Measures to eliminate damage caused by deforestation

In order to stop the process of forest destruction, norms for the wise use of forest resources should be developed. It is necessary to adhere to the following directions:

• conservation of forest landscapes and its biological diversity;
• maintaining uniform forest management without depleting forest resources;
• training the population in the skills of caring for the forest;
• strengthening control at the state level over the conservation and use of forest resources;
• creation of forest accounting and monitoring systems;
• improvement of forest legislation,

Replanting trees often does not cover the damage caused by cutting down. IN South America, South Africa and Southeast Asia, forest areas continue to decline inexorably.

In order to reduce damage from logging, it is necessary:

• Increase areas for planting new forests
• Expand existing ones and create new protected areas and forest reserves.
• Deploy effective measures to prevent forest fires.
• Conduct measures, including preventive ones, to combat diseases and pests.
• Conduct selection of tree species resistant to environmental stress.
• Protect forests from the activities of mining enterprises.
• Realize fight against poachers.
• Use effective and least harmful logging techniques. Minimize wood waste, develop ways of using them.
• Deploy methods of secondary wood processing.
• Encourage ecological tourism.

What people can do to save forests:

• use paper products rationally and economically;
• buy recycled products, including paper. It is marked with the recycled sign;
• green the area around your home;
• replace trees cut down for firewood with new seedlings;
• draw public attention to the problem of forest destruction.

Man cannot exist outside of nature, he is part of it. And at the same time, it is difficult to imagine our civilization without the products that the forest provides. In addition to the material component, there is also a spiritual relationship between the forest and man. Under the influence of the forest, the culture and customs of many ethnic groups are formed, and it also serves as a source of existence for them.
Forest is one of the cheapest sources of natural resources; 20 hectares of forest areas are destroyed every minute. And humanity should now think about replenishing these natural resources, learn to competently manage forest management and the wonderful ability of forests to renew themselves.

seems possible. When entering the forest at 8 o'clock the sun was shining straight into your eyes. The railway track remains behind you, perpendicular to your direction of movement. While picking mushrooms, you didn’t notice that the clouds had covered the sun. A light rain began to fall and it became colder. You will try to navigate using signs of local objects. Which? Indicate at least 5 signs of local objects by which you can determine the sides of the horizon. Please explain in more detail.
Answer: (answer option):
Determining the sides of the horizon based on the characteristics of local objects is based on the position of these objects in relation to the sun:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Task 2. Based on knowledge in the field environment and dangers Everyday life, determine the actions that must be followed to avoid a tick bite.
Answer:

Task 3. A group of tourists moves along the route. Suddenly, the weather conditions deteriorated sharply, heavy rain began, the wind rose, and the terrain was difficult to pass. The group leader managed to report the approximate location of the group by mobile phone. Determine what decision the leader must make and what the group’s action algorithm is in this situation.
For the second part of the question, you must indicate at least 4 positions (algorithm of group actions).
Answer:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Task 4.
All travel equipment is divided into three types: personal, group and special. Determine what type of equipment it is: compass, bicycles, clothes, sleeping bag, maps, dishes, backpack, ropes, cooking utensils, shoes, axes, diagrams, boats, tent, life jackets, washing supplies. Enter it in the table.

Personal equipment Group equipment Special equipment

1 task.
1. We were moving to the east, with the west behind us.
2. The anthill on the south side is flatter.
3. Moss covers the stones on the north side.
4. Tree branches are wider and denser on the southern side (by the way, beyond the Arctic Circle, where I also observed this now).
5. Mushrooms appear on the north side of trees.
6. In summer, the soil near the trees is wetter from the north.

Task 2.

1. Cover open areas of the body.
2. Use sprays and ointments against ticks.
3. Avoid tick habitats.
4. Avoid dense thickets and thickets.

3 task.

1. Set up tents, light a fire, change the group into dry clothes or simply take off wet clothes.
2. The parking lot should be located near an open area so that it is easy to see signs of people from the air.
3. Post identification signs (red material).
4. Leave guards so that if a search group is discovered, report to the leader.

4 task.

Personal: bicycle, clothes, sleeping bag, shoes, backpack, washing supplies, dishes.
Group: axes, dishes, ropes, tent, cooking utensils.
Special: compass, maps, diagrams, life jackets.

Answer

Those who love to travel and spend time actively in wildlife, especially in the forest, must know that a forest is, first of all, a complex set of relationships that have developed over thousands of years between plants, animals, soil, sunlight and night darkness, air and water. And man has always been a guest in the forest. With the advent of civilization, I moved further and further away from the forest. Especially now, this difference is very noticeable. Many modern residents of megacities, besides nightclubs, expensive handbags, strawberry margaritas and pink smoothies, do not know real life, some (even I have such distant acquaintances) have never been to the forest at all in their lives. And of course, they do not know how to behave in difficult situations, finding themselves, for example, in the forest and encountering dangerous animals or insects. It can be assumed that such situations are very rare, but this does not make it any easier for those who find themselves in them.

From a personal point of view - when traveling to one of the tropical countries, none of the excursion participants expected any emergency situations, the route was “well-worn”, although the jungle was impassable in places, there were trails on all sides within a few kilometers, it seemed impossible to get lost there, No matter where you go, you will reach the road in an hour. But nevertheless, one couple of “urban fashionistas” turned off the main path for a moment and strayed from the excursion group. We searched for them for about two hours... When I saw them after returning, I realized how unprepared people were for such a turn of events. During these two hours they managed to meet a snake, it’s good that they noticed it in time, they were bitten by mosquitoes and stumbled upon a hive of wild bees or wasps, and escaped with only a couple of bites. But wild bees and wasps guarding their hive can attack people and animals, even if there is no allergy to their bites; several dozen bites can cause shock and even death.
Man is a guest in the forest, and from the point of view of forest and wild animals, he is an uninvited and uninvited guest, often completely unaware of the rules of behavior. This is where accidents, emergencies, injuries, and fears arise. Also legends and
myths associated with both exaggeration and understatement of the danger that the forest conceals.

Any wild animals living in the forest can pose a danger to humans. The types of dangerous animals are very diverse and their behavior is different when meeting a person, but several general patterns can be noted:

Wild animals, especially birds and mammals, are significantly better than man adapted to life in the forest. They have more advanced sensory organs and are almost always the first to notice a person by smell and sound. Its smell is a strong danger signal for a wild animal.

The popular opinion about the timidity of animals, especially large predators, should not be exaggerated too much. For some of them, such as bears and tigers, a very common behavior trait is curiosity, which can sometimes turn into unprovoked aggression. In most cases, they want to avoid “communication” with a person and, having sensed and heard you, they move away, but this does not mean that they are afraid of you. It is wild animals that are in the forest on their territory, so they regard the appearance of a person as a violation of the border with all the ensuing consequences. Yes, a predator can leave when it hears you, but only if it is not hungry and does not protect its territory and young animals. But that's exceptional dangerous predator, a connecting rod bear, the sounds of a human voice can, on the contrary, attract.

In the animal world, unlike human society, the concepts of “alien,” “unknown,” and “dangerous” often coincide, so you should not count on a friendly attitude from forest inhabitants.

Wild animals, to a greater extent than people, try to avoid danger: mobile animals go as far as possible from humans, sedentary animals use various ways passive or active protection and camouflage. Forest animals
good masters of camouflage, they know how to use all kinds of shelters.

The behavior of many wild animals (especially large ungulates and carnivores) changes significantly during certain periods of their life cycle (reproduction, migration, etc.). Animals become much more aggressive, and the danger for
person increases sharply. For example, during the breeding season, a shy elk becomes not so shy, but aggressive, and it is better not to stand in its way.

Any, even widespread species of wild animals prefer certain habitats, and here the likelihood of a chance encounter with dangerous animals of this species is higher. In order not to become a victim of a deadly animal, and even an ordinary fox that bites you can become such a victim (foxes can carry rabies), you need to remember two rules. It is necessary to have an understanding of the habits of animals and birds, as well as to be attentive and careful when moving through the forest.

Emergencies in the forest associated with dangerous animals can be divided into two groups: active attack - when a dangerous animal, without obvious reason for a person, begins to actively attack and accidents that occur as a result of careless or illiterate handling of an animal, which in a normal situation treats the person quite neutrally.

Dangerous animals of Russia and neighboring countries

In the main settlement zone of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, situations of the first type (active attack by an animal) are most often associated with large predatory and ungulate animals, bear, wolf, elk, wild boar, deer, and cats. Unprovoked attacks are quite rare. According to statistics, for example, a tiger attacks people for no reason in about 4% of all cases. Usually the animal attacks: for the purpose of self-defense, during a hunt, when caught near prey, when a person carelessly invades its territory, during the mating season (the so-called rut; animals are especially aggressive during this period), protecting offspring, when persistently pursuing a wounded animal or simply during a chance meeting with a person, during sudden close contact.

According to many experts, the most unpredictable large forest predator in behavior is Brown bear. Most sudden encounters with this animal end in its rapid flight. However, cases
unprovoked attacks on humans in the European part of Russia are observed almost every year. Suddenly, mushroom and berry pickers and tourists, as a rule, “look out for the bear.” Sometimes the bear shows aggression and may even chase a person, but then quickly stops the pursuit and runs away.

However, much more serious incidents are also known, when the beast literally besieged a hunting lodge for several days, not letting people out. There are often cases of aggression from a bear disturbed in its winter den. However, this can be easily avoided if you know the bear’s favorite places in this forest and avoiding them further.

A meeting with a wolf poses a serious danger for an unprepared person, although this predator will almost always prefer to hide than to attack. IN last years experts note that people encounter wolves in the forest zone more often than
earlier. Fans of forest walks, and especially long routes, should be careful.

Perhaps the most serious danger is a sudden meeting with a wolf or fox that has rabies. Here an attack is almost guaranteed, and it is almost impossible to avoid it. A sick animal can be recognized by its angry eyes, aggressive behavior, immediate, literally on the move, attack. The beast sometimes seems to sputter with saliva; There is often foam in the corners of the mouth. These animals are dangerous even when they are already dying and, snarling, cannot move. Under no circumstances should you approach them, they may bite, and then you will have to undergo long-term treatment.

Animals with rabies are not found everywhere, and before going into the forest it would be useful to obtain information from the SES about outbreaks of the disease. In case of a bite, you should immediately consult a doctor, because only correct and, most importantly, timely treatment started and carried out guarantees a complete recovery.

Wild ungulates common to European forests, elk, wild boar, deer, roe deer, are much more timid and cautious than predators, and, as a rule, move away from humans. However, during the mating season, these animals are characterized by increased excitability and aggressiveness and can pose a significant danger.

How to avoid encounters with wild dangerous animals?

The best way to avoid encounters with dangerous animals is to avoid visiting their habitats. This does not mean that you should be afraid of the wolf and not go into the forest. By choosing a travel destination in advance, you can learn about dangerous places densely populated by predators and avoid going there. If you do go on a hiking trip, be extremely careful and careful, especially at night. The presence of predators or dangerous ungulates can be indicated by a variety of signs: footprints on the soil, trampled grass and undergrowth, stripped bark on trees, droppings from feeding areas, and sometimes remains of prey.
Wolves, being the first to sense a person, make specific sounds (snorting, howling, loud barking), warning other members of the pack, and especially the young.
During the rut or feeding, wild boars behave so noisily that it is quite easy to notice and hear them.
You should avoid animal trails, difficult to pass, overgrown with bushes and littered forest areas, and windbreaks. In such places there is a high probability of encountering an animal, and it is also extremely inconvenient to retreat here. Going to the forest
Be sure to tell us where you are going to go and when you expect to return, because in addition to predators, you can simply get lost in the forest.

What to do if you encounter a dangerous animal in the forest?

First of all - don't panic! The animal senses when a person is afraid of it, your fear will only spur aggression, that is, the animal’s instinct to attack a weaker enemy may be triggered. None sudden movements and piercing screams - at least at the first moment, until you are sure that you can really scare, and not attract, the animal in this way. However, sometimes the scream actually frightens the animal and even causes it to flee. But this extreme case and it is very unlikely that such a thing will “ride” with a bear.

One day, while walking through the forest, I thought that the forest was not so safe. This world, separate from civilization and the bustle of the city, makes you think a little: there is complete silence and many dangers that can await us at every step. There are predators and poisonous plants... But that's not all! After thinking carefully, I decided to tell you about the possible dangers in the forest, and what measures should be taken.

- this is the first thing you should think about when going mushroom or berry picking, or just taking a walk through the same forest expanses. But the forest is beautiful and wonderful, and the air is pleasant and fresh... But at the same time, dangers cannot be ruled out. Unfortunately, there are often cases when people, having gone into the forest, disappear or die, often for unknown reasons... Although this does not mean that you will definitely run into danger, it is still worth protecting yourself.

Now let's take a closer look at what awaits us in the forest, and what to do about it.

Be careful, poison!

As everyone knows, mushrooms and berries in the forest can be both edible and inedible. If you are hungry, you should not rush to all sorts of “goodies” without knowing their names. It is better to take food with you, taken from home or bought at the store. It will be safer this way. As an option, you can take sandwiches: here you don’t need to take much, and you’ll eat well. And don’t forget about water, because going without drinking for a long time is also not an option.

Misconception is the most famous case In the woods

Before going into the forest, take with you everything you need: a compass, a navigator, a small first aid kit (bandage, cotton wool, hydrogen peroxide), a knife, a plastic raincoat. Always remember the area you are in. And if you do get lost, try to make notches in the trees so as not to walk in circles. In general, there are plenty of ways to get out of the forest. Read about it. In this case, the main thing is not to panic and act according to the rules.

Annoying and dangerous insects

Mosquitoes, midges, ticks, there are so many of them... Before going into the forest, wear long sleeves and tuck your pants into your socks. In general, the body should be completely covered. It is better to choose clothes that are slippery, so that it is more difficult for insects to crawl on them, and not very dark, so that they are easier to notice. Mosquito and tick repellents are also helpful! And after the forest, check carefully. And stay away from power lines; that's where the most ticks are.

Wild animals

There may be bears, wolves, and wild boars in the forest, there are a lot of them there... Therefore, be on your guard: take something to eat with you, not only for yourself, but also for the animals. And if you find an animal in the forest, try to appear invisible to it. Step back slowly and carefully better face to him. And if he does see you and is coming straight at you, you will have to take action. Each animal is different. More details about this are written in.

Be careful not to drown!

Not only animals and plants can be dangerous in the forest. No one has yet ruled out a swamp in the forest. Therefore, if you see an area in the forest overgrown with reeds, do not approach it. And when you feel the water under your feet, go back. And don’t try to pretend to be a hero and try to step there or go further, otherwise you may get sucked in so much that it won’t seem like much! But if you find yourself in a quagmire alone, the chances of salvation will be almost zero.

Ups and downs

Walking through the forest, there is a high chance of stumbling upon an unexploded military shell. But there have been some of them left there since the Second World War - mom, don’t worry. Some of them were buried by partisans to destroy the Nazis, and some landed from combat vehicles and remained there to this day. So if you see anything rusty or that looks like ammunition, don't touch it. Stay out of harm's way. Better yet, call the Ministry of Emergency Situations so that the shell can be neutralized.

So, after reading the above, keep it all in your memory as the apple of your eye if you are planning to go into the forest. But that's not all! In the forest it is still possible (rarely, but quite possible):

• Get shot by a hunter
• Get hit by a falling tree
• Fall into a pit full of wolves
• Run into a maniac or forester
• Meet the goblin

Yes, and try not to go into the forest alone, this will give you a better chance of salvation in emergency situations. I wish you a pleasant walk. Take care of yourself!

On hot days it is nice to take a walk through the forest. Feel the cool pine air in your lungs and plunge headlong into your dreams. But besides pleasant moments, forest glades also hide unpleasant surprises.


Wild animals
No one wants to be scared or even bitten by wild wolves and foxes. Of course, not all animals are evil and want to eat you, but it’s better to be on your guard.


Snakes
Even the smallest crawling creatures can be dangerous, if not to life, then to human health. If this does happen, then do not delay going to the hospital.


Poisonous plants and fruits
Even as children, we were taught not to eat unfamiliar berries, and we did the right thing. In addition to headaches, you may be caught off guard by problems with the digestive tract and nervous system.

Inedible mushrooms
Usually no one eats mushrooms of unknown origin right in the forest. Dangers can lurk at home when eating ready-made dishes with mushrooms. But under no circumstances eat mushrooms that you are not sure about; consult with specialists.


Nightfall
In unfamiliar areas, you can fall into a hole or trap. So no need to go out at late hours.


Storm
It is especially dangerous to walk at night during a thunderstorm. After all, you can not only get caught in a downpour and get sick, but also when struck by lightning, you can get a fatal electric shock or be injured by a falling tree.


Get lost in the forest
Like an episode from a nightmare, where you can’t get out of the terrible thicket. In fact, if you get lost in the forest in the evening you can get very cold.


Injuries
An accidental injury that is not treated promptly can lead to serious problems such as tetanus.

Water from a stream
It may harbor various pollutants that cause intestinal infections.