What types of mushrooms are there? Names of edible and inedible mushrooms with pictures

Alexander Gushchin

I can’t vouch for the taste, but it will be hot :)

Content

Before you go into the forest for a “silent hunt”, you need to find out the varieties, name, description and look at the photo edible mushrooms(eukaryotic organisms). If you study them, you can see that the lower part of their cap is covered with a spongy structure where the spores are located. They are also called lamellar and are highly valued in cooking due to their unique taste and many beneficial properties.

Types of Edible Mushrooms

There are a large number of different mushrooms in nature, some can be eaten, while others are dangerous to eat. Edible ones do not threaten human health, differing from poisonous ones in the structure of the hymenophore, color and shape. There are several types of edible representatives of this kingdom of living nature:

• boletus;
• Russula;
• chanterelles;
• milk mushrooms;
• Champignon;
• White mushrooms;
• honey mushrooms;
• rednecks.

Signs of edible mushrooms

Among eukaryotic organisms there are also poisonous ones, which outwardly are almost no different from useful ones, so study the signs of their differences in order to avoid poisoning. For example, porcini mushroom is very easy to confuse with mustard, which has an inedible, bilious taste. So, you can distinguish an edible mushroom from its poisonous counterparts by the following parameters:

1. Place of growth, which can be learned from the description of edible and dangerous poisonous.
2. Acrid, unpleasant odor that poisonous specimens contain.
3. Calm, discreet color, which is characteristic of representatives of the food category of eukaryotic organisms.
4. Food categories do not have a characteristic pattern on the stem.

Popular edibles

All mushrooms edible for humans are rich in glycogen, salts, carbohydrates, vitamins and big amount minerals. This class of living nature as food has a positive effect on appetite, promotes the production of gastric juice, and improves digestion. The most famous names edible mushrooms:

• saffron milk cap;
• White mushroom;
• boletus;
• oiler;
• boletus;
• champignon;
• fox;
• honey fungus;
• truffle.

This type of edible lamellar eukaryotic organisms grows on trees and is one of the popular objects of “silent hunting” among mushroom pickers. The size of the cap reaches from 5 to 15 cm in diameter, its shape is round with edges curved inward. Mature mushrooms have a slightly convex top with a tubercle in the middle. Color - from gray-yellow to brown shades, there are small scales. The pulp is dense, white, has a sour taste and a pleasant smell.

Autumn honey mushrooms have cylindrical legs, up to 2 cm in diameter and 6 to 12 cm in length. The top is light, there is a white ring, the bottom of the leg is dense brown. Honey mushrooms grow from late summer (August) to mid-autumn (October) deciduous trees, mainly on birch. They grow in wavy colonies, no more than 2 times a year, growth lasts 15 days.

Another name is yellow chanterelle. It appeared due to the color of the cap - from egg white to deep yellow, sometimes faded, light, almost white. The shape of the apex is irregular, funnel-shaped, 6-10 cm in diameter, in young ones it is almost flat, fleshy. The flesh of the common chanterelle is dense with the same yellowish tint, a slight mushroom smell and an islandy taste. The leg is fused with the cap, narrowed downward, up to 7 cm in length.

These edible forest mushrooms grow from June to late autumn whole families in coniferous, mixed, deciduous forests. It can often be found in mosses. Mushroom pickers' baskets are especially full of them in July, which is when growth peaks. Chanterelles are one of the famous agaric mushrooms that appear after rain and are eaten as a delicacy. They are often confused with saffron milk caps, but if you compare the photographs, you can see that the saffron milk cap has a flatter cap, and the stem and flesh are a rich orange color.

They are also called pecheritsa and meadow champignons. These are edible cap mushrooms with a spherical convex cap with a diameter of 6 to 15 cm and with brown scales. Champignons have a cap that is first white and then brownish in color with a dry surface. The plates are whitish, slightly pink, and later brownish-red with a brown tint. The leg is smooth, 3-10 cm long, the flesh is fleshy, with a subtle mushroom taste and smell. Champignons grow in meadows, pastures, gardens and parks; it is especially good to collect them after rain.

These edible mushrooms are very popular in cooking and are prepared in all possible ways. Boletus mushrooms have a cap color from light gray to brown, their shape is cushion-shaped with a diameter of up to 15 cm. The flesh is white with a pleasant mushroom aroma. The leg can grow up to 15 cm in length, has a cylindrical shape, widened towards the bottom. Common boletus grows in mixed birch forests from early summer to late autumn.

Boletus is one of the most famous edible eukaryotic organisms. Often they grow in large groups mainly on sandy soils. The butterfly's cap can be up to 15 cm in diameter and has a chocolate brown color with a brown tint. The surface is slimy and easily separated from the pulp. The tubular layer is yellow, attached to the leg, which reaches a length of up to 10 cm. The pulp is juicy white, over time it becomes lemon-yellow, thick legs. Butterfly is easily digested, so it is eaten fried, boiled, dried and pickled.

These edible mushrooms grow in heaps, which is why they got their name. The cap of the milk mushroom is dense, cream-colored, up to 12 cm (sometimes up to 20 cm) in diameter. The plates have yellowish edges, the stem is white, cylindrical in shape up to 6 cm in length. The pulp is dense, white with a pronounced pleasant smell and taste. This variety grows in mixed birch and pine forests from July to the end of September. Before you go looking for milk mushrooms, you need to know what they look like and be prepared for the fact that you will have to look for them, because they are hiding under the foliage.

Conditionally edible mushrooms

Eukaryotic organisms from this classification differ from the previous ones in that they are prohibited from being eaten without prior heat treatment. Before starting cooking, most of these specimens must be boiled several times, changing the water, and some must be soaked and fried. Check out the list of mushrooms that belong to this group:

• coppice champignon;
• morel cap;
• globular sarcosome;
• blue cobweb;
• false chanterelle;
• pink wave;
• thyroid disease and others.

It can be found in summer and autumn in coniferous and deciduous forests. The diameter of the cap is from 3 to 6 cm, it is painted in a bright orange color with a brown tint, and has a funnel shape. The pulp of the false chanterelle is soft, viscous, without a pronounced smell or taste. The plates are orange, frequent, descending along a thin yellow-orange stalk. False chanterelle is not poisonous, but it can upset digestion and sometimes has an unpleasant woody taste. The caps are mainly eaten.

This eukaryotic organism has several names: volnyanka, volzhanka, volnukha, rubella, etc. The cap of the volyanka has the shape of a funnel with a sunken middle, the color is pink-orange, the diameter is up to 10 cm. The leg is cylindrical, tapering towards the bottom, up to 6 cm in length . The pulp of the trumpet is fragile, whitish in color; if it is damaged, a light juice and a pungent odor will appear. Grows in mixed or birch forests (usually in groups) from late July to mid-September.

The color of this eukaryotic organism depends on its age. Young specimens are dark, brown, and become lighter with age. The morel cap resembles a walnut, all dotted with uneven stripes and wrinkles similar to convolutions. Its leg is cylindrical, always curved. The pulp is like cotton wool with a specific damp smell. Morel caps grow in moist soil, next to streams, ditches, and water. The peak of the harvest occurs in April-May.

Little-known edible mushrooms

There are different varieties of edible mushrooms, and when you come to the forest you need to know which of them can be considered inedible. To do this, before the “silent hunt”, be sure to study photographs and descriptions of eukaryotic organisms. There are such rare specimens that it is not immediately clear what they are - poisonous, inedible or quite suitable for food. Here is a list of some little-known edible representatives of this class of wildlife:

• raincoat;
• funnel talker;
• purple row;
• garlic;
• pigeon oyster mushroom;
• fleecy scale;
• Polish mushroom;
• gray row (cockerel);
• white dung beetle and others.

It is also called chestnut moss mushroom or pan mushroom. It has an excellent taste, so it is highly valued in cooking. The flywheel cap is hemispherical, convex, from 5 to 15 cm in diameter, and becomes sticky in the rain. The top color is chocolate brown, chestnut. The tubular layer is yellowish, and with age it turns golden and greenish-yellow. The leg of the flywheel is cylindrical and can narrow or widen towards the bottom. The pulp is dense, fleshy, with a pleasant mushroom smell. Chestnut flywheel grows on sandy soils under coniferous trees, sometimes under an oak or chestnut tree.

Such eukaryotic organisms are presented in several types: gum scale, fiery scale, golden scale and others. They grow in families on dead and living trunks, on stumps, roots, in hollows, and have medicinal properties. Often the scale can be found under spruce, apple, birch or aspen. The cap is convex, fleshy, from 5 to 15 cm in diameter, has a yellow-honey color, the flesh is pale. The leg is up to 2 cm thick and up to 15 cm tall, monochromatic, scaly, with a ring on young specimens. Flea flake contains a substance used to treat gout.

The second name is common rotting plant. The cap is convex in shape, becomes flat with age, up to 3 cm in diameter. The color of the crown is yellow-brown, light at the edges, the surface is dense and rough. The flesh of the garlic plant is pale and has a rich garlic smell, which gives it its name. As the mushroom dries, the smell intensifies even more. The leg is brown-red, light at the base, empty inside. Common rotting beetles grow large families in different forests, choosing dry sandy soil. Peak growth is from July to October.

Even experienced lovers of “silent hunting” do not always take them, and in vain, because raincoats are not only tasty, but also medicinal. They appear in meadows and pastures after rains. The diameter of the cap is 2-5 cm, the shape is spherical, the color is white, sometimes light brown, there is a hole on top for spores. The pulp of the raincoat is dense, but at the same time tasty, juicy, and becomes soft with age. Young mushrooms have spines on the surface of the cap, which are washed off over time. The leg is small, from 1.5 to 3.5 cm in height, thickened. Puffballs grow in whole groups in parks and on lawns, the peak harvest is from June to October.

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Edible mushrooms: names with descriptions

What is the most important thing for a mushroom picker who goes into the forest on a “silent hunt”? No, not a basket at all (although you will also need that), but knowledge, especially regarding which mushrooms are poisonous and which ones can be safely put in the basket. Without them, an outing for a forest delicacy can smoothly turn into an urgent trip to the hospital. In some cases it will turn into the last walk of your life. To avoid disastrous consequences, we bring to your attention brief information about dangerous mushrooms, which should not be cut under any circumstances. Take a closer look at the photos and forever remember how they look. So let's begin.

Among poisonous mushrooms, the first place in toxicity and frequency of fatal poisoning is occupied by toadstool. Its venom is stable before heat treatment, and also has delayed symptoms. After tasting the mushrooms, you can feel quite good for the first day. healthy person, but this effect is deceptive. While precious time is running out to save a life, toxins are already doing their dirty work, destroying the liver and kidneys. From the second day, symptoms of poisoning manifest themselves as headache and muscle pain, vomiting, but time is lost. In most cases, death occurs.

Even just for a moment touching the edible mushrooms in the basket, the poison of the toadstool is instantly absorbed into their caps and legs and turns the harmless gifts of nature into a deadly weapon.

The toadstool grows in deciduous forests and appearance(when young) slightly resembles champignons or greenfinches, depending on the color of the cap. The cap can be flat with a slight convexity or egg-shaped, with smooth edges and ingrown fibers. The color varies from white to greenish-olive, the plates under the cap are also white. The elongated leg at the base expands and is “shackled” in the remains of a film-bag, which hid a young mushroom underneath, and has a white ring on top.

In a toadstool, when broken, the white flesh does not darken and retains its color.

Such different fly agarics

Even children know about the dangerous properties of fly agaric. In all fairy tales it is described as a deadly ingredient in the preparation of a poisonous potion. It’s so simple: the red-headed mushroom with white spots, as everyone saw it in illustrations in books, is not at all a single specimen. Besides it, there are other varieties of fly agaric that differ from each other. Some of them are very edible. For example, Caesar mushroom, ovoid and blushing fly agaric. Of course, most species are still inedible. And some are life-threatening and include them in food ration is strictly prohibited.

The name “fly agaric” is made up of two words: “flies” and “pestilence”, that is, death. And without explanation, it is clear that the mushroom kills flies, namely its juice, which is released from the cap after sprinkling it with sugar.

Deadly poisonous fly agaric species that pose the greatest danger to humans include:

Small but deadly ragged mushroom

The poisonous mushroom got its name from its peculiar structure: often its cap, the surface of which is covered with silky fibers, is also decorated with longitudinal cracks, and the edges are torn. In the literature, the mushroom is better known as fiber and has a modest size. The height of the leg is slightly more than 1 cm, and the diameter of the hat with a protruding tubercle in the center is a maximum of 8 cm, but this does not prevent it from remaining one of the most dangerous.

The concentration of muscarine in the pulp of the fiber exceeds the red fly agaric, and the effect is noticeable within half an hour, and within 24 hours all symptoms of poisoning with this toxin disappear.

Beautiful, but “crappy mushroom”

This is exactly the case when the title matches the content. It’s not for nothing that the false valu mushroom or horseradish mushroom is called such an indecent word by the people - not only is it poisonous, but also the flesh is bitter, and the smell it emits is simply disgusting and not at all mushroom-like. But thanks to its “aroma”, it will no longer be possible to gain the trust of a mushroom picker under the guise of russula, which valui is very similar to.

The scientific name of the mushroom is “hebeloma adhesive.”

False tree grows everywhere, but most often it can be seen at the end of summer on the light edges of coniferous and deciduous forests, under oak, birch or aspen. The cap of a young mushroom is creamy-white, convex, with the edges turned down. With age, its center bends inward and darkens to a yellow-brown color, while the edges remain light. The skin on the cap is nice and smooth, but sticky. The bottom of the cap consists of adherent plates, gray-white in young valuei, and dirty yellow in old specimens. The dense, bitter pulp also has a corresponding color. The leg of the false valuu is quite high, about 9 cm. It is wide at the base, tapers further upward, and is covered with a white coating similar to flour.

A characteristic feature of the “horseradish mushroom” is the presence of black inclusions on the plates.

The poisonous twin of summer honey mushrooms: sulfur-yellow honey fungus

Everyone knows that they grow on stumps in friendly flocks, but among them there is a “relative” that looks practically no different from tasty mushrooms, but causes severe poisoning. This is a false sulfur-yellow honey fungus. Poisonous doubles live in clusters on the remains tree species almost everywhere, both in forests and in clearings between fields.

The mushrooms have small caps (maximum 7 cm in diameter) of gray-yellow color, with a darker, reddish center. The pulp is light, bitter and smells bad. The plates under the cap are tightly attached to the stem; in the old mushroom they are dark. The light leg is long, up to 10 cm, and smooth, consisting of fibers.

You can distinguish between “good” and “bad honey fungus” by the following characteristics:

• The edible mushroom has scales on its cap and stem, while the false mushroom does not;
• The “good” mushroom is dressed in a skirt on a leg, the “bad” one does not have one.

Satanic mushroom disguised as boletus

The massive leg and dense pulp of the satanic mushroom make it look like, but eating such a beauty is fraught with severe poisoning. Satanic bolete, as this species is also called, tastes quite good: there is no smell, no bitterness characteristic of poisonous mushrooms.

Some scientists even classify bolet as a conditionally edible mushroom if it is subjected to prolonged soaking and prolonged heat treatment. But no one can say exactly how many toxins boiled mushrooms of this type contain, so it’s better not to risk your health.

Externally, the satanic mushroom is quite beautiful: the dirty white cap is fleshy, with a spongy yellow bottom that turns red over time. The shape of the leg is similar to a real edible boletus, just as massive, in the form of a barrel. Under the cap the leg becomes thinner and colored yellow, the rest is orange-red. The flesh is very dense, white, only pinkish at the very base of the stem. Young mushrooms have a pleasant smell, but older specimens give off a disgusting smell of spoiled vegetables.

You can distinguish Satanic boletus from edible mushrooms by cutting the flesh: when it comes into contact with air, it first acquires a red tint and then turns blue.

The debate about the edibility of pig mushrooms was stopped in the early 90s, when all types of these mushrooms were officially recognized as dangerous to human life and health. Some mushroom pickers continue to collect them for food to this day, but this should not be done under any circumstances, since pig toxins can accumulate in the body and symptoms of poisoning do not appear immediately.

Externally, poisonous mushrooms are similar to milk mushrooms: they are small, with squat legs and a fleshy round cap of a dirty yellow or gray-brown color. The center of the hat is deeply concave, the edges are wavy. The fruit body is yellowish in cross section, but quickly darkens from the air. Pigs grow in groups in forests and plantings; they especially love wind-fallen trees, located among their rhizomes.

There are more than 30 varieties of pig's ear, as the mushroom is also called. All of them contain lectins and can cause poisoning, but the thinnest pig is considered the most dangerous. Young man's hat poisonous mushroom smooth, dirty olive, becomes rusty over time. The short leg has the shape of a cylinder. When the mushroom body is broken, a distinct smell of rotting wood is heard.

The following pigs are no less dangerous:

Poisonous umbrellas

Slender mushrooms on tall, thin stalks with flat, wide-open caps resembling an umbrella grow in abundance along roads and roadsides. They are called umbrellas. The cap actually opens up and becomes wider as the mushroom grows. Most varieties of umbrella mushrooms are edible and very tasty, but there are also poisonous specimens among them.

The most dangerous and common poisonous mushrooms are the following umbrellas:

Poisonous rows

Row mushrooms have many varieties. Among them there are both edible and very tasty mushrooms, as well as frankly tasteless and inedible types. And there are also very dangerous ones. poisonous rows. Some of them resemble their “harmless” relatives, which easily misleads inexperienced mushroom pickers. Before you go into the forest, you should look for a person to be your partner. He must know all the intricacies of the mushroom business and be able to distinguish “bad” rows from “good” ones.

The second name for the rows is govorushki.

Among the poisonous talkers, the following rows are considered one of the most dangerous, capable of causing death:

Gall mushroom: inedible or poisonous?

Most scientists attribute gall mushroom classified as inedible, since even forest insects do not dare to taste its bitter pulp. However, another group of researchers is convinced that this mushroom is poisonous. If the dense pulp is eaten, death does not occur. But the contents contained in it large quantities toxins cause enormous harm internal organs, in particular the liver.

People call the mushroom bitter for its unique taste.

The size of the poisonous mushroom is not small: the diameter of the brown-orange cap reaches 10 cm, and the creamy-red leg is very thick, with a darker mesh-like pattern in the upper part.

The gall mushroom is similar to the white one, but, unlike the latter, it always turns pink when broken.

Fragile impatiens galerina swamp

In marshy areas of the forest, in thickets of moss, you can find small mushrooms on a long thin stalk - marsh galerina. The brittle light yellow leg with a white ring at the top can be easily knocked down even with a thin twig. Moreover, the mushroom is poisonous and should not be eaten anyway. The dark yellow cap of the galerina is also fragile and watery. IN at a young age similar to a bell, but then straightens, leaving only a sharp bulge in the center.

This is not a complete list of poisonous mushrooms; in addition, there are many false species that can easily be confused with edible ones. If you are not sure which mushroom is under your feet, please pass by. It’s better to take an extra lap through the forest or return home with an empty wallet than to suffer from severe poisoning later. Be careful, take care of your health and the health of those close to you!

Video about the most dangerous mushrooms for humans

If you are not confident in your knowledge of mushrooms, collect only the most common and familiar to you personally!

White mushroom (boletus)

There is a special category of mushroom pickers who disdain all mushrooms except porcini mushrooms. " Well, just an empty forest, I only found about a dozen mushrooms!“- in their mouths, this does not mean at all that the forest is really “empty”: they just won’t bend over for the sake of everything else. You can do whatever you want with white: dry, pickle, salt, fry - and fry without first boiling. As a rule, they prefer to dry it so that they can eat mushroom soup in winter.

White mushroom (Boletus edulis). © Michael Wood

A small boletus can be completely white, but with age its cap becomes brown, and then dark brown. Also, with age, the cap unfolds: in babies it is semicircular, with the edges adjacent to the stem, in white adults it is unfolded, simply convex, maybe even flat. The tubes (those on the underside of the cap) are first white, then light yellow, then greenish, even completely green. The boletus leg looks like a barrel, widened downward, white or cream.

White mushroom (Boletus edulis). © Dezidor

The porcini mushroom also has other forms: reticulated (with a slightly cracked cap), dark bronze (with a dark brown, almost black cap), rooted (yellow-brown in color, with completely yellow tubes and stem and slightly blue flesh when cut) . There is a royal boletus with a red cap and yellow tubes and legs. They are all edible and very tasty.

Carefully! White mushrooms can be confused with the inedible gall and satanic mushrooms, as well as the poisonous pink-golden boletus.

. © Ak ccm . © H. Krisp . © Archenzo

• Gall fungus, gall fungus (Tylopilus felleus). An adult gall fungus has pinkish tubes and pores. It is not poisonous, but it tastes so bad that it is not without reason that it is called gall.
• Satanic mushroom, satanic boletus (Boletus satanas). The Satanic mushroom is distinguished by a red stalk (right under the cap it is yellowish) and orange-red tubes, the pores of which turn blue if you press on them.
• Pink-skinned boletus, pink-skinned boletus, rose-golden boletus (Boletus rhodoxanthus). Pink-golden, poisonous, the boletus looks like a satanic mushroom: it has red tubes, which also turn blue when pressed, and the leg is yellow, but with such a dense red mesh that sometimes it seems completely red.

Honey fungus

Honey mushrooms also grow in large groups and, as a rule, in the same places every year. Once you find a honey fungus colony, you can “graze” on it every year.

Autumn honey fungus (Armillaria mellea). © MdE

These mushrooms grow in bunches on rotten stumps and fallen trees. The caps of mushrooms are brown, slightly reddish in wet weather, but in dry weather their color is closer to beige. The very middle and edges of the cap are darker than the whole

hat On the stem of honey mushrooms there is a ring (in young mushrooms the film of the ring covers the underside of the cap), the stem itself above the ring is smooth, below it is scaly, and hollow in the lower part.

Sulphur-yellow false honey fungus(Hypholoma fasciculare). © Rasbak

Carefully! Summer honey fungus can be confused with the poisonous sulfur-yellow honey fungus. They differ in the leg (in the false honey fungus it is smooth, without scales) and in the color of the sulfur-yellow honey fungus, which is really sulfur-yellow, bright, with an orange center of the cap. And one more thing: the false honey mushroom has a very unpleasant smell, but the real one has a pleasant, mushroom smell. If this, of course, tells you anything.

Chanterelle

Chanterelles are good because worms do not like them. Therefore, if you come across a colony of these mushrooms, you can be sure that half of the forest harvest will not have to be thrown away. Chanterelles are less likely than other mushrooms to accumulate harmful substances, so they are completely harmless to the liver and kidneys. But at the same time they are very hard and are less digestible than others. Small foxes resemble egg yolk in color; they turn pale with age, and older specimens can be almost white. The middle of the cap of an adult chanterelle is pressed in so that the mushroom is shaped like a funnel; Small mushrooms have convex caps. The stem, fused with the cap, tapers downward.

Chanterelle (Chanterelle). © James Lindsey

Carefully! The common chanterelle can be confused with the inedible false chanterelle. They are no different in shape, but the color of the false chanterelle is very characteristic, bright orange. But in old age, mushrooms turn pale and become indistinguishable from edible ones.

Orange talker, or false fox(Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca). © H. Krisp

But it doesn’t matter: after all, chanterelles always grow in large colonies; where there are old people, there are also kids, and by the color of these kids false fox can always be identified

Nigella (black milk mushroom)

Europeans consider nigella, one of the most common mushrooms in the Moscow region, to be inedible, and for good reason. Maybe they didn't soak it? Unsoaked black milk mushroom is really bitter. And the soaked one is even sweeter. Black milk mushrooms are perhaps the best mushrooms for pickling, hard, crispy, and do not lose their taste for a long time.

Black breast (Lactarius turpis). © Igor Lebedinsky

They grow mostly under fir trees, and they grow in groups, which is not noticeable at first glance. Just, once you find a nigella, don’t move. Squat down and look at the ground for a long, long time. Mushrooms will “grow” right before your eyes! Most likely, you will even find out that you sat on a couple of milk mushrooms...

The cap of the nigella is brown or almost black, with an olive tint, in the middle there is a depression, the edges are rounded. White plates grow to the stem, the stem itself is brownish-green, tapering downward. The pulp is white or grayish and produces abundant milky juice.

Oiler

The flesh of baby butterflies is white, while that of adults is yellowish or completely yellow.

Butter mushrooms are good when pickled and fried, but you shouldn’t dry them: these mushrooms contain too much water, and after drying they will remain horns - legs.

A young oiler is slippery to the touch; with age, the cap becomes dry. It can be red-brown, ocher-yellow, grayish-orange, and the tubes and pores of all types of butterweed are yellow, in maturity they are closer to olive. A milky white liquid is released from the tubes

Pepper mushroom, or pepper buttercup(Chalciporus piperatus). © Ak ccm

Carefully! Butterfly can be confused with an inedible pepper mushroom, not poisonous, but very spicy, truly peppery in taste. Only the oiler has small pores and yellow tubes, while the pepper mushroom has large pores and the tubes are reddish in color. And one more thing: if you break the pepper mushroom, its flesh will soon turn pink, but the flesh of the butterdish will not change color.

Boletus (boletus) and boletus

Boletus mushrooms can have a brown, gray or even black cap and white or cream tubes, which can turn dirty gray with age. Its leg is thinner and higher than that of the boletus, white, with brown or black scales. The only way to confuse the boletus is with the aspen boletus, whose cap is orange, brick-red or ocher-yellow. But don’t confuse it, it won’t get any worse, because both of these mushrooms are edible and very tasty.

It is best to collect mushrooms in a wicker basket: they will be ventilated and will not be crushed. Never use plastic bags, otherwise, when you come home, you will find that you have brought a shapeless, sticky mass.

Edible mushrooms of Siberia, the Urals, the Russian North, in general, the entire taiga zone of our country. Taiga mushrooms, which we all love to hunt, because going for mushrooms is a quiet hunt that does not require shooting. Every autumn, crowds of people go to the taiga and collect boxes full of various edible mushrooms. Mushrooms are a very nutritious food, although due to some of their characteristics, not all nutrients can be absorbed by our body. Mushrooms contain many essential amino acids, but many of them are not absorbed due to their chitinous shells, which do not dissolve in gastric juice. However, not all mushrooms are like this. And even if sometimes we don’t get as much benefit as we would like, we still can’t resist such an autumn delicacy. So:

White mushrooms of Siberia

Or Volzhanka, as it is popularly called, prefers to grow in birch forests or mixed ones in well-lit areas among grass. It forms mycorrhiza with birch, mainly with aged trees. Sometimes found in wetter places. A good harvest of these mushrooms can be collected in the forests of the northern climate zone. Usually grows in groups, but single individuals are also found.
The most favorable period for hunting for tremors begins at the end of July and lasts until the first half of September, although you can find this mushroom in June and October. The appearance of this mushroom looks like this:

• The cap is funnel-shaped, with a well-pressed center; as the mushroom matures, it takes on a flatter shape. The edges are turned down, and the surface is covered with thick, dense fibers arranged in the shape of concentric circles. The edge of the cap is well pubescent. The color is pink-orange, slightly reddish; in the sun the skin fades and becomes pale pink or whitish. The diameter rarely exceeds 10 cm, however, there are specimens with large cap sizes (up to 15 cm);
• the leg is short, up to 6 cm high and up to 2 cm thick, in the shape of a cylinder tapering towards the base or smooth, covered with fluff. It is very dense, but in adult mushrooms a cavity forms inside it. There are sometimes small pits on the outside. Surface color is pinkish;
• the flesh is fragile (in young mushrooms it is denser), cream or white in color; when damaged, it abundantly secretes white milky juice, which has a pungent taste and emits a light resinous aroma. At a break, when in contact with air, its shade does not change;
• the plates are frequent and narrow, descending along the stalk, of a whitish hue. There are also small intermediate plates;
• The spores are white.

Russula

How many are there? The name is the same, but they differ greatly in color. Lots of variety. The cap of all russula is covered with a film, and this mushroom is distinguished by the color of the film. But no matter what color the cap is, the russula pulp is like porcini mushroom, always remains sugar white. This is the most important difference and sign of a delicate mushroom called russula. Another common name for the mushroom is bruise. It grows everywhere in the Urals and Siberia. Scaly or greenish russula (R. virescens), green russula (R. aeruginea) and their analogues have a dangerous poisonous counterpart - the toadstool. The fruiting period of these mushrooms coincides, they grow the same in mixed and deciduous forests, and even look similar in appearance with snow-white legs and plates, as well as grass-green or gray-green caps. Therefore, when collecting green-capped russula, they cannot be “tested on the tongue”, and “falsehood” cannot be determined by other typical characteristics of the toadstool. external signs- presence of a ring and a volva on the leg.

Gruzd

There is parchment, yellow, black, but this milk mushroom is dry. The cap is funnel-shaped on top, while the cap of the young mushroom is flat. The plates under the cap are frequent, the stem is dense, the same color as the cap; the pulp is brittle. Dry milk mushrooms have long been valued in Russian cuisine for their taste and aroma. One of the most popular edible mushrooms in Siberia, the Urals and the East European Plain. Dry milk mushrooms - common in coniferous and mixed forests. This species is called Russula delica, or podgrudok. In essence, it is a genus of russula. Real milk mushrooms are rare inhabitants of forests, they are much more difficult to find, they have a bitter milky juice. And the so-called dry milk mushrooms grow from July to October in birch groves, pine and coniferous forests, and their number is simply incredible. It is very easy to detect these strong white creatures in the dry, dark soil of coniferous forests. The defenseless white color stands out against the dark background of the earth and fallen pine needles. But among the grass, the search becomes more complicated: you need to carefully look at each tubercle. Dry breast has a white smooth surface. In young fruiting bodies it has a slight bluish tint; the blue color is even more noticeable with reverse side mushroom. The diameter of the cap can reach 20 cm, while at first the shape is always convex with a small hole in the center, the edges are turned down. The older the dry milk mushroom (photo below), the more the cap opens, cracks in dry weather, and in rainy summers it is certainly eaten away by slugs and flies. Over time, yellow and brown spots appear over the entire surface. Dry milk mushrooms - lamellar mushrooms, with white dense flesh, without a pronounced taste or smell

Chanterelle

The mushroom is edible; culinary experts undeservedly included it in the third category. The fox got its name because of its yellow color. The fungus is like an egg yolk, and when there are a lot of them, it’s like a living omelette frozen on the grass. Take a closer look at them and see how the delicate yellow folds of the plates fancifully branch out all the way to the ground along the tapering stem. The sinuous and raked edges of the corrugated caps are beautiful. deserve not only the attention of mushroom pickers, but also respect. Chanterelles are always growing large families, sometimes occupying entire clearings. When young, the mushrooms are convex, quite neat, aligned, sometimes arranged in rows. The more “older” ones have a high leg, an even cap, they are fleshy, dense - the joy of a mushroom picker. But the smell of chanterelles is especially pleasant; it is typical for this type of mushroom, and it certainly cannot be confused with any other. Some mushroom pickers, praising mushrooms, describe this smell as a mixture of steamed birch leaves and mint.

With age, only one thing changes in chanterelles: their elastic young body acquires a more rubbery structure, especially in dry weather, and becomes flabby in damp weather. Towards the end of summer, the cap of the mushroom takes the shape of a funnel, the edges of which often become uneven, as if torn.

Sometimes a mushroom picker wanders through the forest for a long time, especially if the weather is dry, looks at fallen trees, stirs up old leaves and suddenly comes out into a clearing strewn with chanterelles; even in dry times you can profit from these mushrooms by picking up quite a lot of them.

The first chanterelles, depending on the area, do not appear at the same time, some a little earlier, others a little later, but already now, at the beginning of July, they are definitely there in the forest. Heaps, stripes, circles are the favorite placement options for fox families. By the way, you can collect chanterelles not only in baskets, but also in buckets, bags, backpacks, this is the only type of non-fragile mushroom, and even the most productive species, in any area, especially if there is enough moisture in the soil, chanterelles make up about a quarter of all mushrooms of mixed forests.

Raincoat

- There is such a mushroom. It, unlike others, has a completely closed fruiting body, within which numerous spores are formed. There are no poisonous raincoats among them. If they are called that, it means they always appear after rain. The young fruiting bodies of puffballs are edible. They are tasty and nutritious when fried, in broths and soups. When dried and cooked, they retain their white color. In terms of protein content, they are superior even to porcini mushrooms.

Valuy

Other names: bull, weeping mushroom And . This taiga mushroom is easy to recognize. The hat of young Valuevs is like a small slippery ball, and those of older ones spread out with a flat roof. Some mushroom pickers do not collect valui, because if they do it, the basket will fill up very quickly. But why disdain these edible mushrooms, although they belong to the third category? So, mushroom pickers need to know that the goby is very tasty in pickling, when there is only one there, i.e. without admixtures of other taiga mushrooms. Best time collecting values ​​when they are born in herds. And don't be afraid of the acrid taste raw mushroom, it completely disappears in salting. But it is better to salt the valui in a hot way, i.e. Boil for 10 minutes before salting.

Champignon

Light gray mushroom. The most popular and widespread mushroom in the world. In nature they grow: in places with moist soil; on soil with a large amount of natural fertilizers; on lands rich in compost. In Russia, they can be found not far from human habitation, in the forest, in the meadow, in a forest clearing. The variety of species is so wide that it sometimes surprises even experienced mushroom pickers. The most common is the common meadow, which can be bought in any store and is successfully grown in a mushroom farm. All types of champignons are somewhat similar, but they also have noticeable differences. Meadow, or ordinary, is a white mushroom with a rounded cap, the edges of which are curved inward and pressed against the stem. Its weight ranges from 10 to 150 g. Meadow champignon is unpretentious and is able to grow near people’s homes, especially in rural areas. The cap changes shape as the mushroom grows. It retains its convexity, but becomes increasingly flatter. The plates underneath are loose, thin and wide. They are pinkish in color and gradually acquire a brown tint. The color of the cap itself is white, with grayish scales in the middle. There are meadow species with white-pink or gray caps, the surface of which is soft and silky to the touch.

The stem of this mushroom is dense, fibrous, and quite wide. Its diameter reaches 1-3 cm. The height of the leg is 3-10 cm. It is smooth, widened at the base. While the mushroom is young, its cap is connected to the stem by a white blanket, but over time this connection disappears, and a thin white ring remains. It may persist or completely disappear with the growth of the fungus.

A distinctive feature is its pulp, or more precisely, its color. Dense, white, when scrapped it changes, becoming pinkish. These mushrooms have a rather strong and pleasant mushroom aroma. Not just edible, but very tasty, meadow champignons are used to prepare a wide variety of dishes and are even eaten raw. You can distinguish edible champignons from similar poisonous mushrooms by their plates. In champignons they are dark in color, while in poisonous mushrooms they are light, sometimes yellowish. In terms of its dietary properties, it is inferior in calorie content to many of the mushrooms presented above.

Autumn is the time of harvest, and for experienced mushroom pickers it is also an opportunity to fill your basket with healthy and tasty mushrooms. To know which mushrooms are edible and which are not, you need to carefully study encyclopedias and it is advisable to use the advice of experienced mushroom pickers. Mushrooms that have a lamellar cap structure are usually edible, but not all of them have such a structure, so you should take a closer look at all the descriptions edible species mushrooms

Albatrellus ovine

The mushrooms are usually solitary, but can grow together with a lateral or central stalk. The stem of the mushroom grows about 7 centimeters in length and 3 centimeters in diameter, the shape of the cap is similar to an irregular circle, it is slightly convex in the center, and later becomes flat and elastic. The surface of the cap may be grayish-yellow, pale gray or white. When the mushroom is young, the cap is slightly scaly and almost smooth, then the scales acquire a more pronounced shape. The mushroom has white flesh, which tends to change color to lemon yellow when dried.

Auricularia (Ear-shaped)

Unique mushroom in quantity useful substances. It has an interesting shape that resembles a wrinkled ear; its cap grows 8 centimeters in height, 12 centimeters in diameter and 2 millimeters in thickness. On the outside it is covered with a small fluff and has an olive-yellowish-brown color, while on the inside it is shiny and gray-violet. The stem of the mushroom is usually difficult to notice, it dries out in drought and is able to recover after rain. This forest edible mushroom is found in trees and prefers oak, alder, maple and elderberry.

Porcini

The mushroom has a hemispherical cushion-shaped cap, it is quite fleshy and convex, the span of the cap is 20-25 centimeters. Its surface is slightly sticky, smooth, its color is brown, light brown, olive or violet-brown. The mushroom has a fleshy cylindrical stalk, the height of which does not exceed 20 centimeters and 5 centimeters in diameter, it expands at the bottom, the outer surface has a light brown or white tint, and there is a mesh pattern on top. The larger half of the leg is usually in the litter (underground). This is one of the many edible mushrooms that are common in the Saratov region.

White boletus

The shape of the mushroom cap is hemispherical and then cushion-shaped, its diameter is about 15 centimeters, it is bare and can become slimy. The outer part of the cap can take on various shades of gray and brown. The leg is solid, cylindrical, the diameter is 3 centimeters, the length is about 15 centimeters. At the bottom, the stem of the mushroom widens slightly, its color is whitish-gray and there are longitudinal dark scales. The tubes of the spore-bearing layer are long, its color is white, turning into dirty gray.

White boletus

The mushroom is a large species, the cap reaches a diameter of 25 centimeters, the color of the outer part is white or some shades of gray. The lower surface of the mushroom is finely porous, white at the beginning of growth; in older mushrooms it becomes gray-brown. The leg is quite tall, thickens at the base, its color is white, there are oblong scales of brown or white color. The structure of the pulp is dense, usually it is blue-green at the base of the mushroom, and at the break it becomes blue, almost black. This type refers to edible mushrooms that are collected by mushroom pickers in the Rostov region.

The size of the mushroom cap varies between 2-15 centimeters, sometimes 30 centimeters; in young animals it is hemispherical; when it matures, it becomes concave or flat-spread, usually has irregular shape. The structure of the cap is scaly and smooth, the color of the outer surface is usually white, but yellowish-white caps are found in older specimens. The stem of the mushroom is thick, its height is only 4 centimeters, and its diameter is about 3 centimeters, it narrows closer to the base, the skin of young growth is white, becoming slightly yellowish with age. The pulp has an elastic structure, the plates of the spore-bearing layer are wide and white or yellowish-brown.

Bolethin swamp

The diameter of the mushroom cap usually does not exceed 10 centimeters, its shape is flat-convex, cushion-shaped, with a tubercle in the center. It is felt-scaly, fleshy and dry, the color of young mushrooms is quite bright purple or cherry-red, burgundy, and of older mushrooms it has a yellowish tint. The height of the stem reaches 4-7 centimeters, and the diameter is 1-2 centimeters; at the base of the mushroom the stem is slightly thickened; sometimes the remains of a ring are visible, under which it is red and yellow on top. The pulp has a yellow, slightly bluish color, the spore-bearing layer runs down to the stem, its color is yellow and then brown, the pores are wide.

Borovik

The cap has a round shape at the beginning of growth, later it transforms into a flat-convex one, its color is dark almost black, the skin is smooth and slightly velvety. The pulp is dense in structure, its color is white and does not change when cut, it has a pronounced mushroom aroma. The leg is massive, club-shaped, it is very thick at the base, its color is terracotta, and on top you can always notice a white mesh. If you press the hymenophore with your fingers, you can observe the appearance of olive-green spots.

Valuy

The cap grows from 8 to 12 centimeters in diameter, and sometimes 15 centimeters, and is colored yellow or brownish-yellow. The young have a spherical cap, which, when ripe, opens and becomes flat, it is shiny and smooth, and mucus is present. The shape of the leg is barrel-shaped or cylindrical, the length is 5-11 centimeters, and the thickness is about 3 centimeters, its color is white, but can be covered with brown spots. The pulp is quite fragile, it is white, but gradually darkens when cut until brown. The spore-bearing layer is white or dirty cream, the plates are narrowly adherent, frequent, and have different lengths.

Oyster mushroom

The size of the mushroom cap in diameter varies from 5 to 22 centimeters. The skin is found in different colors: yellowish, white, fawn, blue-gray, ashy or dark gray, the shape is shell-shaped, round or ear-shaped, its surface is matte and smooth, and the edges are thin. The short leg is cylindrical, its surface is smooth, the base is felt. The fleshy pulp is juicy, white and pleasant to the taste with a light mushroom aroma. The plates fall onto the stem, they are wide and mid-frequency, white in young animals, and then become grayish. This edible mushroom is common in Kuban.

Volnushka

The cone-shaped cap reaches 5-8 centimeters in diameter, it has a creamy-white color and darkens closer to the middle, the surface is very fleecy along the edges of the cap, fluffy. The stem of the mushroom can grow 2-8 centimeters in length and about 2 centimeters in thickness, the color of the surface does not differ from the outer part of the cap, tapering closer to the base. The pulp is brittle and white; milky juice is released at the break. The plates are descending, adherent, narrow and frequent, white in young mushrooms, cream or yellow in old mushrooms. This species can be found throughout the Moscow region.

Hygrofor

The mushroom cap usually does not grow more than 5 centimeters in diameter, rarely grows to 7-10 centimeters, it has a convex shape, often with a small tubercle in the middle, secretes mucus in rainy weather, and can be gray, white, reddish or olive in color. The leg has a dense structure, its shape is often cylindrical, and the color matches the cap. The plates are sparsely located, they are thick, descending and waxy, and are white, pink or yellow.

Talker

The mushroom cap is usually small, only 3-6 centimeters in diameter, its shape is funnel-shaped, the skin is dry and smooth, the cap is very thin, its color is pale yellowish-brown, light chestnut or gray-ash. The cylindrical leg does not grow more than 4 centimeters in height and 0.5 centimeters in thickness, the color of the skin is pale yellow, it is always lighter than the surface of the cap. The plates are adherent, infrequent and wide, they are always light-colored or whitish.

Golovach

A very unusual and peculiar representative of rain mushrooms. Its fruiting body is huge, has the shape of a skittle or club; in young growth the color is rich white. The height of the mushroom can reach 20 centimeters; its white flesh has a loose structure. The mushroom stalk can be much larger than the fruiting body or much smaller. Only mushrooms that are not fully ripe can be eaten; they can be easily distinguished from old ones, since they are darker and the outer surface of the cap is cracked.

Lattice mushroom

The size of the mushroom cap is about 5-11 centimeters, the outer surface can be brown, brown or reddish, sometimes with a red tint; in young animals it is slightly convex, then it becomes more even, flat, and smooth to the touch. The height of the cylindrical stem reaches 5-12 centimeters, the color usually does not differ from the cap, it is smooth to the touch, hard and dense, sometimes slightly curved. The flesh of the mushroom has a brown or yellow tint and becomes slightly pinkish at the cut site. The tubular layer is always slightly lighter than the cap, it is light brown or yellowish.

Pepper milk mushroom

The cap is convex in young animals and spread out in more mature ones, funnel-shaped in older ones, with a diameter of 13-15 centimeters. The skin is dry, matte, its color is white with small brown-yellow spots. Dense, thick, white pulp secretes a light milky juice when cut; it turns green over time. A distinctive feature of the mushroom is its narrow and frequent plates of white color with a creamy tint.

Black breast

The mushroom usually grows singly, despite its name, its color is not black, but greenish-olive-brown. The cap is flat or funnel-shaped with a hole in the middle, its surface is adhesive and astringent, the span is 10-20 centimeters. The leg is quite short, only 3-7 centimeters, its thickness usually does not exceed 3 centimeters, and is more narrowed at the base. The pulp has a grayish-white tint and darkens when cut, releasing milky juice. The lamellar layer is off-white and turns black when pressed. Earth Kaliningrad region is very rich in this type of edible mushrooms.

Common dubovik

The massive cap, the span of which is 5-15 centimeters, rarely grows to 20 centimeters, is hemispherical in young animals, then opens and transforms into a cushion-shaped one. The velvety surface is gray-brown and brown-yellow, irregularly colored. The pulp is dense with a yellow tint; when cut, it immediately acquires a blue-green color and eventually turns black. The leg is club-shaped and thick, its height is 5-11 centimeters, and its thickness is from 3 to 6 centimeters, the color is yellowish, but darker closer to the base, there is a dark mesh. The hymenophore changes color greatly as the mushroom ages; at first it is ocher, then red or orange, and in older specimens it is dirty olive.

Blackberry (Blackberry) yellow

The diameter of the cap varies between 4-15 centimeters, its shape is unevenly wavy, convex-concave, and the edges are curved inward. The slightly velvety skin is dry and comes in reddish-orange and light ocher colors. The length of the leg is about 4 centimeters, the width is no more than 3 centimeters, the structure is dense, the shape is rounded-cylindrical, the surface is smooth and light yellow. The pulp is light, fragile and dense; when cut it acquires a brownish-yellow tint. The hymenophore has thick spines of light cream color that descend onto the stalk.

Yellow-brown boletus

The large cap grows about 10-20 centimeters, and sometimes up to 30 centimeters in diameter, its color is yellowish-gray and bright red, its shape changes with age, at first spherical, later becoming convex or flat (rare). The fleshy pulp at the break acquires a distinct purple tint, and later an almost black color. The leg is high, about 15-20 centimeters, 4-5 centimeters wide, has a cylindrical shape, thickens towards the bottom, white on top, with a green tint below. The spore-bearing layer is gray or whitish, the pores are small, the tubular layer is very easy to separate from the cap.

Yellow and yellow-brown moss

At first, the cap has a semicircular shape with a tucked edge, and then becomes cushion-shaped, size 5-14 centimeters, the surface is pubescent, gray-orange or olive, over time it cracks, forming small scales, they disappear when ripe. The leg is club-shaped, its height is 3-9 centimeters, and its thickness is 2-3.5 centimeters, the surface is smooth, lemon-yellow or slightly lighter, brownish or red underneath. The flesh is light yellow or orange, hard, and may turn blue in places when broken. The tubes are attached to the stem, the pores are small, and become larger as they mature.

Winter mushroom

A small cap can grow about 2-8 centimeters in diameter; in young animals it is convex-rounded, later it becomes convex-prostrate, the surface is smooth, the mucous is orange-brown, but slightly darker in the middle. The plates are sparse, cream-colored, and darken with age. The leg grows up to 8 centimeters in height, it does not exceed 1 centimeter in thickness, has a cylindrical shape, is usually yellow on top and darker below, brown or red. The flesh of the cap is soft, but the flesh on the stem is tougher and has a light yellow tint.

Variegated umbrella

The diameter of the mushroom cap is impressive, from 15 to 30 centimeters, and sometimes all 40 centimeters; it is ovoid at the beginning of growth and gradually transforms into flat-convex, prostrate and umbrella-shaped, with a tubercle in the middle. The surface of the cap is white-gray, pure white or brown; it always has large brown scales, with the exception of the center of the cap. The plates are adherent to the collarium, their color is creamy white, and over time red veins appear. The leg is very long, 30 centimeters or more, its thickness is only 3 centimeters, thickens at the base, the surface of the skin is brown.

Kalotsibe May (Ryadovka)

The size of the cap is 5-10 centimeters, in young animals its shape is pillow-shaped or hemispherical, it opens with age and loses its symmetry, the edges can bend. The surface is yellowish-white, dry and smooth, the flesh is dense, its color is white, and there is a distinct powdery odor. The plates are adherent, narrow and frequent, at first almost white and light cream in maturity. The width of the stem is 1-3 centimeters, the height is 2-7 centimeters, the surface is smooth, usually the shade is identical to the color of the outer surface of the cap.

Pink lacquer

The cap changes its shape with age; in young mushrooms it is bell-shaped or convex-depressed, and in adulthood it becomes convex with a depression in the middle and often cracks with wavy edges. The color, depending on weather conditions, can be carrot-pink, yellow or almost whitish. The plates are adherent, wide, usually their color matches the shade of the outer part of the cap. The length of the cylindrical stem is 8-10 centimeters, it is smooth, the structure is dense, slightly darker than the cap or has an identical color. The pulp is watery and has no special odor.

Lyophyllum elm

The cap is about 4-10 centimeters, convex in young animals, fleshy, the edge is rolled up, tends to transform into a more prostrate one when ripe, its color is light beige or white, and there are “watery” spots on the surface. The plates are attached to the stem like a tooth, they are frequent and always slightly lighter than the shade of the cap. The length of the mushroom stem is 5-8 centimeters, the diameter is usually no more than 2 centimeters, the shape is curved, the shade often matches the outer part of the cap.

Chanterelles

The fruiting bodies of mushrooms are large and medium-sized; their shape is capped, the cap is almost funnel-shaped, fleshy, its edge is thick and blunt, the color varies within shades of red or yellow, rarely whitish. The stem is usually short and rather thick, the flesh is yellow or white, and when cut it generally becomes distinctly blue or red. The hymenophore is folded, the thick folds are not separated from the cap, but there are specimens with a smooth spore-bearing layer.

Oiler white

The diameter of the cap does not exceed 11 centimeters, it has a convex cushion-shaped shape in the early stage of ripening, and later becomes flattened or concave; in young animals, the surface is painted white and only at the edges the outer part is pale yellow, then acquires a yellowish or grayish-white tint, which darkens in wet weather. The skin of the cap is bare, smooth and slightly slimy, but when dry it begins to shine. The pulp has a yellow or white color; it tends to change it to wine red when cut. The height of the leg is 3-8 centimeters, the thickness is no more than 2 centimeters, its shape is cylindrical, but it can also be spindle-like at the base.

Oiler yellowish (Marsh)

Mushrooms grow singly and in large groups, on average the size of the cap is 3-6 centimeters, but can grow about 10 centimeters, young growth usually has a spherical cap, the mushroom takes on an open or cushion shape when ripe. Its color varies between gray-yellow and yellowish-brown, but it can also be rich chocolate. The thickness of the leg does not exceed 3 centimeters, there is an oily ring, above which the leg is white and below it is yellow. In young specimens the ring is white, in old specimens it is purple. The pores of the spore-bearing layer are round and small, the pulp is mostly white.

Summer oiler grainy

The mushroom gives the impression of being dry, since the surface of the cap is not sticky, its shape is rounded-convex, can grow up to 10 centimeters in diameter, and is first colored brownish-brown, red, then yellow-ocher and pure yellow. The thin tubular layer is light in young animals and light gray-yellow in maturity; the tubes are short with rounded pores. The pulp is quite soft, brown-yellow and thick, has almost no smell, but the taste is pleasant. The length of the leg is about 7-8 centimeters, the thickness is almost 2 centimeters, the surface is painted yellow.

Larch oiler

The size of the cap ranges from 3 to 11 centimeters, it is conical or hemispherical, elastic and fleshy, and when ripe it tends to transform into a convex or prostrate shape. The surface of the cap is shiny, slightly sticky, smooth and easy to separate. The tubes are short, adherent, the pores are small, their edges are sharp, and they secrete a little milky juice. The length of the leg is 4-7 centimeters, the diameter is about 2 centimeters, it is curved or cylindrical, and is hard. The pulp has a yellow tint and a dense structure; it does not lose color when cut.

Pepper oiler

The span of the cap is 3-8 centimeters, the convex-round shape is inherent to the younger generation, later it is almost flat, the surface is velvety, dry, usually shiny in the sun, and becomes slimy with high humidity. The cap is colored light brown or copper, sometimes with an orange, brown or red tint. The length of the leg is 3-7 centimeters, and the thickness is only 1.5 centimeters, it is mainly cylindrical or slightly curved, tapering closer to the base. The pulp is yellowish, loose, the tubes descend to the stem, the pores are large, colored brown-red.

Late oiler

The diameter of the cap is about 10 centimeters, in young animals it is convex, then it transforms into a flat one, in the middle you can see a tubercle, it is colored chocolate-brown, sometimes there is a purple tint. The surface is mucous and fibrous, the tubes are adherent, the pores are small, pale yellow in young animals, then acquire a brownish-yellow tint. The solid leg has a cylindrical shape, no more than 3 centimeters in diameter, closer to the cap it is colored lemon yellow, and brown at the base. The pulp is juicy, soft, white with a lemon tint.

Oiler gray

The cushion-shaped cap has a span of 8-10 centimeters, is colored light gray, there may be a purple or green tint, the surface is mucous. The color of the tubular layer is usually grayish-white or brownish-gray, the wide tubules are descending. The pulp is watery, has no strong taste or smell, its color is white, but towards the base of the stem it turns yellow, turning blue at the break. The height of the stem is 6-8 centimeters, there is a wide felt ring that disappears as it matures.

Wet purple

The span of the cap does not exceed 8 centimeters, it is neatly rounded at a young age, when ripe, it opens and even becomes funnel-shaped, its color is lilac-brown with a wine-red tint. The outer part is smooth, in young animals it is mucous, the flesh does not have a strong odor, it is lilac-pink and thick. Wide plates descending on the stem, pinkish-purple in young animals, and in adulthood dirty brown even black. The leg is curved, 4-9 centimeters long, diameter 1-1.5 centimeters, its color usually matches the tone of the outer surface of the cap.

Mosswort

The cap has a hemispherical shape, the surface is brown and velvety, there are cracks on it, the diameter does not exceed 9-10 centimeters, in mature mushrooms the cap transforms into a cushion shape. The leg is thin (2 centimeters) and long (5-12 centimeters), tapers at the base, and is slightly curved. The color of the pulp is red or yellow, hallmark is considered to be her acquisition blue tint on the cut.

Honey mushrooms

At a young age, the cap is hemispherical, then it acquires an umbrella-shaped or almost flat shape, its scope ranges from 2-9 centimeters, usually the surface is covered with small scales, but as it matures, the mushroom gets rid of them. The color of the cap can be light yellow, cream or reddish, but the center is always darker than the rest of the surface. Mushrooms have very long leg, it can grow from 2 to 17 centimeters, and the thickness is no more than 3 centimeters. This type of edible mushroom is loved by mushroom pickers in Crimea.

Cobweb

Hat-footed fruiting bodies, growing to different sizes, create a common cobwebby blanket around themselves. In young animals, the cap most often has a conical or hemispherical shape, and when mature, it becomes convex, usually with a pronounced tubercle in the middle. The skin is colored orange, yellow, brown, brown, purple or dark red. The shape of the stem is cylindrical, but can also be club-shaped, usually its shade matches the color of the outer part of the cap, the fleshy flesh is yellow, white, olive-green, ocher or violet, and tends to change color when cut.

Gossamer violet

The span of the cap does not exceed 9 centimeters; at the beginning its shape is rounded-bell-shaped; as it matures, it becomes convex with a blunt tubercle of medium size, and then completely prostrate, often with a wide tubercle in the middle. The surface is smooth and shiny, its color is initially whitish-lilac or lilac-silver, and with age the yellow-brown or ocher center becomes more prominent. The plates are narrow, of medium frequency, attached to teeth; in young animals they are bluish-gray, then they acquire an ocher-gray or brownish-brown tint. The cobwebby blanket is dense lilac-silver, and later reddish. The height of the club-shaped leg reaches 5-9 centimeters, the thickness is usually no more than 2 centimeters, the flesh is soft and thick, watery in the leg.

Petsitsa

The mushroom is quite interesting; as such, it has neither a cap nor a stem, it consists of a sessile fruiting body, which in young growth has the shape of a bubble, and when ripe it more closely resembles a saucer, the edges of which are wrapped. The diameter of such a saucer reaches 8-10 centimeters, the surface of the mushroom is smooth, painted in various shades of brown, and shines in damp weather. The flesh of the fruiting body is quite brittle and thin.

Pluteus

The mushroom has a cap-footed fruiting body, the size of which can be completely different. The shape of the cap is bell-shaped or spread out, usually with a small tubercle in the middle; the span of the caps varies between 2-20 centimeters. The surface is dry, fibrous, smooth and even scaly; its color varies from white to black, usually brownish-brown. The fleshy pulp is yellow, white or grayish, and does not change color. The cylindrical leg widens slightly closer to the base, the lamellar hymenophore is white or pink, but over time it acquires a brown tint.

Pluteus lion-yellow

The size of the cap is 2-5 centimeters, at the beginning of growth its shape is bell-shaped, later it acquires a flat-convex, convex or prostrate shape, its skin is matte-velvety, smooth to the touch, the color is honey-yellow or brownish. The wide plates are initially yellow, and in older mushrooms they become pink. The length of the leg is about 4-6 centimeters, it is quite thin, only 0.4-0.7 centimeters, the shape is cylindrical, it can be smooth or slightly curved, fibrous, there is often a nodule base, the leg is colored yellow-brown, always slightly darker closer to the base . The pulp, dense in structure, has a pleasant aroma.

Pluteus deer

The caps are usually small, their diameter is from 5 to 15 centimeters; in young animals they are convex, then they acquire a flatter shape, and in the center there is a tubercle; the skin is smooth, brownish or gray-brown. Wide plates are often located, their color is pink or white. The stem is thin and long, the flesh is fleshy, white and has a pleasant smell, a little like the smell of radish.

Black boletus obabok

The span of the mushroom cap is 5-10 centimeters, but can grow up to 20 centimeters; at first it has a hemispherical shape, later it is convex-pillow-shaped, the smooth skin does not separate from the cap, is covered with a small layer of mucus in wet weather, and is colored brown-black. The free hymenophore is easy to separate from the cap; it is white, becoming gray-brown with age. The leg is dense, 5-13 centimeters in height, thickness does not exceed 6 centimeters, usually widened at the base, the surface is covered with small scales.

Common boletus

The cap is hemispherical, convex or cushion-shaped, size from 6 to 15 centimeters. The shade of the outer part is gray-brown or brown, the surface is silky, usually hanging over the edge of the cap slightly. The hymenophore is light, turns gray with age, the leg of the young is club-shaped, thickened at the bottom, its height can reach 10-20 centimeters, but it is thin, only 1-3 centimeters, covered with scales of dark shades over the entire surface. The pulp is almost white, the structure in the stem is dense, in the cap it is loose. This is one of the many edible types of mushrooms that are found even in Siberia.

Boletus variegated

The mushroom cap is gray-white, distinctive feature is the unevenness of color, its range reaches 7-11 centimeters, the shape can vary from a closed hemispherical to slightly convex and cushion-shaped. The spore-bearing layer in young mushrooms is light gray, in old mushrooms it is gray-brown, the tubes are finely porous. The leg is cylindrical, 10 to 15 centimeters high, its diameter is 2-3 centimeters, it thickens closer to the base, usually it is densely covered with dark-colored scales.

Boletus turning pink

The cap is unevenly colored, it is small brownish-yellow, but there are also lighter spots. Initially, the tubular layer is white, maturing, and acquires a dirty gray color. The pulp has a dense structure, its color is white, but when cut it turns pink and then darkens. The stem of the mushroom is short, the surface is painted white, but covered with dark-colored scales; it is slightly curved, and thickens closer to the base.

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The mushroom is a large one, there are specimens whose cap diameter is 30 centimeters, its shape is flat-convex, there is a hole in the center, the edges are concave, the surface is painted in light colors in young animals, and darkens with age. The plates are narrow and quite thin, usually white, but they can also be bluish-green. The stem of the mushroom is powerful, usually matching the outer surface of the cap, and wider at the base.

Milkweed (Euphorium)

The cap is medium-sized (10-15 centimeters) colored brown-orange, often the surface is covered with cracks, its shape is flat-convex, then becomes funnel-shaped. The dense pulp has a creamy-yellow tint and secretes milky juice at the break. The plates descending onto the stem are adherent, creamy-yellow, but immediately darken when pressed. The shape of the leg is cylindrical, height is about 10 centimeters, thickness is 2 centimeters, the color usually matches the tone of the cap.

Boletus boletus

The cap changes with age; at first it is hemispherical, tightly fitting to the stem, then it acquires a convex cushion-like shape, easily separated from the stem, and usually does not exceed 16 centimeters in diameter. The surface is velvety, red-brown in color, the notched hymenophore is easy to separate from the pulp, its color is white or creamy-gray, and turns red when pressed. The length of the leg varies from 6 to 15 centimeters, the thickness can reach 5 centimeters, it is cylindrical, solid, and can sink quite deeply into the ground. The pulp is dense, white, but immediately turns blue when cut.

Red boletus (Redhead)

The cap is distinguished by its bright red-orange color, its span reaches 4-16 centimeters, spherical at a young age, then it acquires a more open shape, the surface is velvety, protruding at the edges. The pulp has a dense structure, white color, turning black when broken. The spore-bearing layer is uneven, thick, white in young mushrooms, brown-gray in old mushrooms. The massive leg is about 5 centimeters thick, thickens at the base, the entire surface of the leg is covered with fibrous longitudinal scales.

Early field grass

Young specimens have a cap 3-7 centimeters in diameter, it is hemispherical, but when ripe, it tends to open up to a prostrate shape, the skin is indefinitely yellow, it can fade and become dirty white. The wide plates are attached to the teeth, are light in young animals, then acquire a dirty brown tint. The leg, 5-7 centimeters long, usually has an identical color to the cap, but is slightly darker at the base, and remnants of a ring may remain on top. The pulp has a pleasant smell, it is white in the cap and brown in the stem.

Semi-white mushroom

The cap is of medium size from 5 to 15 centimeters, and sometimes grows up to 20 centimeters, its shape transforms as it matures from convex to almost flat, the outer part is smooth, colored light brown. The pulp is yellowish, dense, does not change color when cut, and has a distinct odor of iodine. The length of the stalk is 5-13 centimeters, the diameter is about 6 centimeters, the skin on the stalk is rough and slightly fleecy at the base. The spore-bearing layer is yellow or olive-yellow, the pores are small and round.

Polish mushroom

The span of the cap is about 5-13 centimeters, but sometimes there are specimens of about 20 centimeters, at the beginning of growth it is hemispherical, then it becomes more convex and in old age it acquires a flat shape. The surface can be brown-red, olive-brown, almost chocolate or brown-brown, it is smooth, velvety and dry. The tubular layer is adherent, the pores are wide or small, colored yellow, but turns blue when pressed. The leg is massive, reaches 4-12 centimeters in length and 1-4 centimeters in thickness, the shape is usually cylindrical or swollen, the surface is smooth and fibrous. The pulp has a distinct mushroom smell; it is firm when young and becomes softer with age.

Float white

The medium-sized cap is ovoid in youth and opens in old age, but usually there is a tubercle in the center, the skin is white, and the edges of the cap are ribbed. The plates are frequent, free and white. The thickness of the leg is 2 centimeters, the length is no more than 10 centimeters, the entire surface is covered with white scales, the leg thickens at the base. The pulp is white and has no strong smell or taste.

Porkhovka

The fruiting body of the mushroom is ovoid or spherical, 3-6 centimeters in diameter, the flesh is white and has a pleasant smell, the stalk is absent. The mushroom can be consumed only at a young age, when the color of the outer surface is still white; after it turns black, spores begin to be ejected.

Ryzhik

The thick, fleshy cap reaches 4-13 centimeters in diameter, it is flat at a young age, later it becomes funnel-shaped with the edges turned inward, the surface is slightly covered with mucus, colored red or whitish-orange, but there are concentric circles of dark color. The plates are notched, adherent, narrow, their color is yellow-orange. The pulp is fragile, turns red when cut, and then turns green and secretes a milky juice. The cylindrical leg is usually colored identical to the cap, its height is about 4-6 centimeters, and its diameter is 2 centimeters. These edible mushrooms are often collected by mushroom pickers in the Stavropol region.

Sparassis curly

The fruiting body is a cluster of curly, fleshy lobes, in general it looks like a lush spherical bush, the lobes are wrinkled or smooth, their edges are wavy or dissected. The diameter of the fruiting body varies between 5-35 centimeters, its height is 15-20 centimeters, and it can weigh 6-8 kilograms. The root-like stalk is thick and is attached in the middle of the fruiting body. The spore-bearing layer is located on the blades (on one side), it is colored gray or creamy white. The pulp is fragile, but fleshy, its smell is completely different from mushroom.

Russula

In young animals, the shape of the cap is usually bell-shaped, spherical or hemispherical, later transforming from flat to prostrate or funnel-shaped with straight or curled edges. The surface can be of different colors, matte or shiny, dry, but sometimes wet, and easily separated from the pulp. The adherent plates are notched, free or descending. The leg is smooth, cylindrical, hollow inside, the flesh is fragile, dense, painted white, but tends to change color with age or when cut. The most delicious and common type of edible mushrooms in the Belgorod region.

Caesar mushroom

The diameter of the cap varies between 7-21 centimeters, at first its shape is hemispherical or ovoid, then it becomes convex-prostrate, the skin is colored fiery red or orange, bare, with a ribbed edge. The plates are frequent, free, yellow-orange. The strong leg reaches 6-18 centimeters in length, and does not exceed 3 centimeters in thickness, it is cylindrical-club-shaped, painted in a golden or light yellow hue. The pulp is strong, yellow-orange or white.

Golden scale

The mushroom grows in large groups, usually on or near trees. The span of the cap is from 5 to 20 centimeters, broadly bell-shaped at the initial stage of growth, later flat-round, the shade of the outer part is dirty golden or rusty yellow, red scales are present over the entire surface. The plates are attached to the stem with a tooth, are wide, and have a light yellow color. The height of the leg is 8-10 centimeters, thickness is 1-2 centimeters, the surface color is yellow-brown, the skin is covered with scales.

Champignon

The size of the fruiting body can reach 5-25 centimeters, the massive cap has a dense structure, in young growth it is round, when ripe it takes on a flatter shape, the skin is smooth, rarely covered with scales, the color can be white, brown and brown. The plates are arranged freely, have a white color, and as they ripen they change color to pinkish and then almost black. The leg is smooth, central, hollow inside, there is a ring. The pulp is whitish and tends to turn yellow or red when exposed to air.