Animal life in Antarctica. Fauna of Antarctica - list, species, characteristics and photos of the fauna of the continent
Antarctica is a continent with harsh climatic conditions. Temperatures across most of the continent never rise above freezing, and the entire continent is covered in ice. However, the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is one of the most amazing ecosystems on Earth and is home to many incredible creatures.
Most animals are migratory, since the climate of the continent is too difficult for permanent residence and wintering.
At the same time, many species are found only in Antarctica (animals that live only in one area are called endemic) and have managed to perfectly adapt to the harsh environment. Since Antarctica was only discovered 200 years ago, native species are not accustomed to human society, which leads to one of the most surprising things about Antarctica's wildlife: they find people as interesting as they are to people. For visitors, this means that most animals can be approached without them running away, and for researchers, it means an opportunity to better study Antarctica's fauna. However, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the Antarctic treaties prohibit touching wild animals!
In this article, we have compiled a list with brief description and photos of some famous representatives of the fauna of the coldest continent on the planet - Antarctica.
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Mammals
Whales
Whales are one of the most mysterious and amazing creatures on Earth. The blue whale is the largest animal to ever live on the planet, weighing over 100 tons, easily outweighing the heaviest dinosaurs. Even a “regular” whale is enormous in size and is considered a truly impressive creation of nature. Whales are huge but elusive mammals and difficult to study. They are very intelligent, with complex social lives and complete freedom of movement.
Whales belong to the order of mammals called, along with dolphins and porpoises. They are the same mammals as people, dogs, cats, elephants and others. That is, they cannot be called fish. Whales breathe air and therefore must rise to the surface at regular intervals to take a breath. They give birth to live young, which stay with their mother for a year and feed on her milk. Whales are warm-blooded and have a skeleton similar to that of a human (albeit highly modified).
The whales of Antarctica are all whales that spend at least part of the time of the year near the coast of the continent. These include:
- Blue whale (The average length of an adult male is 25 m, females - 26.2 m. The average body weight of an adult is 100 - 120 tons);
- Southern right whale (Average length 20 m and weight 96 tons);
- (Body length 18 m, weight - 80 tons);
- (Length from 18 to 27 m, weight 40-70 t);
- Sperm whale (Average length 17 m, average weight 35 t);
- Humpback whale (Average length 14 m, weight 30 tons);
- (Length - 9 m, weight - 7 t);
- Killer whale (body length from 8.7 to 10 m, weight up to 8 tons).
Kerguelen fur seal
The Kerguelen fur seal belongs to the family known as eared seals (Otariidae), which includes fur seals and sea lions.
By appearance and manner, these mammals resemble a large dog. They are able to pull their rear flippers under their body and lift their weight with their front flippers, making them much more flexible on land than other pinnipeds.
Males reach a mass of 200 kg and are 4 times larger than females. They are limited primarily to the sub-Antarctic islands, with 95% of the population on South Georgia Island.
Leopard seal
Called the leopard seal because of the spots on its body, it is one of the largest predators in Antarctica. The weight of males is up to 300 kg, and females - 260-500 kg. The body length of males varies between 2.8-3.3 m, and females 2.9-3.8 m.
The diet of leopard seals is very varied. They can eat any animal they can kill. The diet consists of fish, squid, penguins, birds and seal pups.
Leopard seals are not skilled divers compared to other marine mammals. The longest dive does not last more than 15 minutes, so the animals stay close to open water rather than diving long distances under continuous ice. They are capable of swimming at speeds of up to 40 km/hour.
Crabeater seal
Crabeater seals are believed to be the continent's most abundant large mammal. Adults weigh 200-300 kg and have a body length of about 2.6 m. Sexual dimorphism in these seals is not pronounced. These are fairly solitary animals, but can lie in small groups, which creates the impression of a social family. Real bonding is possible between mothers and their babies.
They do not eat crabs, despite their name. Their diet consists of 95% Antarctic krill, the rest being squid and fish. They are well adapted for catching krill thanks to their teeth, which form a sieve to catch prey from the water.
Because crabeater seals feed primarily on krill, they do not need to dive deeply or for long periods of time. A typical dive to a depth of 20-30 m lasts about 11 minutes, however they have been recorded at a depth of 430 m.
Weddell seal
Weddell seals are mammals that live on ice. The weight of adult individuals varies between 400-450 kg, and the body length is 2.9 m (for males) and 3.3 m (for females).
They feed mainly on fish, as well as squid and invertebrates in much smaller quantities. Weddell seals are excellent divers, capable of diving to depths of 600 meters and spending up to 82 minutes underwater.
It is quite difficult to estimate the population size of these animals, since they live near the Arctic Circle and on drifting ice.
Southern elephant seal
Southern elephant seals are the largest of all seals and show marked sexual dimorphism. The weight of males varies in the range of 1500-3700 kg, and females - 350-800 kg. The body length of males is 4.5-5.8 m, and females - 2.8 m.
The diet consists mainly of squid, but fish is also present (about 75% squid and up to 25% fish). Males tend to travel further south in pursuit of their prey.
Southern elephant seals are impressive divers, diving to depths of 300-500 m for 20-30 minutes. They are found throughout Antarctica, all the way to the deep south.
Birds
Flying
Antarctic tern
The Antarctic tern is a typical representative of the tern family. It is a small bird 31-38 cm long, weighing 95-120 g, and with a wingspan of 66-77 cm. Its beak is usually dark red or blackish. The plumage is mostly light gray or white, with a black “cap” on the head. The tips of the wings of this tern are grayish-black.
They feed on fish and krill, especially when in Antarctica. Terns spot their prey from the air and then dive into the water after it.
Antarctic Blue-eyed Cormorant
The Antarctic blue-eyed cormorant is the only member of the cormorant family that is found in Antarctica. They live along the South Antilles Ridge and the Antarctic Peninsula, going deeper to the south. These cormorants are characterized bright color eye and an orange-yellow growth at the base of the beak, which becomes especially large and bright during the breeding season. Body weight is 1.8-3.5 kg, with males slightly heavier than females. The body length varies from 68 to 76 cm, and the wingspan is about 1.1 m.
They feed primarily on fish, often forming a "trap" of tens or hundreds of birds that repeatedly dive into the water and help each other catch fish. These cormorants are capable of diving to depths of 116 m. When swimming, they press their wings tightly to their body and use their webbed feet.
Snowy Plover
The white plover is one of two species of the genus Chionidae. She prefers a terrestrial lifestyle. When walking, it nods its head like a dove. Body weight varies from 460 to 780 g, body length is 34-41 cm, and wingspan is 75-80 cm.
Pintado
The Cape Dove belongs to the shearwater family. Its weight is up to 430 g, body length is 39 cm, and its wingspan reaches 86 cm. The color of the feathers of this bird is black and white.
The Cape bluegill feeds on krill, fish, squid, carrion and ship waste, if available. They usually catch prey on the surface of the water, but sometimes dive shallowly.
Snow petrel
Snow petrels are white birds with black bills and eyes. They are the size of a pigeon and are perhaps the most beautiful of all Antarctic birds. The body length is 30-40 cm, the wingspan is 75-95 cm, and the weight is 240-460 g.
They feed mainly on krill and must always be close to the sea to have access to food. They are found along the coast of Antarctica, and are known to nest far inland (up to 325 km from the coast), in mountains that jut out above the surrounding ice.
wandering albatross
The wandering albatross is the bird with the longest wingspan (3.1 to 3.5 m). This bird can make long flights of 10-20 days, over a distance of up to 10,000 km, using barely more energy than when sitting on the nest.
Average weight ranges from 5.9 to 12.7 kg, with males approximately 20% heavier than females. Body length varies from 107 to 135 cm.
The diet is based on fish, squid and crustaceans. The bird hunts at night on the surface of the water or by diving shallowly. Wandering albatrosses follow boats and vessels of any type where food is dropped. This is especially true for fishing vessels that throw fish waste overboard.
South polar skua
The South Pole Skua is a fairly large bird. Males average weight 900-1600g and they tend to be slightly smaller and lighter than females. Average length: 50-55 cm, and wingspan 130-140 cm. They nest in continental Antarctica and breed far to the south. These birds have been recorded at the South Pole.
They feed primarily on fish and krill, although penguin eggs, chicks and carrion may also be included in the diet, depending on the habitat. South polar skuas have been observed stealing fish from other bird species.
Southern giant petrel
Southern giant petrel - predatory bird from the petrel family. Their weight is 5 kg and their body length is 87 cm. The wingspan varies from 180 to 205 cm.
The diet consists of dead seal and penguin carcasses, carrion, squid, krill, crustaceans, and waste from ships or fishing boats.
Most often, these birds are found on the Antarctic and subantarctic islands. They nest on open ground, in the Falkland Islands.
Flightless
Emperor penguin
Emperor penguins are the largest penguins in the world, with an average weight of about 30 kg (but can reach 40 kg), and a height of 1.15 m. Males and females have similar colors and body sizes. The back and head are black, the belly is white, the chest is pale yellow, and there are bright yellow spots in the ear area. Like all penguins, they are wingless, with a streamlined body, and wings flattened into flippers for marine environment a habitat.
Its diet consists primarily of fish, but may also include crustaceans and cephalopods. When hunting, these birds can remain underwater for up to 18 minutes and dive to a depth of 535 m. It has several adaptations for this, including unusually structured hemoglobin, hard bones and the ability to reduce metabolism.
The emperor penguin nests in cold environments. The species has adapted in several ways to counteract heat loss: its feathers provide 80-90% insulation, and it has a layer of subcutaneous fat that reaches 3 cm in thickness; the downy undercoat, in combination with the plumage, plays a decisive role in keeping the bird warm; the process of cleaning feathers is vital important in providing insulation and in keeping the plumage oily and water-repellent.
King Penguin
The king penguin is the second largest penguin species after the emperor. Height ranges from 70 to 100 cm, and weight from 9.3 to 18 kg. Males are slightly larger than females. Plumage king penguins, much brighter than their close relative the imperial species, but otherwise similar.
King penguins eat small fish and squid. They can dive to depths of 100 m, but have also been seen at depths of over 300 m. Fish makes up 80-100% of their diet, except during the winter months of the year.
King penguins breed on the subantarctic islands, in the northern regions of Antarctica, as well as on Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands and other temperate islands.
Subantarctic penguin
Subantarctic penguin, also known as the gentoo penguin. It is easily recognized by the broad white stripe running across the top of its head and its striking orange-red beak. This species has pale webbed feet and is quite a long tail- the most outstanding among all penguins.
The gentoo penguin reaches a height of 51 to 90 cm, making them the third largest penguin species, after the two giant species: emperor and king penguins. Males have Weight Limit about 8.5 kg, just before molting, and a minimum weight of about 4.9 kg, before mating. In females, the weight ranges from 4.5 to 8.2 kg. This species is the fastest underwater, reaching speeds of up to 36 km/h. They are perfectly adapted to very harsh climatic conditions.
Subantarctic penguins feed mainly on crustaceans, with fish making up only about 15% of the diet.
Other animals
Antarctic krill
Antarctic krill are a member of the order Euphausiaceae, distributed in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. This is a small crustacean that lives in large groups, sometimes reaching densities of 10,000-30,000 individuals per cubic meter. Krill feed on phytoplankton. It grows to a length of 6 cm, weighs up to 2 g, and can live for about six years. Krill are one of the key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and, in terms of biomass, probably the most abundant animal species on the planet (about 500 million tons, corresponding to 300-400 trillion individuals).
Belgica antarctica
Belgica antarctica is the Latin name of the only species of flightless insect endemic to Antarctica. Its length is 2-6 mm.
This insect has a black color, thanks to which it is able to absorb heat for survival. It can also adapt to changes in salinity and pH, and survive without oxygen for 2-4 weeks. At temperatures below - 15 ° C, Belgica antarctica dies.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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This is how Antarctica, the southern continent, - There was nothing further south, and no, But in the extreme south there is no heat at all - Both in winter and in summer, everything is white This Antarctica is like a snowdrift in winter - The cold froze the icy shell. There is no summer, just never, And there is no smell of spring - all the water there is ice... Is it really summer if there is snow and ice? Only evil blizzards: it blows every day... Isn’t it summer - frost all year round And the spring rain doesn’t shed tears. This is how Antarctica, the southern continent, sends us huge icebergs like hello! Andrey Soldatov
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Vertical: 1. The traveler who was the first to visit both geographic poles. 3. Winds that reach their greatest strength on the mainland, where air flows from a high ice dome to the coast. 5. A voracious, tireless predator, the main enemy of penguins. 7. The southernmost active volcano on Earth. 8. The largest and longest ice shelf on our planet. 9. The largest animal on Earth, living in Antarctic waters. Horizontally: 2. Antarctic station, where the lowest air temperature on our planet was recorded. 4. The first Russian Antarctic station, named after one of the ships of F.F.’s expedition. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev. 6. A peninsula in the western part of the mainland. 10. The most common species of penguin in Antarctica. 11. An extinct volcano in the western part of the mainland, located on the Ross Peninsula. 12. The traveler who was the second to reach the South Pole. 13.Discoverer of Antarctica. 14. A large block of ice that broke off from a glacier. 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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1- Amundsen. Amundsen Roald (1872-1928), Norwegian polar traveler and explorer. He was the first to navigate the Northwest Passage on the ship Gjoa from Greenland to Alaska (1903-06). He led the expedition to Antarctica on the ship Fram (1910-12). First to reach the South Pole (12/14/1911)
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3 - stock. Katava winds are a flow of cold air rushing down the slope of an area under the influence of gravity. A special case of katabatic wind is glacial wind, i.e. the flow of air flowing from a glacier, including the movement of air from large ice sheets to their edge. The longer the slope along which the katabatic wind accelerates, the stronger it is and the greater the thickness of surface air it is observed. In Antarctica, katabatic winds arise 700–800 km from the coast in the interior of the continent and die out 3–4 km from the coast above the sea
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5 – skua. The Great Skua is the only bird that nests in both the Arctic and Antarctica. This is a slender (58 cm in length) bird of dark brown color with a white mark on the folded wing, which turns into a white mirror on the open wing.
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7 – Erebus. Erebus is a volcano in Antarctica, the southernmost active volcano on Earth. Height - 3794 m. Located on Ross Island, where there are 3 more extinct volcanoes. The volcano has been continuously active since 1972. The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, USA, has established a volcano observation station here. There is a unique lava lake in the crater of the volcano.
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8 – Rossa. The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf in Antarctica, jutting out into the Ross Sea between Mary Baird Land (Edward VII Peninsula) to the east and Victoria Land (Ross Island) to the west. It has an area of about 487,000 km² (slightly less than the size of France). The length from south to north is about 850 km, from east to west - about 800 km.
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9 - whale The blue whale (also blue whale, or vomit) is a marine animal from the order Cetacea, belonging to the baleen whale (genus of minke whales). The largest whale, and also probably the largest of all animals that ever lived on Earth. Its length reaches 33 meters, and its weight can significantly exceed 150 tons.
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2 – East. Vostok Station is a Russian Antarctic research station. This is the only inland Antarctic research station currently used by Russia. Named after the sailing sloop "Vostok", one of the ships of the Antarctic expedition of 1819 - 1821. The lowest temperature on the planet is recorded here: −89.2 °C.
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4 – Peaceful. Mirny is a Soviet, Russian Antarctic station, located on the coast of the Davis Sea. Named after the legendary sloop "Mirny". The station was founded on February 13, 1956 by the 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition of 1955.
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6 – Antarctic. The Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost part of the continent of Antarctica. It extends approximately 1300 km in length. Just 1000 km from the peninsula, across the Drake Passage, is the island of Tierra del Fuego. The Antarctic Peninsula is home to many research stations
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10 – Adele. The Adelie penguin is a flightless bird from the order Penguinidae. One of the most common types of penguins. Named by the French explorer Dumont-D'Urville in honor of his wife Adele. Medium sized bird. Body length is about 70 cm, weight is about 6 kg. The upper body is black, the belly is white. There is a white ring around the eye.
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The amazing ecosystem of the continent, which is almost entirely covered with ice, is fraught with many mysteries. The climate of Antarctica is very harsh, even at the North Pole it is much milder. Summer temperatures here are minus 50-55°C, winter months– 60-80°С.
Only the ocean coast is warmer - minus 20-30°C. Severe cold, very dry air of the mainland, darkness for many months - these are conditions where living organisms also live.
Features of fauna
Animal world Antarctica has its own ancient history. In the distant past, even dinosaurs lived on the mainland. But today there are not even insects due to strong cold winds.
Today Antarctica does not belong to any country in the world. The natural world is untouchable here! Animals here are not afraid of people, they are interested in them, because they did not know the danger from the person who only discovered this amazing world.
Many animals of Antarctica migrating - not everyone is able to stay in such a harsh environment. There are no land-based four-legged predators on the continent. Marine mammals, pinnipeds, huge birds - here animals of Antarctica. Video reflects how the life of all inhabitants is connected with the ocean coast and water basins of the mainland.
Zooplankton, which is rich in the waters around the mainland, is the main food for many inhabitants from penguins, the indigenous inhabitants of Antarctica, to whales and seals.
Mammals of Antarctica
Whales
Representatives of the largest and most mysterious animals on the planet. Despite their enormous size, they are elusive to study. Complex social life, freedom of movement, living in harsh conditions reflect their powerful natural intelligence and capabilities.
There are two types of whales in Antarctica: baleen and toothed. The former are better studied, as they were commercial targets. These include humpback whales, fin whales, and true whales. They all breathe air, so they periodically rise to the surface to replenish their air reserves.
Whales give birth to calves and feed them milk for up to a year. The female feeds the cubs in such a way that in just one day they gain 100 kg of live weight.
Blue, or blue, whale (vomiting)
The largest animal weighs on average 100-150 tons, body length up to 35 meters. The total weight is approximately 16 tons. Giants feed on small crustacean creatures, of which there are a lot in oceanic icy water. A whale eats up to 4 million shrimp per day alone.
The diet is most often based on plankton. A filter apparatus formed by whalebone plates helps sift food. The blue whale also feeds on cephalopods and small fish, krill, and large crustaceans. The stomach of a whale accepts up to 2 tons of food.
The lower part of the head, throat and belly in the folds of the skin, which stretches when swallowing food with water, enhances the hydrodynamic properties of the whale.
Vision, smell, taste buds are weak. But hearing and touch are especially developed. Whales stay alone. Sometimes in places rich in food, groups of 3-4 giants appear, but the animals behave separately.
Deep dives at 200-500 m alternate with short dives. Travel speed is approximately 35-45 km/h. It would seem that a giant cannot have enemies. But attacks by a pod of killer whales are detrimental to individual individuals.
Humpback whale (humpback)
The size is half that of a blue whale, but its active disposition poses a great threat to those who are close to the dangerous animal. The humpback even attacks small ships. The weight of one individual is approximately 35-45 tons.
It got its name from its strongly arched back when swimming. Humpback whales live in flocks, within which groups of 4-5 individuals are formed. Color of animals from black and white tones. The back is dark, the belly with white spots. Each individual has a unique pattern.
The whale stays mainly in coastal waters, leaving for the ocean only during migrations. The swimmer's speed is approximately 30 km/h. Dives to a depth of up to 300 m alternate with appearances on the surface, where the animal releases water while breathing in a fountain up to 3 m. Jumping over water, flips, sudden movements are often aimed at getting rid of pests that are located on its skin.
Humpback whale can eat more than a ton of krill in a day
Sei whale (silver whale)
A large minke whale from baleen whales up to 17-20 m long, weighing up to 30 tons. The back is dark, the sides have small spots of light color, the belly is whitish. A quarter of the length of the animal is the head. The diet consists mainly of pollock, cephalopods, black-eyed crustaceans.
After the reduction in blue whale production, the sei whale became the leading commercial species for some time. Now hunting for sei whales is prohibited. Animals live alone, sometimes in pairs. Among whales, they develop the highest speed of up to 55 km/h, which allows them to evade attacks by killer whales.
Fin whale
The second largest whale, which is called a long-liver. Mammals live up to 90-95 years. The whale is approximately 25 m long and weighs up to 70 tons. The skin is dark gray, but the belly is light. On the body, like other whales, there are many grooves that allow the pharynx to open strongly when capturing prey.
Fin whales reach speeds of up to 45 km/h, dive up to 250 m, but stay at a depth of no more than 15 minutes. When the giants emerge, their fountains rise to 6 m.
Whales live in groups of 6-10 individuals. The abundance of food increases the number of animals in the herd. The diet includes herring, sardines, capelin, and pollock. They round up small fish and swallow them with water. They consume up to 2 tons of living creatures per day. Communication between whales occurs using low-frequency sounds. They hear each other at a distance of hundreds of kilometers.
The toothed whales of the ice kingdom of Antarctica are the most dangerous predators with sharp fins.
Killer whales
Large mammals suffer from the irrepressible inhabitants with powerful cutting whales: whales, seals, fur seals, even sperm whales. The name arose from a comparison between a tall fin with a sharp edge and a cutting tool.
Carnivorous dolphins differ from their relatives in their black and white color. The back and sides are dark, and the throat is white, there is a stripe on the belly, above the eyes white spot. The head is flattened on top, teeth adapted for tearing prey. Individuals reach 9-10 m in length.
The diet of killer whales is wide. They can often be observed near the rookeries of seals and fur seals. Killer whales are very voracious. The daily food requirement is up to 150 kg. They are very inventive in hunting: they hide behind ledges, turn over ice floes with penguins in order to throw them into the water.
Large animals are attacked by the entire flock. Whales are not allowed to rise to the surface, and sperm whales are not allowed to dive into the depths. In their pod, killer whales are surprisingly friendly and caring towards sick or old relatives.
When hunting, killer whales use their tail to stun fish.
Sperm whales
Huge animals up to 20 m, in which the head makes up a third of the body. The unique appearance will not allow the sperm whale to be confused with anyone else. Weight is approximately 50 tons. Among toothed whales, the sperm whale is the largest in size.
It dives up to 2 km to find prey using echolocation. It feeds on octopuses, fish, and squid. It lasts under water for up to one and a half hours. Has excellent hearing.
Sperm whales live in large herds of hundreds of animals. They have practically no enemies, only killer whales attack young animals or females. The sperm whale is very dangerous in an aggressive state. There were examples when ferocious animals sank whaling ships and killed sailors.
Flat-faced bottlenose
Massive whales with large foreheads and conical beaks. They are immersed deeply in water and can last up to 1 hour. They make sounds characteristic of whales: whistling, grunting. Splashing its tail in the water transmits signals to its relatives.
They live in flocks of 5-6 individuals, among which males dominate. The length of individuals reaches 9 m, the average weight is 7-8 tons. The main food of bottlenose mollusks is cephalopods, squid, and fish.
Seals
The indigenous inhabitants of Antarctica are well adapted to cold seas. A layer of fat, coarse hair on the body, like a shell, protects the animals. There are no ears at all, but seals are not deaf and hear well in the water.
Mammals, in their structure and habits, are like an intermediate link between land and sea animals. The flippers have webbed toes. And they give birth to their babies on land and teach them to swim!
Animals of Antarctica on photo often captured while they are basking in the sun, lying on the shore or drifting on an ice floe. On the ground, seals move by crawling, pulling their bodies with their fins. They feed on fish and octopuses. A number of marine mammals are classified as seals.
Sea Elephant
A very large animal, up to 5 m long, weighing 2.5 tons. There is a remarkable fold on the muzzle, similar to an elephant’s trunk, which determined the name of the mammal. It has more fat under its skin than meat. During movement, the body shakes like jelly.
Good divers - dive up to 500 m for 20-30 minutes. Elephant seals are known to be tough mating games, in which they hurt each other. They feed on squid, shrimp, and fish.
Leopard seal
Among good-natured seals, this is a special species. The name is associated with the spotted body color and nature of a large predator. The head looks like a snake. Weight is 300-400 kg, body length is approximately 3-4 m. Animals submerge for about 15 minutes, so they do not go under the ice for a long time.
They swim at a speed of 40 km/h, like a fast killer whale. Developed muscles and a thin layer of fat make the leopard seal mobile in order not to freeze in harsh conditions. Has great strength and agility.
Hunts seals, penguins, large fish, squid. Sharp fangs tear the skins of victims, and powerful jaws grind bones like millstones.
Weddell seal
A calm animal with surprisingly kind eyes. Lives on the coast of Antarctica. Represents one of the most numerous species of seals. Spends a lot of time in water, and breathes through vents - holes in the ice.
A good diver who dives up to 800 m and stays there for more than an hour. A thick layer of fat up to 7 cm warms the animal and accounts for almost a third of its total weight. The total mass of an individual is on average 400 kg, and the length is approximately 3 m. The hard fur is gray-brown in color with silvery oval spots.
Weddell seals are not at all afraid of humans; they will let you get very close. As they approach, they raise their heads and whistle.
Weddell can remain under water for a long time, for example, waiting out a strong storm
Crabeater seal
Among seals, this species is the most numerous. Big travelers. In winter they float on ice floes towards the north, in summer they return to the shores of Antarctica. The large body, up to 4 m long, seems to be elongated, the muzzle has an elongated shape.
They live alone, but can only be seen in groups on a drifting ice floe. Contrary to its name, it feeds on krill, not crabs. The teeth form like a mesh through which water is filtered and prey is retained. Natural enemies crabeaters are killer whales, from which they deftly jump onto high ice floes.
Ross seal
Finding an animal is not so easy. He retreats to hard-to-reach places and stays alone, although he is not afraid of people and allows people to come close to him. The dimensions among its relatives are the most modest: weight up to 200 kg, body length is approximately 2 m.
There are many folds on the neck into which the seal pulls its head and becomes like a round barrel. The coat color is dark brown with a leaden tint. The belly is light. The fat and clumsy beast sings loudly. Makes melodious sounds. The diet includes octopuses, squids, and other cephalopods.
Kerguelen fur seal
It lives along the perimeter of Antarctica, on the nearest islands. In the summer months they build rookeries on them, and in winter they move to the warm northern regions. The animals are called eared seals.
They look a little like big dogs. They can rise up on their front flippers and are more flexible than other seals. The mass of the individual is about 150 kg, body length up to 190 cm. Males are decorated with a black mane with gray hair.
Industrial fishing almost led to the loss of the species, but thanks to conservation laws, the number of fur seals has increased and the threat of extinction has receded.
Birds
The bird world of Antarctica is exceptionally unique. The most notable are penguins, flightless birds with wings more like flippers. Animals walk upright on short legs, moving awkwardly through the snow, or ride on their bellies, pushing off with their limbs. From a distance they resemble little men in black tailcoats. They feel more confident in water and spend 2/3 of their lives there. Adults only eat there.
Predominant animals of northern Antarctica- penguins. They are the ones who are able to endure the harsh conditions of polar nights with frosts of minus 60-70°C, hatch chicks and take care of their relatives.
Emperor penguin
The most respectable representative in the penguin family. The bird's height is approximately 120 cm, weight 40-45 kg. The plumage of the back is always black, and the chest is white; this color helps to camouflage in the water. The emperor penguin has yellow-orange feathers on its neck and cheeks. Penguins don’t become so elegant right away. The chicks are first covered with gray or whitish down.
Penguins hunt in groups, attacking a school of fish and grabbing everything that appears in front. Large prey is cut up on the shore, small ones are eaten in the water. In search of food, they cover considerable distances and dive up to 500 m.
The dive site should be illuminated, as it is more important for birds to see than to hear. Travel speed is approximately 3-6 km/h. They can remain underwater without air for up to 15 minutes.
Penguins live in colonies of up to 10,000 individuals. They keep warm in dense groups, inside of which the temperature rises to plus 35°C and outside to minus 20°C.
They monitor the constant movements of relatives from the edge of the group to the middle so that no one freezes. Natural enemies of penguins are killer whales and leopard seals. Bird eggs are often stolen by giant petrels or skuas.
Emperor penguins surround their chicks to survive the cold and wind
King Penguin
The appearance is similar to the imperial relative, but the size is smaller and the color is brighter. There are rich orange spots on the sides of the head and on the chest. The abdomen is white. The back and wings are black. The chicks are brown in color. They nest on hard ground, often among windswept rocks.
Adelie Penguins
The average size of birds is 60-80 cm, weight approximately 6 kg. Black upper back, white belly. There is a white rim around the eyes. Numerous colonies unite up to half a million birds.
The character of penguins is characterized by curiosity, mobility, and fussiness. This is especially evident in the construction of nests, when neighbors constantly steal valuable stones. Bird fights are full of noise. Unlike timid relatives of other species, Adele is a trusting bird. The diet is based on krill. Up to 2 kg of food is required per day.
Adelie penguins return every year to the same breeding site and the same mate
Golden-haired penguin (dandy penguin)
The name is based on a noticeable tuft of bright yellow feathers on the head above the eyes. The crest makes it easy to identify the dandy. The height is approximately 70-80 cm. Colonies collect up to 60,000 individuals.
Screaming and body language helps communicate. The smart penguin lives throughout Antarctica, where there is access to water.
Giant petrel
A flying predator that hunts not only fish, but also penguins. Does not refuse carrion if it finds carcasses of seals or other mammals. Breeds on islands near Antarctica.
The large wingspan of slate-gray birds, almost 3 m, reveals strong travelers. They unerringly find their native nesting sites thousands of kilometers away! They know how to use wind energy and are able to fly around Earth.
Sailors nicknamed the birds “stinkers” for their unpleasant smell, a kind of protection from the enemy. Even a chick in a nest can release a stream of liquid with a pungent odor if it senses danger. Strength, aggression, mobility are given to them from birth.
Albatrosses
Giant birds with a wingspan of 4 m, body length approximately 130 cm. In flight they resemble white swans. They feel great in different elements: air and water. They move uncertainly on the ground, and take off from slopes or wave crests. Known to sailors as accompanying ships - there is something to feed from garbage.
Albatrosses are called eternal wanderers because they constantly roam the ocean, looking out for prey. They can dive to a depth of 5 m for fish. They nest on rocky islands. They create couples for life, and they have a long life, up to 50 years.
Great Skua
Antarctic bird, a relative of the gull. The wing is up to 40 cm long. It flies beautifully, technically accelerating or slowing down the flight. It can stay in place, fluttering its wings, quickly turn, and quickly attack prey.
Moves well on the ground. It feeds on small birds, other people's chicks, animals, and does not disdain garbage. It robbers, taking fish from other birds that are not very efficient. Tenacious and hardy in low temperatures.
The wingspan of the skua reaches 140 cm
Snowy Plover
A small bird with white plumage. Small wings, short legs. When moving quickly on land, like pigeons, they shake their heads. Plovers nesting on rocky coasts, among penguin colonies.
Omnivorous. They make a living by stealing fish from large birds, stealing eggs and chicks. They do not disdain human waste and garbage. They even leave one of their own chicks and eat the others.
Wilson's storm petrel
A small gray-black bird, which is called the sea swallow for its similar size and flight characteristics. The body length is approximately 15-19 cm, the wingspan is up to 40 cm. Their turns and maneuvers in the air are fast, sharp, and easy.
Sometimes they seem to sit down on the water, dancing with their long legs along the surface. The fingers seem to be bound by a yellow membrane. This is how they collect small prey, diving shallowly, 15-20 cm. They gather in colonies on rocks and nest there.
Everyone understands what animals live in Antarctica,– only the strongest can live on a continent with permafrost and bask in the arctic ocean. The natural world here eliminates the weak.
But amazing facts indicate that many animals within their species are friendly and caring towards their relatives. External environment brings them together. Only with their warmth and numerous flocks do they preserve life in the harsh and mysterious Antarctica.
Crossword "Antarctica"
Questions for the crossword "Antarctica" 5.7 class
Horizontally:
Vertically:
4. Volcano in Antarctica.
Crossword "Antarctica"
Crossword "Antarctica"
Questions for the crossword "Antarctica" 5.7 class
Horizontally:
1. Organisms living in the central regions of Antarctica.
2. At what time of year do emperor penguins lay eggs?
3. Large peninsula on the mainland.
4. What is the area of Antarctica in million square kilometers.
5. What place does Antarctica occupy among the continents?
6. In which sea is the island of Peter I located?
7. The peculiarity of the mainland is that it is the most...
8. The largest species of penguin.
9. Russian navigator who traveled around the world with Bellingshausen, discovering Antarctica.
10. At which station the lowest temperature on the mainland was recorded: - 89 degrees.
Vertically:
1. A continuous shield covering the entire continent.
2. How many kilometers is the maximum thickness of ice on the mainland?
3. Just what kind of work is being done on the mainland.
4. Volcano in Antarctica.
5. Antarctic short-winged swimming, non-flying bird.
6. How many kilometers is the average thickness of ice on the mainland?
7. Of the plants found in coastal areas of land...
8. A set of animal and plant organisms living in the water column that serve as food for fish, seals, whales, etc.
Questions for the crossword "Antarctica" 5.7 class
Horizontally:
1. Organisms living in the central regions of Antarctica.
2. At what time of year do emperor penguins lay eggs?
3. Large peninsula on the mainland.
4. What is the area of Antarctica in million square kilometers.
5. What place does Antarctica occupy among the continents?
6. In which sea is the island of Peter I located?
7. The peculiarity of the mainland is that it is the most...
8. The largest species of penguin.
9. Russian navigator who traveled around the world with Bellingshausen, discovering Antarctica.
10. At which station the lowest temperature on the mainland was recorded: - 89 degrees.
Vertically:
1. A continuous shield covering the entire continent.
2. How many kilometers is the maximum thickness of ice on the mainland?
3. Just what kind of work is being done on the mainland.
4. Volcano in Antarctica.
5. Antarctic short-winged swimming, non-flying bird.
6. How many kilometers is the average thickness of ice on the mainland?
7. Of the plants found in coastal areas of land...
8. A set of animal and plant organisms living in the water column that serve as food for fish, seals, whales, etc.
Questions for the crossword "Antarctica" 5.7 class
Horizontally:
1. Organisms living in the central regions of Antarctica.
2. At what time of year do emperor penguins lay eggs?
3. Large peninsula on the mainland.
4. What is the area of Antarctica in million square kilometers.
5. What place does Antarctica occupy among the continents?
6. In which sea is the island of Peter I located?
7. The peculiarity of the mainland is that it is the most...
8. The largest species of penguin.
9. Russian navigator who traveled around the world with Bellingshausen, discovering Antarctica.
10. At which station the lowest temperature on the mainland was recorded: - 89 degrees.
Vertically:
1. A continuous shield covering the entire continent.
2. How many kilometers is the maximum thickness of ice on the mainland?
3. Just what kind of work is being done on the mainland.
4. Volcano in Antarctica.
5. Antarctic short-winged swimming, non-flying bird.
6. How many kilometers is the average thickness of ice on the mainland?
7. Of the plants found in coastal areas of land...
8. A set of animal and plant organisms living in the water column that serve as food for fish, seals, whales, etc.
Animals of Antarctica
Antarctica is not like other continents. It is covered with a layer of ice 2000-2500 m thick. The guillemots nesting here lay their eggs on a downy bedding and do not leave them for a second, warming them with their warmth. But the cold is far from the only inconvenience that the few local inhabitants have to put up with. Antarctica has very dry air, little precipitation, but there is pitch darkness for many months. There are no land inhabitants here at all, except for penguins. The life of almost all species of animals and birds in Antarctica is connected with the ocean - with the Antarctic water basins and partly with the marginal strip of the continent.
Antarctica is poor in land animals; there are no mammals on the mainland at all. Some worms, lower crustaceans and wingless insects are found. The absence of wings is caused by constantly blowing strong winds: insects cannot rise into the air. On the Antarctic islands there are several species of beetles, spiders, freshwater mollusks, and one species of flightless butterfly. Freshwater fish No. Among the birds known are the white plover, the pipit, and one species of duck that nests on South Georgia Island.
But the waters of Antarctica are rich in marine and semi-terrestrial animal species. Of the invertebrate animals, crustaceans are especially numerous, serving as the main source of food for mammals, birds and fish. Among the mammals, pinnipeds and whales are numerous. Pinnipeds presented various types seals. The most common is the Wedell seal, reaching a length of 3 m. It lives in a strip stationary ice. Other species of seals are found on floating ice. The largest of the seals, the elephant seal, is currently heavily exterminated. Almost all seals feed on crustaceans, mollusks and fish, and the leopard seal destroys large quantities penguins.
The largest mammals, cetaceans, are represented by baleen and toothed whales. Among baleen whales, blue whales and humpback whales stand out. The largest whale is the blue or vomiting whale, reaching a length of 33 m. It is heavily exterminated. It has been under protection since 1967. A large whale produces up to 20 tons of pure blubber and weighs up to 160 tons.
Toothed whales of the Antarctic include sperm whales, bottlenose whales and killer whales. Killer whales are the most dangerous predators, equipped with a large sharp dorsal fin - the killer whale.
The birds of Antarctica are exceptionally unique. They all live near the water and feed on fish and small sea animals. The most remarkable are penguins - birds with short wings, similar to flippers, which enable them to swim beautifully. From a distance, penguins, with their upright body position, resemble humans. Adult penguins eat only in water and generally feel much better there than on land.
Many species of penguins settle on the northern border of Antarctica, on the coasts of the subantarctic islands. These include the Sclater penguin, the golden-crested penguin, and the small Adélie penguin.
IN summer time Petrels, gulls, and cormorants fly to Antarctica. The largest of them are albatrosses, their wingspan reaches 3.5 m.
Some petrels fly farther inland than any other bird and live in isolated protruding areas not covered with ice and snow.
IN summer period Coastal cliffs and islands are covered with nesting sites of numerous varieties of petrels - gray, white, as well as Cape pigeons, storm petrels, and skuas.
Flying birds nest on rocks, forming colonies similar to bird colonies.
Seals
COMMON SEALS (true seals, family Phocidae) are well adapted to life in cold seas: their entire body, including a short tail and flippers, is covered with thick, coarse hair that protects them from icy water, wind, snow and ice. Under the skin there is a thick layer of fat.
Seals have no auricles at all. In their place, only a small hole is noticeable on each side of the head. But these animals are not deaf, and some of them even have good hearing, especially in water. The hind limbs are extended back, do not bend or tuck under the body, like those of eared seals, so they are not used when moving on land. On the front flippers, which serve mainly as rudders in the water, five fingers connected by membranes are clearly visible.
The common seal (Phoca vitulina) is often found off the seashores of temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It never swims far from land and sometimes settles in fresh lakes and large rivers.
This is a relatively small animal. The body length of an adult seal is approximately 1.5 m and weight is 45 kg. The head is round, the eyes are large, the muzzle is as if chopped off, the body is stocky, with a short neck. The color varies from yellowish-gray with dark brown spots to almost black with white spots.
The harbor seal does not form large colonies, it spends more time on the shore than other seals, and cannot sleep in the water. Families consisting of a male, several females and their cubs of different ages often use the same place for overnight stays, which becomes their group territory. These are very friendly animals that are easy to tame.
Cubs (sometimes twins) are born in early spring. Newborns of the Far Eastern form are covered with fluffy white fur that lasts for 3–4 weeks (the pup stage). In other forms, this fur sheds immediately, sometimes even before birth. The baby's cry resembles the bleating of a lamb. His mother feeds him for about 5 weeks, after which he learns to forage for food himself. The harbor seal feeds on fish, as well as squid and octopus.
Seals live along the Atlantic coasts from southern New Jersey and the northern Mediterranean to the border polar ice, and along the Far Eastern and American coasts Pacific Ocean– from Kamchatka in the north to Baja California in the south. Seals include fur seals, sea lions, seals, elephant seals and walruses. Seals are mammals and are intermediate between typical mammals such as cows or dogs and marine mammals such as whales.
Indeed, seals are descended from land mammals that once had to adapt to life in the water. They did not have to live in the water as long as whales, and as a result they were not as well adapted to life in the water.
Seals cannot live underwater permanently. In addition, they give birth on land. In most cases, seal mothers have to teach their babies to swim! Therefore, it is obvious that seals are at an intermediate level between land and sea mammals.
As they adapted to life in the water, certain changes occurred to them. So, they developed webbed hind limbs and fins. They also acquired a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, which protected them from hypothermia. Over time, the ears decreased in size or disappeared completely to reduce the resistance of water when moving. And they began to eat sea food - octopuses and fish.
Although nature has largely adapted seals to exist in the water, they also have to spend a lot of time on land. They like to bask in the sun or sleep on the shore or on an ice floe. They crawl on the ground or pull their bodies up with their fins.
In the United States, the most famous species are California sea lions. They are active and smart. They can be taught to juggle a ball on the tip of their nose without much difficulty.
The habits of seals make them easy prey for humans. This especially applies to the feeding season of young animals, when it is very easy to get to them along the shore or along an ice floe. For many centuries, Eskimos have used seals for food, for making clothing, for extracting oil for cooking and for lighting.
SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL - one of the largest seals: 5.5 m in length and weighing 2.5 tons. It has more subcutaneous fat than meat. When he moves on land, his body shakes like jelly. On the face elephant seal on top there is a leathery bag.
The leopard seal is found in the cold waters of Antarctica more often than other seals. It has a long body, up to 3.5 m, and a small head, similar to a snake. The layer of fat on this animal is thinner than that of other seals from the same region.
SEAL UDELLA - a large animal, up to 3 m in length. It is found quite often off the coast of Antarctica. He has short, hard hair without undercoat, and a layer of fat under the skin - up to 7 cm. Fat accounts for almost a third of the weight of the entire body! Weddell seals do not leave the coast of Antarctica even in winter.
ROSS SEAL - inhabitant of the Antarctic seas. It is found very rarely and in places where it is difficult for humans to reach. Stays alone on the ice. This is a very fat, clumsy beast. His neck is short and completely folded - he can completely pull his head into it. Screams loudly and melodiously. He is not afraid of people and allows him to come close. It feeds on squid, octopuses, other cephalopods, and crustaceans.
CRAB-EATING SEAL typical for Antarctica. It is up to 2 m long and adheres to floating ice floes almost the entire year. Only in summer, when the ice melts, can you see crabeater rookeries on the shore. They are very agile and, escaping from killer whales, jump out of the water onto high ice floes. These seals feed on crustaceans. Their teeth form a kind of sieve, which allows water to pass through and trap prey.
Penguins
There are 17 species of these birds, all of which live in the cold waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Not only in Antarctica, but not on the coast either South America(Humboldt penguins, Magellanic penguins), Australia (small and white-winged) and even southern Africa (donkey, or spectacled, penguin), where cold currents pass. Only the Galapagos penguin, which lives on the equator, penetrated North hemisphere, probably following the cold Peruvian Current.
Penguins spend three quarters of their lives in water. They are excellent swimmers, their wings look like flippers, and their feathers look like long scales. In the snow, birds can lie on their bellies and slide, pushing off with their wings and paws. Despite their external clumsiness, they walk tens of kilometers, climb rocks and piles of ice.
An indigenous inhabitant of Antarctica - EMPEROR PENGUIN. This strange creature manages to feel comfortable on the winter polar night, during incessant snow storms and hurricane winds, at an air temperature of -60 C! The chicks hatch in July, in the midst of the Antarctic winter, in complete darkness. But it will only warm up the summer! December sunshine, penguins leave the coast for the sea to stock up on fat for next winter.
Penguins do not have many enemies, but they wait for birds both on land and at sea. In the water these are sharks, killer whales, seals - leopards - birds escape from them by jumping out on ice or stones in time. On the shore, eggs and chicks are carried by skuas and petrels. If you are very unlucky, then some stray dog or rat will kill the cub. On continents, where there are predators, penguins make nests in shelters, and on islands they settle openly. Adult penguins sometimes become victims of poachers, and although the bird knocks a person down with a blow from its flippers, it cannot resist armed people.
GALAPAGOS PENGUIN lives north of the other penguins, in the tropics. In the coldest time of the year, the penguin lays two eggs on the island, in a rock crevice.
GOLDEN-HAIRED PENGUIN got its name from the tuft of golden-yellow feathers above its eyes. It is easy to recognize him by this crest. It grows up to 76 cm. It is found in the southern part of the Indian and Atlantic oceans. It nests on islands near Antarctica. Colonies number up to 60 thousand birds.
ADELIE PENGUINS the most numerous among relatives. They are 80 cm tall, extremely mobile, fussy and curious. They nest on the coast of Antarctica and nearby islands, in places where storm winds blow away snow and expose the soil. There are up to half a million birds in the colonies.
ROYAL PENGUIN lives north of Antarctica, in warmer waters. It is similar to the largest among penguins - the emperor, but is brighter in color and smaller: about 90 cm tall. It nests on islands among the rocks. Breeds in summer. The egg is held on the paws, covered with the abdominal fold. Both parents incubate it alternately.
Whales and sperm whales
BLUE WHALE refers to baleen whales. This is the largest animal on Earth. The length of his body is up to 33 m! Weight - 150 tons: heavier than 50 African elephants. The heart of a large blue whale weighs more than half a ton. However, this giant, like all baleen whales, feeds on plankton - small crustaceans and other tiny marine life. Instead of teeth, baleen whales have a giant sieve in their mouths called baleen. It consists of 140 pairs of horny triangular plates. The base of the plate is fixed in the whale's gum so that one side of it faces outward, and the other faces inside the oral cavity. This second side is fringed. The whale, having captured water in its mouth, with the help of a huge 3-ton tongue, squeezes it out through the whalebone, like through a sieve. Plankton crustaceans get stuck in the fringe, and the whale swallows them. The stomach of a blue whale can hold up to 2 tons of crustaceans! When a whale emerges from the water to exhale and inhale, it releases a fountain up to 12 m high. On the surface of the water, the blue whale is calm and slow, but under water it can reach speeds of up to 40 km/h. Blue whales swim alone or in pairs.
SPERM WHALE swims in all oceans except the Arctic. This is a large toothed whale, up to 20 m long. Its head is huge: a third of the whole body. On lower jaw up to 60 teeth. The sperm whale feeds on fish, squid, and octopuses: it grabs them with its teeth and pushes them down its throat with its colossal tongue. In pursuit of prey, it dives to a depth of 2 km! A sperm whale can stay underwater without air for an hour and a half: it only has enough reserves, which it grabs from the surface before diving. If a sperm whale is excited, it jumps out of the water completely, falls back with a deafening splash and hits the water with its tail. Sperm whales navigate well under water. They have excellent hearing, and the sounds they emit return to them, like an echo reflected from an obstacle. The mother gives birth to one sperm whale every three years, in warm waters. From the first day, a baby weighing about a ton swims next to her. It grows slowly, and the mother seems to tow it for a long time - while the cub spends less energy on overcoming the aquatic environment.
ALBATROSS feels equally good both on water and in the air. It can only take off from the crest of a wave or from a coastal slope. Walks poorly on the ground. Gliding easily and for a long time over the ocean, albatrosses look out for prey: fish, squid, octopuses. They often accompany ships and feed on garbage around them. These birds are constantly on the move. The largest of their family are called wandering. They have a wingspan of more than 4 m, and they themselves are the size of a swan. Albatrosses nest in flocks on small uninhabited islands in the Southern Hemisphere. To attract a friend, they organize dances: they take fancy poses, scream loudly, and rub their beaks. All albatrosses have one egg in their clutch. Both parents incubate him in turn, for a very long time. Wandering albatross chicks, having hatched, do not leave the nest for another 8-9 months. And in dark-backed albatrosses they are covered with down for up to four months, although they are already as tall as their parents. Only two months later, when the chicks fledge, the whole family flies off the island.
NORTHERN WILSON'S PETCHER - a relative of petrels, it is the size of a swallow, weighs 40 g. It has webbed feet: the bird swims well. It feeds on various sea crustaceans and mollusks. Then she flies low over the water, fluttering her wings: she lifts them up a little - and grabs prey from the surface! Otherwise it looks for food afloat, with its head in the water. The storm petrel walks clumsily on the ground. Another thing is in flight: here it is light and swift. Storm petrels nest in colonies in rocks. There is one egg in the clutch. Both parents incubate it, replacing each other every four days.
GREAT SKUA - a relative of the seagull. It flies well, accelerating and decelerating easily. It can stop in place, flutter its wings, quickly turn and fall like a stone on its prey. The wing length of the great skua is about 40 cm. It spends its life wandering in the ocean. Robbery - takes prey (mostly fish) from other birds. Catches both small birds and small animals. Doesn't disdain garbage. When it's time to have chicks, large colonies of skuas gather on the islands and sea coasts. The nest of a pair of birds is a small hole in the soil. There are two eggs in the clutch. They are incubated by both parents. The hatched chicks leave the nest after a week. Like adult skuas, they walk well on land.
GIANT STORMER nests on islands near Antarctica. It feeds on sea animals. Sometimes he goes robber: he kills penguins and storm petrels. Its wings are up to 50 cm long. During its migrations it reaches the Southern Tropic. Sometimes, using wind energy, it flies around the globe.
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