Signs of weather in winter. Smoke spreads along the ground - to rain If smoke spreads from a chimney
FOLK SIGNS
If the smoke spreads along the ground - go back and turn off the iron, if it rises in a column - you can no longer return.
If it itches left hand- to money, if the nose - to booze, if both - to booze for free
Cats have a sign: if a Negro crosses the road ...
If a husband gives flowers for no reason, then there is a reason after all
If a woman has a ring on her hand, then she is most likely married.
If - beads, then it does not mean anything. If the ring and beads - she is married, but that does not mean anything
A screw driven in with a hammer holds tighter than a nail driven in with a screwdriver.
If you want to feel like a star - sit on the Christmas tree!
I came - thank you, I left - thank you very much ...
Life is given to a person once, and mostly by accident ...
On the fact of the disappearance of her husband initiated ... two neighbors
Better with Petrov in Mallorca than with a major in Petrovka
Never be afraid to do what you can't. Remember, the ark was built by an amateur. Professionals built the Titanic.
If you watch TV, you must have noticed that the good guys always beat the bad guys, except for the nine o'clock news.
Citizens! Fly with Aeroflot! Hurry! There are very few of them left.
If you think nicotine doesn't affect a woman's voice, try shaking the ashes onto the carpet.
When a woman says that she has nothing to wear, it means that everything new has ended. When a man says that he has nothing to wear, it means that everything clean has ended.
A speed bump is a good thing - it regulates the speed, and it's nice to move.
Russians call the road the place where they are going to pass.
If relatives or friends do not call you for a long time, then they are doing well.
Well, not just where we are not, but where we have never been!
To help you or not to interfere?
Often looking at a woman in the morning, you realize with horror that the fact that you seduced her yesterday was not your merit, but her merit.
When there is only one wife in the family, she grows up selfish.
There are three reasons for non-attendance: forgot, washed down or scored.
If you want to make God laugh, tell him about your plans.
The Russian tank is not as scary as its drunken crew.
And the wolves are full, and the sheep are safe, and the shepherd has eternal memory.
Mosquitoes are much more humane than some women, if a mosquito drinks your blood, at least it stops buzzing.
There are three ways to do something: do it yourself, hire someone else, or stop your kids from doing it.
Life hasn't worked out, of course, but everything else is fine.
It is not difficult to make a woman happy, it is difficult to remain happy yourself.
If you're arguing with an idiot, he's probably doing the same.
A properly abandoned husband will definitely return like a boomerang.
I have the utmost respect for the monstrous choice of my people.
When time is short, there is no time for friendship, only love.
The laziness of a simple Russian person is not a sin, but completely necessary remedy neutralization of the ebullient activity of the fools leading them.
Laughing for no reason is a sign that you are either an idiot or a pretty girl.
Sorry, I'm saying when you interrupt.
The lottery is the most accurate way to account for the number of optimists.
A real woman must cut down a tree, destroy a house and raise a daughter.
The patient went on the mend. But it didn't.
Send in four toilet lids and you'll get a free toilet paper roll!
The stupid get married and the smart get married.
American universities are where Russian Jews teach math to Chinese.
Freud's nightmare - Mobius' phallus.
Life goes by so quickly, as if it is not interested in us...
Pickle is the drink of tomorrow.
There comes a time in every man's life when clean socks are easier to buy.
About wives: There is only a moment between the past and the future. That is what is called life.
A well-mannered man will not make remarks to a woman who does not carry a sleeper well.
Milk is doubly funnier if after cucumbers.
There are two infinities - the Universe and stupidity. However, I'm not sure about the universe. (Albert Einstein)
A woman is not a sparrow - you won’t feed a fly
It is not enough to know one's own worth - one must also be in demand.
Take care of your homeland - relax abroad.
Turned the girl's head so that she was sick for 9 months.
She came to Siberia and ruined all his penal servitude there.
Women, like children, love to say no. Men, like children, take it seriously.
The highest degree of embarrassment - two views that met in the keyhole.
Everything is going well, except...
Nostalgia is when you want to return, but nowhere.
It's hard to get into history, but it's easy to fall into it.
If you have found the woman of your dreams, you can say goodbye to the rest of your dreams.
Hurry is when you poop and shave at the same time.
It's a shame when your dreams come true for others!
In some, the main hemispheres are protected by the skull, in others by the pants.
Internet is The best way Satisfy your curiosity with your employer's money.
If you get your ass licked, don't relax - it's lube!
Teaching - learning the rules; experience is the study of exceptions.
It's nice when everyone noticed that you said something smart, but when no one noticed that you said something stupid, it's doubly nice.
My dad's favorite aphorism, coined by himself: "Fools are not mammoths, they will not die out."
Girl, you smell so nice... What did you drink today?...
If the mountain does not go to Mohammed, ... It means that the grass was not very ......
Smoke - to bad weather, deceit, self-deception, the appearance of happiness.
Dark smoke is something unpleasant.
White smoke is most often something associated with love, happiness in the future.
Smoke from the chimney of a residential building goes vertically upwards - family happiness, praise.
A pillar of smoke suddenly rises in front of you - a sudden danger.
The horizon in smoke is the hopeless power of passions over you, everyday troubles block the upcoming bright future from your eyes.
To be in a ring of smoke is a captivity of illusions, self-deception.
Smoke is rolling on you in a cloud - unrest and mistakes are coming.
To see how strange, colored smoke formations grow around - you can live carefree among your fantasies, a dreamy image of a fantasy game.
Smoke flying in wisps in the wind - your life is unclean and quickly burns out.
Seeing a lot of smoke from a steamer or a steam locomotive is an ominous foreboding that is likely to come true.
Fumigating a house or bed with smoke is a disease.
Clothes are a benefit.
To see a lot of smoking pipes - to be torn apart by conflicting desires and petty passions.
A huge smoking chimney - a petty passion, a small hobby that swallowed up everything else and became dangerous.
A person comes out of the smoke or stands in the smoke - an image of his own position in life.
A vessel filled with smoke is money that will not bring happiness.
Your apartment is filled with smoke, but not a fire in it - false fears.
A stream of smoke now closes, then opens objects - temporary delusions. You need to make an effort to see the world soberly.
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Since ancient times, omens have been given great importance, since ancient times they have played the role of a fortune teller, and the role of an omen, and the role of a psychologist and faithful adviser, and even the role of a meteorological station. Signs appeared not by chance. They were noticed - as it is not difficult to guess from the word. And the signs were passed down from generation to generation: from father to son. And, often, they were very true, and behind them were physical phenomena and the laws of nature, which ordinary people could not always explain. But on the other hand, trace the causal relationship and notice that if the actions unfold in such and such a way, one should expect this and that.
Similarly, with the smoke that spreads on the ground before the rain. People have long noticed a close relationship between the "behavior" of a fire, or rather its smoke, and the upcoming weather. Probably, this sign originated well, oh, oh, a very long time ago, when people kindled large fires every evening to keep warm and cook food, but this, of course, is only my assumptions and I cannot say this with 100% certainty, although I it seems that this was the case. Otherwise, where would there be so much information and observations of the fire, from which such an important sign in all respects could be born.
So why, if smoke spreads on the ground, it's rain. This sign is based on the complex and unshakable laws of physics. But in fact, everything is quite simple. Before the rain, the air is usually already saturated with moisture - it contains many tiny particles of water. So, when there is a lot of moisture in the air, particles of smoke, like everything that, one way or another, comes into contact with water, get wet. Water molecules are heavier than air molecules, so smoke particles that are saturated with moisture under the influence of gravity fall down. Therefore, before the rain, smoke spreads on the ground.
This is not the only sign about the weather - there are a lot of them. For example, such: “If at night the sky is covered with clouds, and the wind intensifies, then frosts are not expected”, “A lark flew in - to a steady heat, the rooks returned from the south early, expect a warm spring”, “If the April rain starts in large drops, it will not long”, “Before bad weather, dandelion flowers close”, “If the larks sing for a long time, the weather will remain clear without any precipitation, you can’t hear the birds in the morning - expect bad weather”, “The nightingale sings all night before sunny days”, “Quiet bright night without dew - expect rain the next day", "April with water - May with grass". And many, many others. The fact that there are so many signs about the weather is not at all surprising, because it has always been very important for people to know what kind of weather to expect, and earlier, as far as we know, weather forecasts were not made and they were not shown on TV. So people noticed different laws of nature.
Whether to believe in signs or not is a personal matter for everyone, but they are often very truthful, and sometimes even more truthful than meteorological forecasts, so I think you should not discount signs and consider them stupidity and a relic of the past. Look, at least, at the sign presented in this article ...
Enough well-known sign with the following simple explanation. Before the rain, the humidity of the air more or less rises, so moisture condenses on the particles of smoke. In this case, the smoke becomes heavier, so it spreads along the ground, and does not rise up.
This is most likely an incorrect explanation, because smoke particles are probably hotter than air, so condensation on them will be difficult. During condensation, the latent heat of the phase transition from gas to liquid is released, which only increases the temperature of the smoke. In addition, condensed vapor is not always heavier than air. For example, the steam from a kettle is very light and rises quickly.
However, this sign works, so it must have some explanation. The fact is that the density of dry and moist air is different. And at the same pressure and temperature, humid air will be lighter than dry air, no matter how strange it may seem. The thing is that the mass of a water molecule is less than the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen that make up air. Therefore, with an increase in humidity in one cubic meter of air, the proportion of light water molecules will increase and this cubic meter will be lighter!
Usually the smoke rises up according to the simple law of Archimedes. It is hotter, lighter, so the force of Archimedes pushes it up. But if the air itself becomes lighter, then the buoyant force decreases and the smoke has no choice but to spread along the ground. Roughly speaking, now the roles of air and smoke have been reversed: the smoke has become heavier than air, so it spreads along the ground. Sign proven!
By the way, since moist air is lighter, this can explain the decrease in atmospheric pressure before rain. After all, it is determined by the weight of the column of air hanging over us. The decrease in pressure explains the sensitivity of the joints, teeth, headaches, drowsiness before the rain. It's all about pressure!
A fairly well-known sign with the following simple explanation. Before the rain, the humidity of the air more or less rises, so moisture condenses on the particles of smoke. In this case, the smoke becomes heavier, so it spreads along the ground, and does not rise up.
This is most likely an incorrect explanation, because smoke particles are probably hotter than air, so condensation on them will be difficult. During condensation, the latent heat of the phase transition from gas to liquid is released, which only increases the temperature of the smoke. In addition, condensed vapor is not always heavier than air. For example, the steam from a kettle is very light and rises quickly.
However, this sign works, so it must have some explanation. The fact is that the density of dry and moist air is different. And at the same pressure and temperature, humid air will be lighter than dry air, no matter how strange it may seem. The thing is that the mass of a water molecule is less than the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen that make up air. Therefore, with an increase in humidity in one cubic meter of air, the proportion of light water molecules will increase and this cubic meter will be lighter!
Usually the smoke rises up according to the simple law of Archimedes. It is hotter, lighter, so the force of Archimedes pushes it up. But if the air itself becomes lighter, then the buoyant force decreases and the smoke has no choice but to spread along the ground. Roughly speaking, now the roles of air and smoke have been reversed: the smoke has become heavier than air, so it spreads along the ground. Sign proven!
By the way, since moist air is lighter, this can explain the decrease in atmospheric pressure before rain. After all, it is determined by the weight of the column of air hanging over us. The decrease in pressure explains the sensitivity of the joints, teeth, headaches, drowsiness before the rain. It's all about pressure!
4.5. Why is the heat so tiring?
Heat causes a feeling of drowsiness and fatigue. Why is this happening?
The human body temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius. And at 30 degrees human body must be cooled, because heat passes from a hotter body to a colder one. But for some reason we feel quite the opposite: at this air temperature we are hot.
The fact is that a person is warm-blooded, and he can generate heat inside himself to maintain a constant body temperature. In cold weather, this helps us a lot, but in hot weather we suffer a little from it. Then why can't we turn off our inner stove and be content with the warmth of the surroundings?
Let's imagine: even if there is no physical and mental load, catabolism reactions occur in the body, during which complex substances are converted into simpler ones, and the body uses them as an energy source. Of course, these reactions are not ideal, and the efficiency is far from 100%, so a lot of energy is lost in the form of heat. But we cannot stop these reactions, because they produce substances necessary for the brain, heart and other vital organs. There is only one way to get rid of excess heat - this is to dump it.
What do I need to do? First, the heat from the insides must be transferred to the periphery. For this, the blood flow of the skin increases as much as 4 times! That is why some blush when high temperature. Thus, the blood transfers heat efficiently internal organs to the surface of the body. And secondly, this heat from the surface of the skin needs to be transferred environment. There are several ways to do this: thermal conductivity is simply the transfer of heat from a hotter body to a colder one; radiation - these are infrared waves that any heated body radiates; breathing - the air in the lungs warms up a little, and we exhale hotter air; evaporation of sweat from the surface of the body - during evaporation, the fastest molecules fly away, while the slowest remain, so the body temperature drops slightly. That's all.
And yet, why is the heat so tiring? It's all about the lack of oxygen. First, due to the fact that the blood rushes to the skin, there is less of it for the blood supply to the muscles and brain. Therefore, a person is in a state of slight oxygen starvation, from which feelings of drowsiness and fatigue arise. And secondly, this effect is further enhanced by the fact that with increasing temperature, the density of oxygen in the atmosphere decreases. It is very easy to check this. Let us express the density p from the Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation:
The molar mass M and the constant R are already known, and we will take the pressure p and temperature T from gismeteo.ru. Let's take the data for June, put it into the formula and see that with any increase in temperature, the oxygen density p decreased.
But is any heat really that hot? In fact, not everything depends on temperature, very great importance has moisture. With high humidity, the evaporation rate decreases, and therefore the person cools less and feels very uncomfortable. It may even be that 25 degrees in high humidity will be much worse than 35 degrees in low. Therefore, when viewing the weather forecast, always pay attention not only to temperature, but also to humidity. If it is very high - beware, it will be very hot! And of course, thanks to sweating, a person can endure very high temperatures in the desert or even a bathhouse. Indeed, a person in a bath does not heat up to 100 degrees Celsius, because there is very low humidity and there is intense evaporation from the surface of the body. There is a balance between heating and cooling. And thanks to this, the temperature of the human body remains almost constant.
4.6. The whole truth about diamonds
Best friends girls are, of course, diamonds. Bright, sparkling faceted diamonds shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. They are truly beautiful, unique and partly inimitable. But what makes them so special? Why is it almost impossible to replace them with another substance, a mineral? Do they really have such a set of qualities that everything else simply does not have?
Yes, they are unique. Imagine beautiful girl, whose neck is adorned with a diamond necklace. Where did these stones come from? Of course, they are cut from a cloudy diamond nugget, which was mined in the mine, among other ore, by some worker unknown to us for some modest salary. So far, everything is very prosaic, but how are diamond deposits formed? That's interesting.
Origin
It turns out that among all the precious stones, diamonds are formed at the greatest depth - up to 660 km! Just imagine! The earth's crust is up to 75 kilometers thick. Under it, a viscous mantle extends for many kilometers with a very diverse chemical composition, a temperature of thousands of degrees and a colossal pressure of tens of thousands of atmospheres (due to the gravity of the overlying layers of the earth). And it is there, only under such conditions, that carbon atoms layer by layer can form diamond crystals. Indeed, high pressure is needed for crystallization to produce exactly diamond, and not graphite. And high temperature, to achieve a certain viscosity (carbon, as it were, passes from a liquid state to a solid state, but this is very conditional).
These processes take place a very long time ago, and modern diamonds can be up to 3 billion years old! But how do these diamonds from such a depth get to the surface? Volcanic activity helps them in this.
Volcanoes
Interesting fact: volcanoes erupt not at all the mantle, but magma. This is a liquid melt, which is obtained at the border of the earth's crust and mantle, in fact, their mixture. There are gaseous substances in the Earth's crust, so magma is something like soda. And bubbles can form in it if the pressure decreases sharply. When this happens, the magma bubbles, the bubbles rush upwards, dragging the magma with them, and so an eruption occurs.
Hundreds of thousands of years ago, in certain places on Earth, crustal breaks occurred, and red-hot magma came to the surface. Of course, she carried along with her the diamonds in the mantle. Subsequently, all this rock solidified, forming the so-called kimberlite pipes. In cross section, they resemble a carrot; from above, their diameter can reach a kilometer. And about 10% of such tubes on Earth are studded with diamonds! Now almost all diamond mining goes like this: find a pipe, dig a huge hole in the ground up to a kilometer deep, carefully sift the ore - profit! Now the largest such pipes have been explored in southern Africa, in Russia (in Yakutia) and in Canada.
artificial diamonds
It should be noted that since the middle of the 20th century, technologies for producing gem-quality synthetic diamonds have been mastered. The principle is the same: carbon at high temperature under high pressure slowly crystallizes into diamond. The quality is excellent.
So the girls are doing the right thing, that they value diamonds the most. These are the most ancient stones that the Earth created for them, and closest to your heart! After all, sapphires, rubies, emeralds and everything else are formed already in the earth's crust, that is, no deeper than 70 km.
Shine and shimmer
Partly due to its origin, the diamond has unique properties. This is the hardest natural material with very high refractive index and dispersion. The last two qualities just affect the play of color in diamonds, brilliance and beauty.
Just think, a diamond is a transparent stone. But it shines brighter than the mirror! How does it work? How are rays reflected from it? The whole trick is in full internal reflection. It turns out that rays of light can be reflected from the inner surface of the substance as if from a mirror, and not pass through. You can check it yourself in the pool. Dive and look at the surface. In the distance, the bottom and everything that is on it will be perfectly reflected in it. And it turns out that the higher the refractive index, the more more rays and there is total internal reflection, not transmission. So cut diamonds hold the record for brilliance precisely because of this quality.
The second factor is dispersion. White light is a mixture of all colors, and different colors refract differently. Red is the weakest of all, purple is the strongest of all. Therefore, having entered the stone, they seem to split, diverge there, are reflected, come back and, as it were, diverge even more. Therefore, we see the flickering of all the colors of the rainbow. And a diamond has a very large difference between the refractive indices of different colors, so this effect is very strong.
Diamonds go with everything because they have no color. The exorbitantly high price for them is largely due to the monopoly on the extraction and production of diamonds, which belonged to the De Beers company until the 70s of the XX century. The largest diamond in the world, the Cullinan, is worth as much as 94 tons of gold.
Girls, wear diamonds... but don't forget those who give them to you!
5. Space gave
5.1. How does a person die in space without a spacesuit?
What happens to a man in outer space without a spacesuit? No one doubts that he will die. But from what exactly? Will he be torn to pieces, will he suffocate, will his blood boil, will he burn in the sun? There are a lot of versions, the only thing that is certain is that the person will die. So from what he will die the fastest?
Imagine that you are in outer space. It is very cold there - 271 degrees Celsius. Of course, almost all bodies turn into ice at this temperature. But how does it happen? We know that the higher the temperature of a body, the faster the molecules in it move. Fast molecules of a hot body collide with molecules of a cold body, lose their speed, while the body cools down. However, space has a very low density. For example, at an altitude of 400 kilometers - less than 1 quadrillion gram per cubic centimeter. So there will simply be no one to transfer their heat there. Therefore, a person will not freeze, but will feel only a slight coolness.
Now let's look at another effect. The sun can cause severe burns or overheating. Indeed, there is a lot of ultraviolet in space. On Earth, it is delayed by the atmosphere, but in space there is no such protective barrier. Therefore, you can get a burn of open parts of the body after 10 seconds. However, clothing can completely protect against this. What about overheating? Even if you absorb all the solar radiation, then it will take at least 24 minutes to reach a lethal temperature of 43 degrees Celsius.
Next Factor that can lead to death is pressure. The pressure in space is damn low, it's practically zero. And inside a person one atmosphere is preserved. It would seem that because of this difference, a person can be torn apart. But is this difference really that big? Not at all, because the difference is only one atmosphere. Our fabrics are strong enough to withstand such a load. A person can swell up, but not burst. However, this swelling will cause the blood vessels to constrict, and as early as 90 seconds, blood flow may stop, leading to oxygen starvation and further death.
But what can kill a person even earlier? Maybe his blood boils? Indeed, as the pressure decreases, the boiling point of any liquid decreases. But even if the outside pressure is zero, the pressure inside the blood vessels (the same one that is measured by squeezing the hand) will remain. At a pressure of 75 mm mercury column blood will boil at 46 degrees Celsius. But the blood must have a body temperature of 36.60. Therefore, it will not be hot enough to boil.
Maybe decompression sickness? All liquids have this property: they can dissolve gas in themselves. And blood can also dissolve the nitrogen and oxygen that we inhale. With a sharp decrease in pressure, the following effect is possible: this dissolved gas is released back in the form of bubbles, which can clog blood vessels and lead to tragic consequences. Divers are most exposed to this danger. At a depth of 40 meters, the pressure is five times greater than atmospheric pressure. Accordingly, with a sharp ascent, such an effect is possible, which is called decompression sickness. But when we are in space, we are dealing with a pressure drop from one to zero atmospheres. With these parameters, the diameter of the formed bubbles is less than 8 micrometers. And the diameter of the smallest blood vessels is from 8 to 12 micrometers. It turns out that this effect is absolutely safe and does not entail any serious consequences.
Well, it remained last reason- Lack of oxygen. If I don't burn, freeze, and boil my blood, can't I hold my breath? But no! The pressure in the lungs is quite high, so the force with which the air will break out is very large, and this cannot be prevented. As a result of such an exhalation, a person will lose all his supply of oxygen, and he will have about 10 seconds left before he loses consciousness. During this time, he can make a couple of reasonable actions aimed at salvation. For example, dial 03.
So, if in some movie you see that people are moving through space without a spacesuit, this is not such a fiction. It turns out that the human body is so strong that it can withstand even such extreme conditions.
5.2. What happens if gravity disappears?
Gravity is a force that acts between any bodies. As the Earth is attracted to the Sun, so the Statue of Liberty is attracted to the Eiffel Tower, and the Kremlin towers are attracted to your phone. True, this force is palpable only if we are dealing with a planetary scale, but do not forget that it operates everywhere, everywhere in the universe, at every point, inside you and outside. Let's fantasize and imagine what would happen if she instantly disappeared in the entire universe.
Of course, in the first moments we will feel incredible lightness and weightlessness. We will be able to push off the ground and float in the air. True, we will not be able to fall back, but this is not the worst thing. It is much worse that the rivers will stop, the rains will stop, the tides will disappear, the hydroelectric stations will stop working, all the weights will not stand firmly on the surface. In addition, if gravity disappears, the atmosphere will not be attracted to the Earth and will begin to dissipate into outer space. And in a few days, our planet will be lifeless due to no oxygen content and huge solar radiation, which until then was delayed by the ozone layer.
And do not forget that the Earth rotates, so the centrifugal force will tend to push out the atmosphere and everything that does not hold well. It always acts, but is much weaker than gravity, so we do not notice it. With the disappearance of gravity, this weak strength will let you know. Just imagine, cars, planes, ships, elephants, hippos, people, all the sand, water in the seas and oceans will slowly begin to rise up ... Well, more precisely, upwards only at the equator, and at other latitudes they will begin to rise at an angle with less force.
But let's imagine what happens in the entire solar system after gravity disappears. Of course, the Earth, other planets, comets, asteroids will leave their orbit and start moving in a straight line. The speed of orbital motion decreases with distance, so all bodies that are farther from the Sun than the Earth will move slower, and it turns out that we can catch up with them. Somewhere in six months we will cross the asteroid belt, in 7 years we will reach the orbit of Pluto. Distant objects such as Pluto, the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud will move slowly, and we will move quickly. In about six months, we will cross the asteroid belt, so we will catch up with them and move among them. This will happen in about 400 years (yes, that much solar system huge). True, the density of the cloud is very small, and we are unlikely to crash into any asteroid, so this is not something to be afraid of.
All dormant volcanoes will erupt simultaneously all over the Earth. The fact is that they are located at the junctions of tectonic plates. The plates run into each other, and one of them plunges down. There it reaches the mantle, melts, and magma is formed from it, saturated with a bunch of elements and dissolved gases. As long as there is gravity, there is also pressure, due to which gases are contained in magma in a dissolved form. But as soon as the pressure of the overlying layers disappears, degassing will occur, like in a bottle of mineral water, a flurry of bubbles will form, and the magma, which will increase dramatically in volume, will begin to look for exits to the surface, which will lead to extensive eruptions ... Although they will look strange: there will be no gravity!
But this is far from the worst. Perhaps the worst thing is that when gravity disappears, the Earth ... will explode! The fact is that inside our planet the substance of the mantle and core is under tremendous pressure. It arises due to the gravity of the overlying layers, which are gravitationally attracted to the center. Just under the influence of this pressure, the substance is very strongly compressed. Imagine: if gravity disappears, then there will be no pressure either. The interior of the earth will begin to expand, and this will lead to the simultaneous eruption of all volcanoes and gaps between tectonic plates! True, the mantle is quite viscous, so it will no longer look like an explosion, but a smooth expansion with pieces of earth flying apart in all directions. This is truly the apocalypse!
But we do believe that gravity has disappeared everywhere, in the entire universe. For the sun it will turn around a complete disaster. The fact is that it is quite massive, and the outer layers are very strongly attracted to the center. Gravity seems to put him in a corset, compressing and reducing in volume. In contrast, there is a force inside the sun, bursting it outward, which appears due to the enormous pressure of thermonuclear reactions. Now these forces are balanced, so the Sun has a stable size. But if gravity disappears, then the Sun will begin to expand with incredible speed. This will lead to an incredibly huge explosion, from which you can immediately go blind! In the future, the Sun, or rather what remains of it, will cool down and at some point die out, turning into just a nebula.
This will happen to all the stars in the universe, however, we will not see it right away. After all, the light from them goes to the Earth for a very long time. But after some time, bright flashes will be seen in the sky and the fading of stars, one after another.
But galaxies also revolve around a certain center. If gravity disappears, gravity will disappear and the galaxies will disperse into space. True, this will no longer be visible, since all the stars in them will go out, and the entire Universe will plunge into darkness.
So thank you, gravity, for being you!
5.3. TOP 5 ways to be weightless
What do a falling elevator, a space station, and the center of the earth have in common? Well, besides the fact that they don’t live there for a long time? It turns out that in all these places you will feel weightlessness!
What is weightlessness? This is not the state when you just hang in the air, like in a wind tunnel or on parachute lines. In weightlessness, all parts of the body lose their heaviness: the lungs do not press on the stomach, the stomach does not press on the intestines, and so on. A very unusual feeling. And we are used to thinking that weightlessness is available only to astronauts. But in fact, anyone can be in such a state! Let's see how you can feel weightlessness.
center of the earth
Perhaps the most difficult, but interesting way is to be in the center of the Earth. Imagine that you have started digging a deep well. The force of gravity will then decrease. After all, if you mentally cut the planet into pieces, like slices of an orange, you will be gravitationally attracted to each of the slices. But as we move deeper into the planet, the directions of forces will change, and they will partially begin to compensate each other. At the very center, all forces will be completely balanced, the total force will be zero, and you will float in zero gravity! Of course, it is unlikely that we will be able to do this, so let's move on to real methods.
falling elevator
Imagine that you are in an ordinary elevator. If suddenly it starts to fall, you will find yourself in weightlessness. If you fall not in the cockpit, but nearby, the fall will be synchronous. But if you are in an elevator, then everything will be the same. You, along with the cabin, fall at the same speed, so it's not surprising that you can hang relative to the walls. The same can be said about all the organs of the body - they all fall at the same speed, do not press on each other, so you do not feel their weight.
In such a situation, you should not try to catch the moment of landing and jump to stay alive. This is a failed idea! After all, to catch the moment of landing is almost impossible. Well, only if you are not the winner of the battle of psychics, of course. In addition, the speed that a person develops in a jump is about 10 km / h. And the speed of the elevator when landing from the seventeenth floor is about 90 km / h. You won't be able to pay it off.
The only recommendation is to take a horizontal position. Vertically, you risk breaking your spine and legs. And in a horizontal position, you will break your ribs - after all, the lesser of the evils. But do not worry: the current technology and means of protecting the elevator from falling are very good and reliable.
Space station
In general, from a physical point of view, both the elevator and the orbital station move in the same way. They are in free fall. The only difference is that the station does not fall vertically down, but sideways. A rocket is needed not only to fly higher, where there is no air resistance, but also to give the station tremendous speed. Thanks to this, the station seems to fall sideways, so quickly that it constantly skips the planet, flies over the horizon - after all, the Earth is round. And, unlike an elevator, the station does not collide with the surface. Well, if everything is well calculated.
So the astronauts find themselves in the same situation as a person in an elevator. They fall in sync with the station, so they can hang in the air relative to the walls. Surprisingly, gravity still acts on them, only it does not press them into the floor. This way to experience weightlessness is the most effective, but also the most expensive - you will have to pay more than 30 million dollars.
Airplane
As you already understood, the most important thing is free fall. And if some giant takes our unfortunate elevator car and throws it at an angle to the horizon, it will fly along a parabola. But everything in the cockpit will also fly in a parabola and hover in zero gravity! This state is achieved all the way: both when flying up, and at the highest point of the trajectory, and when flying down. According to this principle, aircraft for training astronauts are arranged. They turn their nose up, accelerate, and then at some point turn off the engines and eventually fly in a parabola. Weightlessness lasts about 25 seconds, more than 10 such lifts are made during the flight. It costs about 200,000 rubles.
Bounce
But there is also a free way to feel weightlessness - just jump. As long as you are in the air, while flying in a parabola, you weigh nothing! It is difficult to feel it, because the muscles in the jump are tense. And the air creates the feeling of flying, not hovering. In addition, at high speeds, it exerts strong resistance. But still, it's really simple. You can enhance the effect - jump on a trampoline, or from the stratosphere, or on the moon. From a springboard, on a motorcycle, from a bungee ... So do not sit at home, relax more actively! After all, even just for a split second, breaking away from the Earth, you become a little bit like real astronauts.
5.4. What is a black hole? What is inside?
Let's talk about black holes. Mysterious space objects that absorb everything around ... But what are they? Is falling into a black hole really that scary? And most importantly, can it be made from a donut?
So, a black hole is an object whose gravity is so great that any body thrown out of it at an arbitrarily high speed will inevitably fall back. Max speed there is light in the universe, and even it cannot overcome gravity and escape from the black hole. Our black hole does not emit anything, which is why it is black.
Formation of black holes
There can be several scenarios for the formation of a black hole. The most realistic ones consider the compression of matter into a very small volume. As a rule, a black hole is a small corpse of a star. As was said in the previous chapter, any star is a huge ball of gas, in which gravitational forces act, which try to compress it. They are opposed by the forces of internal pressure arising from the colossal temperature of thermonuclear reactions inside the star. By the way, it's like a balloon: pressure from the inside bursts it, but at the same time, the shell pulls it together, squeezes it. Here in such a balancing state is the Sun, and any star in the sky.
But when the fuel supply runs out, the expanding force disappears, and the star begins to shrink under the influence of its own gravity. And if it shrinks below a certain radius, which is called the Schwarzschild radius, it will become a black hole.
donut black hole
In fact, any object has such a radius. You can take a person, and if in some incredible way compress him to a size 20 billion times smaller than an electron, then he will become a black hole. If you take a donut, an iPhone, a partridge, a watermelon, a seed, a geography teacher, the Kremlin and squeeze it to a certain radius, then a small black hole is formed.
The Earth needs to be compressed to the size of a cherry, the Sun - to a ball with a diameter of 6 kilometers. Stars heavier than three suns can already shrink into a black hole on their own, only due to their own gravity. Smaller objects lack the mass and therefore the gravitational contraction to achieve this.
Black holes without compression
Interestingly, the average density of a black hole is the smaller, the greater its mass. For example, if a black hole is 135 billion times heavier than the Sun, then its average density will be equal to the density of water. Just imagine, if you take all the water on Earth, then the same amount, and the same amount, and so on 2000 million billion times, and collect all this water somewhere in space into a huge, huge droplet, then it will become a black hole! And you don't have to compress anything.
Black hole device
But what is inside a black hole? How is it organized? Under the influence of colossal gravity, all matter is compressed into one point. This point has infinite density and is called a singularity. An area is formed around it from which nothing can escape, not even light. This region of space is limited by the so-called event horizon.
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