory workers, the police, soldiers' councils, and peasants.

The Soviets actively demanded reforms. Of course, the authorities did not want to see competitors next to them. Therefore, in July 1917 there was a wave of arrests of deputies of the Petrograd Soviet.

The uprising in Petrograd as a “trigger”

Back in August 1917, the Bolsheviks realized that power in the country had to be taken by force. In October they began preparing an uprising.

• On October 18, the garrison located in Petrograd announced that it was no longer subordinate to the authorities.
• On October 21, a meeting of representatives of the regiments was held. The military recognized that from now on the legitimate power was the Petrograd Soviet. They will obey only him. Events began to develop rapidly.
• Since October 24, armed units of the Military Revolutionary Committee began to quickly occupy key facilities. These are buildings of printing houses, shops, banks, and train stations.

It is interesting that the authorities knew about the impending uprising. But such rapid events took her by surprise. There were no mass demonstrations. Armed detachments simply occupied important strategic objects. In most cases, they succeeded without fighting or shooting.

Events of October 25 (November 7)

On the morning of October 25, 1917, the authorities controlled only 1 object in the city - the Winter Palace. He was surrounded on all sides. Its capture was a matter of time. The Military Revolutionary Committee then announced that from now on all power belongs exclusively to the Petrograd Soviet.

In the evening, the second in a row was opened in Smolny All-Russian Congress Soviets. He legally confirmed the transfer of power to the soviets.

At 21 o'clock the cruiser "Aurora" gave the signal to storm the Winter Palace. A “blank” shot and the military rushed to the palace. The provisional government was unable to fight back. Its members were arrested on the night of October 26.

Decrees and actions of the new government

The subsequent days of the new government were marked by the adoption of numerous decrees. The very ones who solved key problems in politics and economics.

• On October 26, a government was formed to govern the state. It was headed by Lenin (Ulyanov). The supreme authority was the Council of People's Commissars - the Council of People's Commissars.
• A couple of days later, this body adopted a Decree regarding the introduction of a working day of no more than 8 hours.
• On November 2, the Declaration of the Rights of Peoples was adopted. The document abolished national as well as religious restrictions, proclaimed the sovereignty and complete equality of all peoples inhabiting the country.
• On November 23, a decree was issued abolishing estates and ranks. All citizens became equal.
• On October 26, the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land were adopted. The first called on all warring parties to quickly lay down their arms and conclude new world. The second nationalized everything water bodies, forests and mineral resources of the country (all land that belonged to the landowners was supposed to go to the peasants).

Events in Moscow

But the whole revolution was not limited to the events in Petrograd. On October 25, the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Moscow Council captured several objects.

But after 3 days, the Public Safety Committee, led by Vadim Rudnev, head of the city duma, began to resist the Council. Only on November 3, the Committee agreed to lay down arms.

Historians note that the revolution was actively supported in the central regions. These regions were more industrially developed. Also, Soviet power quickly established itself in the Baltic states and Belarus. In the Volga region and Siberia, this process took place much more slowly, only by February 1918.

Results of the revolution

The revolution led to the destruction of the old power vertical. The actions of the Soviet government to introduce free education and medicine, exit from the war, and introduce an 8-hour working day gave the people hope for a way out of that deadlock, which developed in those days. But there were also negative aspects. After the revolution, the country developed Civil War, which claimed the lives of many people.

, Russian Civil War 1918-20 – chronology.

October 10, 1917 – The Bolshevik Central Committee decides on an armed uprising.

October 12– Creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Soviet ( VRK) to guide the seizure of power.

Mid October – Kerensky is making an attempt to bring part of the Petrograd garrison to the front. This pushes the garrison, who does not want to fight, to the side of the Bolsheviks, becoming the main condition for the success of the October Revolution.

October 23– Trotsky dispatched Military Revolutionary Committee commissars to most of the Petrograd military units of the garrison. The Peter and Paul Fortress (where there are cannons and an arsenal with 100 thousand rifles) goes over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

October 24– Under the guise of defense against the “counter-revolution,” the Military Revolutionary Committee begins a systematic, silent capture of the capital by small groups of soldiers and Red Army soldiers.

Pre-Parliament actually denies Kerensky the authority to suppress the Bolshevik rebellion, so as not to “provoke a civil war.”

Deputies gather in Petrograd " II Congress of Soviets" Its composition was rigged in advance by the Bolsheviks: representatives of only 300 (according to other sources, only 100) of the 900 existing in the country gather at the congress Soviets- and predominantly members of the Leninist party (335 out of 470 deputies, while the true proportion in local councils is completely different).

On a front completely destroyed by the communists, it is almost impossible to gather troops to help the Provisional Government. Kerensky accidentally finds a general's detachment near Pskov Krasnova, in which there are only 700 Cossacks. Krasnov agrees to lead him against the Bolsheviks to Petrograd (where there is a 160,000-strong garrison of reserve regiments who refused to go to the front, not counting the sailors).

29th of October– The Bolsheviks begin to disarm the Petrograd cadets. They resist. The result is fierce battles with artillery around the Pavlovsk and Vladimir schools; There were twice as many casualties as on Bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905.

Reinforcements arrive at Krasnov in the evening: another 600 Cossacks, 18 guns and an armored train. However, his forces are still insignificant for further movement towards Petrograd.

The cowardly Colonel Ryabtsev negotiates a daily truce with the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. During these days, the Bolsheviks are pulling reinforcements to Moscow from everywhere.

October 30– Krasnov is organizing an attack on the Pulkovo Heights. The garrison soldiers and workers flee in fear from a group of Cossacks, but the sailors resist and fight off the attack. In the evening, Krasnov retreats to Gatchina. Vikzhel, in the hope of success in negotiations with the Bolsheviks on a homogeneous socialist government, prevents transportation by railways nevertheless, reinforcements were collected at the front for Krasnov.

In Moscow in the evening, the Military Revolutionary Committee violates the truce. Bloody battles between Bolsheviks and cadets on Tverskoy and Nikitsky boulevards.

Fights with the Bolsheviks in Kyiv, Vinnitsa, and some other cities.

October 31- The All-Army Soldiers' Committee at Headquarters declares that the front considers the Bolshevik coup illegal and opposes any negotiations with them.

Bolshevik agitators arrive in Gatchina, persuading Krasnov’s small Cossacks not to defend who had already betrayed them in July and August Kerensky, and return to the Don.

The Moscow Bolsheviks begin shelling the Kremlin and cadet schools from Vorobyovy Gory and Khodynka with heavy artillery.

Nov. 1- Flight from Gatchina of Kerensky in disguise. Trotsky brings large Bolshevik detachments to Gatchina, and Krasnov has to stop further actions. Indecisive Commander-in-Chief Dukhonin orders from Headquarters to stop sending new troops to Petrograd.

November 2– Having got rid of the danger from Krasnov, Lenin orders to stop negotiations on a homogeneous socialist government. A group of influential Bolsheviks (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Nogin), who do not believe that their party will maintain power alone.

the 3rd of November- By morning the cadets surrender the Moscow Kremlin, terribly mutilated by red artillery. Ruthless reprisals against cadets and the looting of Kremlin churches begin.

Consequences of the Bolshevik coup in Moscow. Documentary newsreel

November 4– Bolshevik supporters of a homogeneous socialist government leave the Central Committee (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Milyutin, Nogin) and the Council of People’s Commissars (they soon return, unable to withstand Lenin’s pressure).

November 7 – Left Social Revolutionaries They form a party separate from the right and begin negotiations with the Bolsheviks about joining the Council of People's Commissars.

November 8– Lenin removes Dukhonin from his post as commander-in-chief, replacing him with a Bolshevik ensign Krylenko. Lenin's radiogram: let all soldiers and sailors, regardless of their superiors, enter into negotiations on a truce with the enemy - the final surrender of Russia to the mercy

The revolutionary marathon from February to October 1917 changed Russia and the whole world. The successive fall of the autocracy and then the Provisional Government led to a change in the socio-political system and an interruption of the democratic prospects for development.

The revolution was not allowed to come to its senses, destroying more and more strong Russia. Today we will figure out what were the reasons for the revolution of 1917, and whether there was really a need for them.

1. A revolutionary situation arose when the government could not strictly restore order in the economy, and the people could not endure it any longer.
2. Defeats at the front, hunger, poverty.
3. Conspiracy against the Tsar, betrayal of the generals.
4. Contradictions between workers and capitalists, peasants and landowners.

Progress of the revolution

February 1917- bourgeois-democratic revolution. Overthrow of the king. The creation of two government bodies: the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Petrosovet) and the Provisional Government. Arose dual power. The Petrograd Soviet controlled the army and navy. The provisional government directed politics and economics.

Constant government crises. Change of government composition 4 times in six months. Defeats at the front. In August, General Kornilov revolted in order to seize power. The head of government, Kerensky, declared him an “enemy of the Fatherland.” The Bolsheviks participate in the creation of people's defense units. The growth of the authority of the Bolshevik Party and the number of its members. There is spy mania in Russia, constant demonstrations. September 1, 1917 Kerensky declares Russia a republic. A search is underway for Lenin, Trotsky and other revolutionaries. The Bolsheviks are preparing for an armed seizure of power.

At night from 25 to 26 October 1917 An armed coup occurred and the Bolsheviks arrested the Provisional Government. At the same time it is meeting II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The Decrees on Land and Peace were adopted. Having learned about the Bolsheviks' prank, other parties left the congress in protest. The remaining Bolsheviks accept the Decree on Power and declare the coup legal. They create a one-party government - SNK(Council of People's Commissars). Later this coup would be called the Great October Socialist Revolution.

From October 1917 to March 1918 a triumphal procession took place Soviet power. The slogans of the Bolsheviks won in all areas. Russia's democratic development was interrupted.

REASONS for the Bolshevik victory:

1. Disagreements among other parties and the weakness of the bourgeoisie.
2. The development of a development program that promises a lot for the people.
3. The growth of the number and armament of the Bolshevik Party.
4. Lenin managed to overcome differences among the Bolsheviks.

The fact is that the Bolsheviks had weapons, were organized and strong. That's why they took power. But as a result, Russia will be flooded with blood. To be continued.

Russia between two revolutions. Dual power

After the overthrow of the autocracy during the February Revolution, dual power was established in the country. Official power belonged to Provisional Government(Prince G. Lvov, P. Milyukov, A. Guchkov, A. Konovalov, M. Tereshchenko, A. Kerensky). Under the Provisional Government, a Legal Conference was created to monitor the legality of the measures being taken. The imperial state apparatus underwent partial reorganization, and some ministries were destroyed. During the crises of the Provisional Government, its composition and leadership changed several times. In 1917, the government was headed by A. Kerensky.

Local power was divided between bodies that arose on the initiative of the Provisional Government and the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies created during the first Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. and became active again during the February Revolution of 1917. The most important of them was Petrograd Soviet and its Executive Committee. A few months before the October Revolution of 1917, the number of local Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies increased from 600 to 1429. The majority of them belonged to the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. In May 1917, the first All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies was held, at which the policy of the Provisional Government was approved and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) was elected.

In the first months of the revolution, the tsarist administration was replaced by provincial, city and district commissariats of the Provisional Government. On the initiative of the Provisional Government, elected temporary committees of public organizations (city and zemstvo self-government) were created. Since April, district self-government bodies (dumas and councils) have been established in large cities. In plants and factories, on the initiative of the Soviets, factory committees (factory committees) arose, electing leadership from the workers and dealing with issues of rationing the working day and wages, introducing an 8-hour working day, creating a workers' militia, etc. In Petrograd, at the beginning of the summer of 1917, the Central Council of Factory Committees of Petrograd was elected.

Policy of the Provisional Government

Transformative activities were aimed at satisfying democratic demands, attempting to resolve the national question and some socio-economic transformations.

The first steps were to implement a number of democratic transformations. On March 3, 1917, the Declaration on civil liberties, amnesty for political prisoners, the abolition of national and religious restrictions, freedom of assembly, abolition of censorship, gendarmerie, hard labor, etc. was adopted. Instead of the police, the militia was created. By decree of March 12, 1917, the government abolished the death penalty and also established military revolutionary courts. In the army, military courts were abolished, commissar institutions were created to monitor the activities of officers, and about 150 senior commanders were transferred to the reserve.

IN national issue The Provisional Government was forced to make some concessions to the national outskirts and grant them self-determination. On March 7, 1917, Finnish autonomy was restored, but the Finnish Diet was dissolved. In March-July, a struggle unfolded over the granting of autonomy to Ukraine. On June 10, 1917, the Central Rada (formed on March 4, 1917 in Kyiv from representatives of the Ukrainian Socialist Federalist Party, the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party, and the Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionary Party) proclaimed the autonomy of Ukraine. The Provisional Government was forced to recognize this step and adopt the Declaration of Autonomy of Ukraine (July 2, 1917).

Socio-economic the problems were hardly addressed. A struggle ensued in resolving the land issue. Most parties agreed that the land should go into the hands of the peasants, but the Provisional Government insisted on a ban on the seizure of landowners' lands. In March-April 1917, the Provisional Government established land committees to develop agrarian reform. Acts were issued against unauthorized seizures of landowners' lands, which became widespread throughout the country. However, these steps did not lead to any significant changes. The implementation of agrarian reform, as well as other fundamental socio-economic reforms, was postponed until the election of the Constituent Assembly.

The provisional government tried to decide food issue and lead the country out of the food crisis that arose back in 1915. To overcome the crisis situation, food committees were created in early March 1917, and on March 25, a food card system and a grain monopoly were introduced: all grain was to be sold at fixed prices to the state. However, these measures did not normalize the supply, and the shortage of bread led to the fact that the government was forced to double the price of bread, but this did not help either. Of the 3502.8 million poods of grain collected in 1917, the state received only 280 million poods according to the allocation.

Has not been resolved the task of Russia's exit from the war. A huge increase in expenses due to Russia’s participation in the First World War, a difficult situation in industry, which could not cope with its tasks due to a shortage of raw materials, the collapse of the structure and the dispersal of the administration, an increase in indirect taxes, a depreciation of the ruble due to the release of unsecured paper money led to a severe economic and then political crisis.

Crises of the Provisional Government

First - April crisis(April 18, 1917) - was caused by the statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs P. Milyukov about the nationwide desire to bring world war until victory. This caused anti-war demonstrations in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. The Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District, General L. Kornilov, ordered troops to be sent against the demonstrators, but officers and soldiers refused to carry out this order. In the current situation, the Bolsheviks began to gain increasing influence, especially in factory committees, trade unions and Soviets. The Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, accusing the Bolsheviks of conspiracy, sought to ban anti-war demonstrations organized by the Bolsheviks. The Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, trying to defuse the situation, demanded an explanation from the Provisional Government, which led to the resignation of P. Milyukov and a change in the composition of the government. But despite these steps, it was not possible to stabilize the situation.

The failure of the offensive of the Russian army (June-July 1917) on the fronts caused July crisis. The Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), deciding to take advantage of the situation, proclaimed the slogan “All power to the Soviets!” and began preparations for a mass demonstration to force the Provisional Government to hand over power to the Soviets. On July 3, 1917, demonstrations and rallies began in Petrograd. Armed clashes occurred between demonstrators and supporters of the Provisional Government, during which more than 700 people were killed and injured. The provisional government accused the Bolsheviks of treason. On July 7, an order was given for the arrest of Bolshevik leaders - V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, L. Kamenev and others. Under pressure from the cadets, it was restored on July 12, 1917 the death penalty. On July 19, instead of General A. Brusilov, General L. Kornilov was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief. On July 24, 1917, there was another reshuffle in the Provisional Coalition Government.

Third crisis was associated with a military uprising and an attempted military coup under the command of L. Kornilov. General L. Kornilov, a supporter of a hard line, developed demands for the Provisional Government (to ban rallies in the army, extend the death penalty to rear units, create concentration camps for disobedient soldiers, declare martial law on the railways, etc.). The demands became known to the Bolsheviks, who began preparing for the removal of Kornilov. The remaining parties (monarchists, cadets and Octobrists) came out in support of him. Under such conditions, the Provisional Government tried to use Kornilov to eliminate the Soviets. Having learned about this, the Bolsheviks began preparing an armed uprising.

However, the general had his own plans. After Kornilov put forward his demands, full power was transferred to him and the Provisional Government was dissolved. A. Kerensky demanded that the general surrender his powers as commander-in-chief. Kornilov refused to obey and accused the Provisional Government of colluding with the German command and tried to send troops to St. Petersburg. After this, the government declared the general a rebel. On September 1, Kornilov was arrested, and Kerensky took over as commander-in-chief. Thus, the Provisional Government managed to avoid such an alternative as the military dictatorship of Kornilov. Instead of the discredited Provisional Government, a Directory was created that proclaimed Russia a republic.

October Revolution 1917

The unresolved nature of the most important problems, the passivity of reform activities, political crises, and ministerial leapfrog led to a decline in the authority of the Provisional Government. An alternative to him were the Bolsheviks, who advocated more radical reforms.

In the face of constantly emerging government crises, the Bolsheviks, who carried out anti-government and anti-war agitation, were in opposition to the new regime. Supporters of the Bolsheviks advocated the transfer of power to the Soviets. V. Lenin demanded that members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), the Moscow and Petrograd committees of the Bolshevik party immediately begin an armed uprising. This provoked the government - trying to get ahead of the Bolsheviks, Kerensky began to gather troops towards Petrograd. The Executive Committee headed by L. Trotsky and the Presidium of the Petrograd Soviet (13 Bolsheviks, 6 Socialist Revolutionaries and 7 Mensheviks) supported Lenin’s course towards armed uprising.

To lead the uprising, a Politburo was created, which included V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, I. Stalin, A. Bubnov, G. Zinoviev, L. Kamenev (the last two denied the need for an uprising). On October 12, the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) was created to develop a plan for the uprising; it included F. Dzerzhinsky, Y. Sverdlov, I. Stalin, and others. Preparations began with the appointment of Bolshevik commissars in military units and at a number of important facilities. The agitation was intensified and measures were taken to discredit the government. In response to this, the government ordered the destruction of Bolshevik printing houses that printed leaflets and the arrest of members of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. Confrontation broke out again between supporters of the Bolsheviks and Kerensky. On October 24, an armed uprising began. Drawbridges across the Neva, Nikolaevsky Station, Central Telegraph, State Bank were captured, Pavlovsk, Vladimir infantry and other military schools were blocked. On the night of October 25-26, 1917, the Provisional Government was presented with an ultimatum; after its rejection, the storming of the Winter Palace began, the signal for which was the volleys of guns from the cruiser Aurora. The provisional government was overthrown.

At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Mensheviks and Right Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the actions of the Bolsheviks and proposed to peacefully resolve the situation, but finding no support, they left the congress. The Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries who remained at the congress accepted decrees. The Congress adopted the Decree on Power, an appeal written by V. Lenin “To Workers, Soldiers and Peasants,” which announced the transfer of power to the Second Congress of Soviets, and locally to the Councils of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies. On October 26, the congress adopted the Decree on Peace without annexations and indemnities. The Decree on Land adopted at the congress proclaimed the abolition of private ownership of land, the confiscation of landowners' lands, and its redistribution among peasants with the help of local peasant committees and county councils of peasant deputies.

At the congress, a temporary government body was created - Council of People's Commissars(SNK), which was supposed to act until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was completely Bolshevik, since the Left Socialist Revolutionaries refused to participate in it, believing that the government should be multi-party and coalition. As a result, the Council of People's Commissars included: Chairman ~ V. Lenin (Ulyanov), People's Commissars: A. Lunacharsky, I. Teodorovich, N. Avilov (Glebov), I. Stalin (Dzhugashvili), V. Antonov (Ovseenko), etc. The Congress elected new line-up The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which included Bolsheviks, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, and Mensheviks. L. Kamenev was elected Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and on November 8, 1917, after his resignation, Ya. Sverdlov became the chairman.

Results and significance

The October Revolution was a natural stage, prepared by many prerequisites. The first alternative, the military dictatorship of Kornilov, was destroyed by the Provisional Government, which did not want to allow the restoration of the monarchy or the rule of one leader. The second alternative, represented by slow democratic development within the framework of the policy of the Provisional Government, was impossible due to its failure to fulfill the most important demands and tasks (exit from the war, resolution of their economic and political crisis, solution of land and food issues). The victory of the Bolsheviks was facilitated by such factors as skillfully organized propaganda, their policy of discrediting the Provisional Government, the radicalization of the masses, the growing authority of the Bolsheviks, which allowed them to use the most favorable situation to seize power. The bulk of the population supported the new government, since the first steps were the announcement of the immediate transfer of land for the use of peasants, the cessation of the war and the convening of the Constituent Assembly.

Oct. Revolution 2 version (Wikipedia)

October Revolution(full official name V USSR - Great October Socialist Revolution, other names: October Revolution, Bolshevik coup, third Russian revolution) - one of the largest political events of the 20th century, which influenced its further course, occurred in Russia in October 1917. As a result of the October Revolution, it was overthrown Provisional Government, and a government formed II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the absolute majority of whose delegates were Bolsheviks ( Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)) and their allies left socialist revolutionaries, also supported by some national organizations, a small part Mensheviks-internationalists, and some anarchists. In November 1917, the new government was also supported by the majority of the Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Deputies.

The provisional government was overthrown during an armed uprising on October 25-26 ( 7 - November 8 according to the new style), the main organizers of which were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Y. M. Sverdlov and others. Direct leadership of the uprising was carried out by Military Revolutionary Committee Petrograd Soviet, which also included left socialist revolutionaries.