The course of the revolution of 1917 briefly. Unified State Exam

October Revolution 1917 is the armed overthrow of the Provisional Government, the accession of the Bolshevik Party to the head of the state, which proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power.

The historical significance of the October Revolution of 1917 is enormous for the country as a whole; in addition to the change of power, there was also a change in the direction in which Russia was moving, the transition from capitalism to socialism began.

Causes of the October Revolution

The October Revolution had reasons of both a subjective and objective nature. Objective reasons include the economic difficulties experienced by Russia due to participation in the First World War, human losses at the fronts, the pressing peasant issue, difficult living conditions of workers, illiteracy of the people and the mediocrity of the country's leadership.

Subjective reasons include the passivity of the population, the ideological tossing of the intelligentsia from anarchism to terrorism, the presence in Russia of a small but well-organized, disciplined group - the Bolshevik Party and the primacy in it of the great historical Personality - V. I. Lenin, as well as the absence of a person in the country the same scale.

October Revolution of 1917. Brief progress, results

This significant event for the country took place on October 25 according to the old style or November 7 according to the new style. The reason was the slowness and inconsistency of the Provisional Government in deciding the agrarian, labor, national issues after the February events, as well as Russia's continued participation in the world war. All this aggravated the national crisis and strengthened the position of far-left and nationalist parties.

The beginning of the October Revolution of 1917 was laid at the beginning of September 1917, when the Bolsheviks took the majority in the Soviets of Petrograd and prepared an armed uprising, timed to coincide with the opening of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

On the night of October 25 (November 7), armed workers, sailors of the Baltic Fleet and soldiers of the Petrograd garrison, after being shot from the cruiser Aurora, captured the Winter Palace and took the Provisional Government under arrest. The bridges on the Neva, the Central Telegraph, the Nikolaevsky Station, the State Bank were immediately captured, military schools, etc. were blocked.

At the then Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment and formation of a new government - the Council of People's Commissars - were approved. This government body was supposed to work until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. It included V. Lenin (chairman); I. Teodorovich, A. Lunacharsky, N. Avilov, I. Stalin, V. Antonov. Decrees on peace and land were immediately adopted.

Having suppressed the resistance of forces loyal to the Provisional Government in Petrograd and Moscow, the Bolsheviks managed to quickly establish dominance in the main industrial cities of Russia.

The main opponent, the Cadets Party, was outlawed.

Participants of the October Revolution 1917

The initiator, ideologist and main protagonist of the revolution was the Bolshevik party RSDLP (b) (Russian Social Democratic Bolshevik Party), led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (party pseudonym Lenin) and Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Trotsky).

Slogans of the October Revolution of 1917:

"Power to the Soviets"

"Peace to the Nations"

"Land to the peasants"

"Factory to workers"

October Revolution. Consequences. Results

The October Revolution of 1917, the consequences of which completely changed the course of history for Russia, is characterized by the following results:

• A complete change of the elite that ruled the country for 1000 years
• The Russian Empire turned into the Soviet Empire, which became one of two countries (together with the USA) that led the world community
• The Tsar was replaced by Stalin, who had more power and authority than any Russian emperor
• The ideology of Orthodoxy was replaced by communist
• An agricultural country has turned into a powerful industrial power
• Literacy has become universal
• The Soviet Union achieved the withdrawal of education and medical care from the system of commodity-money relations
• Absence of unemployment, almost complete equality of the population in income and opportunities, no division of people into poor and rich

The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia is still called the Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution. It is the second revolution (the first occurred in 1905, the third in October 1917). February revolution a great turmoil began in Russia, during which not only the Romanov dynasty fell and the Empire ceased to be a monarchy, but also the entire bourgeois-capitalist system, as a result of which the elite in Russia completely changed

Causes of the February Revolution

• Russia's unfortunate participation in the First World War, accompanied by defeats at the fronts and disorganization of life in the rear
• The inability of Emperor Nicholas II to rule Russia, which resulted in unsuccessful appointments of ministers and military leaders
• Corruption at all levels of government
• Economic difficulties
• Ideological disintegration of the masses, who stopped believing the tsar, the church, and local leaders
• Dissatisfaction with the tsar's policies by representatives of the big bourgeoisie and even his closest relatives

“...We have been living on the volcano for several days... There was no bread in Petrograd - transport was very bad due to the extraordinary snow, frosts and, most importantly, of course, because of the stress of the war... There were street riots... But this was, of course, not the case in the bread... That was the last straw... The point was that in this entire huge city it was impossible to find several hundred people who would sympathize with the authorities... And not even that... The point is that the authorities did not sympathize with themselves... There was no , in essence, not a single minister who believed in himself and in what he was doing... The class of former rulers was fading away...”
(Vas. Shulgin “Days”)

Progress of the February Revolution

• February 21 - bread riots in Petrograd. Crowds destroyed bread stores
• February 23 - the beginning of a general strike of Petrograd workers. Mass demonstrations with slogans “Down with war!”, “Down with autocracy!”, “Bread!”
• February 24 - More than 200 thousand workers of 214 enterprises, students went on strike
• February 25 - 305 thousand people were already on strike, 421 factories stood idle. The workers were joined by office workers and artisans. The troops refused to disperse the protesting people
• February 26 - Continued unrest. Disintegration in the troops. Inability of the police to restore calm. Nicholas II
  postponed the start of State Duma meetings from February 26 to April 1, which was perceived as its dissolution
• February 27 - armed uprising. The reserve battalions of Volyn, Litovsky, and Preobrazhensky refused to obey their commanders and joined the people. In the afternoon, the Semenovsky regiment, the Izmailovsky regiment, and the reserve armored vehicle division rebelled. The Kronverk Arsenal, the Arsenal, the Main Post Office, the telegraph office, train stations, and bridges were occupied. The State Duma
  appointed a Provisional Committee “to restore order in St. Petersburg and to communicate with institutions and individuals.”
• On February 28, night, the Provisional Committee announced that it was taking power into its own hands.
• On February 28, the 180th Infantry Regiment, the Finnish Regiment, the sailors of the 2nd Baltic Fleet Crew and the cruiser Aurora rebelled. The insurgent people occupied all the stations of Petrograd
• March 1 - Kronstadt and Moscow rebelled, the tsar’s entourage offered him either the introduction of loyal army units into Petrograd, or the creation of the so-called “responsible ministries” - a government subordinate to the Duma, which meant turning the Emperor into the “English queen”.
• March 2, night - Nicholas II signed a manifesto on the granting of a responsible ministry, but it was too late. The public demanded abdication.

“The Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief,” General Alekseev, requested by telegram all the commanders-in-chief of the fronts. These telegrams asked the commanders-in-chief for their opinion on the desirability, under the given circumstances, of the abdication of the sovereign emperor from the throne in favor of his son. By one o'clock in the afternoon on March 2, all the answers from the commanders-in-chief were received and concentrated in the hands of General Ruzsky. These answers were:
1) From Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich - Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Front.
2) From General Sakharov - the actual commander-in-chief of the Romanian Front (the commander in chief was the King of Romania, and Sakharov was his chief of staff).
3) From General Brusilov - Commander-in-Chief of the Southwestern Front.
4) From General Evert - Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front.
5) From Ruzsky himself - Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Front. All five commanders-in-chief of the fronts and General Alekseev (General Alekseev was the chief of staff under the Sovereign) spoke out in favor of the Sovereign Emperor’s abdication of the throne.” (Vas. Shulgin “Days”)

• On March 2, at about 3 p.m., Tsar Nicholas II decided to abdicate the throne in favor of his heir, Tsarevich Alexei, under the regency of the younger brother of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. During the day, the king decided to renounce his heir as well.
• March 4 - the Manifesto on the abdication of Nicholas II and the Manifesto on the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich were published in newspapers.

“The man rushed towards us - Darlings!” he shouted and grabbed me by the hand. “Did you hear that?” There is no king! There is only Russia left.
He kissed everyone deeply and rushed to run further, sobbing and muttering something... It was already one in the morning, when Efremov usually slept soundly.
Suddenly, at this inopportune hour, a loud and short sound of the cathedral bell was heard. Then a second blow, a third.
The beats became more frequent, a tight ringing was already floating over the town, and soon the bells of all the surrounding churches joined it.
Lights were lit in all the houses. The streets were filled with people. The doors of many houses stood wide open. Strangers hugged each other, crying. A solemn and jubilant cry of steam locomotives flew from the direction of the station (K. Paustovsky “Restless Youth”)

The revolutionary marathon from February to October 1917 changed Russia and the whole world. The successive fall of the autocracy and then the Provisional Government led to a change in the socio-political system and an interruption of the democratic prospects for development.

The revolution was not allowed to come to its senses, destroying more and more strong Russia. Today we will figure out what were the reasons for the revolution of 1917, and whether there was really a need for them.

1. A revolutionary situation arose when the government could not strictly restore order in the economy, and the people could not endure it any longer.
2. Defeats at the front, hunger, poverty.
3. Conspiracy against the Tsar, betrayal of the generals.
4. Contradictions between workers and capitalists, peasants and landowners.

Progress of the revolution

February 1917- bourgeois-democratic revolution. Overthrow of the king. The creation of two government bodies: the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Petrosovet) and the Provisional Government. Arose dual power. The Petrograd Soviet controlled the army and navy. The provisional government directed politics and economics.

Constant government crises. Change of government composition 4 times in six months. Defeats at the front. In August, General Kornilov revolted in order to seize power. The head of government, Kerensky, declared him an “enemy of the Fatherland.” The Bolsheviks participate in the creation of people's defense units. The growth of the authority of the Bolshevik Party and the number of its members. There is spy mania in Russia, constant demonstrations. September 1, 1917 Kerensky declares Russia a republic. A search is underway for Lenin, Trotsky and other revolutionaries. The Bolsheviks are preparing for an armed seizure of power.

At night from 25 to 26 October 1917 An armed coup occurred and the Bolsheviks arrested the Provisional Government. At the same time it is meeting II All-Russian Congress Soviets. The Decrees on Land and Peace were adopted. Having learned about the Bolsheviks' prank, other parties left the congress in protest. The remaining Bolsheviks accept the Decree on Power and declare the coup legal. They create a one-party government - SNK(Council of People's Commissars). Later this coup would be called the Great October Socialist Revolution.

From October 1917 to March 1918 a triumphal procession took place Soviet power. The slogans of the Bolsheviks won in all areas. Russia's democratic development was interrupted.

REASONS for the Bolshevik victory:

1. Disagreements among other parties and the weakness of the bourgeoisie.
2. The development of a development program that promises a lot for the people.
3. The growth of the number and armament of the Bolshevik Party.
4. Lenin managed to overcome differences among the Bolsheviks.

The fact is that the Bolsheviks had weapons, were organized and strong. That's why they took power. But as a result, Russia will be flooded with blood. To be continued.

35. Formation of Russian multi-party system at the beginning of the 20th century: political spectrum, main parties, their leaders and programs.

On February 23-March 3, the February Revolution took place in Russia. Events began to develop spontaneously.

Reasons for the revolution: If we talk about the influence of the First World War on the internal political life of Russia, then it was a kind of catalyst for radical revolutionary processes in society, and, one might say, was one of the main reasons for the February Revolution of 1917. The extreme aggravation of all the contradictions of Russian society, aggravated by the war, economic devastation and food crisis.

Driving force: working class, peasantry, liberal bourgeoisie, democratic strata of the population, intelligentsia, students, employees, representatives of oppressed peoples, army.

On February 27, an Interim Committee is created State Duma(leaders: M. Rodzianko, P. Milyukov, G. Lvov, etc.) and the Petrograd Council (chairman: N. Chkheidze, deputies: A. Kerensky and M. Skobelev, G. Khrustalev-Nosar.

The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Committee of the State Duma are equally popular among the people and proclaim themselves the highest authority in the country, which laid the foundation for dual power.

On March 2, Nicholas II signs the abdication of the throne for himself and for his son Alexei in favor of his brother, Mikhail Romanov.

On March 2, a Provisional Government is formed (before the elections to the Constituent Assembly). Dual power begins in Russia - the Provisional Government on the one hand, and the Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, which are spontaneously created throughout the country, on the other;

Results of the revolution:

1. the monarchy was overthrown;

2. fundamental human rights and freedoms were proclaimed;

3. dual power began.

The first Provisional Government was headed by State Duma deputy, Octobrist G. Lvov. The first government consisted mainly of representatives of bourgeois parties. Cadet P. Milyukov, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, had particular influence in the government.

In mid-April 1917, the first government crisis arose, caused by the “Milyukov note.” The provisional government took upon itself the obligation to “bring the war to a victorious end.” This caused numerous anti-war protests throughout the country. As a result, the Second Provisional Government was formed, which was again headed by G. Lvov. It was coalition - bourgeois-socialist.

In June, the crisis of the second Provisional Government broke out, because ministers - representatives of the right-wing party in every possible way prevented the radicalism of socialist ministers seeking to “push through” laws on an 8-hour working day and the urgent convening of a Constituent Assembly

37. October Revolution of 1917: causes, course of events, results. Main decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

On the night of October 25, the Bolsheviks carried out an armed seizure of power. On the evening of October 25, the Second Congress of Soviets began its work. IN AND. Lenin announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Bolsheviks. The II Congress formed a new Provisional Government headed by V.I. Lenin (Council of People's Commissars).

Reasons for the October Revolution of 1917:

1) fatigue from war;

2) industry and Agriculture countries were on the verge of complete collapse;

3) catastrophic financial crisis;

4) the unresolved agrarian question and the impoverishment of peasants;

5) delaying socio-economic reforms;

6) the contradictions of dual power became a prerequisite for a change of power.

Progress of the October Revolution of 1917:

By the autumn of 1917, the political and socio-economic aggravation of the situation had reached its peak. Industry, the financial sector, the transport system and agriculture were all in ruins. Also, national contradictions intensified in the country, food prices rose, while wages only went down, and the situation at the front became simply catastrophic. And with all this, the Provisional Government, recently formed from the bourgeoisie, not only did not fulfill the principles it proclaimed, but also did not have a plan to lead the country out of the crisis.

All this only led to the strengthening of extreme left forces in the country. It was at this point that the Bolshevik Party began planning a coup. Among other things, the Bolsheviks promised to carry out agrarian reform and immediately end the war. The Bolsheviks quickly won the support of workers, soldiers and peasants, and by the beginning of September 1917, a majority in the Soviets of Petrograd and Moscow. It is worth noting that some Bolsheviks adhered to the strategy of peacefully coming to power, while others, on the contrary, adhered to the strategy of seizing power by force.

Result: Bolshevik victory, Beginning of the Civil War, Creation of the Russian Soviet Republic

Main decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies:

An appeal to “Workers, Soldiers and Peasants!”, which stated that the congress would take power into its own hands, and in the localities all power would pass to the Councils of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies, which should ensure a genuine revolutionary order;

Peace Decree;

Decree on land;

Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia;

Resolutions were also adopted: on the transfer of local power to the Soviets; on the release of arrested members of land committees; about cancellation death penalty at the front; about the immediate arrest of the head of the former Provisional bourgeois government A.F. Kerensky; on the fight against counter-revolutionary actions; on the formation of temporary revolutionary committees in the army. Appeals were accepted to the Cossacks with an appeal to go over to the side of Soviet power and to the railway workers - to maintain order on the railway.

The government took full power into its own hands and took a number of measures that expanded civil rights. But in Petrograd and locally, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies gained great influence.

Due to the war and revolutionary events, the economic crisis intensified, worsening the already difficult situation of the working people. This gave rise to mass despair, the desire to break out of the current situation in one leap, unrealistic expectations and, ultimately, the desire for quick and decisive measures that would qualitatively change society - social radicalism. The Bolsheviks became the force that took upon itself the consolidation of the radical masses of soldiers and workers.

Of particular importance for the fate of the revolution was the return to Russia on April 3, 1917 of the leader of the Bolsheviks, who, despite the resistance of the more moderate leaders of Bolshevism, insisted on a new course - the course towards a socialist revolution. Despite maintaining significant influence in the party of moderate Bolsheviks (N. Rykov and others), Lenin’s line did not win. This predetermined the alliance and subsequent merger of the Bolsheviks with the group of Social Democrats-Mezhrayontsy, whose leader adhered to the same concept as Lenin of the development of a “bourgeois” revolution into a “socialist” one.

The leaders in the Soviets were moderate socialist parties ((Socialist Revolutionaries, AKP) and Social Democrats -). The socialists were looking for a compromise between the radical masses of workers and the “qualified elements” - wealthy intellectuals and entrepreneurs, without whom the effective functioning of the economy seemed doubtful. However, the socialists' desire to consolidate society collided with its growing polarization. Having confirmed Russia's readiness to fight until victory, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the leader of the constitutional democrats, provoked unrest and clashes in Petrograd). Socialists and the broad masses of Petrograd hoped for a speedy peace “to a draw” without annexations and indemnities. To restore the stability of the government, the liberals had to attract socialists to it on May 5, 1917 (, M. Skobelev,). However, liberals blocked proposals from some socialists to carry out social reforms that could somewhat reduce tension in society. The government for the most part advocated the refusal of social reforms before the convocation.

The authority of the government was declining. The All-Russian Congress of Peasant Councils took place in May, and in June. These congresses relied on millions of active citizens and could become a “temporary parliament,” which would give the new government additional support and begin social reforms. The idea of ​​​​creating a socialist Soviet government was supported by the Bolsheviks and part of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks.

The government hoped to rally the country's citizens around itself with the help of successes at the front. On June 18, 1917, the offensive was launched Russian army near Kalush. But the Russian army had already lost its combat effectiveness, the offensive failed, and on July 6, 1917, the enemy launched a counteroffensive.

On July 3 - 4, 1917, socio-political instability in Petrograd led to a revolution that ended in the political defeat of the Bolsheviks and left socialists. Lenin and some other Bolshevik leaders had to go underground.

After the defeat of the radical left, socialist leaders saw the main threat from the right. The socialist parties restored the coalition with the liberals, this time under the leadership of A. Kerensky, who headed the government on July 8, 1917.

Liberal political circles hoped, relying on military force commander-in-chief, establish “firm order” and solve the problems facing the country by militarizing the rear and restoring the army’s ability to attack. leading political forces were unable to stop political polarization. On August 26, 1917, a conflict began between L. Kornilov and A. Kerensky. Kornilov's performance ended with his defeat on September 1, 1917. These events once again upset the balance in the power system. On the left and democratic forces in September, this discussion continued, but Prime Minister Kerensky, contrary to the position of his Socialist Revolutionary Party, created a coalition with the Cadets on September 26, 1917. By this, he further narrowed the political base of his government, since he was no longer supported by either the Cadets or the left and center wings of the socialists, and the Soviets, in the face of government inaction in the face of the crisis, began to come under the control of the Bolsheviks.

October Revolution

On October 24 - 26, 1917, the October Revolution took place, which brought the Bolsheviks to power, laid the foundations of Soviet power, became the beginning of the October Revolution as a stage of the Revolutionary Revolution and initial stage development of Soviet society. Under the conditions of the coup, he transferred power to the Bolshevik People's Council (SNK), headed by Lenin, and elected (the All-Russian Central Executive Committee), which played the role of a temporary representative body of power. The congress adopted the first decrees of the Soviet government. proclaimed the transfer of land to the peasants without any ransom, and proclaimed his readiness to immediately conclude peace without annexations and indemnities, for which purpose to enter into peace negotiations with Germany and its allies.

Immediately after the October Revolution, a struggle between supporters and opponents of Soviet power unfolded throughout Russia. A. Kerensky still made attempts to recapture Petrograd, but his campaign ended in failure due to the low popularity of the prime minister among the troops.

National movements also played a significant role in the fight against Bolshevism, but their tasks were territorially limited. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Civil War led to the collapse of Russia as single state. In the space of the former Russian Empire Several Soviet republics were formed, controlled from Moscow through the structures of the RCP (b), as well as states independent of Soviet power: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland.

The regime of “war communism” that existed in Russia in 1918-1921 was perceived by the Bolsheviks as a direct road to communism. This policy concentrated in the hands of the leadership of the RCP(b) the resources necessary for waging war. In 1919, the troops of Denikin and Kolchak dangerously approached Moscow. But during fierce battles, by the end of the year the main white forces were defeated, despite assistance with weapons and equipment from abroad, as well as direct military intervention foreign countries in some areas of the former Russian Empire. The "White" movement continued the war, but in November 1920 the troops under its command were defeated in the Crimea, and on October 25, 1922, the "Whites" left Vladivostok. The Bolshevik alternative won in Russia. The defeat of the whites was predetermined primarily by their elitism, social revanchism, which frightened the masses, and the great-power slogans that mobilized the national minorities of Russia to fight them, as well as the fears of the peasantry to lose their land if the “generals” won. Having rejected the democratic and socially oriented program of the socialists, the “whites” in the eyes of the majority of the population did not have significant advantages in comparison with the Bolsheviks. Speaking for “order,” the white generals could not stop the robberies and practiced mass arbitrary arrests and executions. Under these conditions, the Reds seemed to significant masses of the population to be a “lesser evil.”

The final stage of the revolution

Victory over the armies of Denikin, Yudenich, Wrangel, Kolchak, etc. The state of the “united military camp” made no sense. The RCP(b) turned around. At the same time, insurgent movements intensified on the territory of Russia and Ukraine, in which hundreds of thousands of people were involved (see, West Siberian Uprising of 1921). The rebels put forward demands for an end to surplus appropriation, freedom of trade, and the elimination of the Bolshevik dictatorship. Labor unrest intensified. The culmination of this phase of the revolution was. in March 1921, he decided to switch to (NEP) and ban factions and groupings in the party. With the introduction of the NEP, the attempt at an immediate transition to communism ended.

By 1922, the victory of the communists (Bolsheviks) in the Russian Revolution was determined. But the results of the revolution were determined not only by their policies, but also by the resistance to the communist policies of the broad masses. The Bolsheviks had to make concessions to the peasant majority of the country, but they were exclusively economic in nature. All completeness political power and the “commanding heights” of the economy remained in the hands of the leadership of the RCP(b), which gave it the opportunity at any time to resume a policy close to “war communism.” The leaders of Bolshevism viewed the NEP as a short-term retreat, a respite.

Despite the instability and temporary nature of the NEP system, it consolidated the most important socio-economic result of the revolution - the peasantry received the land at full disposal, which was enshrined in Soviet legislation in 1922. A relatively stable socio-economic model was created, aimed at further industrial modernization. The political regime provided high vertical mobility. With the formation of the USSR, the rights of peoples to develop their culture were secured insofar as this does not interfere with solving other problems of the communist regime. Due to the fact that the main tasks of the revolution received one solution or another, we can talk about the completion of the Great Russian Revolution by December 30, 1922, when the history of the new state, the USSR, began.