Examples of the fact that man is a biosocial being. Man is a biosocial being
BIOSOCIAL
- English bioso-cial; German biosozial. Manifestations of an individual’s life activity, which are a consequence of the interaction of biological and social ( eg, sexual behavior).
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
See what “BIOSOCIAL” is in other dictionaries:
biosocial- (from Latin bios - life and socicetas - society) a concept that is increasingly used in modern science and expresses the complex, dialectical relationship between the social and the biological in the individual. The biologization of personality is associated with... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
BIOSOCIAL- English biosocial; German biosozial. Manifestations of an individual’s life activity, which are a consequence of the interaction of biological and social (for example, sexual behavior) ... Dictionary in Sociology
A special kind of being, a creator historical development, culture, subject of social creativity. Ch. a biosocial creature, genetically related to other forms of life, separated from them due to the ability to produce tools, possessing ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
- (b. December 29, 1958) philosopher and biologist; Ph.D. Philosopher Sciences, Associate Professor Genus. in Kaluga. Graduated from Biology. ft MSU (1982). Studied at asp. Department of Philosophy State ped. in that im. Lenin (1990 1993). Since 1982 she worked at the Research Institute of Human Morphology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences; 1987 1997 teacher… … Large biographical encyclopedia
A specific management tool used to achieve set goals. Goals can be group, class, collective, personal, state, etc. V. is called upon to do everything in order to achieve the goals that must... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
The main theme of philosophy, the central problem of all philosophies. schools and trends, inexhaustible due to its endless complexity, providing food for a wide variety of interpretations and interpretations. Ch., according to B. Pascal, is a chimera, unprecedented,... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (from Latin reflexus reflected and Greek logos - teaching) science based on psychology and observations of behavior, an objective biosocial study of the human personality in its physical, cosmic and social environment, as defined by V.M.... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Socialization is the process of an individual’s assimilation of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, and skills that allow him to function successfully in society... Wikipedia
Boris Fedorovich Porshnev (February 22 (March 7) 1905, St. Petersburg November 26, 1972, Moscow) Soviet historian and sociologist. Doctor of Historical (1941) and Philosophical (1966) Sciences. Honorary Doctor of Clermont from the University of Ferrand in... ... Wikipedia
Photos of criminals. Attempts to discover the connection between a person’s appearance and his criminal behavior have been made repeatedly, but have not been successful. Personal ... Wikipedia
Books
- Human biology. Man as a biosocial being, Sidorova Maria Vladimirovna, Panina Elena Vitalievna, Cherepanova Nadezhda Gennadievna, The course “Human Biology” is one of the final ones in the learning process. It is based on the basic knowledge acquired by students in the process of studying courses in zoology, morphology,… Category: Other biological sciences Series: Textbooks for universities. Special literature Publisher: Lan,
- Human biology. Man as a biosocial being. Textbook, Sidorova M.V. The course Human Biology is one of the final courses in the learning process. It is based on the basic knowledge acquired by students in the process of studying courses in zoology, morphology,… Category: Biology Series: Textbooks for universities. Special literature Publisher:
Man as a biosocial being.
Plan:
1. The concept of “person”. Theories of human origin.
2. Binary human nature. Biosociality and its essence.
3. Distinctive features person.
Man is an integral biopsychosocial being , which is also an organism (representative of Homo Sapiens), the creator and bearer of culture, as well as the main participants in the historical process.
The problem of man is one of the main ones in philosophy. Great importance To understand the essence of man, the paths of his development, it is necessary to clarify the question of his origin.
The theory of the origin of man, the essence of which is to study the process of his emergence and development, is called anthropogenesis (from the gr. anthropos - man and genesis - origin).
There are several approaches to solving the question of human origins:
- Religious theory (divine; theological). Implies the divine origin of man. The soul is the source of humanity in man.
- Paleovisit theory. The essence of the theory is that man is an extraterrestrial being; aliens from outer space, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.
- Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution (materialistic). Man is a biological species, his origin is natural. Genetically related to higher mammals. This theory belongs to materialistic theories (natural science). Natural science theory of F. Engels (materialistic). Friedrich Engels states that the main reason for the emergence of man (more precisely, his evolution) is work. Under the influence of work, a person’s consciousness was formed, as well as language and creative abilities.
Man is the highest stage of development of living organisms on Earth. Man is essentially a biosocial being. Binary human nature manifests itself in the fact that it is part of nature and at the same time inextricably linked with society. The biological and social in man are fused together, and only in such unity does he exist.
The biological nature of a person is his natural prerequisite, a condition of existence, and sociality is the essence of a person.
Man is a biological being | Man is a social being. |
Man belongs to the higher mammals, forming a special species, Homo sapiens. The biological nature of a person is manifested in his anatomy and physiology: he has circulatory, muscular, nervous and other systems. Its biological properties are not strictly programmed, which makes it possible to adapt to different conditions existence | Inextricably linked with society. A person becomes a person only by entering into social relations, into communication with others. The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability and readiness for socially useful work, consciousness and reason, freedom and responsibility, etc. |
Absolutization of one of the aspects of human essence leads to biologization or sociologization.
The main differences between humans and animals:
Human | Animal |
1. A person has thinking and articulate speech. Only a person can reflect on his past, critically assessing it, and think about the future, making plans. | 1. Some species of monkeys also have communicative capabilities, but only humans are capable of transmitting objective information about the world around them to other people |
2. A person is capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity: Models his behavior and can choose various social roles; Has predictive ability, i.e. the ability to foresee the consequences of one’s actions, the nature and direction of the development of natural processes; Expresses a value-based attitude to reality. | 2. An animal’s behavior is subordinate to instinct; its actions are initially programmed. It does not separate itself from nature. |
3. A person, in the process of his activity, transforms the surrounding reality, creates the material and spiritual benefits and values he needs. Carrying out practically transformative activities, a person creates a “second nature” - culture. | 3. Animals adapt to environment which determines their way of life. They cannot make fundamental changes in the conditions of their existence. |
4. Man is capable of making tools and using them as a means of production material goods. In other words, a person can make tools using previously made means of labor. | 4. Uses ready-made natural materials without converting them |
A person reproduces not only his biological, but also his social essence and therefore must satisfy not only his material, but also his spiritual needs. Satisfaction of spiritual needs is associated with the formation of a person’s inner (spiritual) world.
Thus, a person is unique creature (open to the world, unique, spiritually incomplete); universal being(capable of any type of activity); whole being(integrates (combines) the physical, mental and spiritual principles).
| Biological nature of man | Social essence of man | |||
| Manifests in | ||||
| belonging to higher mammals, human anatomy and physiology (metabolism, self-preservation instinct, genetic predisposition, etc.) | inextricable connection with society and its structures (communication, activity, possession of a social role, social status etc.) | |||
| Adjustable | ||||
| laws of functioning of living nature | socio-historical laws of existence | |||
The biological and social in man exist in inextricable unity.
Individual, individuality, personality. All these words are used to describe a person. What are the semantic differences between these terms?
Individual – a specific, individual person considered as a biosocial being.
Individuality – a set of unique human traits, both biological (hereditary and acquired properties - height, eye color, body structure, etc.) and psychological (temperament, character, abilities, etc.).
Personality – a person as a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant qualities that he realizes in public life.
No wonder they say: “One is born as an individual, one becomes an individual, and one proves one’s individuality throughout one’s life.”
Thinking and speech- specific properties of a person. The ability to think is the most important difference between a person and an animal.
Thinking– this is a reflection of processes occurring in reality, their essence with the help of concepts and abstractions; it appears based on practical activities from sensory knowledge and goes far beyond its scope. Thinking allows you to see the connections and dependencies of phenomena, including cognizing such phenomena and properties of the external world that are not directly observed.
Individual characteristics of thinking can be:
– independence (ability to see and place new problem and solve it on your own);
– flexibility (ability to change, respond to external changes);
– speed (the ability to make decisions in a limited time).
Language is a system of verbal signs as a means of existence, assimilation and transmission of socio-historical experience.
Speech – the process of communication using language. There are external (oral and written) and internal (to oneself) speech; monologue and dialogic.
Thinking is impossible without speech. The more deeply a thought is thought out, the more clearly and clearly it is expressed in oral and written speech.
Abilities a person is called his individual characteristics that help him successfully engage in a certain activity. Each type of ability has its own structure (compare, for example, mathematical, organizational and musical abilities). Abilities develop from inclinations and are revealed only in activity.
Talent – outstanding abilities and genius – the highest degree of talent development associated with the creation of unique creations.
Conscious and unconscious– these are correlative concepts that express the peculiarities of the work of the human psyche.
Consciousness we call the universal ability, characteristic only of man, to comprehend being in the world and oneself in this world. The conscious activity of people is characterized by their thinking about their actions and the exercise of self-control.
Conscious includes:
a) the body of knowledge about the world around us and the most important cognitive processes;
b) fixed distinction between subject and object;
c) ensuring goal-setting human activity;
d) feelings, emotions expressing relationships.
The highest degree of development of the cognitive ability of thinking is called mind .
Under unconscious in psychology we understand states in which a person is not aware. An example of the unconscious would be drives, i.e. psychological states expressing an unconscious or insufficiently conscious need. The unconscious also includes automatic behavior algorithms, subsensory perception, etc. An outstanding role in the study of the manifestations of the unconscious was played by the Austrian scientist S. Freud and the Swiss scientist K. Jung.
The unconscious is a form of reflection of reality in which the completeness of orientation in time and place of action is lost, and speech regulation of behavior is disrupted. In the unconscious, unlike consciousness, purposeful control by a person of the actions that he performs is impossible, and evaluation of their results is also impossible.
The conscious and unconscious are relatively independent. Thus, in a state of sleep and hypnosis, the conscious is turned off, and the unconscious functions relatively independently. During intense mental activity, the value of the unconscious will be close to zero. It is important that the human psyche is unified and acts as a single whole.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Anthropogenesis
Anthropology
Unconscious
Genius
Individual
Individuality
Personality
Thinking
Intelligence
Speech
Conscious
Capabilities
Talent
Language
CONTROL QUESTIONS
1. How do you understand the expression: “One is born a person, one becomes a person, and one proves one’s individuality throughout one’s life”?
2. Is C. Lombroso right, from your point of view, when he wrote about the direct connection between a person’s propensity for crime and his biological characteristics, for example, facial features?
3. Can you define your individual thinking as independent? Flexible?
4. What is necessary for a person’s inclinations to develop into abilities?
5. What qualities of thinking are manifested in professional activity research scientist (teacher, driver, designer)?
TASKS
1. Comment on the lines of Omar Khayyam’s poem:
"Man, like the world in a mirror, has many faces
He is insignificant - and he is immeasurably great."
2. Which of the listed properties of living beings distinguish man as the highest living being?
3. Fill out the table
4. He is the winner of the erudite competition, the “soul” of the team, ready to help at any moment. All these signs characterize a person as ………………………. (fill in the blank).
5. Speech always bears the “stamp” of the social environment in which it exists. Check yourself and your friends. Write down some funny phrases you heard in class. Ask adults what these expressions mean, who could have said them and under what circumstances.
TESTS
1. Are the following judgments true:
A. Every person is an individual.
B. People are born a person, but they become a person.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) A and B are correct.
4) both judgments are incorrect
2. The thesis about man as the measure of all things was proclaimed:
1) ancient Chinese philosophy
2) ancient Indian philosophy
3) ancient Greek philosophy
4) Marxism.
3. Persistent, unchanging anatomical and physiological traits that express the characteristics of a person as a living being are:
1) human nature
2) social essence
3) cultural program
4) personality.
4. Mental conditions expressing an unconscious need are:
1) interests
2) beliefs
3) attractions
4) installations.
5. The highest degree of talent development associated with the preservation of qualitatively new, unique creations is:
1) thinking
2) abilities
3) genius
4) character.
Test key: 1–2; 2–3; 3–1; 4–3; 5–3.
Man: thinkers of the past and present about his life, death and immortality. M., 1995.
Ancient world- Age of Enlightenment. M., 1995.
XIX century. M., 1995.
Malshevsky A.F. Human world. M., 1998.
Gurevich P.S. Human. M., 1995.
HUMAN ACTIVITY
The essence of human activity. The real process of human life in philosophy is called being. Activity is inherent in all living beings, but only man is characterized by such a form of activity as activity. It is in activity that a person reveals his special place in the world and establishes himself as a social being.
Activity- interaction of a person with the world, during which a person consciously and purposefully changes the world and himself.
Activity structure includes:
– subject– the one who carries out the activity (person, group of people, organization, state); depending on the nature of the subject (individual or group), individual and collective activities are distinguished;
- an object - what the activity is aimed at; objects can be material and ideal;
– target - conscious image of what is desired; this image must correspond to the real possibilities of the surrounding world and the subject himself;
– facilities - what is necessary to carry out the activity: not only various tools and objects, but also methods and techniques of action; the wider the set of tools, the more opportunities for carrying out activities;
– actions - are aimed at achieving a goal, their sequence constitutes the activity;
– result - the result of an activity that does not always coincide with the goal (may be opposite, divergent, random). Factors that determine the discrepancy between the result and the goal include setting an unattainable goal, incorrect choice of means, incomplete actions, insufficient accounting external conditions and etc.
| Motives for activity are motivations for activity. | ||||||
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ||
| Needs are experienced and perceived needs for something. | Interests are a form of manifestation of the needs of a person, a social group or society as a whole. | Social attitudes - a stable predisposition, readiness to act in a certain way in relation to any object | Beliefs are stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through one’s actions and deeds. | Unconscious factors are those that a person is not aware of | ||
Needs- the most important motivating force. Any classification of needs is rather conditional. The most accessible classification option is to divide needs into three groups:
1) biological (in nutrition, breathing, self-preservation, etc.);
2) social (in communication, self-realization, public recognition and so on.);
3) ideal (in knowledge, in art, etc.).
Another needs model was developed by an American scientist A. Maslow.
A. Maslow called the first two types of needs primary (innate), and the other three types secondary (acquired). The needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
The lower needs are inherent in all people in equal measure, but the higher needs are inherent in unequal measures.
Needs are often divided into:
- on authentic(reasonable), encouraging a person to actively socially useful activities, promoting the physical and spiritual improvement of the individual without causing damage to nature and other people;
– imaginary(false, unreasonable) - their satisfaction leads to physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, causing damage to nature and society.
Abraham Maslow(1908–1970), American psychologist, founder of the hierarchical theory of needs. This theory was created in the 1940s. and was further developed by the scientist and his followers. In particular, it was recognized that in order to more high level hierarchy of needs began to influence human behavior, it is not necessary to satisfy the need for more low level fully. A. Maslow wrote: “Until now we have said that the hierarchical levels of needs have a fixed order, but in fact this hierarchy is far from being as “rigid” as we thought... There are people for whom, for example, self-esteem is more important, than love."
Variety of activities. The main reason for the diversity of human activity is the diversity of its motives, first of all, interests and needs, as well as the variety of cultural programs that guide the subjects. The most general classification of activities may look like this:
There are also such types of activities as creative, labor, and play. All of them make it possible to satisfy numerous human needs and contribute to personal development.
M. Weber divided actions depending on their motives into four groups:
– purposeful actions (an individual’s behavior is focused on a rationally set, thoughtful goal, means and side results of actions);
– value-rational (subject to principles, requirements, based on belief in the aesthetic, religious or other value of a certain behavior);
– affective (determined by the emotional state of the individual);
– traditional (based on long-term habit).
Communication involves the exchange of information, which is also the essence of communication. However, the meaning of these terms differs significantly.
Communication– unidirectional flow of information in the absence or formal nature of feedback.
When equal partners communicate, the mechanism for transmitting and perceiving information changes, and it is significantly enriched.
Communication– a complex and multifaceted process, including not only the exchange of information, but also interaction, mutual influence and mutual understanding of partners.
The functions of communication through which it is realized are diverse. social role– to form a personality, its consciousness and self-awareness, connect with other people, transfer experience and knowledge.
The most important communication functions:
– communicative (information exchange, clarification, development and production of new information);
– interactive (exchange of ideas and actions, mutual influence);
– perceptual (perception of each other, formation of holistic images, establishment of mutual understanding).
BASIC CONCEPTS
Activities
Imagination
Activity
A game
Interests
Intuition
Communication
Motives
Communication
Needs
Activity structure
Creation
Work
Beliefs
Settings
Fantasy
Goal setting
In order to understand why a person is a biosocial being, one must understand the meaning of the term “biosocial”. The concept implies a system of behavior that is a symbiosis of biological and
In other words, the behavior of biosocial beings (humans) is simultaneously determined by natural instincts and social skills.
Man as a biosocial being is a completely special person. We are an inseparable part of him, but at the same time we influence existence, changing it. We are simultaneously an object and a subject of knowledge.
Not a single isolated science, be it biology, psychology, anatomy, etc. cannot create a complete image of a person. Only philosophy tries to do this, but its knowledge comes down to the study of universal human nature.
Why is this happening?
Precisely because man, as a biosocial being, contains too many aspects. It has the following characteristics:
- Universal human characteristics, i.e. is a representative of a specific species.
- Special, which means that each individual is a representative of a specific race, nationality, or ethnic group.
- Specific: personality, psyche, talents, inclinations, needs.
Man as a biosocial being is also considered because by his origin and nature he is dual. On the one hand, although it is a highly organized animal, it is an animal, i.e. biological organism. On the other hand, it is a creature with social, political, cultural and other unique skills. It is this feature that allows us to consider that man is a biosocial being, or, in the words of Aristotle, a “political animal.”
On the one hand, the life activity of representatives of our species is determined by biological origin. An individual is capable of inheriting the biological characteristics of his species and has a predisposition to a certain life expectancy, diseases, type of behavior, and temperament.
On the other hand, a person does not have a clear predisposition to a diurnal or nocturnal lifestyle, type of nutrition, behavior (herd, for example). Therefore, unlike animals, he is capable of developing in any direction.
Inextricably linked with its nature. Only nature manifests itself in the body, instincts (for example, the need to eat, reproduce, etc.), and the social - in consciousness. However, both the natural principle and the social form a single conglomerate, which, in its essence, is being.
By the way, there is debate about human nature in science. Some scientists believe that nature is determined solely by the genetics of the species: upright walking, breathing with the help of the lungs, etc., while others include the individual’s psyche and its development in the concept. This also confirms the complexity of human nature.
Moreover, consciousness is a psychological manifestation that is a creation of the brain, and the brain is of biological origin. This is yet another proof of the truth that man as a biosocial being can only be viewed simultaneously from several points of view.
LESSON 1-2. PERSON AS PERSONALITY.
· Man is a biosocial being;
· The concept of personality;
· Consciousness and activity;
· Personal self-knowledge.
Man as a biosocial being.
MAN is a biosocial being, that is, a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, moral and ethical qualities, the ability to create tools and use them in the process of social production; subject of the historical process, creator of all material and spiritual culture.
Philosophical debates about human nature have a long history. Most often, philosophers call human nature binary (double), and man himself is defined as a biosocial being with articulate speech, consciousness, higher mental functions (abstract logical thinking, logical memory, etc.), capable of creating tools and using them in process of social labor.
Being a part of nature, man belongs to the higher mammals and forms a special species - Homo sapiens. Like any biological species, Homo sapiens is characterized by a certain set of specific characteristics, each of which can vary in different representatives of the species within fairly large limits. Such a change can be influenced by both natural and social processes. Like other biological species, the species Homo sapiens has stable variations (varieties), which, when it comes to humans, are most often designated by the concept of race.
The racial differentiation of people is predetermined by the fact that their groups, inhabiting different areas of the planet, have adapted to the specific features of their environment and have developed specific anatomical, physiological and biological characteristics. But, belonging to a single biological species, Homo sapiens, a representative of any race has biological parameters characteristic of this species that allow him to successfully participate in any sphere of life of the entire human society. The biological nature of a person constitutes the basis on which the formation of actual human qualities occurs.
Biologists and philosophers call the following anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics human body, which form the biological basis of human activity as a social being:
a) straight gait as an anatomical feature that allows a person to take a wider view of the surrounding environment, freeing the forelimbs even during movement and allowing them to be used for work better than four-legged animals can do;
b) tenacious hands with movable fingers and opposable thumb allowing you to perform complex and subtle functions;
c) gaze directed forward and not to the sides, allowing you to see in three dimensions and better navigate in space;
d) a large brain and a complex nervous system, making it possible high development mental life and intellect;
f) long-term dependence of children on their parents, and therefore a long period of adult guardianship, a slow rate of growth and biological maturation and therefore a long period of training and socialization;
g) the plasticity of innate impulses and needs, the absence of rigid mechanisms of instincts, such as those found in other species, the possibility of adapting needs to the means of satisfying them - all this contributes to the development of complex patterns of behavior and adaptation to various environmental conditions;
h) the stability of sexual attraction, affecting the form of the family and a number of other social phenomena.
Being, of course, a natural being, living according to the laws natural world, a person can live and develop fully only in a society of people like him. Such important factors of human life as consciousness and speech are not transmitted to people in the order of biological heredity, but are formed in them during their lifetime, in the process of socialization, i.e., the individual’s assimilation of the socio-historical experience of previous generations.
From the moment of his birth, a person is an individual, that is, a single natural being, a bearer of individually unique traits. An individual is usually called a single specific person, considered as a biosocial being. The concept “person” is usually used to show that a person belongs to the human race (Homo sapiens), as well as the fact that this person possesses universal traits and qualities characteristic of all people.
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