Poisonous gas formed in the soil. Poisonous poisonous gases

Many volatile compounds have a lethal force and can kill a person. The most poisonous gas is sarin, as it spreads almost instantly and affects all living things that are in its path, and in most cases its inhalation is fatal.

Many people would like to know what poisonous gas is, what substance is the most dangerous. Modern scientists have found that sarin has the most destructive effect on the human body. To be more precise, this substance is a volatile liquid. When the flask is depressurized, it immediately evaporates and turns into gas.

Sarin dissolves quickly in water and any liquids. That is why they can poison not only the air, but also bodies of water. In this case, a small lake, for example, can remain poisoned for 2 months or even longer.

This substance penetrates the human body not only through the respiratory tract, but also tends to be absorbed into the skin, which is very dangerous. It spreads instantly. This gas is capable of affecting all living things within a radius of 20 kilometers from the place of application.

Symptoms of sarin poisoning can appear within minutes of inhalation, but there have been cases where they did not become noticeable until several hours later. This is relevant if there is no large quantities gas into the body. If the dose is large, a person very quickly begins to experience convulsions, muscle weakness, and then paralysis, which leads to death. If the degree of poisoning is very mild, there is deterioration of vision, constriction of the pupils of the eyes, difficulty breathing, and salivation, but the person does not die from respiratory paralysis. The lethal concentration of the poison is 0.06 milligrams of the substance per cubic meter of air. It is by inhaling such air that death occurs.

Sarin belongs to the group of military nerve gases. It was used in the Iranian War in the 1980s and also in Japan. Representatives of most states signed agreements on the inadmissibility of using such powerful weapons. Fortunately, at present there is practically no demand for gas. In addition to high toxicity, it also has decent durability. For example, in craters and trenches, enclosed spaces, it remains active for several hours in the summer and several days in the winter.

Experts note that sarin is many times more toxic than cyanide. At first, this gas was synthesized to create a fundamentally new pesticide, but after studying its properties, scientists realized that the substance was too dangerous. Apply it in agriculture Absolutely forbidden. Currently, not all countries have such chemical weapons.

Sarin was recognized as the most poisonous and deadly of all existing gases. This substance can cause serious poisoning and even death in humans, so it is used as biological weapons, although gas is banned in many countries.

, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, methane, hydrogen, heavy hydrocarbons, radon, ammonia and other harmful gases, as well as water vapor and dust. Some toxic gases are formed during blasting operations or as a result of underground operation of internal combustion engines, others are released from rocks or minerals and mine waters.

The saturation of blood with oxygen depends on the value of its partial pressure. In deep mines partial pressure oxygen in mine air is higher than its value corresponding to normal atmospheric pressure. Such conditions are most favorable for the absorption of oxygen by human blood. On the contrary, in high mountain conditions the partial pressure of oxygen decreases and its absorption by the blood worsens.
When the oxygen content decreases to 17%, severe shortness of breath and palpitations occur; when the oxygen content is equal to 12%, a fainting state appears; at 9%, death occurs due to oxygen starvation.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)- colorless gas, odorless, with a slightly acidic taste. Relative density - 1.52. The relative molecular weight of carbon dioxide is 44, its density under normal conditions is 1.96 kg/m. cubic meter. Solubility in water at 0°C is 179.7% by volume.
Heavier than air. It accumulates near the soil of excavations, in dead-end excavations where there is no ventilation.
Concentration up to 5% - rapid breathing (shortness of breath), 10% - fainting, 10% and above - death.
Source - blasting operations, fire, operation of internal combustion engines, rotting of organic substances (rotting wood in a mine), discharge from rocks.

Nitrogen- gas without color, taste and smell. Its relative density is 0.97, density under normal conditions is 1.25 kg/m. cube Nitrogen is chemically inert, but at very high temperatures, such as those encountered during blasting and electric arc welding, it can oxidize, forming very toxic gases. An increase in nitrogen content in the air affects humans due to a decrease in oxygen content.

Carbon monoxide (CO)(carbon monoxide) is a gas without color, taste, or smell. The relative density of carbon monoxide is 0.97, its density under normal conditions is 1.25 kg/m. cube Carbon monoxide is poorly soluble in water. Carbon monoxide burns and explodes at a concentration in the air of 12.5 to 75%. Carbon monoxide is very poisonous; it easily combines with hemoglobin in the blood, preventing the flow of oxygen into the blood and causing oxygen starvation in the body.
Lighter than air, it accumulates in the upper parts of excavations. Can cause mild poisoning at a concentration in the air of 0.02-0.05%. At a concentration of 1%, death occurs after a few breaths.
Formed during blasting operations, fires, and the operation of internal combustion engines. This gas cannot be detected! (gas analyzer only) The only salvation in the affected area is an insulating self-rescuer.

Nitrogen dioxide is, along with the most stable nitrogen oxide in air. Very poisonous, like other nitrogen oxides. The relative density of nitrogen dioxide is 1.59, the density of nitrogen dioxide under normal conditions is 2.05 kg/m. cube Nitrogen dioxide has a brown color and a characteristic pungent odor. Nitrogen dioxide causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, and in severe cases - pulmonary edema.

Sulphur dioxide colorless, has a sour and strong irritating smell of burning sulfur. The relative density of sulfur dioxide is 2.213, and the density of sulfur dioxide under normal conditions is 2.86 kg/m. cube Sulfur dioxide is highly soluble in water. Sulfur dioxide is highly poisonous. The presence of sulfur dioxide in the air causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes, and in severe cases, inflammation of the bronchi, swelling of the larynx and lungs.

Hydrogen sulfide- a colorless gas with a sweetish taste and the smell of rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide is noticeable by smell even at a content of 0.0001%. The relative density of hydrogen sulfide is 1.18, the density under normal conditions is 1.52 kg/cubic meter. Hydrogen sulfide burns and explodes at a concentration of 6% in air. Hydrogen sulfide is highly soluble in water.
Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic and irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Symptoms of severe hydrogen sulfide poisoning include nausea, vomiting and fainting.

Acrolein- colorless, easily evaporating liquid. Acrolein is formed during decomposition diesel fuel in conditions high temperature. Acrolein is highly toxic.

Aldehydes(anise, cinnamon, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, formaldehyde, chloral) are very toxic products of fuel decomposition during the operation of internal combustion engines. The most dangerous is formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is easily soluble in water.

Heavy hydrocarbons- ethane, propane and butane are explosive gases released from weakly metamorphosed coals. Heavy hydrocarbons can be formed during blasting operations.

Compressor gases are formed during the decomposition of lubricating oils in compressors and enter the mine workings with compressed air. Compressor gases can cause explosions and poisoning.

Methane- a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. The relative density of methane is 0.554, the density of methane under normal conditions is 0.716 kg/m. cubic meter. Methane is slightly soluble in water. Methane is found in large quantities in coal deposits, in smaller quantities in deposits of potassium salts, and in small quantities in deposits of some other minerals.

Poisonous asphyxiating gases. Phosgene, household, methane, propane, butane, solvent vapors. What can you do to get poisoned at home?

It turns out that at home and in the country we often come into contact with toxic substances and vapors that can harm us and our loved ones, damage the respiratory system and the entire body. Solvent vapors and asphyxiating gas phosgene, natural gas from the network or cylinders, get acquainted. (10+)

Dangerous gases in everyday life. What can you choke on? - Phosgene, household gas, solvents

Asphyxiating gas phosgene

Phosgene is heavier than air. It accumulates in cellars and basements. It has the smell of rotten vegetables or fruits, and the presence of such a smell in the cellar usually does not cause suspicion. Phosgene is formed from contact of freon with heated surfaces or open fire. Freon can appear indoors as a result of a leak from air conditioning or refrigeration equipment. A sign of the presence of freon in the air is the presence of green flashes of any open flame. In general, if the stove flame changes color, this is a sign of danger.

Cases of phosgene poisoning intentionally produced by humans have also been recorded. The fact is that recently it has become common to poison moles with phosgene. The underground communications system of these vile animals is filled with phosgene, which leads to their death. Gas is well suited for this because it is non-flammable, heavier than air, and remains underground without rising upward. Making it at home is no problem. But the system of mole passages can be associated with cellars, wells and other recesses. You may not know anything, your neighbor will poison the moles with phosgene, and this gas will accumulate in your cellar.

There is no antidote to phosgene.

Domestic gas

There are two types of household gas - from the mains (methane) and bottled gas (propane/butane). All these gases are odorless. A person may not notice their leakage. To reduce this risk, special additives are added to household gas that have a strong, unpleasant odor. Now, if there is a leak, you will definitely feel it. A leak of main gas is less dangerous, since it is lighter than air and gradually evaporates. Bottled gas is heavier than air. It accumulates near the floor and penetrates under the floor. Cylinder equipment, stoves and heaters using bottled gas must under no circumstances be installed in rooms where there is a cellar, underground floor, pit, or any buried cavities. Bottled gas, gradually flowing away when the burner is ignited, the cylinder is replaced, through micropores and cracks, will accumulate under the house. At one point you will crawl into the underground and turn on the light there. A spark will ignite the gas. The explosion will not destroy the house, but it may cause it to catch fire and you could be seriously injured. Even if you do not turn on the light, but use a flashlight, then (in the event of such a leak) you can inhale the gas and die.

Household solvents

Synthetic solvents are often used in paints, varnishes, primers, and enamels. The main secret is that not all solvents are equally toxic.

White Spirit

A special cocktail of hydrocarbons, the composition of which resembles gasoline. It is considered to be quite safe for health. They, of course, do not need to breathe, the work area needs to be ventilated, but it is clearly no more dangerous than drinking alcohol vapor.

There are two dangers associated with white spirit. First, as I already wrote on the previous page, upon contact with an open flame or with very hot surfaces, its vapors can turn into CO. Secondly, you can get confused and assume that the varnish or paint you are working with is based on this very white spirit, but it is actually based on a much more dangerous solvent (or with the addition of it). Read the instructions and ingredients carefully.

Acetone, R-4, R-6, etc.

Very dangerous and toxic substances. Although paint based on them can be safe after complete drying, a draft is required during application, namely a draft, and not just an air flow. The air in the room must be completely renewed at all times.

Be careful. The respirator does not protect against solvent vapors, neither from white spirit nor from others. Remember that there are no antidotes for most of the poisons listed; developments are being made for some, but there are no commercially available products that could be used in case of poisoning.

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4.1 Gases in soils.

Soils are known to be porous; The presence of pores determines the possibility of containing gases and water in soils. Depending on how much the pores are filled with one of these components, the soil will be a two- or three-component system. Completely water-saturated soils are considered as a two-component system.

The volume of pores determines the limiting values ​​of the amount of water and gases in soils: the more pores are filled with water, the less gases they contain, and vice versa. The predominant component (water or gas) largely determines the properties of soils.

The intensity of gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere depends on their composition and structure and is caused by diffuse mixing of gases, fluctuations in temperature and pressure, atmospheric air, precipitation and the wind.

The differences between atmospheric air and the gas component of soils are greatest in the quantitative content of carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen. If in atmospheric air Since carbon dioxide is only hundredths of a percent (about 0.03%), its content in soils and rocks increases to tenths and even whole percent, and in soil air can reach almost 10%. Oxygen and nitrogen are contained in different quantities in soil layers.

Gases in soil pores can be in different states: free, adsorbed And pinched In addition, gases may be present in the water filling the pores in the form of small bubbles or dissolved in it.

Adsorbed and trapped gases have a certain influence on the properties of soils. The amount of adsorbed gases on the surface of soil particles, held by molecular forces, depends on the mineralogical composition of soils, the presence of humus and other organic substances and compounds in them, on the degree of dispersion, heterogeneity, morphological parameters of soil particles and its porosity. IN the greatest number adsorbed gases are contained in absolutely dry soils; as they become moist, their content decreases and at a humidity of 5–10% becomes zero.

With moisture associated with capillary rise water in soils, gases from open pores are displaced into the atmosphere. With simultaneous excessive moisture of the soil from below and from above in some of its sections, the gases are locked in the pores inside the soil. These are the so-called “trapped gases” or “trapped air”, which is often characteristic of rocks in the surface zones of the earth’s crust. Trapped gases occupy large areas in the soil thickness or are found in small quantities in the finest micropores of the soil, which is common for silty and clayey soils.

Maximum amount trapped gases, in contrast to adsorbed gases, are formed in soils at some optimal humidity for a given soil. For example, in clayey soils, trapped gases can occupy up to 20–25% of the pore volume of the soil.

Adsorbed and trapped gases are removed from soils with great difficulty by external pressure.

The presence of adsorbed and trapped gases in soils causes long-term settlement of embankments made of clay soils, deformations and ruptures of earthen embankments, and a decrease in soil permeability.

Chlorine is a poisonous gas of yellow-greenish color, 2.5 times heavier than air. The smell of chlorine is felt by humans when its concentration in the air is more than 0.003 mg/l. The maximum permissible concentration of chlorine in the air is 0.001 mg/l. Chlorine poisoning causes chest pain, coughing, and pulmonary edema. Chlorine irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose and corrodes areas of the skin where sweat occurs. Chlorine is a slow-acting poisonous gas, the full effect of which becomes apparent 2-4 hours after poisoning.[...]

A colorless gas with an unpleasant smell of “rotten fish”, melting point -134 °C, boiling point -87 °C, dissolves in water. Phosphine is flammable in air and is a strong reducing agent. A very poisonous gas.[...]

Emissions of dust and toxic gases. Pollutants enter forests most often from acid rain. In the immediate vicinity of industrial enterprises that pollute the atmosphere, burns of tree leaves are possible. In the Russian Federation, a critical situation has arisen in the forests of the Baikal region, suffering from sulfur pollution, and in the forests around the Norilsk mining and processing plant. As a result of the Chernobyl accident (see Chernobyl), 65% of the forests in the Bryansk and Kaluga regions were damaged.[...]

When working with very toxic vapors and gases (chloropicrin, hydrocyanic acid, dichloroethane, etc.), a passport is issued for each box, which notes the name of the pesticide, its concentration and the duration of use of the box. At the end of its service life, the box is replaced with a new one. If poisonous gas or steam leaks, the box is replaced, even if it was in operation for less time than is intended for a box of this brand. [...]

Due to the release of extremely poisonous gas - selenium dioxide, the furnace in which the charge is calcined must be equipped with a sufficiently powerful ventilation device.[...]

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, poisonous gas with an unpleasant odor, which is noticeable even at low concentrations (1.4-2.3 mg/m3). Its danger lies in the fact that at very high concentrations the sense of smell weakens due to paralysis of the nerve endings. The density of H28 in relation to air is 1.19, as a result of which it accumulates in low places, easily dissolves in water and goes into a free state. It enters the body mainly through the respiratory system, affecting the mucous membrane, penetrates into the blood, and acts on nervous system, has an oxidative effect, has a summation effect with hydrocarbons, increasing their toxic effect. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of the working area in the combined presence of hydrocarbons (at least traces) is 3 mg/m3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the atmospheric air of populated areas is 0.008 mg/m3. At a concentration in the air of 200-300 mg/m3, a burning sensation in the eyes, irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, a metallic taste in the mouth, headaches, and nausea are observed. At 750 mg/m3, life-threatening poisoning occurs within 15-20 minutes. At a concentration of 1000 mg/m3 and above, death can occur almost instantly.[...]

Hydrogen sulfide NHB is a colorless, poisonous gas with a pungent odor. It is found mainly in emissions from gas and oil fields. In agriculture, it occurs mainly during bacterial rotting of high-protein products of plant and animal origin.[...]

At low speeds, when the release of toxic gases from gasoline engines is especially high, only the electric motor is used. At higher speeds, the gasoline engine is used and then operates with maximum efficiency and minimal air pollution.[...]

Maximum permissible concentrations of toxic gases, vapors and dust in the air of working premises.[...]

Disinfection boils down to the fact that toxic vapors or gases are introduced into a closed volume (room, chamber, under a tent, etc.) - Pests located in the object being disinfected die within a few hours or days. After this, the object is degassed from any remaining toxic gas or vapor (usually through natural ventilation).[...]

Dust suspended in the air adsorbs poisonous gases, forming dense, toxic fog (smog), which increases the amount of precipitation. Saturated with sulfur, nitrogen and other substances, these sediments form aggressive acids. For this reason, the rate of corrosion destruction of machinery and equipment increases many times.[...]

Chlorine dioxide is a greenish-yellow, poisonous gas that has a more intense odor than chlorine. Chlorine dioxide explodes easily from an electric spark, in direct sunlight, or when heated to temperatures above 60°C. In contact with many organic substances, C102 is explosive even at ordinary temperatures. Oxidation potential of C102 acidic environments is 1.50 V. The solubility of chlorine dioxide in water at a temperature of 25°C is 81.06, and at 40°C - 51.40 g/l. Its aqueous solutions have a more intense yellow-green color compared to chlorine water.[...]

Carbon sulfide COS is a colorless, flammable, odorless, poisonous gas that condenses at 50.2 °C. MPC of carbon sulphide in industrial premises - no more than 1, in populated areas - no more than 0.15 mg/m3. When heated, it decomposes to form carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide and sulfur.[...]

It should be remembered that in a concentration of more than 5-10 6 by volume, ozone is a poisonous gas, dangerous due to the irritation of the respiratory tract it causes and its carcinogenic properties.[...]

When mixing some industrial wastewater, toxic gases and sediments can be formed, which cause the pipes to clog, etc. Thus, when acidic wastewater is mixed with wastewater containing cyanide, toxic gases of hydrocyanic acid are formed, and when wastewater containing sulfuric acid is mixed with wastewater, containing lime, a sediment forms, causing the pipes to become clogged.[...]

Hydraulic valves are installed to prevent the penetration of toxic gases, fire during an explosion or burning petroleum products into production premises, warehouses with flammable substances, etc.; gates are located in places where wastewater is discharged from industrial buildings and in places where sewer pipes from tank and warehouse parks with flammable substances are connected.[...]

Entire tree stands suffer greatly and often die from smoke and toxic gases in the air. First, red-brown necrotic spots appear on the leaves, and the needles become red. Growth decreases, sometimes trees lose leaves and dry out.[...]

In December 1984, in the Indian city of Bhipal, as a result of the leak of almost 40 tons of poisonous gas at the plant of the American company Union Carbide, more than 2.5 thousand people died, and over 50 thousand were seriously poisoned, of which about 20 thousand were went blind, got lung and kidney diseases.[...]

In addition, dust suspended in the air from industrial areas adsorbs toxic gases. Solid and liquid particles from 0.1 to 1 microns dispersed in the air are captured by the lungs and can lead to serious consequences for human health.[...]

Of particular note is the conversion of urban vehicles to liquefied gas and special additives (catalysts) to fuel, which greatly reduce the amount of toxic gases in the exhaust, or the retrofitting of cars with catalytic converters. There is some practical experience in this matter, and widespread implementation in order to protect the atmosphere in the foreseeable future is beyond doubt; the created environmental danger requires an immediate solution.[...]

In this regard, spills of liquid sulfur, release of toxic gases from industrial wastewater installations, etc. are especially dangerous at the Orenburg complex [...]

So, in 79 AD. on the Apennine Peninsula, thousands of people died as a result of a volcanic eruption, the release of toxic gases, and lava.[...]

A colorless, very poisonous gas with a characteristic sweetish odor of rotten fruit, rotten leaves or wet hay. Under normal pressure it solidifies at -128 °C and liquefies at +8 °C. In the gaseous state it is approximately 3.5 times heavier than air, in the liquid state it is 1.4 times heavier than water. Even at low temperatures it is highly volatile.[...]

As a result of mixing rapidly evaporating ammonia with that flowing from a pipeline broken during an accident natural gas This mixture ignited explosively, causing a strong fire. When a cloud of gases ignited, a warehouse with nitrophoska, located at a distance of 50 m from the emergency tank, caught fire, followed by decomposition of this substance and the release of toxic gases, including ammonia, nitrogen oxides and chlorine.[...]

It is quite possible that I fell on all fours, because even with a clouded consciousness, my reaction to sheltering my head from the poisonous gases in the unpolluted air near the floor worked. I was still on my knees when I reached the recess and turned the ignition key. The lamp hanging above the table with the radio equipment went out. Fortunately, the lantern placed on the box was shining. Pushing the lantern in front of me, I crawled back into the house, to the bed.[...]

According to experts, as a result of water corrosion, the shell shells are currently close to destruction with the corresponding leakage of toxic gases. It is possible that some of them have already been destroyed. Some possible scenarios for the consequences of this predict an ecological catastrophe for the entire basin Baltic Sea(see also section 1.8.3).[...]

This group includes diseases caused by unfavorable climatic and soil conditions, mechanical damage and the action of toxic gases, smoke, soot and dust contained in the air, especially in cities and factory towns. When exposed to these factors, the formation of spots and plaques on leaves and shoots, drying of leaves and needles, wilting and death of seedlings and annual shoots, dying and drying out of shoots and tree tops, bark burns, and the formation of wounds on trunks and branches are observed.[... ]

An interesting report by R. S. Vorobyov on the work of the prominent US industrial hygienist Elkins in 1961 on comparing the maximum permissible concentrations of toxic gases, vapors and dust in the air of industrial premises, which are used in the USA and the USSR. Elkins divides toxic substances into 8 groups.[...]

To extinguish fires, the following are used: water, aqueous emulsions of halogenated hydrocarbons, chemical and air-mechanical foam, water vapor, carbon dioxide, inert gases, powders and various combinations of these compositions. Necessary remedy fire extinguishing agents are selected based on the condition of its compatibility with the burning material, i.e. conditions that exclude the occurrence of harmful side effects (explosions, formation of toxic gases, etc.).[...]

At the first signs of gaseous hydrocyanic acid poisoning, immediately leave the poisoned area for fresh air, remove the gas mask and clothing that has adsorbed the poisonous gas; in the future, inhalation of amyl nitrite vapor from a cotton wool moistened with it (3-5 drops). Complete peace. Warming the body. In case of sudden disruption or complete cessation of breathing, artificial respiration. [...]

It is forbidden to discharge industrial wastewater of such a composition into the general sewer that it causes chemical interaction of the wastewater with the release of toxic gases or the formation of a large number of insoluble substances clogging the collector.[...]

First aid for poisoning. If poisoning occurs through the esophagus, it is necessary to force the victim to drink 4-6 glasses of warm water and induce vomiting. In case of poisoning with poisonous gases and vapors of volatile substances (ammonia, benzene, chloroform, nitrogen oxides, industrial and domestic gas), the victim must be transferred to the air, not allowing the body to cool, be given absolute rest and allowed to inhale oxygen. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration. In case of acid poisoning, it is necessary to rinse your mouth frequently with a 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate. In all cases of poisoning, consult a doctor. All bottles must have a label indicating the contents and indication of use.[...]

The Japanese are very interested in replacing cars with internal combustion engines with electric vehicles for many reasons. The main thing is to solve the problem of reducing air pollution with toxic gases in densely populated cities. Another reason is more rational operation of power plants. Now in Japan, as in other countries, the main load on power plants occurs during the daytime. If the electric car were to enter mass use, then recharging millions of batteries at night would allow power plants to operate evenly throughout the day.[...]

Production nitric acid, ferric chloride and picric acid. This production is still accompanied by significant air pollution, and the laws on the operation of the enterprise set a limit of 4.6 g/m of toxic gases, released mainly in the form of sulfur dioxide. [...]

The beginning of the decomposition process can be judged by the blackening of the water and the sharp, unpleasant odor emanating from it. When protein compounds decompose, hydrogen sulfide is released along with other substances. This is a poisonous gas, the presence of which in water, even in small quantities, gives it the smell of rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide, combining with iron that is constantly present in water, forms black iron sulfide, which explains the blackening of decomposing water. The process of decay is accompanied by the release of a foul odor. This happens not only with wastewater, but also with the decay of sludge and solid waste.[...]

CATASTROPHIC SUCCESSION - succession caused by some catastrophic natural (fire, windfall, unusual flood, mass reproduction of pests, etc.) or anthropogenic (cutting down, death from toxic gases, etc.) factor for the ecosystem.[ .. .]

Catastrophic succession is a succession that occurred as a result of any catastrophic natural or anthropogenic factors for the ecosystem: wind, unusual floods, mass reproduction of pests, death from toxic gases or harmful substances, etc.[...]

A certain amount of gaseous combustion products inevitably enters the atmosphere, and it is they that irritate our eyes, larynx and lungs, destroy plants and spoil even such seemingly indestructible things as metal and stone. Among the most harmful and poisonous gases you can always find sulfur, nitrogen compounds and so-called hydrocarbons.[...]

The construction of several networks for the removal of industrial wastewater is caused by the impossibility of combining them for sanitary reasons, fire and explosion hazards, as well as blockage of the network. For example, the following should not be allowed to mix in the network: a) wastewater containing cyanides with acidic waters due to the formation of poisonous gas - hydrocyanic acid; b) sulfide wastewater with acidic wastewater, which leads to the release of sulfur dioxide; c) wastewater saturated with carbon disulfide, with any wastewater whose temperature is above 40°, in order to avoid explosions; d) viscose wastewater with acidic waters, leading to the formation of large quantities of carbon disulfide and coagulation of viscose, which can lead to rapid clogging of the network and the danger of explosion; e) drains containing sulfuric acid with lime drains, due to the formation of calcium sulfate, which precipitates, which can clog the network. Effluents discharged from individual networks are often treated at local facilities with the disposal of retained substances. Purified water is returned to circulation or sent for further treatment at biological treatment facilities in general plant or residential areas. [...]

In many cases, mixing individual species wastewater in the sewer network can lead to undesirable consequences. Therefore, for example, it is impossible to allow mixing in the enterprise network or in the city sewerage: a) acidic water with wastewater containing cyanides due to the possibility of the formation of poisonous gases (hydrocyanic acid); b) wastewater containing sulfides, with acidic wastewater (hydrogen sulfide is released); c) viscose wastewater with acidic wastewater (in this case, viscose coagulates with the release of carbon disulfide and regenerated cellulose); d) acidic wastewater (sulfuric acid) with drainage containing lime (calcium sulfate is formed, which can precipitate and contribute to the overgrowth of pipes).[...]

The car operates either as electric only or as a hybrid. In the latter case, when the speed exceeds 18 km/h, the gasoline engine turns on, which drives the car further. Additional energy for acceleration is provided by the electric motor, which turns on automatically in conjunction with the gasoline engine. When the car is stationary, the gasoline engine can continue to run, recharging the batteries. At low speed, when the output of toxic gases from gasoline engines reaches a maximum, only the electric motor is used, and the gasoline engine operates only at high speed with a minimum output of gases. When running on gasoline alone, the batteries are recharged using a special device. At the driver's discretion, the gasoline engine can be left running to recharge the batteries at stops. Conversely, batteries can be recharged from a regular 115 V network (this is the standard voltage for household in USA) . The 12V auxiliary battery provides power for the low-voltage electronics, fan and headlights.[...]

Based on the nature of the impact, pollution is divided into primary and secondary. Primary pollution is the direct entry into the environment of pollutants generated during natural, anthropogenic and purely anthropogenic processes. Secondary pollution is the formation (synthesis) of hazardous pollutants during physical and chemical processes occurring directly in environment. Thus, under certain conditions, poisonous gases - phosgene - are formed from non-toxic components; freons, chemically inert at the surface of the Earth, enter into photochemical reactions in the stratosphere, producing chlorine ions, which serve as a catalyst in the destruction of the ozone layer (screen) of the planet. Some reagents for such interactions may be harmless.[...]

Thermal pollution is associated with an increase in water temperature as a result of their mixing with warmer surface or process waters. For example, it is known that at the site of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, located beyond the Arctic Circle, 7 years after the start of operation, the temperature of groundwater increased from 6 to 19 °C near the main building. As the temperature increases, gas and chemical composition in waters, which leads to the proliferation of anaerobic bacteria, an increase in the number of hydrobionts and the release of toxic gases - hydrogen sulfide, methane. At the same time, a “blooming” of water occurs, as well as accelerated development microflora and microfauna, which contributes to the development of other types of pollution. According to existing sanitary standards the temperature of the reservoir should not increase by more than 3 °C in summer and 5 °C in winter, and the heat load on the reservoir should not exceed 12-17 kJ/m3.[...]

Only from the middle of the 19th century. began to treat wastewater, especially in cities, using ponds or lakes with a large surface as settling tanks. Organic matter processed by microorganisms with the participation of oxygen dissolved in water. Microorganisms multiply extremely quickly, promoting coagulation with the formation of large flakes that settle in stagnant water, capturing other components of fecal water. The sludge collected at the bottom undergoes a slow process of decay (anaerobic decomposition), which releases toxic gases; at the end of the 19th century Based on these processes, the so-called Emscher settling plants were designed (see Fig. 3.6). They are two cylinders with conical bottoms; the settling sludge passes from the inner cylinder to the outer one and collects at the bottom. The resulting decomposition gases can be captured and used as fuel.[...]

In the summer of 1970, Americans were once again convinced that their cities were gradually turning into giant “gas chambers.” A thick gray pall hung over dozens of American cities for almost two weeks. All these days people hardly saw the sun, although the temperature reached 40° Celsius. Temperature inversion, as meteorologists call it atmospheric phenomenon, suspended normal air circulation over the entire east coast of the United States. A dense layer of warm air, like a cotton blanket, descended over the streets of huge cities, pressing down the smoke of industrial enterprises and clouds of poisonous gas from the exhaust pipes of millions of cars.