How to spell Mrs in English. Affectionate and polite forms of address in English

Written and oral speech often has a specific addressee. Sometimes the communication process is not complete without referring to it. There are two types - this is an official and unofficial appeal to English language. Let's take a look at each type and look at their use cases.

Official address in English

This type is used in situations of interpersonal communication, when there are business relations between colleagues, managers, partners, boss and subordinate, representatives of different generations. When addressing a man, you can usually hear the following:

These appeals have several nuances:

• Application. Mister is abbreviated in English (mr.) can be used in relation to men regardless of their place in society - i.e. sir, esq., mr- all this can be used when communicating with both the janitor and the magnate.
• Place. There should be no problems with the word "Mr." in English (mr.) - usually the abbreviation is placed before the addressee's surname.
• Sir. This term has one feature when used - it is used when the surname and name of the person being addressed remains unknown or not known. Another exceptional case of its use is an indication of the title (typically for British subjects who have become knights). Still remember the famous Sir Elton John (Sir Elton John)?
• Esq. This form is placed after the name. "Esquire" is familiar to many by the name of the magazine. However, this word has a certain historical past. During the Middle Ages, the squires attached to the knights were first called so, then, using the term, belonging to the lower strata of the nobility was transferred. At the moment, this form can be extremely rare in colloquial speech, it is mainly used in writing.

With the addressee male we managed to figure it out, now let's discuss the topic of addressing a woman in English. Why is it so important? Since there are several trigger words, which, unlike the male version, are applicable only in certain situations and to ladies of a certain age and position.

So, let's analyze this table in a little more detail and, finally, find out what is the difference between mrs and ms, and what to choose as an appeal to an unmarried woman in English.

• Mrs. Usually in this case we are talking about a married girl. When used, it is obligatory to indicate the surname or name of the woman. If in simple terms, then mrs is a designation of belonging to a specific male representative when addressing (A woman, in a sense, belongs to her man?).
• Miss. Usually the name is used in relation to unmarried ladies, putting the name and / or surname of the addressee after “miss”.
• Ms. The form is typical for written speech, in particular for business correspondence. For use in speech it is better to consider one of the above options. It is interesting that such an abbreviated "miss" in English can be used for any lady, regardless of her position (married / not married). This appeal was approved as a result of numerous campaigns for the struggle for women's rights. The UN has ruled that after "Ms." the last name or first name of the addressee is required.
• madam. In cases of use, it echoes the male "Esq.", i.e. usually does not need additions in the form of a full name after itself. If a girl of high status is addressed, then her post / position should be indicated (for example, Madam Managing Director - Madam Managing Director). The address to a woman "ma'am" is just an abbreviation for "madam", the cases of its use coincide with those already indicated.

So, when choosing ms or mrs always consider the type of information being exchanged and the status of the lady being the recipient. If there is business correspondence, then "ms" is better if colloquial speech is "mrs". In case of married girl always be sure it's mrs, and when using "ms" the status doesn't matter.

Now a few words should be said about addressing several addressees at once.

The most common phrase is "Ladies and gentlemen", which translates into Russian as "Ladies and gentlemen". However, the phrase is more typical for a formal setting (concert, company event, product presentation, etc.). Much less "official" in such expressions as "Dear friends" and "Dear colleagues" ("Dear friends" and "Dear colleagues", respectively).

If we are talking about addressing predominantly male persons whose names are unknown or not called, then the word “sirs” is used (usually supplemented by the adjective “dear”, which adds up to “Dear Sirs” or “Dear Sirs”).

When the addressee is a group of ladies whose surnames and names are not reported or are completely unknown, then the use of “mesdames” is considered relevant.

There is another option for addressing those whose names and surnames are known in writing - this is “messrs” (translated as “gentlemen”), but many linguists consider it already quite outdated.

Informal appeal

Along with the name of the interlocutor in a business conversation, there are expressions for situations of informal communication.

In the letter, this is indicated by the construction “Dear friend ..”. This is usually followed by a greeting (Hi or Hello) combined with the name of the final recipient.

During the conversation of friends or relatives, the absence of additional words and expressions (such as sir, dear, etc.) can be compensated by the use of diminutive forms of the person's name. So, for example, "Robert" (in Russian "Robert") easily turns into "Rob", "Bob", "Robbie". Moreover, not all names have similar abbreviated forms.

Two male companions often use the following phrases when communicating with each other: old boy, old chap, old man. They are translated approximately as "old man", "old man", "buddy". When it comes to a group of guys, they usually say "Guys!" (or in Russian "Guys!").

A child or lover / oh is addressed with the words “lovely”, “kid”, “love”, “honey”, “sweet”.

For grandparents in English there are also informal names (rather diminutive) - these are "grandma" and "grandpa", for mom and dad - mum / mummy / mommy / mom and Dad / daddy.

Conclusion

So, now you know how the abbreviation "Mrs" will be in English, what is the difference between ms and mrs, what types of addresses are there and how to familiarly address one or a group of guys.

Remember that when choosing words in this case, you need to take into account many factors, in particular, the status of the interlocutor, his marital status and the level of your interpersonal relationship with this particular addressee. Using the wrong expression can negatively affect further communication!

Instruction

In France, address unmarried girls "mademoiselle", married women - "madame". If you are not familiar with the marital status of the interlocutor, be guided by her age. Saying "mademoiselle" with a questioning tone is a polite way to find out if you're using the correct form. At a business meeting, the address "madam" will be most appropriate. It is customary to address everyone, regardless of his status, as "monsieur". Addressing by name is considered a rather personal form, which should be resorted to only if the interlocutor himself introduced himself. In the future, this particular form of the name should be used, even if colleagues or acquaintances address the person differently. Add the form "madame" or "monsieur" when greetings, goodbyes or apologies.

Before addressing a German, find out his title, which must be added after the polite "Herr". If you are meeting the person for the first time, use the Herr Doktor option. The word "doctor" has many meanings in German and is widely used in various contexts. Adults in Germany are usually called "Frau", - "Fräulen". Separately, these words are used only when talking with service personnel: maids and saleswomen. When talking with a married lady, the title of her husband should be added to the address "Frau", for example, "Frau Doctor". Alternative option is "Gnadige", equivalent in etiquette to "gracious" or "highly venerated". "Gnadige" should also be added when referring to an unmarried girl.

In England, "Mr", "Miss" and "Mrs" should be used for men, unmarried women and married women respectively. The names of the interlocutors are added to them, if they are known. English etiquette also provides for more formal forms of address: "Sir" and "Madame". The word "Sir" is used in two ways: as a respectful form (of a child to an adult, a subordinate to a boss, a service worker to a client) and as a title of nobility. In the second case, a combination with the full name is required. The etiquette forms "ladies" and "gentlemen" are used primarily when addressing an audience.

The rules of etiquette in the United States provide for similar forms of address as in England, but they are more democratic. Young man it is appropriate to call out "young man" or "young woman". The address "darling" - "dear" or "dear" is considered familiar in both the Old and New Worlds.

In Japan, when addressing an interlocutor, use the third form of the face, not the second. It is imperative to add a polite particle to the surname, emphasizing respect. The most common is the word "san", less often "dono" or "sama". In a friendly conversation, the particle "kun" is acceptable, which follows after the surname. It should also be taken into account social status interlocutor. At work, contact your superior, pronouncing his position.

In English, there are many variants of polite forms of addressing a person.
Towards man the forms Mr., Sir, Esq. are used. , and in relation to a woman - Mrs., Ms., Miss, Madam.

Now let's look at each of them separately.
Form Mr. can be used when referring to a man, regardless of his age and marital status. The only restriction is the fact that it must be followed by the last name of the person being addressed:
Dear Mr. Ivanov, Dear Mr. Ivanov!

When addressing multiple people, use Messrs, and to the surnames themselves, the ending is plural. -s is not added and no dot is placed after the politeness form:
Messrs Thomas and Smith

If the addressee's last name is unknown, use Sir(Sirs when addressing multiple people):
Dear Sirs, Dear Sirs!

As a synonym for Mr. in England they sometimes use the form Esq. However, it is not placed before the name, but after it, and, naturally, in this case the form Mr. absent:
Michael S. Johnson, Esq.

For reference: This form goes back to the word esquire. In medieval England, an esquire was a knight's squire, and later this word came to mean one of the lowest noble titles. For some time this form was used in letters, but now it is becoming less and less common.

Form Mrs. (Mmes when referring to several women) is placed before (1) the family name or (2) before the name and surname of a married woman or (3) before the name and surname of her husband:
Mrs. Brown - Mrs. Brown
Mrs. Laura Brown - Mrs. Laura Brown
Mrs. Peter Brown - Mrs. Peter Brown

For reference:
Form is an abbreviation for mistress, which reads like . It is incorrect to assume that this is an abbreviation for missus / missis (although the readings of Mrs. and missus / missis are the same).
Why is it so?
The fact is that abbreviated forms of polite address are formed by adding the first and last letters:
Mr. = MisteR
Dr. = DoctorR
Mrs. can't be short for missus/missis because missus/missis doesn't have an r consonant, so it makes sense that
Mrs. = MistResS

At the same time, missus / missis are used in the meaning of "wife, mistress". They do not have abbreviations, since this is not a form of address that is placed before the surname. These words are typical for informal speech, for example, in a husband's speech about his wife:
I promised the missus I "d be home by eleven - I promised my wife to be home by eleven.

Form Miss used in relation to an unmarried woman and should be followed by a surname:
Dear Miss Willis, Dear Miss Willis!

Form Ms.(read or) is the language equivalent of the Mr. form, since it is used in relation to a woman, regardless of the fact of her marital status. This form was recommended by the UN in 1974 as a result of campaigns by various organizations for the equality of women. It should be noted, however, that in Everyday life this form is not used as often as in official correspondence, as most women prefer to use the form Mrs. (married) or Miss (unmarried). However, modern formal and even semi-formal correspondence tends strongly to use the form Ms. This form must also be followed by the last name:
Ms. S. Smith

madam(Mesdames when referring to several women) is the most official address to a woman. This form can be called the language equivalent of Sir, since it is also used when the addressee's last name is unknown:
Dear Madam, Dear Madam!
Dear Mesdames

In addition, this form is used in writing in relation to a high-ranking woman, married or unmarried, to the queen (queen), princess (princess), countess (countess), daughter of the duke, maid of honor (maid of honor), as well as to a woman, holding an official position; with job title Madam Chairman, Madam Chairman!)

Dmitry Sokolov

"“English learning is a vast realm of discovery. As a teacher, I may know the shortcut, but it’s the students who have to make their own way to the destination. I just make sure I provide them with the right road signs”"

experience

• I started my teaching career at the Orsha State Gymnasium No. 1, where I began to learn the basics of teaching. He combined his work at the school with teaching at the foreign language courses "Castello Studi" and tutoring in Orsha. I have always liked working with older students more because the results of my work were more obvious to me.
• After working for 2 years of distribution at school, I entered the MSLU master's program, and then taught for another 3 years at the Department of Foreign Language Teaching at MSLU. During this time, I have gained valuable experience in teaching various groups of students, including corporate, foreign and VIP groups, and got acquainted with advanced methods of teaching foreign languages.
• Having received the second higher education majoring in finance at the IBMT BSU, got a job as an analyst at the Research Institute of Economics of the Ministry of Economics, where I still work. However, teaching for me has become not just a job or a craft, but an art that I am not going to give up under any circumstances. Now, as a specialist in a narrower field, I can effectively teach business English, English in foreign trade, accounting, banking, auditing, etc.

Hobbies and interests

I prefer active leisure: tourism, practical shooting, chess, car races, cycling

Personal qualities

Active, meticulous, restless, I always strive to learn new things, a good organizer.

A person studying a foreign language should be aware that the beauty of a language lies in its diversity. Of course, this is primarily a tool that allows us to convey our thoughts to the listener or reader, but the form is no less important than the content. Moreover, native speakers, listening to your speech, will truly appreciate your rich vocabulary. And this, you see, is a significant reason to be proud of the results of your labors. This requirement applies not only to advanced English lovers, but also to those who only take up English for beginners and, with mute horror, open an English dictionary or grammar for the first time. Useful words and their synonyms should be sought out, written down, memorized and used in speech whenever possible. In this, I hope the LINGVISTOV team will provide you with all possible assistance.

I don’t know about you, but I often get bored with hackneyed “dear”, “baby”, “bro” and other platitudes. In appeals in spoken English, there is also where to turn around in terms of vocabulary, which can be supplemented with slang expressions heard in films in English or read in books and magazines.

But first, let's take a look at the courtesy. The most common forms are Mr.(Mister) Mrs.(Missis) and Ms.(Miss - for a young girl or unmarried woman), to which the surname of this person is added. For example, "No, Mr. Bond, I expect you to DIE!" If you don't know the last name of the person you're addressing, use Sir, madam or miss; however, the latter can cause trouble if the girl is still married (tested the hard way). Very controversial is the use of Ma'am, an abbreviation for Madam:

In the UK, it is almost never used and is considered an obsolete form.

In the US, the use of "madam" is limited to very formal occasions, while "ma'am" is common in everyday speech to an adult woman who you think may already have a family and children, especially if she is older. you. In the South and Southwest of the United States, "ma'am" is an address to any woman or girl.

There are many friendly addresses, as well as affectionate ones, in the English language. Addresses to friends vary depending on which version of English you prefer, however, they are not limited to them.

british english:

chap: "Dear old chap, I've missed you!" (Old man, I missed you!)

mate(also Australia, New Zealand): “Hey, mate, do you want to hit the pub?” (Man, let's go to the pub?)

pal(also popular in the US): “My most useful acting tip came from my pal John Wayne. Talk low, talk slow, and don't say too much.” - Michael Caine (The most helpful advice acting class was given to me by my friend John Wayne. Speak in a low voice, speak slowly and speak little. — Michael Caine)

crony: “I"m going to the pub with me cronies” (I went to the pub with my buddies.)

mucker(Ireland): “What about ye, mucker? Are you in or out?” (So ​​buddy? Are you in?)

american english:

homie: "Time to go, homie." (It's time to leave, buddy.)

home slice: “You’re coming with us tonight, home slice? “Sure.”

amigo: "Hey, amigo, long time no see." (Hey amigo, how many years, how many winters!)

buddy: “I'm going to have some beers with my buddy tonight.” (Today my friend and I will have a couple of drinks.)

bestie: "You and I are besties for life!" (We are with you best friends for life!)

dawg: “Waddup, dawg? “Nothing, jus’ chillin.”

fella: “Good to see you fella.” Most often used in the meaning of “guy, person (male)”: “Who are these fellas?” (Who are these people?)

dude: "Dude, where's my car?" (classic)

Affectionate appeals to close people are also very diverse. Here are some of them, in most cases used regardless of gender:

Honey (hon for short)

Sugar (also sugarplum, sugar pie, sugar cake, etc.)

And finally, a few affectionate addresses, divided by gender:

It is important to avoid excessive familiarity here, because, as one of my good friends says: "I "m not your honey, darling, sweetheart, dear, ducky, or any other diminutive creature."