Natural materials for a notebook. What and how is paper made

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Notebook... this integral part of school life accompanied our childhood, the childhood of our parents - and, probably, will not soon become a thing of the past. It seems that notebooks have always existed! But after all, did they ever appear ... how and where did this happen?

The word “notebook” itself will help answer this question ... what associations does it evoke? Recall similar words: "tetralogy" - a work consisting of four parts (for example, R. Wagner's tetralogy "The Ring of the Nibelung", including four operas), "Tetralogy of Fallot" - a severe heart disease, including four violations ... In other words, the name "notebook comes from the word "four" ... what is behind this?

There are several possible explanations for this. One of them is that in the libraries of medieval universities, for the convenience of students, books were divided into four parts (really convenient: you don’t have to wait for someone to hand over the whole book - you can work with part of it for now, in the absence of book printing, this was indispensable), and these parts were called quarters - notebooks ...

But it is more likely to assume that the concept of "notebook" is still ancient, and it is in the meaning we are used to.
Perhaps it came to us from Ancient Greece, where students (though not only them) wrote with pointed sticks-styles on wax-coated tablets. But how much can you write on one board? On the other hand, fastening many boards at once is also not very convenient - an impressive bunch will turn out ... Four boards turned out to be the best option - a notebook! Such student notebooks have come down to our times - and they show us how and what they taught in ancient schools. So, in one such notebook, a very relevant saying was rewritten four times: “Be diligent, boy, so that you don’t get torn out!”

But there is another version of the origin of both the notebook itself and the word "notebook". Let's remember what was the "favorite" material for writing in ancient world? Of course, papyrus! After all, waxed planks were convenient for student exercises, current records“for memory” - in a word, for something short and not particularly valuable, which you will immediately erase later, but for large and valuable texts, something long-lasting and light was needed. In this regard, the papyrus was an ideal option.

But he also had flaws. The fact is that the papyrus cannot be folded - it will break at the same time, it can only be rolled up into a scroll. You can easily imagine what it is like to find the right place in a scroll (sometimes very long) if you remember the recent past: how we struggled to find the right place on video and audio cassettes! And to top it off, the Egyptians forbade the export of papyrus from their territory.

But, as you know, if there is a need, a replacement will always be found. And she was found - after the campaigns of Alexander the Great. In the Greek city of Pergamum in Asia Minor, they adopted from the Persians and improved the technology of dressing skins. This is how the material for writing appeared, which is called - after the name of the city - parchment. It turned out to be even better than papyrus: it did not darken and did not break with time.

At first, from parchment - so to speak, "by inertia" - they made scrolls similar to papyrus. But it was inconvenient: the scroll had to be long and narrow, a lot of parchment went to waste - and this is not a cheap material! Finally, the optimal solution was found: a sheet of parchment was folded in four - this is what was called a "tetrad" - and several of these notebooks were sewn together, and it already looked like what we call a notebook now.
Thus, the appearance of the notebook is directly related to the invention of parchment. Centuries had to pass for parchment as a material for writing to be replaced by paper - and notebooks became paper.

Paper has become so firmly established in our lives that using it, we do not think about its origin and production. Although everyone knows what paper is made of. But the very process of turning a tree into thin white leaves is not known to many. So how is paper made?
The paper and pulp industry is engaged in the manufacture of paper. The most common is its production from wood. Wood pulp is produced from forest trees. In order to understand how they do it, let's take a virtual tour of the factory.
Raw materials are delivered there in an unprocessed form. Here, the bark is stripped from the tree, and then it is crushed on special machines into chips. Then there are some papers. The simplest mechanical With this method, crushed chips are mixed with water and further processed. The result is not very good paper. High Quality, which is used to produce newspapers. In order to obtain raw materials of good, high quality, a chemical method of its production is used. With this method, chips are selected by size and boiled. This process takes place using acid in machines specially designed for this. After cooking, the resulting mass is washed and foreign matter is removed. The resulting raw material is subjected to further processing to produce a specific
In order to get raw materials, glue is added. This gives it a water repellent effect. Resins added during the manufacturing process keep the ink from flowing and make writing easy to read. Paper intended for printing does not require these additives because the inks used for printing are not water based.
To make the paper white and opaque, the raw material is dyed with special dyes and pigments. After all the operations carried out, the process of production of raw materials begins. The machines move the resulting slurry from one shaft to another, on which the mesh is stretched. This results in the formation of a paper sheet. The water that was in the raw material gradually flows out through the holes in the grid. The fibers intertwine and form rolls. Further, the canvas is subjected to a series of operations, as a result of which paper is obtained, which we are used to having in our everyday life. The rollers through which the raw web passes are pressed, dried and polished. After that, it is additionally pressed and dried. At the output, paper rolls are obtained, which are already used for their intended purpose. They are cut or sent in rolls for further use. In the process of making paper, many special machines are used. All labor is mechanized. But, nevertheless, it is a very valuable material. Therefore, knowing what and how paper is made of, you begin to perceive it more carefully. After all, it takes 17 trees to produce 1 ton of paper.

For the production of paper, they also use it. Previously, a mass collection of waste paper was organized in the country. It, after cleaning from ink, is added to paper raw materials during the production process. Paper is a necessary attribute modern life. It is even hard to imagine that its first inventors were the Chinese. For a long time they did not reveal the secret of how paper is made.
Paper is used in various areas of our life. Napkins, notebooks, books, toys, wallpapers, money are made from it. It is perhaps impossible to list the entire list of where paper is used. In some cases, it is simply irreplaceable and is the only suitable material. New ones open up more and more opportunities for its application.

The theme is “What is made of”.

Target: To acquaint with the natural materials from which various objects are made; form elementary representations about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; foster respect for natural resources.

Planned results: Metasubject

Regulatory: be able toformulate learning task;understand learning task of the lesson and strive to fulfill it; formulate conclusions from the studied material; answer final questions; realizecontrol and correction;evaluate the results of their activities in the classroom.Cognitive: classify objects by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color;read the text of the textbook; according to the drawings of the textbooktrace production chains, model them,make up story by pictures, give other examples of use natural materials for the production of products.Communicative: participate inpair and group work. Agree with each other, take the position of the interlocutor, show respect for the opinions of others.

Subject: y know what natural materials people use to make products; learn how to make simple production chains

Personal: take care of things; understand the need for respect for nature; respect the work of people.

Educational materials: Textbook A.A. Pleshakov " The world”, workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards are models. Atstudents: signal traffic lights, colored pencils (felt-tip pens), glue,

1. Organizational moment, emotional mood. (slide1)

The cheerful bell rang
Is everyone ready? All is ready?
We don't rest now.
We are starting to work.

Look at each other. Mentally wish each other a good mood for the whole school day. Look at me. I also wish you today to be attentive, active, resourceful. and most importantly hardworking.

Let the motto of the lesson be the words

"You know yourself, tell someone else!"

Guys, to get started, let's plan our actions. What do we always do at the beginning of the lesson?repeat

In any lesson, we learn something, we learn something, which means

Knowledge will not be strong, so you need it ...to fix

And also, any work is necessary ...check and evaluate

Well, now let's get to work. I hope everything works out for you.

2. Checking homework.

What section are we studying? (Life of the city and village)

( ( Industry, trade, transport, construction, agriculture)

A) Individual tasks on cards. (4 children receive assignments)

- Emphasize with one line the products of industry, with two - the products of agriculture.

1. Tomato, book, carrot, phone, table lamp, potato, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.

2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, school desk, pumpkin, cabbage, plane, garlic, cucumber.

B) The game "True-False".

Let's play a game“True-false” (working with signal cards-traffic lights: if true - green, if not - red)

Is it true that economics is economic activity of people? (Yes)

Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, meat? (No)

Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)

Is it true that nowadays money is not made from wood? (Yes)

Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)

Is it true that a painter, a bricklayer, a plasterer, a crane operator work in construction? (Yes)

Is it true that we can buy products and things in agriculture? (No)

Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only the branches of agriculture and trade work? (no, transport, industry)

Is it true that, together with the builders, transport and industry specialists are involved in the construction of the house? (Yes)

Is it true that all sectors of the economy are connected to each other? (Yes)

Can the modern economy work without money? (No)

C) Mini-project “How did money appear?”

D) The story of E. Lentitskaya about the profession of parents.

What branch of the economy does this profession belong to?

What industries are there in our area? (Agriculture, transport, trade.)

Can we say. What is the most important profession?

Well done for learning so much about economics.

3. Self-determination to activity

Guys, I brought these items to the lesson.

What question do you have when you see these objects? (What are they made of?)

So the topic of our lesson is “What is made of what?”

Read the topic of the lesson in the textbook.p.108.

What learning goals will we set for ourselves?

To do this, use the phrase: "I think that ...

We will read in the textbook what the Ant says about this.

4. Co-discovery of knowledge. Studying new material.

What seemed difficult and incomprehensible? (Industrial chains)

Production chain - the order in which an item is made. (Board )

What materials are these items made of? (Clay, metal, wool. wood)

Guys, what do these things have in common? (Made by human hands)

Since ancient times, people have had to adapt to the conditions of life in various conditions. Tools of labor created by people, dwellings and household items, clothing, jewelry were made from the materials that were in that area.
- The most ancient are stone tools. Ancient people first used fragments of stones, branches and twigs of trees. Scientists believe that the very first tool made by an ancient man was a hand ax carved from stone.

In our time, a person from the very birth a person enters the world of things. We are already so accustomed to this that we do not think about how and from what the objects around us are made.

Task on p. 108 from the textbook (Mutual check)

Group work. Task p.109.

From clay - 1 group

From wool -2 group

From metal - 4 group

From wood-3 group

The class gets acquainted with the production of products according to the plan and draws up a poster:

1. Study the information in the textbook.

2. Consider the drawings.

3. The order of making items.

4. Depict the production chain with the help of models.

5. Prepare a poster.

Work together - the result will be successful.

5. PHYSMINUTE.

We played in the profession -

In an instant, we became pilots!

They flew in an airplane

And suddenly they became drivers!

The steering wheel is now in our hands -

Second class rides fast

And now we are at the construction site

Lay bricks straight.

One-brick and two, and three -

We are building a house, look!

Here's the game over

It's time for us to party again.

6. Group performance.

The groups have done some research and now they will tell you how the items are made. Before the performance, the children make riddles.

If you meet on the road

Then the legs get bogged down,

And to make a bowl or a vase-

She will be needed immediately. (Clay)

Every year young

Adds a ring. (Tree)

Weaved thick grasses

Meadows curled up

Yes, and I myself am all curly,

Even a curl of a horn. (Sheep, ram)

I go into the water red, and I go out black. (Metal)

Presentation plan.

Item name.

What is it needed for?

What is made of

How is it made?

7. Primary fastening.

Questions in the frame of the textbook p.111.

8. Independent work with cross-validation according to the sample.

(work in pairs)

Workbook p.79-71

Exercise 1.

Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.

Task2.

Write what people can turn these materials into.

(Grain, mill, bread. Iron ore, factory, scissors, etc.)

"5" - no errors.

"4" - 1 mistake

"3" -2 errors. (Check work on multimedia )

And besides clay, wood, metal, what materials can various objects be made of? (Plastic, rubber, glass, etc.)

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature for the manufacture of various products?

1) Extract no more materials than they are required.

2) Spend sparingly.

3) Plant new trees.

4) Restore land at the site of quarries.

9.Inclusion in the knowledge system.

Man needs different things.

Where does he get the material to make them? (In nature)

What should people pay attention to? Extracting various materials in nature?

Read in the textbook on p.111 (in bold)

What production chains did you learn about?

Task 3. Workbook p.71 No. 3.

1, 2 chains for the weak

For the strong (Come up with source material)

8. The result of the lesson.

Check how attentive you were to the lesson.

So, a person needs a variety of products. Where does he get the material for their manufacture?(In nature .)

To make a hat and scarf, you need - (wool )

Paper is made fromtree )

For the manufacture of ceramic dishes you need (clay )

Pots, spoons are made from (metal )

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature? (Produce no more than required, spend sparingly, plant new trees)

By extracting various materials, people change nature, harm it. The quarry left after the extraction of clay may turn into a ravine on the surface of the earth. The cut forest is the destroyed home of many plants and animals. Natural resources are not eternal, they must be protected.

What can the unreasonable, wasteful use of natural resources lead to? (There will be no forest, there will be no animals and plants, there will be no man. Our planet will become a lifeless desert.)

We need to remember that every thing is invested with the knowledge and work of many people, so things must be treated with care.

We made a trip to the Land of Masters.

What question was answered in class? (What is made of what?) - Who now knows what dishes, clothes, comfortable things, books can be made from?

What do you think, today in the lesson we learned about all the natural materials from which you can make clothes and dishes? (NO)

What items in the classroom are made from natural materials?

9. HOMEWORK.

Your homework will be:

Find out what other natural materials are and what is made of them?In the next lesson, tell your classmates about it. (Optional)
-Find out what materials are used to make your toy.

Workbook p.71 No. 4. For the strong

10. Reflection

I know that …

I learned …

I am satisfied…

Class: 2

Target: To acquaint with the natural materials from which various objects are made; to form elementary ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; foster respect for natural resources.

Planned results: Metasubject

Regulatory: be able formulate learning task; understand learning task of the lesson and strive to fulfill it ; formulate conclusions from the studied material; answer final questions; realize control and correction; evaluate the results of their activities in the classroom. Cognitive:classify objects by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color; read the text of the textbook; according to the drawings of the textbook trace production chains, model them, make up a story from pictures, give other examples of the use of natural materials for the production of products. Communicative: participate in pair and group work. Agree with each other, take the position of the interlocutor, show respect for the opinions of others.

Subject: find out what natural materials people use to make products; learn how to make simple production chains

Personal: take care of things; understand the need for respect for nature; respect the work of people.

Educational materials: A.A. Pleshakov "The World Around", workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards are models. At students: signal flags, colored pencils (felt-tip pens)

1. Organizational moment, emotional mood. (slide1)

The cheerful bell rang
Is everyone ready? All is ready?
We don't rest now.
We are starting to work.

2. Checking homework.

A) Individual tasks on cards. (2 children receive assignments)

Emphasize with one line the products of industry, with two - the products of agriculture.

1. Tomato, book, carrot, phone, table lamp, potato, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.

2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, school desk, pumpkin, cabbage, plane, garlic, cucumber.

B) The game "Is it true or not."

Let's play the game "Is it true or not" (working with signal cards-traffic lights: if it's true - green, if not - red)

Is it true that the economy is the economic activity of people? (Yes)

Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, meat? (No)

Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)

Is it true that nowadays money is not made from wood? (Yes)

Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)

Is it true that a painter, a bricklayer, a plasterer, a crane operator work in construction? (Yes)

Is it true that we can buy products and things in agriculture? (No)

Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only the branches of agriculture and trade work? (no, transport, industry)

Is it true that, together with the builders, transport and industry specialists are involved in the construction of the house? (Yes)

Is it true that all sectors of the economy are connected to each other? (Yes)

Self-determination to activity

Look at the screen . (slide 2) The slide shows a variety of items.

(Shell, mittens, scissors, jug, ruler, spoon, scarf, mug, pencil)

Determine which is "extra"? (shell)

Why? ( Shell - created by nature, and the rest were made by man)

What is the name of what is made by human hands? ( handmade world)

Practical work.

Divide the rest of the items into groups according to the material. (Divide objects into groups.)

All of these items are familiar to you. Name them and explain what they serve. What do all these objects of the same group have in common? (They name the items. Tell what they are for - from clay (a vase, a pot, a brick, a clay whistle toy),

Wool (sweater, gloves, socks, scarf),

From metal (spoon, bowl, mug, scissors, metal constructor),

From wood (ruler, wooden spoon, matryoshka, notebook).

What will we talk about in class? (We will learn from what and how people make different products.)

Read the topic of the lesson in the textbook.

Formulate the learning objectives that we set for ourselves? (we will talk about objects, find out what they are made of). Read about it in the textbook.

Work on the topic of the lesson.

Conversation “What of what?” (Group work)

Now let's talk about each group of objects separately.

1. Wool (consider a group of items made of wool ) (slide 3)

We have determined that these things are made of wool. Where do they get wool from?

(p. 111 of the textbook) Look at the pictures and tell how woolen things are made.

1. Sheep shearing;

2. Making wool yarn, winding on bobbins;

3. Making a woolen cloth;

4. Drawing a pattern on the fabric;

5. Manufacturing according to patterns of clothing details.

What new did you learn about the manufacture of woolen products?

How did you make this scarf? How did you get the different colors?

2. Wood (consider a group of objects made of wood) (slide 4)

It is clear that the ruler, stand are made of wood. But how did the notebook end up in this group? How did our textbooks come into being? The guys who prepared the messages will help us figure it out.

a) Student presentations on paper making.

There are different types of paper. Where is it used?

The mill produces paper.

• The writer writes the work.
• The artist makes illustrations
• The publishing house prints books.
• There are books in the store.

Children's performance.

Today, paper is made in factories where machines help people.

Machines are taken to work even when the future paper grows in the forest. Electric saws cut down trees. Timber tractors carry logs to the river. Machines bind the logs into rafts, and the rafts float along the river to the gates of the shop. Here other machines get down to business: a fast multi-saw machine cuts logs into logs; machine - debarking peels off the bark from them; a chipper cuts logs into chips; chips go on a self-propelled track to the boiler. Wooden porridge is cooked in a cauldron in a special solution. This porridge, when ready, becomes paper.

b) Collection display various kinds paper.

What is paper used for?

Is it easy to get paper? How should we treat our notebooks, textbooks, because they are all felled trees. And it takes at least 60 years to grow an adult tree.

They also make furniture, dishes, toys from wood. (Show.)

6.Fizminutka

Now guess what it's about? Sounds music "Bu-ra-ti-no!")(slide 5)

Why do you think we remembered Pinocchio? (made of wood)

And from what fairy tale? (“The Golden Key”. A. Tolstoy)

7. Conversation “What of what?” (continuation)

From ancient times in Rus', dishes were made from clay and such wonderful toys. (slide 6)

And how clay toys are made, we learn from a fragment of the film .

(Watching a fragment of the film “The Legacy of Grandfather Philemon”.)

A student's story about clay.

Clay is mined in a quarry by excavators. In its raw form, it is plastic. It is mixed with water to a thick paste, and then utensils or toys are molded from it. Drying, the clay hardens and becomes very durable. The pieces are then fired in a kiln at high temperature 450°C. After firing, the clay becomes strong and will never become soft. The art of doing such things is called ceramics.

IN old times when there were no refrigerators, earthenware jugs were used to store cold water. The water remained cold as it seeped through the fine pores of the jug and evaporated, which helped to keep the water cold.
The Chinese were wonderful potters. Made from special white clay porcelain. When fired, this clay acquires a white color. This cup is also made of clay.

I must say that clay is used to make bricks, toys, tiles.

In the last group we had objects made of metal . (slide 7)

A student's story about the production of iron

No one makes iron, it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand ... And people only mine this iron and turn it into cast iron and steel.

Iron is invisible in the world - it is in the sand (that's why it is yellowish), and in reddish-brown clay, and in brown stone - flint. Iron is dissolved even in water.

Most iron in iron ores. It is from them that this most important metal is mined.

How is ore mined?

Here you can not do without a huge, powerful, steel copal - scoop, a small paper bag with an explosive charge and long wires. The miners will drill wells in the ground, plant explosives in them, and run electricity through the wires. Close your ears here. As the explosion crashes, tons of earth, stones will fly up into the air, scatter around, and the ore hidden under them will open. It happens that the ore itself has to be crushed by explosions. Finally, the explosions subsided. A walking excavator is taken to work. The excavator scoops up the ore with a bucket-scoop, turns around - and a whole wagon or a giant dump truck is loaded. But the ore was brought to the plant. How to turn it into iron? A hot fire helps people here. In huge, like high-rise buildings, furnaces - blast furnaces, flames rage day and night. Here, trolleys crawled to the very top of one of these domains along an inclined road. They will rise, tip over, pour the load into the furnace - and down. Some trolleys contain ore, others - white stone, limestone, and still others - fuel, dark gray spongy coke. He, like a pie, is baked from the best coal ground into flour. Well, limestone helps the coke to draw all the extra impurities out of the ore.
Coke burns hot, but it does not melt the ore. To make it burn even hotter, you need to constantly fan the fire, you need air, hot, red-hot. That is why there are several more towers next to the blast furnace. They heat up the air. Mighty fans drive air currents through the pipes, continuously fanning a firestorm in the blast furnaces. The flame is raging, the ore melts, the ore settles, the drops of cast iron metal gather in trickles, streams... Cast iron is heavy, it flows down to the bottom of the furnace, and all the excess that was in the ore rises, pops up with bubbled fiery foam. This is slag.

Finally, the master gives a signal: “Iron is ready! It is possible to release melting. A minute, another ... and, scattering fountains of sparks, illuminating the sky with a fiery glow, liquid metal will pour into a huge ladle. There are many buckets, each on wheels. There is a whole cast-iron train on the rails. One ladle will be filled, the next one will immediately come under the jet. Where will the fire-breathing train go? His path is not far - to the neighboring shop. Here the cast iron is poured into moulds. In them, the liquid metal will harden and take the form of the same form into which it was poured. And we meet with cast iron every day. After all, ordinary frying pans, cast irons, radiators, grates into which streams run on the streets - all this is also cast from cast iron.

So, we got acquainted with some materials from which a person can make the items he needs. And now, to consolidate, we will complete the tasks in the notebook.

Consolidation (work in pairs):

Independent work on the “Workbook” p.39-40 No. 1,2

Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.

Write what people can turn these materials into.

(Grain, mill, bread. Iron ore, factory, scissors, etc.)

And besides clay, wood, metal, what materials can various objects be made of? (Plastic, rubber, glass, etc.)

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature for the manufacture of various products?

1) Extract no more materials than they are required.

2) Spend sparingly.

3) Plant new trees.

4) Restore land at the site of quarries.

8. The result of the lesson: (slide 8)

What question was answered in class?

Who now knows what dishes, clothes, comfortable things can be made of?

For the manufacture of various things, a person uses mainly materials available in nature. But their supply is not unlimited. Therefore, a person should carefully treat natural resources.

9. Reflection. (slide 9)

• I know that …
• I learned …
• I am satisfied…

10. Homework(slide 10)