Altitudinal zonation in the mountains of Eurasia presentation. Presentation "altitudinal zonation"

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Flora and fauna Animal world Eurasia is very diverse. The distribution of modern wild fauna across the territory depends on the characteristics natural conditions and on the results of human activity. The most common large mammal of the tundra is the reindeer. Arctic fox, lemming and mountain hare are also found in the tundra. The most common birds are white and tundra partridges. On summer period seagulls, loons, eiders, geese, ducks, and swans fly into the tundra. The fauna of the forest zone is best preserved in the taiga. Wolves, brown bears, moose, lynxes, foxes, squirrels, wolverines, and martens live here. Birds include black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, and crossbill. Steppe animals - steppe ferret, gophers, various mice. Of the large animals, the saiga has survived. There are a variety of birds - larks, swallows, falcons. Semi-deserts and deserts are dominated by reptiles, rodents, and ungulates. In Central Asia live bactrian camels, wild donkeys - kulans. In the mountain forests of South China, the panda bamboo bear, the black Himalayan bear, and the leopard have been preserved. Wild elephants still live in Hindustan and on the island of Sri Lanka. India and Indochina are characterized by an abundance of monkeys, a large number of various reptiles, especially poisonous snakes. Many animals living in Eurasia are listed in the Red Book: bison, Ussuri tiger, kulan, etc.

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Presentation of a geography lesson "Altitudinal zones" 8th grade.

Goals: to form an idea of ​​the patterns of change in natural conditions and NTC in the mountains.

1. Educational:

Organize student activities to study altitudinal zones;

To create conditions for students to get acquainted with the PTK of alpine and subalpine meadows, to form the image of mountains;

It is planned that by the end of the lesson, students will be able to build spectrograms of altitudinal zones and determine from them geographical position and the name of the mountains.

1. Educational:

To promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory, thinking, cognitive activity;

To provide conditions for improving the ability to work with a map and applying the acquired knowledge in practice.

1. Educational:

To promote love and respect for the environment.

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"presentation "Altitudinal zonation""

Altitudinal zone

Geography. 8th grade.

FGKOU secondary school No. 162

Teacher Zrazhva V.I.

Repetition of covered material

Plant community dominated by conifers

Taiga

A plant community consisting of forbs is formed on chernozems with insufficient moisture.

Steppe

The science that studies PTC

Landscape science

Solontsy

Saline soils, in which readily soluble salts are large quantities contained in the soil are located at a depth of 20-50 cm.

Types of soils in which salts are large quantities are in the surface layer

Serozems

A flat clayey place, devoid of vegetation in dry season, is broken into polygons by cracks.

Takyrs

Sand acacia, grows on the sands, can let out branches from the roots, and adventitious roots from the branches, and grow vice versa

Juzgun

Plants with short term growing season

Ephemera

Bustard

The largest flightless bird of the steppes

Frontal survey

• Where is the steppe zone located?

(in the south of the East European Plain, in the south of the Urals and in the south of Siberia)

• Why don't trees grow in the steppe?

(insufficient hydration)

• Why do steppe soils have high fertility?

(they contain a significant amount of plant residues from which humus is formed)

• Where can you see trees in the steppe?

(in river valleys)

• What soils are in a semi-desert?

(brown)

• Why is it impossible to determine the age of saxaul by rings?

(saxaul has several rings during the year - from 7 to 18, according to the number of precipitation)

• Which dangerous phenomena maybe in the steppes?

(droughts, hot winds, dust storms)

• Why is the taiga changing to mixed and broadleaf forests?

(air temperature rises, humidity decreases )

Lesson Objectives

1. Educational:

• organize student activities to study shift patterns natural areas in the mountains;
• create conditions for students to get acquainted with the PTC of alpine and subalpine meadows;
• it is assumed that at the end of the lesson, students will be able to read the spectrograms of the altitudinal zones.

• Educational:

• promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory,

thinking, cognitive activity;

• provide conditions for improving the ability to work with the map, applying the acquired knowledge in practice;

• Educational:

- contribute to the education of love and respect for nature.

The concept of altitudinal zonation

• Altitudinal zone - natural change of soils, flora and fauna with the concept of mountains

Changing the components of nature with climbing into the mountains

Height change

Changing of the climate

Changes in soils, flora and fauna

Group 1. Practical work

• Using the contour map and templates, place the altitudinal zonality spectra according to the mountain systems.

Patterns of location of natural zones in the mountains

Write them down in your notebook.

• 1. The higher the mountains, the larger the set of natural zones (multi-story).
• 2. The closer to the equator, the more diverse natural complexes in the mountains.
• 3. The change of natural zones in the mountains is similar to the change of natural zones on the plain, from south to north.
• 4. The change of natural zones on the northern and southern slopes is different. Snow on the northern slopes begins at a lower altitude.
• 5. The first natural zone at the foot is the one in which the mountains are located.

Characteristics of natural zones of EurasiaNatural
zones
Klm. belts
Flora (4 species)
Fauna (4 species)
soil
Arctic
empty
Arctic
Mosses,
lichens,
polar poppy
Polar bear,
lemming, scribe,
reindeer.
Perennial
permafrost
Tundra
forest tundra
Taiga
Mixed width
natural forests
Steppes
Deserts

Arctic deserts

The polar night lasts up to 150 days. Summer is short and
cold. Frost-free period with temperatures
above 0°C lasts only 10-20 days, very rarely up to 50
days. Placers of coarse clastic
material. Soils are thin, underdeveloped,
rocky.

Arctic deserts

It is devoid of trees and
bushes. It's wide here
scale deposits are common
lichens on the mountains
rocks, mosses, various
algae on rocky
soils, only some
flowering
Fauna of the zone
Arctic presented
polar bears,
arctic foxes, polar
owls, deer. On
rocky shores in summer
seabirds nest,
forming “bird colonies”.

Tundra

The surface of the tundra in the western regions is
an endless plain with numerous rivers,
lakes and swamps.

Tundra

Animals of the tundra
adapted to
harsh conditions
existence. Many of
they leave the tundra for
winter; some
(eg lemmings)
are awake under the snow,
others hibernate
polar owl
Reindeer
muskox
arctic fox
Leming
cowberry

forest tundra

The average July temperature here is +10-14°C. Annual
the amount of precipitation is 300-400 mm. Precipitation
significantly more than can evaporate, so the forest-tundra
- one of the most swampy natural areas.

forest tundra

reindeer
white partridge
blueberry
lynx
cloudberry
In the fauna of the forest-tundra
dominate
lemmings too
different types in different
longitude zones,
reindeer, polar fox,
partridge white
snowy owl and
big variety
migratory,
waterfowl and
small, settling in
shrubs, birds
The tundra is rich
berry
shrubs -
lingonberries, cranberries,
cloudberries, blueberries.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

The climate of the taiga is characterized by relatively warm and fairly humid
in summer and cool, and in some places cold winter. Average annual
precipitation from 300 to 600 mm (in Eastern Siberia even decreases
up to 150-200 mm). The air temperature in summer often exceeds +30 °C;
In winter, frosts reach 30...50°C.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

By species
composition
differentiate
light coniferous
(pine
ordinary,
some
American
types of pine,
larches
Siberian and
Daurian) and more
characteristic and
common
yu dark coniferous
taiga (spruce, fir,
cedar pine).
spruce
larch
fir
pine
cedar

Taiga (coniferous forests)

Animal world of the taiga
richer and
more varied than
animal world
tundra
Numerous and
wide
common: lynx,
wolverine,
chipmunk, sable,
squirrel, etc. From
ungulates
meet northern
and red deer,
elk, roe deer;
numerous
rodents: hares,
shrews, mice. From
birds are common: capercaillie,
hazel grouse, nutcracker,
crossbills, etc.

Broadleaf forests

BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS - deciduous tree-shrub communities with wide leaves of trees in different
combination - oak, beech, maple, linden, elm (elm), chestnut, ash and others.;

Broadleaf forests

maple
Linden
oak
birch
chestnut
ash

Broadleaf forests

Forest-steppe

Forest-steppe is a natural area of ​​the Northern
hemispheres characterized by a combination
forest and steppe areas.

Forest-steppe

Steppe

Steppe - a plain overgrown with grassy vegetation, in
temperate and subtropical zones of the northern and southern hemispheres.
A characteristic feature of the steppes is the almost complete
lack of trees

Steppe

Feather grass steppe
goitered gazelle
meerkat
camel
bustard

Semi-deserts and deserts

Temperate semi-deserts stretch across Eurasia
wide strip (up to 500 km) from the western part
Caspian lowland, through Kazakhstan, Mongolia
to Eastern China.

Semi-deserts and deserts

scorpion
turtle
fennec fox
monitor lizard
viper
camel
long eared hedgehog

hard-leaved forests,
subtropical evergreen forests mainly from xerophilic,
hard-leaved species. The tree canopy is single-tiered, with a dense
undergrowth of evergreen shrubs.

Hard-leaved, evergreen forests and shrubs

broom
Olive Tree
laurel
lemon
mandarin
ficus

Southern natural areas

Savannahs and woodlands
Altitudinal areas
Variably wet and monsoon forests

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Natural zones of Eurasia Eurasia is not only a museum of climates, but also a museum of natural zones

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Arctic deserts characteristic of many islands of the Arctic Ocean (Franz Josef Land, the northern island of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the northern New Siberian Islands and partly Wrangel Island). On the mainland they are found only in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. The climate in this area is very harsh, with perpetual snow and glaciers widespread. Most animals are Marine life(seals, walruses, polar bears, arctic foxes). Arctic desert

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The tundra stretches in a continuous strip from west to east of the continent in the northern part. It is in many ways similar to the tundra North America, but there is no musk ox here, because he died out. On the Taimyr Peninsula they are re-bred (from Canada). The most numerous inhabitants are reindeer, lemmings, arctic foxes, wolves, and many birds. Tundra

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The coniferous forest zone (taiga) stretches from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. Climatic conditions in the zone change from west to east, so the species composition of trees is different. In the west, pine and spruce predominate on podzolic soils; in Western Siberia, in conditions severe swampiness fir and Siberian cedar grow; in Eastern Siberia, larch is common on permafrost-taiga soils, and on the Pacific coast there is dark coniferous taiga of Daurian larch, fir, and Korean cedar. In the taiga there are many valuable fur-bearing animals (sable, ermine, marten); large animals include moose, brown bears, lynxes, and many birds. Taiga

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Mixed and deciduous forests located only in the west and east of the temperate zone, it does not form a continuous strip. The most typical types of European broad-leaved forests are oak and beech, maple and linden, hornbeam and elm. The animal world of forests is in many ways similar to the taiga. The main decoration is the mighty forest bull bison. In the east, under monsoon climate conditions, a process of mixing of northern and southern species is observed. Birch and bamboo coexist here, vines and wild grapes climb through the pines, Brown bear may meet a tiger, and in Japan there are monkeys. Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, oak, and linden grow. Mixed and broad-leaved forests

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They are located in the central parts of the continent, where precipitation decreases and evaporation increases. Steppes are treeless spaces with herbaceous vegetation, under which fertile chernozem soils are formed. They are almost completely plowed, and only in nature reserves their natural landscapes are presented. The predominant animals are rodents (gophers, voles, mice). In the past there were wild horses - tarpans, and wild bulls - aurochs. Forest-steppe and steppe

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Semi-deserts and temperate deserts Semi-deserts and temperate deserts lie in the central parts of the continent, where there is very little rainfall, hot summers and cold winters. The vegetation (wormwood, solyanka, sandy sedge) is sparse, and there are desert areas with shifting sand. The only woody plant is saxaul. It has no leaves, instead there are scales, so saxaul looks like a dry, dead tree. The predominant animals are reptiles and rodents, which hibernate during the winter. Previously, there were wild kulan donkeys, Przewalski's horses, and wild camels.

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Located in the western part subtropical zone. Thanks to the mild and wet winter, plants grow here all year round, but the lack of moisture during the period of the most intense solar radiation has led to the appearance of adaptations in plants that reduce evaporation. The vegetation is represented by forests of evergreen holm oak, wild olives, noble laurel, pine, cypress, myrtle, and strawberry trees. The zone is characterized by brown and red soils, which are fertile and suitable for cultivating subtropical crops. Hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs

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Deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropical zone Subtropical deserts and semi-deserts are located east of the Caspian Sea, on the highlands of Western Asia. The nature of the tropical desert zone resembles the nature of the deserts of North Africa. Among the vegetation, there are especially many ephemerals, which during the period of short spring rains manage to go through the entire development cycle. Among the animals that live here are antelopes, hyenas, fennec foxes, etc.

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Evergreen monsoon forests In the east of the subtropical zone there is a zone of evergreen variable-humid forests. The forests consist of laurel trees, camphor trees, magnolias, tung trees, and bamboo thickets (a giant grass up to 10 m high) growing on yellow earth and red earth soils. There are almost no wild animals left. There are deer, wild buffalo, tigers, leopards, Himalayan bear, many monkeys, incl. gibbons. The most famous animal is the giant panda - the emblem of the World Fund wildlife(WWF).

It appears most clearly in the mountains.

The reason for this is the decrease heat balance and, accordingly, temperatures with altitude.

Altitudinal zonation is manifested in the spectrum of altitudinal belts (zones) from the foot to the peaks. The higher the geographic latitude of the area (taiga, tundra zones), the shorter the range of altitudinal zones (two or three altitudinal zones); to the equator (zones of subtropical forests, savannas, equatorial forests) the range of altitudinal zones is much wider (six to eight).

Manifestation of latitudinal zonality of mountain landscapes through the spectra of their altitudinal zones

a - in the mountains of the taiga zone, b - in the mountains of dry subtropics

Glacial-nival Mountain tundra Mountain meadows

Mountain coniferous forests (taiga)

Mountain coniferous-deciduous forests Mountain broad-leaved forests Mountain forest-steppe Mountain steppe Mountain semi-desert

Sector

This is a change in the degree of continental climate from the ocean coasts inland, associated with the intensity of advection of air masses from the oceans to the continents and, accordingly, the degree of moisture in sectors located at different distances from the coasts and on different coasts.

The root cause of this phenomenon is differentiation earth's surface on continents and oceans, which have different reflectivity and heat capacity, which leads to the formation above them of air masses with different properties (temperature, pressure, moisture content). As a result, pressure gradients arise between them, and, consequently, continental-oceanic transport of air masses, superimposed on the area-wide atmospheric circulation. As a result, longitudinal or other changes in landscapes occur from the coasts inland. This is most clearly manifested in the change in the spectrum of natural zones and subzones in each sector.

Changes in the spectrum of latitudinal natural zones and subzones in different physical-geographical spectra of continentality

Zones: 1-taiga, 2-deciduous forests, 3-forest-steppe, 4-steppe, 5-semi-desert, 6-desert.

Sectors: I-oceanic, II-weak and moderate continental,

III-Continental

Altitudinal-genetic layering of landscapes

The layering of plain and mountain landscapes is associated with the age, stages of development, and the genesis of different hypsometric levels (steps or leveling surfaces) of the relief. The identification of these levels is due to the unevenness of tectonic movements.

Landscape layering is the identification in the landscape structure of regions of altitudinal-genetic stages, recorded in the main geomorphological levels of relief development. At the same time, placors are considered as relics of ancient denudation surfaces or accumulative plains, and more low levels plains are associated with subsequent stages of relief leveling.

On the plains there are tiers: elevated; low-lying; lowland.

In the mountains, landscape layers are distinguished: foothills, low mountains, middle mountains, high mountains, intermountain basins.

Each altitudinal tier usually includes one to three altitudinal zones with fragments of transition zones, where, depending on the exposure and steepness of the slopes, natural complexes of adjacent belts can alternate.

Barrier effect in landscape differentiation

An important consequence of the tiered structure of the landscape shell is the emergence of a barrier effect, expressed through the characteristic spectra of foothill and slope landscapes.

The factors that directly determine the identification of barrier landscapes are changes in atmospheric circulation and the degree of moisture in windward and leeward areas in front of mountains and hills, as well as slopes of different exposures. On the windward side, in front of the mountains and hills, the air gradually rises, flowing around the barrier, and forms a belt of increased precipitation compared to the latitudinal-zonal norm. On the leeward side of the elevations, on the contrary, downward currents of air of already low humidity dominate, which leads to the formation of drier “barrier shadow” landscapes.

Exposure hydrothermal differences of slope landscapes

The orientation of slopes relative to the sides of the horizon and the directions of prevailing winds is also an important factor in the differentiation of landscapes, but at the fine-grained and local levels of organization of geosystems. As a result of the interaction of geomorphological (azonal) and climatic factors, slope landscapes of different exposures differently deviate from the typically zonal landscapes of uplands.

Expositional landscape asymmetry of slopes is of two types:

Insolation asymmetry is associated with unequal input of solar radiation on slopes of different exposures. The insolation asymmetry of slopes is most clearly manifested in the landscapes of transition zones.

Wind, or circulation, asymmetry of slope landscapes is primarily associated with different amounts of moisture on the windward slopes of mountains and hills.

Material (lithological) composition

At local and small regional levels of the organization natural environment Important factors in the differentiation of landscape complexes can be the material (lithological) composition and structure of surface sediments.

3.8. Natural resource potential of landscapes

Natural resource potential

a stock of resources that is used without destroying the structure of the landscape.

The removal of matter and energy from the geosystem is possible as long as it does not lead to disruption of the ability of self-regulation and self-healing.