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A joint expedition of archaeologists from Astrakhan State University and the Institute of Ethnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the Samosdel settlement near the village of Samosdelki, Kamyzyak district, Astrakhan region, discovered confirmation that the settlement, on the excavations of which scientists have been working for many years, is the legendary Itil.

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Samosdel settlement - the remains of a large medieval city in the Volga delta - was discovered by accident. Almost 20 years ago, near the village of Samosdelka, they started building a livestock farm. They built cowsheds and dug deep silos. And they pulled out of the ground a huge amount of fragments of brick, ceramics, bone, bronze and iron items, glass vessels, beads, human and animal bones.

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Employees of the archaeological laboratory took an aerial panorama of the ancient settlement. It turned out that in ancient times in this now arid place there was an island, surrounded on all sides by deep channels. The island was small, and people also settled along the banks of the river. This coincided with medieval descriptions of the city of Itil, which are found among Arab historians and geographers.

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The king's palace was located on an island, far from the river bank, and was built of baked bricks. No one had a building made of baked bricks except the king, and he did not allow anyone to build with bricks. The Khazars had an excellent army, and in general military affairs were developed to top level. “The king has 12,000 troops; When one of their number dies, they immediately put another in his place. They do not have a definite permanent salary, unless a small amount falls to their share after a long period of time in the event of war, or when some matter befalls them, because of which they are all united.” (Al-Istakhri).

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The city was located at the mouth of the Volga. Not archaeologically identified. Its descriptions are left in the Arab-Persian geographical literature and in the “Jewish-Khazar correspondence”. Archaeologically, Itil has not yet been generally identified. It is assumed that it was washed away due to rising levels of the Caspian Sea. Archaeological research here has revealed layers of the 9th-10th centuries, yurt-shaped dwellings, Guz, Bulgar and Saltov ceramics, and the contours of a triangular brick citadel can be seen. This is the only settlement of its kind in the region.

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During its heyday, the city consisted of three parts, separated by a river. Communication between them was carried out by boats. The right (western) part was administrative. It was inhabited by a royal court of about 4 thousand people and a military garrison - according to various sources, from 7 to 12 thousand people. This part was surrounded by a fortress wall. There were four gates in the wall, two of which went out to the parking lot near the river, and two behind the city into the steppe. Between the two parts there was an island where the palaces of two rulers of Khazaria were located - the Kagan and the Bek (king) (according to other sources, the Kagan lived inside the Bek's palace). These were the only structures built from baked bricks; other residents were not allowed to build from this material.

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Letter from the Khazar king Joseph to the Arab dignitary Khaedai ibn Shafrut (mid-10th century)

“I inform you that I live by a river named Itil, at the end of the river G-r-gan... Near this river there are numerous peoples in villages and cities, some in open areas, and others in walled cities... They all serve me and pay tribute. From there the border turns along the path to Khuverezm (Khorezm), reaching G-r-gan. Everyone living on the shore of this sea during one month's journey, everyone pays me tribute. And on the southern side there is Samandar at the end of the country... and it is located on the seashore. From there the border turns towards the mountains...”

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“I also tell you the size of the borders of my country... Towards the east it extends 20 farsakhs to the Sea of ​​G-ghan; to the south for 30 farsakhs to a large river named Ug-ru, to the west for 30 farsakhs to a river named BUZAN and the slope of the river to the Gr-gan sea. I live inside the island, my fields and vineyards and everything I need is on the island. With the help of Almighty God, I live peacefully." (* G-Ghan Sea - Caspian Sea)

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In the city there were about 30 neighborhood mosques with schools and one cathedral mosque with a minaret. To resolve disputes there were seven judges: two each for Jews, Muslims and Christians and one for all pagans. The activities of judges were controlled by an official appointed by the king. The Khazars lived in the capital only in winter time. In the spring, from the month of Nissan (April) to the month of Kislev (November), they went to their ancestral land: the nobility - for wanderings, the poor - for field work. Later descriptions indicate that the city was surrounded by villages and arable land.

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As the Astrakhan television and radio company Lotos reported, a city from the times of the Golden Horde was discovered in the upper layer. Below it are the ruins of the city of Saksin, which, according to the ancient Arab traveler, “had no equal in all of Turkestan.” And the lowest layer, according to archaeologists, is the remains ancient capital Khazar Khaganate - the disappeared city of Itil.

most likely due to their religious views. Similar versions can sometimes be seen in Persian sources (Mojmal at-tawarikh). Arabic sources generally insist on the closeness of the Khazars to the Turks, or at least their Turkic language, which is confirmed by a few runic inscriptions and proper names. Constantine Porphyrogenitus considered the Khazars to be related to the Ugrians (“On State Administration”), while Armenian authors allowed the participation of Iranian tribes in the ethnogenesis of the Khazars. East Slavic sources teach the origins of the Khazars rather vaguely (thus, the neighboring Bulgarians are described as “rekshe from the Kozars,” but this phrase can be understood as a description of their mutual kinship). However, on modern stage the presence in the region of complex ethnic contacts is recognized, which were characteristic not only of the Khazars, which is confirmed by some Armenian and Arab information, according to which among the Khazars there was a dark-skinned population “like some category from India,” as well as “perfect” fair-haired and light-skinned representatives.

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Text content of presentation slides: Cuban studies lesson in 9th grade The arts department in Novorossiysk was headed by the outstanding theater director V.E. Meyerhold. He created a theater that was brightly entertaining, politically sharp, and agitational. In Novorossiysk he was arrested by counterintelligence, he was in prison, a communist, the only Bolshevik among the major theater figures. In the summer of 1919 he created the first Soviet theater named after. Lenin in Novorossiysk In the early 20s, a troupe of 21 people, created by V.E. Meyerhold, worked in the theater. IN different years, Leonid Sobinov, the greatest tenor of his time, Vasily Kachalov, Ivan Bersenev, Alexander Vertinsky performed in the theater. In the pre-war period, Novorossiysk was visited by those who toured Black Sea coast nationally known jazz orchestras conducted by Boris Rensky, Eddie Rosner and Yakov Skomorovsky, Oleg Lundstrem's orchestra, whose soloist was the most popular Klavdia Shulzhenko. In addition, every year in the summer season jazz groups from Rostov gave their concerts: the orchestra of the People's Commissariat of Railways under the direction of the Pokrass brothers and the North Caucasus Railway management orchestra led by our fellow countryman Konstantin Voronin. They also enjoyed great success. A visit to the theater by spectators brought a pleasant variety to the lack of bright events. daily life Novorossiysk residents The wooden theater was burned down by incendiary bombs during the German bombing of the city on April 25, 1942. Its loss, even against the background of other significant wartime losses, was experienced especially painfully by residents. In July 1920, a Theater for Children was opened in Yekaterinodar, one of the initiators of the creation of which was the future famous children's writer and brilliant translator S.Ya. Marshak. Marshak’s father worked at a factory in Yekaterinodar. In the summer of 1917 the whole family moved there. Marshak worked for a local newspaper, and after his restoration Soviet power headed the section of orphanages and colonies of the regional department public education. Here, with the help of the head of the department M.A. Aleksinsky, he and several other writers, artists and composers organized in 1920 one of the first theaters for children in our country, which soon grew into a whole “Children’s Town” with its own school, kindergarten, library, carpentry, metalworking workshop and various clubs . Fyodor Gladkov wrote the novel “Cement” in 1924. It was first published in 1925 in the magazine Krasnaya Nov. Later, in the 1930s, the author significantly revised the novel, and the final version was created only in 1944. According to one version, Gladkov based the image of the main character of the novel “Cement” on Leon Trotsky. “Cement” has been translated into all major languages ​​of the world and published in 52 countries. The last time “Cement” was published was in 1994 in Illinois (USA) on English language in the “European Classics” series. The novel “Cement” was the first major work about the heroes of new construction. His novel “Cement” is dedicated to the restoration of the cement factories of Novorossiysk, and last story – “Rebellious Youth” - is associated with Ekaterinodar, the city of the writer’s youth. Fyodor Gladkov was awarded the Stalin Prize twice, in 1950, 1951. Both certificates of honor are kept in the Novorossiysk Historical Museum. In 1920, on the stretch Tikhoretskaya - Pyatigorsk, from the window of the carriage S.A. Yesenin saw a foal galloping behind the train. In one of his letters, the poet spoke about this: “He gallops so much that it immediately became clear to us that for some reason he decided to overtake him. He ran for a very long time, but in the end he began to get tired... The episode is insignificant for someone, but for me it says a lot. A steel horse defeated a living horse. And this little foal was for me a visual, dear, dying image of the village...” A new, iron force has come to the Cossack lands, a stronghold of conservatism and patriarchy, and it is pointless to compete with it. Have you seen how a train runs across the steppes, hiding in the lake mists, snoring with an iron nostril, on cast-iron legs? And behind him, across the large grass, Like at a festival of desperate racing, Throwing his thin legs to his head, Gallops a red-maned foal? Dear, dear, funny fool, Where is he, where is he going? Doesn't he really know that the steel cavalry defeated the living horses? Doesn’t he really know that in the hopeless fields of that time running will not return him, when a couple of beautiful steppe Russian women were given for a horse by the Pechenegs? Fate at the auction repainted our reach, awakened by the grinding, differently, And now they buy a steam locomotive for thousands of pounds of horse skin and meat. The northerners lied to us about the ferocity of February: about snowstorms, about drifts, about pink-nose frost. The sun burns Krasnodar like redness on your cheeks. Beauty! February washed everything and swept it away - not February, but a washerwoman, and a different dog walks the pavements. He arrived in Krasnodar on a sunny day in February and was amazed by the heat of the Kuban sun (“The sun burns Krasnodar like red cheeks. Beauty!..”) On February 14, the poet’s performance at the Mon Plaisir cinema was sold out, and on the same day he performed and in the club of the pedagogical institute. Vladimir Mayakovsky read new poems, answered questions, told interesting things about America, where he recently visited. The audience was delighted. When the poet admitted that he was writing a poem about Krasnodar, they wanted to hear it. “No, comrades, the poem is just hatching,” answered Vladimir Mayakovsky. The poem “Wilderness of Dogs” was first published in December 1926 in the magazine “Krasnaya Niva” (in subsequent publications, the title was changed to “Krasnodar”). A nice bronze couple stands in a very official granite environment: varnished steps, a high stone wall on which is embossed in gold letters “This is not a dog’s wilderness, but a dog’s capital” - it would seem that one cannot be proud of either definition. The author of the sculptural composition is Valery Pchelin. Thank you for your attention.

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KHAZARS - in Arabic Khazar - the name of a people of Turkic origin. This name comes from the Turkish qazmak (to wander, to move) or from quz (the country of the mountain facing north, the shadow side). The name “Khazars” was known to the first Russian chronicler, but no one really knew who they were and where the “core” of Khazaria was; no archaeological monuments remained from it. KHAZARS - in Arabic Khazar - the name of a people of Turkic origin. This name comes from the Turkish qazmak (to wander, to move) or from quz (the country of the mountain facing north, the shadow side). The name “Khazars” was known to the first Russian chronicler, but no one really knew who they were and where the “core” of Khazaria was; no archaeological monuments remained from it.

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“I also tell you the size of the borders of my country... Towards the east it extends 20 farsakhs to the Sea of ​​G-ghan; to the south for 30 farsakhs to a large river named Ug-ru, to the west for 30 farsakhs to a river named BUZAN and the slope of the river to the Gr-gan sea. I live inside the island, my fields and vineyards and everything I need is on the island. With the help of Almighty God, I live peacefully." (* G-Ghan Sea - Caspian Sea)

Teacher Chernyavskaya D.K. Krasnodar region, Slavyansk-on-Kuban.

SUBJECT:"Great Bulgaria. Avar Khaganate. Khazar Khaganate". (Nomadic peoples in Kuban V – X centuries)

GOAL: to introduce students to the invasion of nomadic peoples in Kuban.

OBJECTIVES: 1) Find out the features of the creation and reasons for the collapse of the states - Great Bulgaria, Avar and Khazar Kaganate. 2) Develop skills in working with documents, maps and textbook text; highlight the main thing. 3) Cultivate a feeling of love for your small Motherland, instill an interest in the past of our region.

EQUIPMENT: presentation on the lesson topic; textbook by B. A. Trekhbratov “Cuban Studies” 6th grade, document from the works of Theophan the Confessor.”

DURING THE CLASSES

Organizational unit.

Greetings. Checking absentees.

D/Z check.

Work with cards (3 students)

ST 1. Frontal class survey: 1) What event is associated with the beginning of the Medieval era? (Great Migration) 2) What are the reasons for this event? (climate search for food and pastures for livestock) 3) Which people gave impetus to the Great Migration? (Huns) 4) What kind of life was typical for them? (nomadic) 5) What is the main occupation of the Huns? (war) 6) Which peoples were attacked by the Huns? (Chinese, Alans, Bosporan Kingdom) 7) On the battlefield, the Huns did not know defeat. Why? (military skills; tactics; lightning speed of attack; experience of other peoples).

3 students hand over cards.

Learning new material.

Topic of our lesson:Nomadic peoples in Kuban VI – X centuries "Great Bulgaria. Avar Khaganate. Khazar Khaganate". We will learn with you about new tribes that came to Kuban. About how these states were created and why they ceased to exist.

ST 2. Let's write new words - terms - into the topic of the lesson.

ST 3. Khaganate - the name of the state among the ancient Turkic peoples.

Khan - ruler of tribes in a Turkic-pagan state.

Patrick - one of the titles of the serving nobility.

ST 4. Together with the Huns North Caucasus Turkic-speaking BULGAR tribes arrived. In Russian chronicles they are called “BULGARS”. The Huns went further to Europe, and the Bulgars remained nomadic in the steppes of the Kuban region and Stavropol region. They created the state of Great Bulgaria( V – X centuries) With its center in Phanagoria.ST 5. The heyday of Great Bulgaria occurred during the reign of Khan Kubrat.WORK BY CARD. We determine the center of V.B. and location.

Kubrat created a military-political association, establishing close ties with the Byzantine Empire. He was brought up in Constantinople in the emperor's palace, was baptized and received the title of patrician. This association did not have a strong economic base.

Physical exercise.

ST 6. From the writings of Theophan the Confessor:

(Working with a document) “.. the ruler of Bulgaria Kubrat died. He left five sons... to the peoples under his control.”(page 57 of the textbook, paragraph 2)

What happened after Kubrat's death? (Split into Volga, Danube and Kuban Bulgaria).ST 7. - Scheme. Great Bulgaria ceased to exist.

ST 8. Who completed the defeat of the Kuban Bulgarians? Working with the textbook, page 58, paragraph 1, read independently.

AVAR KAANATVI – VIIIcenturies

In the middle of the 6th century, the steppes of Ciscaucasia were taken over by the Turkos, a pagan tribal union of the Aurs. The Avar Khaganate was formed - a tribal union with the outstanding commander Khan Bayan. The Kaganate did not have exact borders, but its power extended to the territory from the Elbe to Transcaucasia.

ST 9. Where was the center of the Avar Kaganate? (Pannonia - modern Hungary).Why did it cease to exist? (Byzantium struck. The Franks led by Charlemagne were defeated).Working with the textbook, page 58, read independently.

ST 10 - 12. KHAZAR KAANATVII - Xcenturies

In the middle of the 7th century, a state was formed on the territory of the Ciscaucasia - the Khazar Kaganate. Khazaria was at the crossroads of important trade routes -Great Volga route, “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, Great Silk Road from Asia to Europe. Trade was the main source of income for the rulers of the Kaganate. The center of Khazaria was Itil.Reasons for the collapse of the Khazar Kaganate? Working with the textbook, page 61, paragraph 1, read independently. (different peoples; different religions; Pechenegs; Kiev prince Svyatoslav Igorevich)

Summarizing. Checking the table - read out:

D/Z. paragraph 10 – 11.