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Warm is the opposite. Dictionary of antonyms for elementary grades (1,2,3,4)

§ 129. Antonyms (from Grsch. anti-"against" and oputa -"name") are usually defined as "words opposite in meaning", "words having opposite meanings", "words with opposite meanings to each other", "words diametrically opposed in conceptual meaning". At the same time, the semantic correlation of antonymous words is often emphasized: "Antonyms are words of different meanings that express opposite, but correlative concepts with each other." When defining the concept of antonyms, sometimes attention is drawn to their belonging to the same part of speech (cf.: "ANTONYMS ... - words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings").

Semantic relations between words expressing opposite meanings, i.e. which are antonyms are called antonymic relations, antonymic opposition, or antonymy. "ANTONYMY - a type of semantic relations of lexical units that have opposite meanings ( antonyms)...". The combination of words related by antonyms is called antonymous pair(antonymic row), or antonymic opposition.

Antonymic relations between words are possible provided that these words express a qualitative feature. Antonyms can be "words that have a qualitative feature in their meaning and therefore are capable of being opposed to each other as opposite in meaning." A qualitative sign can be expressed in words that "designate phenomena that have qualitative, quantitative, temporal and spatial significance." Most often, a qualitative feature is expressed by adjectives, so antonymy is most common among adjectives, for example: white - black, closedistant, bigsmall, talllow, longshort, expensivecheap, softrough, early - late, strongweak, oldyoung. Less commonly, antonyms are found among other parts of speech - nouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, for example: day - night, winter - summer, goodevil, startend, south - north; lie down - get up, fall - rise, observeviolate; aheadback, fastslowly, earlylate; Vfrom, underabove.Нс form antonymic pairs of words or separate lexico-semantic variants of words with specific meanings that do not have evaluative semantics, for example, nouns meadow, forest, field, lake, road, house, table(at least in direct, nominative meanings), adjectives blue, purple, wooden, Verbs draw, examine and many others.

§ 130. Polysemantic words enter into antonymic relations in their separate meanings (lexico-semantic variants), therefore they can form antonymic pairs with different words; cf., for example: old(reaching old age) young(underage, not yet old) and old(long used) - new(first created or made, appeared or emerged recently). At the same time, different polysemantic words may be in antonymic relations not in all their meanings, but only in one or several of them. For example, a noun day forms an antonymic pair with the word night only in the first, nominative meaning: day(part of the day from sunrise to sunset, between morning and evening) - night(part of the day from sunset to sunrise, between evening and morning). Obviously, in such cases one can speak of partial antonyms, or partial antonymy. Sometimes antonymic nars also form such polysemantic words that are opposed to each other in all lexical meanings. Yes, but data explanatory dictionaries, antonymous nouns north And south opposed to each other in all three lexical meanings: north(1. One of the four cardinal directions and a direction opposed to the south ... 2. The area lying in this direction ... 3. The area with a cold, harsh climate, cold edges) - south(1. One of the four cardinal points and a direction opposite to the north ... 2. The area lying in this direction ... 3. The area with a warm, hot climate, warm edges). Such words can be called, respectively, full antonyms, and the relationship between them complete antonymy. Full antonyms are, of course, all single-valued words that form antonymic pairs.

§ 131. Like synonyms, antonyms differ in structure, i.e. are divided into heterogeneous And single root, sometimes called grammatical, or lexico-grammatical. In heterogeneous antonyms, the opposite of meaning is expressed by root morphemes, which is especially pronounced in non-derivative antonymous words (see examples above). In single-root antonyms, this function is performed by certain derivational means. In Russian, these are mainly prefix morphemes (cf., for example: Friendenemy, revolutioncounter-revolution, expensive - inexpensive, handsome - ugly, youngmiddle-aged, strong - powerless, finite - endless, above-ground - underground, maketake out, closeopen, assemble - disassemble). Sometimes (very rarely) word-building suffixes or inflections are used as such means (cf.: househouse, hand - hand, husband - wife and some others).

§ 132. As noted above, polysemantic antonymous words are usually opposed to each other in separate lexical meanings, in separate lexico-semantic variants. According to the definition of L. A. Novikov, "the lexico-semantic version of the word acts as an elementary unit of antonymy, opposition." Among the lexico-semantic variants of the same polysemantic word, there may be variants with opposite semantics, i.e. in antonymic relations with each other, for example: priceless -"very valuable, above any price" and (obsolete) "not valuable, of little value"; definite- "firmly established" and "some, this or that"; blow out- "by blowing, extinguish, for example, a candle" and "ignite, put into action (about a blast furnace)"; listen- "perceive by ear, listen" and (colloquial) "not perceive by ear, not hear, skip"; probably (probably) - "true, exactly, undoubtedly" and "apparently, probably, in all probability"; obviously- has the same meaning. Such a phenomenon is called intra-word antonymy, or enantiosemy(from Greek. enantios- "opposite" and sema- "sign"). Intra-word antonymy (enantiosemy) can be defined as the semantic opposition of lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. According to the definition of L. A. Novikov, this is "the opposite of meanings within the same word .., which finds external expression in the context, in the nature of the syntactic and lexical connections of the word (in its different, opposite meanings) with other words ...". The lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word that are in antonymic relations are called enantiosemes, or antonyms-enantiosemes. They can also be called intra-word antonyms.

§ 133. Antonymic words, the opposite of the meanings of which are fixed in the vocabulary of the language, are called ordinary, or language, general language. These include all words with opposite meanings, which are recorded in normative dictionaries (their detailed description is given above). Usual antonyms are contrasted with occasional antonyms, which are usually called speech, less often - contextual, contextual speech, situational, author's, individual, individual stylistic. Occasional (speech) antonyms are words that in themselves, out of context, are not antonyms, but in speech, in a certain context, acquire opposite meanings characteristic of antonyms. Some examples: "Salary [from the secretary of the head of the institution] secretarial, and the clothes foreign"(from the TV show); "Table for pure trays" and "Table for used trays" (from the inscriptions in the dining rooms). Especially often speech antonyms are used in fiction with a view to achieving artistic expressiveness(cf .: "The yellow tallow candle smoked equally during palace Petersburg nobleman, and in hut village deacon "(L. Leonov. Road to the Ocean);" Shining with happiness, the youngest of the sisters, Tonya, with her long legs has not yet young woman and no longer girl... ran out of the house to meet them "(A. Fadeev. Young Guard);" He fiercely wanted exist, And we wanted live and we will live" (A. Surkov. Payback).

In artistic texts, words that are ordinary synonyms are often used as speech antonyms, which serves as one of the means of creating an artistic effect. Consider, for example, the use of synonymous words fisherman And angler in opposite meanings in the following dialogue from K. Fedin's novel "An Extraordinary Summer": "[Dorogomilov] - ... You can earn money ... by fishing. [Anochka] - Then you will fisherman but not fisherman." Other examples: "And Uli's eyes were big, dark brown - not eyes, A eyes, with long eyelashes, black mysterious pupils ... "(A. Fadeev. Young Guard); "- ... Grandfathers lived without doctors, they healed the wounds themselves. What do I have wounds? So, injured.."(B. Gorbatov. Unconquered); "Not seen, A seen captain of an American corvette..." (I. A. Goncharov. Frigate "Pallada"); "Oblomov... heard and not heard how the dry cough of the old woman sounded .., saw and not seen, how the hostess and Akulina went to the market ... "(I. A. Goncharov. Oblomov).

§ 134. Such phenomena as antithesis and oxymoron (oxymoron) are closely related to antonymy. Antithesis(from Greek. antithesis- "opposition") is defined as a turn of speech, expression, stylistic figure, built on a sharp opposition of antonymous words. Sometimes this phenomenon is also called the term "contrast". Antithesis is used "to enhance the expressiveness of speech by sharply contrasting concepts, thoughts, images." Examples: "Learning - light, ignorance - dark"(proverb); "Days And nights"(title of the story by K. Simonov); " live And dead"(novel by K. Simonov). an oxymoron(from Greek. oxymoron- letters. "witty-stupid") is a combination of words with antonymous meanings that express "logically incompatible concepts that sharply contradict in meaning and mutually exclude each other." Some examples: ringing silence, eloquent silence, pessimistic optimism, diachronic synchrony (linguistic term), "Living Dead"(title of the play by L. N. Tolstoy), " An optimistic tragedy(name of the play by V. Vishnevsky).

ABOUT vocabulary The child is well spoken by his knowledge of synonyms and antonyms. And with those, and with others, as a rule, children are not good enough. But there is nothing complicated in this. There is such a children's game of antonyms - "Opposites". One calls the word, the second selects an antonym for it. This game enjoys great attention among animators for children and even adults, and it is a frequent entertainment on holiday parties. So you can play antonyms with your child, and he will remember these words and show off his knowledge not only at the holiday, but also in his future compositions.

For starters, antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning. Dictionaries of antonyms are huge, sometimes even an adult does not know the meaning of some words in them, let alone the meaning of the opposite ... On this page we have collected for you only simple antonyms for in simple words, level elementary school subject to memorization by students of grades 1,2,3,4.

Brief dictionary of antonyms:

neat - slovenly
antonym - synonym
White black
turn pale - blush, darken
to shine - to twinkle, to dim
close - distant
rich man - poor man
big small
fast - slow
century - moment
correct - wrong
cheerful - sad, sad, boring
windy - windless
old - new
Turn on, turn off
inside Outside
question answer
east - west, west (sea)
sunrise - sunset
enter - exit
high Low
extinguish - kindle
smooth - rough
vowel - consonant
deep - shallow
speak - be silent
hungry - full
city ​​- village, village
bitter - sweet
hot Cold
warm - cool
dirt - purity
dirty - clean
do - mess around
day Night
dialogue - monologue
good evil
friend - enemy
hefty - frail
go - stop
heat - cold
hard - soft
closed - sociable
healthy - sick
green - mature, ripe
winter summer
sincere - hypocritical
truth - delusion, deceit
source - mouth
strong - fragile
sour - sweet
lazy - hard worker
superfluous - necessary
dexterous - clumsy
go to bed - get up
love - hate
to freeze - to warm up
peace - war, quarrel
many - few
mighty - weak
wet - dry
wise - stupid
soft - hard
hope - despair
deliberate - unintentional
imperturbable - unbalanced
uncomplicated - sly
new - old
plentiful - scarce
defend - attack
educated - ignorant
upset - comfort
sharp - blunt
courageous - cowardly, cowardly
frank - secretive
open close
obvious - doubtful
plus - minus
victory - defeat
hang up - take down
useful - harmful
put - take
benefit - harm
help - hinder
true False
truthful - false
picky - unpretentious
pleasant - repulsive
empty - full
fluffy - smooth
joy - sadness, sadness
difference - similarity
agile - slow
determined - unsure
timid - bold
Motherland, fatherland - foreign land
light - darkness, darkness
dawn - dusk
north - south, south (sea)
laugh - cry
save - destroy
sleep - stay awake
start - finish
full - hungry
hard - soft
dark - light
cramped - spacious
thick - thin
thin - thick
work - rest
difficult - easy
grieve - rejoice
assure - dissuade
gloomy - friendly
move away - approach
narrow - wide
intentional - unintentional
stubborn - obstinate
success - failure
sympathetic - indifferent
negligent - conscientious
brave - cowardly
frequent - rare
honest - mean
wide narrow
generous - miserly
bright - dim
furious - meek
clear - overcast, rainy

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sorrow, take off and land, begin and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! Examples of such words, as well as the actual concept of "antonym" we will present in this article.

Antonyms: concept

So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as "antonyms". Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given ad infinitum. Sweet - bitter; cute - nasty; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.

The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words "love" and "hate", "always" and "frequent", "lighten" and "dark" are not antonyms. Can the adjectives "low" and "happy" be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared on one basis. And in our case there are two. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. So, "frost" and "heat" are not full-fledged antonyms, since frost is a high degree of cold, and heat is an average degree of temperature above zero.

Noun antonyms: word examples

In Russian, antonyms-nouns are quite common. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.

For example: adherence to principles - lack of principles; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; the word is silence; dream - reality; dirt - purity; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; start - end.

Adjectives with the opposite meaning

Among the adjectives can be found the largest number a pair of antonyms.

Examples of words: empty - full; day - night; fervent - dull, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - unsure; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - someone else's; obstinate - complaisant; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.

Adverbs

Adverbs in this regard are not inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.

Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; corny - original; long - not long; enough - not enough; intelligible - indistinct; right - wrong, cold - hot.

Verbs-antonyms: examples of words in Russian

There are also verbs in Russian that are opposite in meaning.

For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to get sick - to recover; get better - lose weight; to refuse - to agree; accustom - wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig out; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn around - turn away; iron - knead; take off - put on; dress - undress.

Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.

Exercises

To reinforce the learned material, it is useful to perform several exercises.

1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:

Here's a gibberish for the guys:

When they are silent, they do not speak.

When they sit in one place

They don't travel.

What is far, not close at all.

High, not very low.

And how to arrive without leaving.

And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.

Nobody wants to lie standing.

Pour from empty to empty.

Do not write on white chalk

And do not call idleness a thing.

2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:

  1. ... feeds a person, but ... spoils.
  2. ... ... does not understand.
  3. ... body, yes ... deed.
  4. ... for food, yes... for work.
  5. ... saddled, but ... galloped.
  6. Day to day strife: today ... and tomorrow ...
  7. Prepare the cart ... and the sleigh ...
  8. One brother... and the other...
  9. Today the sea ... but yesterday it was quite ...
  10. Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
  11. You're always like this... why is today...?
  12. The root of the doctrine ... but the fruits ...

Exercise #1: silent - they speak; far close; high - low; arrive - leave; lie - stand; idleness is business.

Exercise #2:

  1. Labor, laziness.
  2. Satiated, hungry.
  3. Small, big.
  4. Hello, hil.
  5. Early late.
  6. Warm, cold.
  7. Winter, summer.
  8. Silent, talker.
  9. Stormy, quiet.
  10. Good evil.
  11. Cheerful, joyful.
  12. Bitter, sweet.

Antonyms(Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) - these are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", " to speak - to be silent.

Lexical units vocabulary languages ​​are closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Therefore, words related to different parts speech or lexical levels.

There are no proper names, pronouns, numeral antonyms.

    1Typology of antonymic relations

    2Antonyms in poetry

    3See Also

    4Notes

    5Literature

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

    contrastive correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.

    counter correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.

    vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.

    Converses are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.

    enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.

    pragmatic - words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

By structure, antonyms are:

    heterogeneous (forward - backward);

    single root - are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

    linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);

    contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that occur in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.

From the point of view of action, antonyms are:

    proportionate - action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer);

    disproportionate - action and lack of action (in broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - think over).

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning.

Word antonym came from the Greek anty- against + onyma- Name.

Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs in contrast.

Example:

hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close

Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.

Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.

Example:

soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sharp movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.

Most antonyms are words of different roots. But they also meet single-root antonyms.

The opposite meaning in such cases is created using negative prefixes Not-,without-,anti-,counter- and etc.

Example:

experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution

Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Example:

You rich, I am very poor; You novelist, I poet; You rouge, like poppies, I'm like death, and skinny and pale. (A. Pushkin)

This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.

Phoneme(ancient Greek φώνημα - “sound”) - the minimum semantic-distinctive unit of the language - (Linguistic unit of speech). The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning, but serves to distinguish and identify significant units of the language (morphemes and words):

    when you replace one phoneme with another, you get another word (<д>ohm -<т>ohm);

    changing the order of the phonemes will also result in another word (<сон> - <нос>);

    deleting a phoneme will also result in another word (t<р>he is the tone).

The term "phoneme" in a close modern sense was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguists N. V. Krushevsky and I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, who worked in Kazan (after the early death of Krushevsky, Baudouin de Courtenay pointed to its priority).

The phoneme as an abstract unit of language corresponds to the sound of speech as a concrete unit in which the phoneme is materially realized. Strictly speaking, the sounds of speech are infinitely varied; sufficiently accurate physical analysis can show that one person never pronounces the same sound in the same way (for example, shock [а́]). However, as long as all these pronunciation options allow you to correctly identify and distinguish words, the sound [а́] in all its variants will be a realization of the same phoneme<а>.

The phoneme is the object of study of phonology. This concept plays an important role in solving such practical problems as the development of alphabets, spelling principles, etc.

The minimal unit of sign languages ​​was formerly called the hirema.

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