The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - features, description and interesting facts. Nature, plants and animals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University
Faculty of Chemistry and Technology of Distance Education
Essay
"Timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"
Completed: student of the specialty
form of study correspondence code of the record book
Introduction
Relevance of the research topic . The interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in the current economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role that forest industry enterprises play in the management system of local territories. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as it has moved to the market from a system of economic relations with a dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation in the process of development of the forest industry of diverse economic and social relations, allowing fuller use of the potential of management. Fourth, the fact that the domestic forest industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export earnings and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries - leaders in the global timber market. One of the reasons for such a lag is the historically established inefficient orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the basis for the development of forest industries, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.
In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also associated with the social problems of society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that a very large number of people are employed at timber enterprises.
Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most "forested" regions
Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of the forested area. The area of forest land - 160 million hectares - is 15% of the territory of Russia covered with forests.
However, the share of the region in the production of timber products
Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the underdevelopment of deep wood processing and the pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region, with a logging volume of 23 million m3, produces 1.2 million tons of pulp and paper, and Krasnoyarsk region when harvesting 9.5 million m3, the pulp and paper industry produces only 0.084 million tons. More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from the region annually.
The total volume of forest reserves of the region (including Taimyr and Evenkia) is approximately 6% of the world forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the timber industry complex occupies the fifth place in the structure of the region's industrial production.
The total volume of timber products produced in the territory of the region is estimated at $0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region is 3.8%.
The average net profit margin of the 12 largest profitable enterprises in the region is 7%. More than 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered in the region. Forest users are about 1800 commercial enterprises, 1500 of which are small businesses.
About 50 thousand people work at the enterprises of the timber industry complex, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, and, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China) employed in production.
Most timber companies are privately owned (91%).
Table 1: Form of ownership of timber companies in the region
Source: Regional Committee of Statistics
Timber base
The region accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The total forest stock along the region, taking into account the autonomous regions, is 11.9 billion m3. The total allowable cutting area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.
AAC is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory by only 15.3%, including for coniferous farming - by 24.1%. This is primarily the result of the lack of logging roads and the concentration of harvesting in areas located along the main transport routes. The low utilization rate of the cutting area is also associated with an insignificant degree of consolidation of logging and timber processing enterprises and the low quality of equipment and machinery.
The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature stands. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.
Table 2: Characteristics of the forest resources of the regions.
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Krasnoyarsk region |
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Area covered with forest vegetation |
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Total wood supply |
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Stock of mature and overmature stands |
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of which conifers |
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annual growth |
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AAC |
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Actual felling by main use |
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Total volume of felling |
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Wood harvesting from 1 hectare. |
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Use of AAC |
Source: OAO NIPIEIlesprom
The most valuable species in economic terms is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this is the main object of logging. The main area of pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau, where a special kind of pine also grows, called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone). The second place in terms of economic value is occupied by larch wood. Larch forests predominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vitim rivers.
Table 3: Species composition of the forest, thousand m 3
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Krasnoyarsk region |
Irkutsk region |
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|
Larch |
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Structure
The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:
Logging - 9.5 million m 3
Production of lumber - 1.8 million m 3
Production of fiberboard - 52.6 million m 3
Production of chipboard - 37.8 thousand m 3
Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of market pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard
The main types of products manufactured in the region are:
· products of logging production (industrial timber, round timber);
· products of woodworking production (lumber, railway sleepers, fibreboards);
Pulp and paper products (pulp, cardboard).
Figure 1. Structure of the main types of products
logging
According to the results of 2004, the volume of logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total volume of logging has increased over the past 6 years by 28%. However, if we compare the harvesting with the Soviet period, the volume of harvesting at that time was about 25 million m3. According to the results of 2004, only 15.9% of the allowable cut was used in the region. The main reasons for not developing the full volume of the allowable cutting area, according to LLC Russian Investors - Siberia, are:
1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of sites (Right bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).
3) The impossibility of a number of companies to master their cutting area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises master no more than 70% of the cutting area).
According to various estimates, the volume of illegal logging annually ranges from 0.5% (FALKH in the Asnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr and Evenkia). The average price of one cubic meter of forest (lease) on the vine is about $ 1-3 (depending on the conditions of forest management) per m3. The cost of harvesting-removal is $12-17 per m3 (with the whiplash method of harvesting). The cost price is constantly increasing due to the increase in prices for fuel and lubricants and wages in the region. At the moment, several main technological types of logging prevail in the region:
1) Using chainsaws.
2) With the use of feller bunchers.
3) With the use of automated complexes.
Logging by automated systems is just beginning to gain its positions in the region. From open sources of information, it is known that so far only two enterprises in the region have mastered this method of harvesting (Shiversky LPH, Angarsk LPH). But, as the practice of Finland, Canada and the European part of Russia shows, this is one of the most effective ways. OOO “Russian Investors - Siberia” 9 April 2005
In addition, when using this method harvesting, the share of fuel and lubricants and wages in the cost price decreases, and these are the two main categories that cause an increase in the cost of production.
A number of enterprises of the region use in their activities the labor of foreign workers (mainly from Ukraine). According to information from unofficial sources, teams of Ukrainian workers are equipped with logging equipment (chainsaws) and inventory and receive remuneration according to a piece-rate system for a certain amount of logging.
The main logging companies in the region are: Group of companies "Maltat" (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), OOO "Shiverales" (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), CJSC "Pashutinskoe" (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), CJSC "Angarsky LPH "(harvesting about 200 thousand m3), Sibartles LLC (harvesting about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other companies.
Roundwood prices are currently on the rise in the Japanese and Chinese markets. The growth rate of prices for the period January 2003 - January 2004 amounted to 15-20%.
More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from the region every year.
Lumber production
The Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks third in Russia in the production of sawn timber after the Arkhangelsk and Irkutsk regions. The total volume of lumber production in 2004 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory amounted to about 1,821 thousand m3.
Figure 2: Sawn timber by regions of the Russian Federation, 2004, thousand m 3
Source: Goskomstat RF
The share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is 15% in the total Russian production of sawn timber. On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest producers of sawn timber in Russia with production volumes of over 400 thousand m in 2003 amounted to 430 thousand m3 of lumber), which are located in the city of Lesosibirsk.
In addition, OJSC Maklakovsky LDK is located in Lesosibirsk (production volume in 2003 amounted to 160 thousand m3 of sawn timber).
Figure 3: Dynamics of lumber production, thousand m 3
Pulp and paper production
According to statistics, the pulp and paper industry produced: 1.12 thousand tons of market pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard. The only manufacturer of pulp and paper products in the territory of the region is Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill LLC, which is part of the Continental Management group.
Figure 4: Dynamics of paper production, thousand tons
The Pulp and Paper Mill includes: timber production, wood-pulp shop, cooking shops (pulp and semi-pulp production), paper mill, containerboard factory, cardboard drying shop, paper processing shop, acid shop, bleaching shop, chemical shop , treatment facilities, auxiliary production shops.
At the moment, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has announced plans to build two pulp and paper mills in the region: in the city of Lesosibirsk and in the Boguchansky district (on the basis of the Boguchanskaya HPP).
Figure 5: Dynamics of cardboard production, thousand tons
Source: ULC Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fiberboard production
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is the leader in the production of fiberboard in Russia. The region's share is 24% in the total Russian production of WPV. Fiberboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 59.2 million m 3 .
Figure 6: Dynamics of fiberboard production, thousand m 3 Source: ULC Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
There are two largest fiberboard producers in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK (production volume in 2003 amounted to 25 thousand m2) and OJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1 (production volume in 2003 amounted to 24 thousand m2), which located in Lesosibirsk. The volume of fiberboard production in 2004 increased by 10.8%.
Chipboard production
The volume of chipboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 72.8 thousand m 3
Figure 7: EAF production dynamics, thousand m 3 Source: ULC Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
In 2004, the output of particle boards decreased by 7.5%.
CJSC "Krasnoyarsk DOK" is the main producer of chipboard in the region. The decrease in the production of chipboards was due to the shutdown of the production of PLC at the beginning of 2004 for the overhaul of equipment.
CJSC "Krasnoyarsk DOK" does not produce laminated chipboard, which is in demand among furniture manufacturers, furniture makers of the region are forced to import this type of raw material from neighboring regions. The company's products are consumed mainly by the construction industry.
Markets
The main component of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in foreign economic activity is the export orientation of the industry. In terms of exports, it is in 3rd place after non-ferrous metallurgy and the petrochemical complex. The main timber consignors in 2000 were CJSC Novoeniseysky Timber Chemical Complex, CJSC Lesosibirsky LDK No. 1, OJSC Igarsky Sea Port, LLC Taiga-Ex, CJSC First Siberian Forest Company, CJSC Dilen, OJSC JSC "Yeniseiles".
Exports of wood products and wood products can be divided into two relatively separate groups:
- raw timber- export in 2000 amounted to 25.1 million US dollars, having increased by 14.6%. The first position in the geographical structure over the past few years has been occupied by China (90.5%). However, it is worth noting the fact that raw wood is exported to China at a price of about 60 US dollars per 1 cubic meter, mainly to Manchuria, where the so-called "Forest Base" has been created. This is a huge center from which Siberian products are sold on the territory of Central and South China at a price of 120 US dollars, the creation of this base was initiated not by Russia, but by the Chinese side, so the main efforts should be directed to the development of relations with the southern provinces of China, which have benefits for conducting foreign economic activity.
- processed timber- exports in 2000 amounted to 101.3 million dollars, having decreased by 5.8% compared to 1999. The price for exported products varies from $80 per 1 cubic meter. m. up to 295 per 1 ton. This group accounts for the main share in the commodity structure of exports - more than 60%.
The main positions in this group are still occupied by the two largest sawmills of the region, CJSC Novoeniseisky Timber Chemical Complex and CJSC Lesosibirsky LDK No. 1, located in the city of Lesosibirsk. In total, these enterprises produce about 900,000 cubic meters of export sawn timber per year, with an integrated wood utilization rate of up to 95%.
At the highest prices (per 1 ton of timber), products were exported to Syria ($295), Tunisia ($268), Great Britain ($248) and Spain ($203.7), while the lowest to Turkey (174.5 US dollars), Egypt (178 US dollars) and neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan). However, if in the early 90s the countries Central Asia were the main consumer of these products, today their share in consumption is very low.
One of the most important reasons for this situation was the existing policy of the Ministry of Railways of Russia regarding export tariffs for goods to the CIS countries. Today, it is more profitable for enterprises of the region to supply their products to the countries of the Far Abroad, for example, to China, than to the Republic of Uzbekistan. As a result, the delivery of products from the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Krasnoyarsk Territory is carried out mainly with the help of vehicles, which does not allow us to provide the volumes of supplies of products necessary for the enterprises of the region and fully meet demand.
Another reason that many enterprises are aimed at Western foreign partners is the prevailing level of prices for timber products of the region, which is inaccessible to the Central Asian market, and the introduction by the Republic of Kazakhstan of a duty on transit transportation of products to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
Also, sleepers for railway and tram tracks, chipboard, fiberboard, plywood are exported from the Krasnoyarsk Territory. These are mainly the countries of Central Asia, Egypt and Syria, however, here, too, the tariff policy of the Ministry of Railways of Russia has led to a reduction in the number of contracts concluded for the supply of products from small and medium-sized enterprises of the timber industry complex of the region. D
Suffice it to say that in order to send one wagon of chipboard to Tashkent, it is necessary to pay a railway tariff in the amount of about $ 2,600, which is more than 60% of the price of the goods in the wagon. In general, the share of these commodity groups in the total volume of exports, according to 2000 data, amounted to 5.6%.
- pulp, paper and cardboard- exports in 2000 amounted to 3.99 million US dollars, which is 30% higher than in 1999. It should be noted that in 2000 the export of wood pulp began - to Greece (448.5 thousand US dollars) and China (50.2 thousand US dollars), while in 1999 this product was not exported.
In 2000, exports of paper and paperboard amounted to US$ 3.49 million, an increase of 29%. In contrast to 1999, deliveries to the countries of Central Asia increased - Uzbekistan (+40.4%), Tajikistan (+58.9%), Kyrgyzstan (+50.9%). Deliveries to Kazakhstan decreased (-7.4%), which is the main importer of paper and kraton.
Export to other regions
The main timber and paper products, which play a significant role in the markets of other regions of Russia and are exported by the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are commercial timber and sawn timber.
Export to foreign markets
The main flows of timber products are directed along the Trans-Siberian and Lesosiberian railways, as well as along the Yenisei and Angara rivers.
Huge forest areas in the north cannot be developed due to x distance from roads. and the share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory accounts for 5% of all-Russian timber exports. In the total volume of timber exports of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the main share is accounted for by roundwood and sawn timber.
The export of timber and paper products from the Krasnoyarsk Territory is mainly focused on non-CIS countries. The share of the CIS countries is insignificant. The main roundwood importing countries are China and Japan, which account for more than 90% of the total export of roundwood from the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Lumber is exported to many countries in Asia, Europe, North Africa: Japan, China, Egypt, Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Tunisia, Lebanon, Greece, Italy, France. Pulp is exported to China, Ireland, Italy, Republic of Korea, Poland, Slovakia.
At present, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region are exporters of sawn softwood on the Western European market. The largest importers in this market are France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy and Germany.
The main timber industry regions of the region
Conventionally, the territory of the region can be divided into several timber processing districts: the city of Esosibirsk (sawmilling center), Boguchansky district (logging center), Kezhemsky district (logging and sawmilling), Krasnoyarsk (sawmilling and pulp and paper mill), Kansk (sawmilling).
Lesopromyshlenny district of Lesosibirsk
Lesosibirsk is the largest timber industry center of the region and the largest city in the Nizhneangarsk region, which is located on the Yenisei tract 260-280 km north of Krasnoyarsk. The city is located at a distance of 27 km south of the mouth of the river. Hangars. All riverside timber enterprises on the Angara River have an inconvenient transport location, and the city of Lesosibirsk will remain the only place through which forest streams will pass (raft downstream the Angara River). In addition, in the city of Lesosibirsk there is a railway Achinsk-Lesosibirsk (274 km). CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK, CJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1, OJSC Maklakovsky LDK are engaged in sawmilling and woodworking. In addition, there are about twenty small enterprises in the city that are engaged in sawmilling, mainly on the basis of P-63 frames, or reselling sawlogs to China.
Boguchansky district
The Boguchansky District is the leader in logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the results of 2004, harvesting volumes in the Boguchansky district amount to 3.1 million m3. Sawmilling in the area is not developed. Several small enterprises carry out sawmilling in the area on the basis of the R-63 sawmill, as well as a number of other small lines (machine tools). The average volume of production of sawmills does not exceed 10-20 thousand m3 of sawn timber annually. The transport infrastructure is poorly developed in the region, the main ways of exporting raw materials from the region are: the railway (single-track line from Karabula station) and the Angara River.
Most of the logging enterprises of the region, located on the left bank of the river. Angara, send their products for export to China and Japan, due to high prices for products in 2004. Right-bank enterprises cannot take the prepared volumes to the railway sidings, and are forced to float them to the city of Lesosibirsk along the Angara River.
The largest logging enterprise in the region is the Maltat group of companies (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), which is part of the MS Management group. In addition, harvesting is carried out on the territory of the district: Shiverales LLC (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), CJSC Pashutinskoye (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), CJSC Angarsky LPH (harvesting about 200 thousand m3), LLC Sibartles" (harvesting about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other enterprises. Currently, the main harvests are shifting to the right bank of the Angara River due to the depletion of forest reserves on the left bank.
Kezhemsky district.
Timber industry district of Krasnoyarsk
In the city of Krasnoyarsk there are a number of industries aimed at timber processing. Among these industries: OJSC "Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill", OJSC AK "Eniseiles", CJSC "KLM Co", CJSC "Krasnoyarsk DOK", OJSC "Krasnoyarsk BHZ". In addition, in 2004, the Yenisei woodworking plant was built in the village of Berezovka.
The advantages of the city of Krasnoyarsk, as a site for the processing of raw materials, are:
Availability of qualified personnel.
Developed infrastructure.
Availability of a pulp and paper mill, where part of the waste can be delivered
production.
The disadvantages of the city of Krasnoyarsk, as a site for the processing of raw materials, are:
The lack of raw materials in the vicinity of the city leads to growth
transport logistics at least $9-20 per m3 of lumber.
Growing environmental requirements for city enterprises.
High land fees.
According to Russian Investors - Siberia LLC, projects related to the deep processing of wood will be developed in the city. Lumbering district of Kansk There are two main sawmills in Kansk: CJSC "LDK Kansky" and LLC "Kanskwood". In addition, the city has Kansky BHZ JSC, which accepts sawmill waste - wood chips and sawdust, etc. According to information obtained from open sources, CJSC LDK Kansky produces about 46 thousand m3 of sawn timber annually. In December 2004, a new shop for drying lumber was opened in Kansk. According to the public statements of the management, already in 2005 the enterprise will process 100,000 m3. Kanskwood LLC is part of the MS Management group and produces about 15-20 thousand m3 of lumber annually. The company is focused on the production of high quality larch lumber.
Conclusion
The concept of development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
In 2004, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory adopted the "Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015"
Implementation of the Concept and main directions for the development of the forest complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015. will make it possible to involve in industrial production more, currently unclaimed, resources of low-quality raw materials (due to the commissioning of new capacities for deep processing of wood), while ensuring the growth of marketable products from 1 m3 of harvested wood from $25.2 to $70-80 in 2010 and $140-160 in 2015
In case of implementation of the concept (see Table 4)
The volume of harvesting will increase by 1.8 times - from 9.5 to 18 thousand m3
The production of sawn timber will grow by 2.5 times - from 1.8 to 4.5 thousand m3
Conditions are being created to increase profitability in forestry activities (on average 3 times).
The annual profit of the industry will be 16.6 billion rubles, while the budget revenue will be about 13.0 billion rubles.
The number of timber workers will increase by 15-16 thousand people.
The average salary will be about 16 thousand rubles.
The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in terms of profitability can reach the level of investment self-sufficiency for the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production, as well as accumulate funds for equity participation (in the amount of 50-60%) in investing in new construction of forestry facilities, including the development of timber resources that were previously inaccessible .
Table 4: Calculation of marketable products in 2015 (“Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for 2004-2015”)
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Products |
Production volume |
Production cost (mln.$) |
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Wood removal |
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lumber |
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Total main products |
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Other products -3-5% (joinery and building products, sleepers, wood chemistry, etc.) |
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Total timber products |
2 362,2-2 408,1 |
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|
million rubles |
References
1. Granberg A. G. Fundamentals of regional economics - M.: GU HSE, 2000
2. Regional economy: Textbook for universities / T. G. Morozova M.P. Pobedeeva et al., 2001
3. The economy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2001. Statistical Yearbook
4. Overview of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory LLC Russian Investors-Siberia. Statistical review 2004
5. Magazine "Expert-Siberia" ("Top-200" Krasnoyarsk Territory)
In the very heart of Russia, in the very center of cold Siberia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is located - a beautiful region rich in amazing nature, plants, animals. It is not for nothing that Krasnoyarsk residents who have left to live in other regions recall the beauties of their native places with nostalgia. What is so special about the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory?
General information
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the largest Russian regions, stretching from north to south for three thousand kilometers - along the Yenisei River, from the Kara Sea itself to the border with Khakassia and Tuva. Thanks to this, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is the only one in our country where absolutely all natural zones are present - from the Arctic deserts in the north to the steppes in the south. Most of this region is occupied by taiga, and the northern territories are dominated by permafrost.
The diversity of the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is truly amazing: there are forests with the most valuable tree species, and harsh rock masses, and the cleanest lakes. That is why tourism is so widespread among the inhabitants of the region. native land- its beauty is impossible to enjoy.
Territory climate
Since the Krasnoyarsk Territory, due to its size, contains three climatic zones(arctic, subarctic and temperate), then the climate in the region is sharply continental. Mountains, as well as the Arctic Circle and remoteness from the sea, have a great influence on it. In the north, in Norilsk, Dudinka, Igarka, winter lasts almost all year round: really warm days, when the temperature outside is more than fifteen degrees above zero, in this area, in total, there will be no more than a month in a year. The above cities are considered the Far North.
Note that long summer not in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in its central part. However, here it is quite hot, and the air temperature is subject to sudden changes. It is most comfortable in the south of the region - it is just as hot there in summer, and winter is much easier to endure, because here it is not so severe and with less rainfall than in the rest of the territory. The southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are famous for big amount salt lakes. That is why there are many different sanatoriums, resorts and recreation centers.
Relief
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is as if divided in two by the beautiful Yenisei, and this is reflected in the relief of the region. Low-lying valleys stretch along the left bank, and the Central Siberian Plateau along the right bank. The southern part of the region is represented by a high mountain system - the Sayans, which have gained fame among tourists and rock climbers for their untouched picturesque nature and rare animals that live here. In the same place, in the south, there are Ergaki - mountains, popular because of the large number of lakes, waterfalls, sheer beautiful cliffs and valleys.
In the north of the region, near the Taimyr Peninsula, there are many coves and bays. On the other side of the peninsula are mountains with lakes.
Reserves of the region
Rocks, lakes, rivers - all this is presented in abundance in the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The region is rich in various reserves and parks. The most famous is the Stolby nature reserve, located in the capital of the region.
In addition to the Pillars, there is the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. As the name implies, it is located on the territory of the Shushensky district, and was created in order to be able to preserve the sable population. The Taimyrsky Reserve, one of the most visited in Russia, is located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The most common animals in it are arctic fox, wolf and white hare. Many scientists regularly flock to the territory of the reserve, as mammoth excavations are carried out there.
The Tunguska Reserve was created at the site of the fall of the meteorite of the same name in order to study the consequences of the catastrophe that occurred (it happened more than a century ago, in 1908). The mystery of this phenomenon, despite many attempts, has not been disclosed so far. The wolverine lives in the Central Siberian Reserve. They also conduct unique studies of the ancient and now small northern people - the Kets.
In addition to those mentioned, there are the Big Arctic reserve, Putoransky Reserve, national park"Shushensky Bor" and many others.
Reserve "Stolby"
The name of the reserve appeared due to its rocks - high syenite fragments, shaped like pillars, of which there are more than a hundred throughout the complex (which is thirty-four kilometers). The reserve was opened in 1925 at the initiative of the then citizens - in order to preserve the unique nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, located near these rocks. To this day, Stolby is very popular with residents. Each rock on the territory of the reserve has its own name - Grandfather, Feathers, Sparrows.
The reserve is conventionally divided into zones. One is tourist. It is available for everyone to visit. The second zone is nature protection. Rare animals live there, many of which are listed in the Red Book, and various trees and shrubs grow there, which are also on the verge of extinction. Access there is closed. But even those nature and animals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which can be seen in the permitted zone, will not leave anyone indifferent.
Fauna
The fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is extremely rich and diverse. Over ninety species of various mammals live throughout the region. In each natural area they are their own: in the mountains these are argali, in the Far North - deer and white bears, in the steppe - gophers and hares (by the way, a great many gophers run in Krasnoyarsk, on the "green zone" of the city - Tatyshev Island), in the taiga - a fox, squirrel, bear.
More than four hundred species of birds inhabit the Krasnoyarsk Territory. There are geese, woodpeckers, cranes, storks, even flamingos. As for reptiles and amphibians, there are six species of the former in the region, and four of the latter. But fish - more than fifty species. Among them is the sturgeon, glorified by fellow countryman of Krasnoyarsk Viktor Petrovich Astafiev.
Flora
The Ministry of Nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory cares about the conservation of not only the fauna of the region, but also unique flora. Most of the territory (1500 thousand km 2) is occupied by taiga. There are coniferous, deciduous, mixed forests. Among the vegetation, cedars, larches, spruces, and pines predominate.
Mosses and lichens are common in the north - there are several dozen of them different types as well as shrubs. To the south you can find polar poppies and a variety of cereal crops.
Red Book
The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory suffers greatly from unfavorable ecology, as a result of which many representatives of the animals present here are dying out. Therefore, now more than one hundred and forty of their species are listed in the Red Book. Among them one can name snow leopard, Siberian roe deer, red wolf, ibex, fin whale and others.
A lot of plants of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are also in the Red Book. All of them are strictly protected in a special zone of the Stolby nature reserve.
Minerals
It is the Krasnoyarsk Territory that is considered the richest in Russia for various natural resources. For example, the region is the leader in terms of coal reserves. In addition, there is a lot of zinc, quartz, graphite, nickel, cobalt, lead and other rocks in the region. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is also a constant supplier of oil and gas. As many as twenty-five deposits have been discovered in the region. This is one of the main raw material regions of Russia.
Ecology of the region
Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unfortunately, do not go hand in hand. If the nature of the region can be admired, then there is nothing to brag about the ecology. According to experts, the region is actively polluted. The data indicate that half of the inhabitants of the region are forced to live in an unfavorable ecological environment. Norilsk, Nazarovo and the capital of the region, Krasnoyarsk, are considered the most environmentally unfavorable cities. All this is connected with the largest enterprises in these settlements, which pollute the air.
It should be noted that bad ecology affects not only people. Animals and plants suffer from polluted waters and waterlogged soils. Because of all this, the region is one of the three most polluted in the country. Although measures are being taken to protect the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they are clearly not enough to solve the accumulated problems.
This is the name of the book of a candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of the department of technology and equipment for logging of the forest engineering faculty of our university, a patriot of the forest, the author of numerous publications in periodicals (one of them is just on the topic) (and also a member of the board of the Independent Public Ecological Chamber of the Krasnoyarsk Territory; his own correspondent of Lesnaya Gazeta in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, correspondent of the newspaper Our Territory) Gennady Semenovich Mironov. The book was published by the Krasnoyarsk publishing house "Litera-Print" this year and quite fresh (signed for circulation at the end of August this year) was donated by the author to the library.
Mironov, G. S. Enter the world of the forest: essays based on the expositions of the Museum of the Forest of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / G. S. Mironov. - Krasnoyarsk: Litera-Print, 2013. - 204 p.
The publication is dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Forest Museum (which, as noted in the book, is considered the best in Siberia). And the book is framed according to the occasion - coated paper, each page is colored autumn leaves, lots of illustrations. The author, as if walking through the halls of the museum, talks about certain pages in the development of forestry, occasionally referring to the relevant exhibits. But this is not a tour of the halls of the museum in the traditional sense: the expositions remain "undeveloped" and continue to be a "mystery" for readers - the book in no way replaces a live tour and should interest those who have not yet been to the Museum of the Forest. I still have not been there, although I have been to the arboretum many times, which is opposite the museum. However, there was one more reason to postpone this event - our dear frendessa kedrovnic
gave us a very detailed tour of the museum on the pages of her magazine back in June 2010.
In general, despite the fact that the text of the book is perceived very easily (the publication is addressed to a wide range of readers), it is rich in "serious" factual material and can serve as a reference book on the history of the region's forest industry. Scrupulously collected and reflected information about the emergence and abolition of certain structures, the change of their leaders, dates, names.
Let's go through the chapters of the book.
Introduction dedicated to the history of the creation of the forest museum and the people - the "culprits" of its occurrence. Interestingly, the idea of organizing such a museum arose as early as 1920, and it appeared in 1997. Such well-known Krasnoyarsk artists as K. S. Voinov, N. M. Shalamov, designer V. I. Oleinik worked on the creation of expositions. Here is a walk through the halls of the museum with the presentation of the most amazing exhibits. Surprise number 1 - the museum has a piece of petrified wood, which is about 300 million years old! In the same chapter, there is a photograph of the veterans of the industry handing over to the museum a handwritten "Golden Book" about the history of the region's timber exports. (In the spring of 2012, we spoke with museilesa_krsk about the possibility of donating one of the copies of the book to our library.)
Those who are inexperienced in the history of forestry in general and Krasnoyarsk in particular will find a lot of interesting factual data.
Fact number 1 from the most interesting chapter " Forest and power". "Emperor Peter I is considered the first forester of Russia. In 1703, he introduced strict state regulation of forest use along the banks of rivers, forbade the felling of valuable ship species of trees, and ordered that reserved forests be made known. The description of forest resources was the first step towards their rational use" (p. 17).
So here it is - the first forester in Russia, it turns out, is considered the king. And he, not Lenin (:
initiated the description of Russian forests.)
Apparently, in relation to the forest as a source of materials for the construction of the fleet, the reason that back in the 19th century, the uniform of foresters, introduced by decree of Paul I, copied the uniforms of naval officers, and the "forest service people" were assigned to the Admiralty and the naval department and received their salary there (p. 19).
Fact number 2, indicating the seriousness and spiritual essence of the activities of "forest service people" - the text of the oath, which was taken in the nearest church by the ranks of the forest guard, formed and recorded in the Forest Charter of 1905. In it: "I promise and swear by Almighty God, before his holy gospel, in what I want and owe to His Imperial Majesty... serve faithfully and without hypocrisy and obey in everything, not sparing his life to the last drop of blood" (p. 21).
The chapter consistently traces the features of all periods of management of the forest industry in Russia and the USSR. From here we learn, for example, that it was during the reign of L. I. Brezhnev that decisions were adopted on the development of shelter belts around fields (protective afforestation) (p. 23), and when M. S. Gorbachev was in power, in 1987-1988 . the region experienced a peak in logging volumes - 23-24 million cubic meters per year (in 1998 they amounted to only 5.5 million) (p. 27). From a more recent history: "In June 1993, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Regulation on the lease of forest fund plots" (p. 29) - a revolution in the industry.
Separate, albeit short, the chapter is devoted to the forests of collective farms and state farms. And not in vain, because these forests for quite a long time, from 1948 to 1965, had a special status - they were assigned "to collective farms for perpetual use, and the collective farms themselves were recognized as full users and all products obtained in rural forests, as well as the income from the release of wood to other consumers, came at their disposal" (p. 40).
In the chapter " Honored Foresters of Russia"- about the forestry workers of the region, awarded the honorary title "Honored Arborist of the Russian Federation" (established in 1966). Their portraits are hung in the Hall of Labor Glory of the museum.
Among them are employees of our university: director of the educational and experimental forestry () Dmitry Vasilyevich Yurchishin (title awarded in 1995), professor Rimma Nikitichna Matveeva (1998), dean of the forestry faculty (for the period of awarding the title - 2006) Pavel Ivanovich Aminev.
Perhaps one of the most carefully (with numerous details) written chapter " From an ax to a forest harvester". It seems exciting even to those who are far from technology in the humanities and even urges them to visit the corresponding large exposition of the museum :). Here is about the development of logging and timber transportation technologies, including old black-and-white documentary photographs.
"The first sawmill in Krasnoyarsk of the merchant Lukin was built in 1893 on the left bank of the Yenisei. In 1910, the Abakan sawmill appeared on the right bank. The raw materials for them came by rafting along the Yenisei. In 1917, a sawmill built by a joint-stock shipping company, trade and industry. It was intended for sawing wood for export by the Northern Sea Route "(p. 52).
Wooden railroad! Did you know such a thing existed? She laid out right in the forest and the forest was taken out on horseback along it.
The evolution of such a seemingly banal tool for felling trees as a saw has been traced. It turns out that "the saw came to the cutting area only in the middle of the 19th century... With the appearance in Russia of better quality Swedish saws and files, lumberjacks began to use these tools more willingly when felling trees" (p. 57). And what is a bow saw, you know? About her on page 60.
An interesting fact from the rules for accepting a cutting area after a brigade of lumberjacks worked on it in the 1930s: "To guarantee the cleaning of the cutting area, a deposit of 10 percent was withheld from the salary of each member of the team. After the acceptance of the cutting area by the foreman, the deposit was returned" (p. 59).
Tractors began to be used in logging in the late 30s. It was just a period of acute shortage of petroleum products, and therefore the government decided to switch to wood fuel - generator gas. Our (at that time) institute took an active part in the development of gas-generating equipment
.
CNG vehicles on the roadways
Gas generating tractor for timber removal
A revolution in logging technology was the appearance since 1948 of a new skidder KT-12. In 1955, it was replaced by the TDT-40, which runs on liquid fuel.
The next big step forward is the introduction of the jaw loader for the loading of tree trunks and trees. "The authors of the first loader were the Ermakov brothers from the Tashtyp timber industry enterprise. Later, an improved design began to be produced at the Krasnoyarsk forest machine building plant" (p. 64).
Finally, in the 70s. felling machines appeared.
Machines that later began to be used, and even more so, modern technology resembles robots: the operations they perform (cut branches, wrap around and drag giant logs, etc.) are so similar to the movements of human hands, only huge ones.
Sufficient attention is paid to the evolution of the technology of raft timber rafting - transportation of timber by water.
In the chapter on forest management You can see rare photographs of the early 20th century. Forest inventory (or "bringing the forests to prominence") began a little earlier - at the end of the 19th century, and "by 1917, forest management was carried out in 136 state-owned forest dachas, which were divided into 24 forest areas" (p. 74). Interesting figures relating to 1924 leads
Separate the chapter is devoted to the Krasnoyarsk base of aviation forest protection. Protection of forests from the air on the territory of the region began in 1936. Then the first Krasnoyarsk squadron No. 03 of the All-Union forest aviation trust was created. In 1940, he, consisting of 17 aviation units, provided air protection of forests from the Lena to the Ob with an area of more than 50 million hectares! (S. 83). The history of the detachment is fascinating, given by the author in great detail. By 1986, the Krasnoyarsk air base had become one of the largest in the system of aviation forest protection (the team consisted of 1,300 people) (p. 91).
The receiver of the Krasnoyarsk base of aviation forest protection was Forest fire center, created in 2010 and combining all the work on air and ground patrolling of forests, as well as on air and ground fighting forest fires. This year the number of the Center is 1679 people! Of the technical innovations that the Center is equipped with, I remember an unmanned aerial vehicle used to detect forest fires (p. 97).
At the beginning of 2011, the Forest Museum also became part of the Forest Fire Center. He began to belong to the Department of propaganda in the field of forest protection. The next chapter is devoted to the latter. Today the Department is headed by the director of the Museum of the Forest Natalya Iosifovna Gorskikh.
In the chapter " forest doctors"- about the Center for the Protection of the Forest of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This is a branch of the Russian Center for the Protection of the Forest. How important such an organization is, immediately convinces historical fact, which, in fact, became the impetus for the formation in 1969 in Krasnoyarsk of a forest protection station. These are outbreaks of mass reproduction of the silkworm, which led to the death and damage to forests on an area of more than 10 million hectares. The "result" of the last major outbreak in the 1990s was 480 hectares of dark coniferous plantations on the territory of seven forestry enterprises of the Angara-Yenisei group (p. 111).
Today, the Forest Protection Center has the capabilities of modern laboratories - phytopathological, entomological, radiation control, in its structure there is a forest seed station, a department of geographic information systems and technologies, a department of genetics and selection. Gennady Semenovich tells what success the latter has achieved in the study of plant DNA (including within the framework of international projects) and how these results can be used. Indeed, fantastic!
Next chapter" Forest science in the Krasnoyarsk Territory"- about two centers of "forest" science: about the Institute of Forest named after V.N. Sukachev of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the All-Russian Research Institute of Fire Protection of Forests and Forestry Mechanization (VNIIPOMleskhoz). The latter functioned for 30 years - from 1978 to 2008. - as an application center for the development of forest fire fighting technologies.
The Institute of Forestry moved to Krasnoyarsk from Moscow in 1959. Why, after the institute was included in the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was it transferred to our city? But because here at that time there already existed a number of scientific and industrial institutions of the forest profile. Among them, our institute (then SibLTI - Siberian Forestry) is the largest beyond the Urals.
"The institute's team was tasked with creating a block of normative documents that would determine the conduct of basic forestry work in Siberia, taking into account the specifics of forests" (p. 122). The activities of the institute extended, therefore, not only to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. For example, in the 1960s, the institute worked on recommendations for the preservation of the environment-forming properties of forests in the Baikal basin. The fact is that the purity of the waters of the lake depends on how the surrounding forests function.
The Institute held and now holds a leading position. In the 1980s, the institute became a leader in the research and use of aerospace information in forestry, and today it has acquired the status of "the most qualified scientific institution in the country" (p. 127).
A special exposition of the museum is dedicated to the educational institutions of the region that train specialists for the forestry industry. The chapter " forest education". The fate of the three "forest" faculties of the Siberian Technological: Forestry (LHF), Forest Engineering (LIF) and the Faculty of Forest Exploitation and Transport is traced by the author. The first of them was the first. Actually, it was he who was transferred in 1930 to Krasnoyarsk from Omsk, when the Siberian Institute was disbanded there Agriculture and forestry. The faculty was opened back in 1922, and therefore (paradox!) it is older than SibGTU. Speaking about the forestry faculty, Gennady Semenovich pays considerable attention to Krutovsky's garden. The second faculty, LIF, is the same age as our university, it was founded simultaneously with its opening in 1930. In 1935, the third "forestry" faculty was created.
From the scientific and innovative developments of the institute, the author singles out the work of the department of water transport in the 50s. This is the development of technology for alloying wood in conditions of heavy wind-wave regimes at the reservoirs of the Kama and Volga HPP cascades (p. 141).
In the city, one can trace enough scientific and cultural phenomena, originating in the first Krasnoyarsk university. So in the book "Enter the World of the Forest" I found a manifestation of this historical trend. In 1956 V.N.
The Divnogorsk forestry technical school, which opened in 1975, turns out to be the best in Russia today (p. 145). Although, this surprised me less than the fact that "the structure of the educational institution includes a vast area of forest in suburban area Divnogorsk and the territory of the Yemelyanovsky district with a total area of 6 thousand hectares" (p. 144) (!).
The last and most voluminous chapter " Green gold of Siberia"is dedicated to individual trees - larch, common pine, cedar, spruce, fir, birch, aspen, bird cherry, hawthorn, willow, poplar, mountain ash, alder, acacia. I wanted to skip it, getting acquainted with the book, but it didn’t work out: the characteristics of the trees are given lovingly , indicating very curious and unusual properties. "So, for the Yakut natives, larch often replaced bread. Not the wood itself, of course, but the bast, located on the inside of the bark. White juicy ribbons were separated from the trunk, boiled in water, then diluted with sour milk and eaten" (p. 153).
After processing, the book will go to the reading room of natural science literature. Come, read, consider.
The total area of land on which forests grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01.01.2015 is 164.0 million hectares. The forests of the region are located on the lands of the forest fund, lands of defense and security, lands of specially protected areas, lands of settlements and lands of other categories. The area of forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares.
Forest and non-forest lands are distinguished as part of the forest fund lands. Forest lands are represented by areas covered with forest vegetation, and areas not covered with forest vegetation, but intended for its restoration (cutting areas, burnt areas, areas occupied by nurseries, etc.). Non-forest lands include lands intended for forestry (clearings, roads, etc.).
According to Rosreestr) as of January 1, 2015, the area of forest land was 120.9 million hectares, including 110.9 million hectares covered with forest vegetation, 10.0 million hectares not covered with forest vegetation (Table 7.2).
Table 7.2
The total area of forest fund lands of the region according to Rosreestr is 155.6 million hectares (Table 3.1 in Section 3 of this Report), according to the Ministry natural resources and ecology of the region - 158.7 million hectares (see Table 7.3). This discrepancy is explained by the fact that not all forest lands that are currently in the category of agricultural land (as of 01.01.2015 - 3.55 million hectares) and in other categories of land are put on state cadastral registration with the category of land "lands of the forest fund ". IN municipal areas work is systematically carried out on forest management and land surveying on all forest areas with the subsequent setting of forest plots for cadastral registration in the Rosreestr Administration for the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2014 at the expense of similar works in the Abansky district, the area of forest fund lands increased by 7.0 thousand hectares.
Forest plantation zoning of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ) . The forest vegetation of the region is rich and varied. It is characterized by clear meridional and altitudinal zoning. In the vegetation cover of the northern regions, pine and larch forests predominate, in the southern regions - dark coniferous forests with the participation of spruce, fir, and cedar in the forest stand.
For the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (within the framework of the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), forest plantation zoning of the forest fund was carried out: 4 forest vegetation zones and 7 forest regions were identified with relatively similar conditions for the use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests (The Forest Plant Zoning Map is given in the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the forest fund).
Zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga occupies 25413.7 thousand hectares or 15.5% of total area all forests of the region. The zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga includes one forest region - the Central Siberian region of tundra forests - forest tundra and sparse taiga, represented by larch sparse forests, alternating with shrub tundra and hilly peat bogs. The predominant tree species is the Dahurian larch V-Va of the quality class. The forest cover of the region is about 4%.
characteristic feature The vegetation cover of the tundra forest area is its mosaic and complexity, due to the wide development of micro- and mesorelief forms, as well as the rapid change in soil and hydrological conditions. All forests of the Central Siberian region of tundra forests are classified as protective forests.
taiga zone occupies the most extensive territory, over 120 million hectares or 73.2% of the region's forests. The average forest cover of the taiga zone is 70.6%. According to the nature of the vegetation cover, it is divided into 3 forest regions: the West Siberian plain taiga, the Central Siberian plateau taiga and the Angara forest.
West Siberian Plain Taiga Region covers the basins of the tributaries of the Yenisei - rr. Kas, Sym, Kolchum and the upper reaches of the rivers of the Ob basin - Sochur, Bolshaya Elovaya. This is a drained area eastern outskirts West Siberian Plain. The total forest cover of the region is 73%; swampiness of the area is 27%.
The most valuable are the pine forests of the green moss group of forest types (cowberry, bilberry, rosemary), growing on sandy ridges with podzolic soils. Forest stands of III–IV quality class, mostly of the same age. Renewal, both under the forest canopy and after logging or fires, occurs successfully without changing species.
The area is also characterized by lichen pine forests with strongly podzolic soils of grade IV, less often grade V. Larch forests are quite rare, birch forests are derivatives.
Central Siberian plateau taiga region occupies the largest area. The southern border runs along the watershed of the Angara and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers and in the southwestern part along the watershed of the Dubches and Sym rivers. Northern - from Igarka through the Putorana plateau to the administrative border of the Republic of Sakha.
In the northern part of this forest area, sparse forests grow with small wood reserves, about 100 m³ per 1 ha. The forests here are mainly represented by Dahurian and Siberian larch, downy birch, and spruce. Productivity of larch stands of V-III quality class. Pine and spruce forests are always V-Va bonitet. Mature and overmature forest stands prevail here, accounting for almost 70% of timber reserves. There is no industrial exploitation of forests, not harvested a large number of for local needs. The forests are used for deer grazing and as hunting grounds.
In the middle part of the forest area, the forest stand becomes more dense, the average wood stock increases to 150 m³ per 1 ha, the average growth also increases, and the grass-shrub undergrowth becomes richer. The vegetation cover is dominated by low-productive sparse dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar with Siberian larch in the 1st layer and birch forests derived from them from warty and downy birch. Significant areas are occupied by larch forests of Siberian larch and a hybrid form between Siberian and Dahurian larch - Chekanovsky larch. Small areas are occupied by aspen and birch forests. The predominant groups of forest types are: shrub-moss, lichen, sphagnum, green moss. In small areas there are reed forests. Fir elfin is widespread in the undergrowth. Dark coniferous species are more often of grade V. Green moss larch forests can be grade III.
In the southern part of the Central Siberian plateau taiga region, the dominant position in the vegetation is occupied by cedar and spruce forests. Often cedar and spruce form mixed stands. Forests with a predominance of fir are very rare, but mixed with cedar and spruce are widespread. Larch and pine forests (forb and green moss groups of forest types) are marked by small areas in river valleys and watersheds. Birch forests are widespread on the site of the burnt dark coniferous taiga, where a layer of dark coniferous species is formed under the canopy everywhere. The most widely represented stone pine forests are green moss and long moss. Stands IV less often V quality, ripe and overmature with a fullness of 0.5-0.6. More common are cedar forests of wild rosemary-long-moss, sedge-ledum-long-moss.
Forests are developed only for the purpose of harvesting furs, fish, berries, mushrooms, etc.
Priangarsky forest district occupies a vast area. The forest cover is dominated by light coniferous forests of Scotch pine and Siberian larch with an admixture of birch. Three types of soils predominate: soddy-podzolic, soddy-calcareous and gray forest gleyed, long-seasonally frozen.
The pine forests of the Angara region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are distinguished by a relatively high productivity (III-IV, less often II gradation) and high quality wood. In the last two decades, a significant part of the territory has been covered by clear cuttings, as well as large forest fires. Natural regeneration by light coniferous species is proceeding quite satisfactorily.
Within the boundaries of the forest region, 8 economic groups of forest types have been identified: lichen, green moss, forb, tall grass, fern-horsetail, moss, sphagnum and grass-marsh. The predominant (about 67%) are the forb and green moss groups of forest types.
forest-steppe zone is located in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and has a forest area of 7465.7 thousand hectares, which is 4.6% of the total area of forest land in the region. The forest-steppe zone includes the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region.
The forests of the region are economically most developed and at present, almost the entire territory of this forest region has not preserved indigenous ("virgin") vegetation from pine, larch and spruce-fir forests. The average forest cover of the region (forest-steppe forest-vegetation zone) is 56.6%. The entire modern vegetation cover is represented, to one degree or another, by derivative (secondary) groups of birch and aspen forests that arose under the direct influence of human activity or experienced its indirect transformative influence. Pine, as well as dark coniferous black forests, have survived very little.
Profitable geographical position: attraction to the Trans-Siberian railway, convenient raftable rivers (Yenisei, Chulym, Kan) contributed to the development of forests in this forest area. Climatic and soil conditions contributed to the development of agriculture and the reduction of forest land.
South Siberian mountain zone covers most of the Western Sayan and to a small extent northwestern part Eastern Sayan. The total area of forests is 9207.5 thousand hectares or 5.6% of the total forest area of the region. The average forest cover is 74.4%. Two forest regions have been identified in the zone, Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga and Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe.
Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga region stretched out in the form of a mountain bridge 100-200 km wide at a distance of more than 700 km, and occupies southern part region, including mainly the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the Krasnoyarsk part of the Eastern Sayan with the upper reaches of the Mana, Kizir and Kan rivers. It consists of a series of ridges composed of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The relief is predominantly mid-mountain and high-mountain, strongly and deeply dissected. Significant fluctuations in absolute heights determined the altitudinal-zonal distribution of climate, soils and vegetation. Forests cover about 70% of the territory of the Western Sayan, yielding dominance in the highlands to bald mountains, stony placers and subalpine meadows, and in intermountain basins to steppes and forest-steppes.
The belt of light coniferous and deciduous forests is associated with conditions of sufficient moisture and relatively high heat supply. It occupies a narrow strip along the northern periphery of the Western Sayan. The dominant groups of forest types are pine and birch forests, forb low-mountain II and III quality class, largely changed by logging, grazing and periodic fires.
At the contact with the dark coniferous belt, there is a strip of low-mountain black aspen forests of large grass-fern groups of II-III quality class on thick, well-moistened gray forest soils. The dark coniferous belt dominates the area and covers the entire mid-mountain, partly low-mountain and highland area. The main forest-forming species are cedar and fir; spruce forests occupy about 1%.
Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe region covers a small part of the Western Sayan, located on the periphery of the Minusinsk Basin and having a range of belts: steppe, forest-steppe, light coniferous forests, dark coniferous forests and in some places mountain tundra.
The area is mid-mountain, with a slope of 15-30 o and heights from 500 to 1000-1300 m. Larch and pine forests of the forb group are widespread here, with cedar in the upper boundary of the belt. Their productivity is quite high, II-III quality in pine forests and I-III in larch forests. There is a noticeable admixture of birch in the composition.
In the transition zone to the Minusinsk Basin, xerophytic forests with reduced productivity are formed, often with an undergrowth of caragana, honeysuckle, spirea, and wild rose.
Of particular note are the ribbon pine forests located within the Minusinsk depression in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. They are an intrazonal formation and occupy sandy massifs on the right bank of the Yenisei; they owe their origin to the activities of the ancient river systems Yenisei and Tuba.
Characteristics of the forest fund. The area of forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares. The total forested area within the forest fund lands amounted to 105.1 million hectares.
The Federal Forestry Agency, in accordance with the orders of July 18, 2008 No. 207 “On determining the number of forest areas and establishing their boundaries”, in order to form territorial management units on the lands of the forest fund of the region in the field of use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests, 61 forest areas were created . The boundaries of 32 forestries included both state and former rural forestries.
Age structure forest stands are characterized by the predominance of mature and overmature plantations, which make up about 59% of the land area covered with forest vegetation. As part of coniferous forests their share exceeds 65.5% of the registered areas.
According to the State Forest Register, the total timber stock in the region is estimated at 11.5 billion m 3 . The volume of coniferous wood is 9.6 billion m 3 , of which 6.8 billion m 3 are mature and overmature stands. The stock of wood of softwood species as a whole does not exceed 1.9 billion m 3 , including 1.2 billion m 3 in mature and overmature forests.
The main forest-forming species of the forest fund are larch (43.7 million ha), birch (15.5 million ha), pine (13.4 million ha), cedar (9.7 million ha). Coniferous plantations occupy more than 76% of forested areas.
Forests located on the lands of the forest fund, according to their intended purpose, are divided into protective, operational and reserve. The distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative territories is presented in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3
Distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative
territories as of 01.01.2015
| District name | Area as of 01.01.2015, ha | Total forest area, ha | Forest area by purpose, ha | ||
| protective | operational | reserve | |||
| Aban | - | ||||
| Achinsk | - | ||||
| Balakhtinsky | - | ||||
| Berezovsky | - | ||||
| Birilyussky | - | ||||
| Bogotolsky | - | ||||
| Boguchansky | - | ||||
| Bolshemurtinsky | - | ||||
| Bolsheuluysky | - | ||||
| Dzerzhinsky | - | ||||
| Emelyanovsky | - | ||||
| Yenisei | |||||
| Ermakovskiy | - | ||||
| Idrinsky | - | ||||
| Ilanian | - | ||||
| Irbeysky | - | ||||
| Kazachinsky | - | ||||
| Kansky | - | ||||
| Karatuzsky | - | ||||
| Kezhemsky | - | ||||
| Kozulsky | - | ||||
| Krasnoturansky | - | ||||
| Kuraginskiy | - | ||||
| Mansky | - | ||||
| Minusinsky | - | - | |||
| Motyginsky | - | ||||
| Nazarovsky | - | ||||
| Nizhneingashsky | - | ||||
| Novoselovsky | - | ||||
| Guerrilla | - | ||||
| Pirovsky | - | ||||
| Rybinsky | - | ||||
| Sayan | - | ||||
| North Yenisei | |||||
| Sukhobuzimsky | - | ||||
| Taimyr | - | - | |||
| Taseevsky | - | ||||
| Turukhansky | |||||
| Tyukhtetsky | - | ||||
| Uzhur | - | ||||
| Uyarsky | - | ||||
| Sharypovsky | - | ||||
| Shushensky | - | ||||
| Evenki | |||||
| GO Divnogorsk | - | ||||
| Edge Total |
TO protective forests include forests that perform useful functions of water protection, soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, general cultural, fruit production and others, and at the same time are sources of mature and overmature wood. The use of forests in protective forests is primarily aimed at strengthening their target functions. The total area of protective forests as of 01/01/2015 is 51880.2 thousand hectares or 32.7% of the total area of the forest fund. The most significant part of protective forests is located in the forest-tundra zone in the Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky, Evenki, Turukhansky regions. Protective forests of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are categorized into main groups (Table 7.4).
Table 7.4
| Categories of protective forests | Area, thousand ha |
| Forests located in water protection zones | 1196,6 |
| Forests that perform the functions of protecting natural and other objects - total, including: | 644,4 |
| protective belts of forests located along public railways, federal public roads, public roads owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation | 172,9 |
| green areas | 458,4 |
| forest park zones | 12,3 |
| forests located in the first, second and third zones of the districts of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection of health-improving areas and resorts | 0,8 |
| Valuable forests – total, including: | 50039,3 |
| erosion control scaffolding | 1048,0 |
| forests located in desert, semi-desert, forest-steppe, forest-tundra zones, steppes, mountains | 36702,3 |
| forests with scientific or historical meaning | 32,5 |
| walnut commercial zones | 2514,5 |
| restricted lanes located along water bodies | 2692,2 |
| spawning belts of forests | 7049,8 |
TO operational forests include forests that are subject to development for the sustainable and efficient use of forest resources, obtaining high-quality commercial timber and other forest resources while maintaining the useful functions of forests. Commercial forests in the region occupy an area of 62,352.2 thousand hectares, or 39.3% of the forest fund lands. More than 5.1 billion m 3 of mature and overmature timber are concentrated in commercial forests.
TO reserve Forests on the territory of the region include forests mainly in the northern regions of the region, sparse, unproductive and remote from transport routes, where logging for economic reasons is impractical for the next 20 years; their area is 44503.6 thousand hectares, which is 28.0%.
In 2014, compared to 2013, the area of protective and operational forests increased by 22.7 thousand hectares and 394.1 thousand hectares, respectively, while the area of reserve forests decreased by 415.6 thousand hectares. The total area of forests increased by 1.2 thousand ha compared to 2013.
Compared to 2013, in 2014 the total forest area increased in Nizhneingashskoe (by 0.6 thousand ha), Kuraginskoe (by 0.5 thousand ha), Irbeisky (by 0.2 thousand ha), Idrinsky and Kansk (on 0.1 thousand ha) districts (Table 7.3). Areas of protective forests increased in Ilansky (by 19.3 thousand hectares), Idrinsky (by 2.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.8 thousand hectares), Irbeisky (by 0.1 thousand hectares), districts . The areas of commercial forests increased in Turukhansk (by 415.6 thousand hectares), Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Irbeisky and Kansky (by 0.1 thousand hectares) districts.
The decrease in the total area of forests occurred in the Ilansky district (by 0.4 thousand hectares). The area of commercial forests decreased in Idrinsky (by 2.5 thousand hectares), Ilansky (by 19.7 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.3 thousand hectares) districts. The area of reserve forests in the Turukhansk region has decreased (by 415.6 thousand hectares).
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University
Faculty of Chemistry and Technology of Distance Education
Essay
« timber industry Krasnoyarsk Territory"
Completed: student of the specialty
form of study correspondence code of the record book
Checked: _________________
Introduction. 3
Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 4
Structure. 7
Sales markets. 13
The main timber industry areas of the region. 17
Conclusion. 21
References. 23
Introduction
Relevance of the research topic . The interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in the current economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role that forest industry enterprises play in the management system of local territories. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as it has moved to the market from a system of economic relations with a dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation in the process of development of the forest industry of diverse economic and social relations, which make it possible to better use the potential of management. Fourth, the fact that the domestic forest industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export earnings and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries - leaders in the global timber market. One of the reasons for such a lag is the historically established inefficient orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the basis for the development of forest industries, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.
In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also associated with the social problems of society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that a very large number of people are employed at timber enterprises.
Characteristics of the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most "forested" regions
Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of the forested area. The area of forest land - 160 million hectares - is 15% of the territory of Russia covered with forests.
However, the share of the region in the production of timber products
Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the underdevelopment of deep wood processing and the pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region, with a logging volume of 23 million m region annually.
The total volume of forest reserves of the region (including Taimyr and Evenkia) is approximately 6% of the world forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the timber industry complex occupies the fifth place in the structure of the region's industrial production.
The total volume of timber products produced in the territory of the region is estimated at $0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region is 3.8%.
The average net profit margin of the 12 largest profitable enterprises in the region is 7%. More than 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered in the region. Forest users are about 1800 commercial enterprises, 1500 of which are small businesses.
About 50 thousand people work at the enterprises of the timber industry complex, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, and, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China) employed in production.
Most timber companies are privately owned (91%).
Table 1: Form of ownership of timber companies in the region
Source: Regional Committee of Statistics
Timber base
The region accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The total forest stock along the region, taking into account the autonomous regions, is 11.9 billion m3. The total allowable cutting area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.
AAC is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory by only 15.3%, including for coniferous farming - by 24.1%. This is primarily the result of the lack of logging roads and the concentration of harvesting in areas located along the main transport routes. The low utilization rate of the cutting area is also associated with an insignificant degree of consolidation of logging and timber processing enterprises and the low quality of equipment and machinery.
The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature stands. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.
Table 2: Characteristics of the forest resources of the regions.
| Krasnoyarsk region | Russia | ||
| Area covered with forest vegetation | million ha | 106,3 | 774,2 |
| Total wood supply | billion m3 | 11,9 | 81,9 |
| Stock of mature and overmature stands | billion m3 | 8,4 | 44,1 |
| of which conifers | billion m3 | 7,3 | 34,6 |
| annual growth | million m3 | 102,7 | 970,4 |
| AAC | million m3 | 59,7 | 551,5 |
| Actual felling by main use | million m3 | 9,4 | 130 |
| Total volume of felling | million m3 | 10,2 | 167,9 |
| Wood harvesting from 1 hectare. | m3 | 0,1 | 0,2 |
| Use of AAC | % | 15,3 | 23,5 |
Source: OAO NIPIEIlesprom
The most valuable species in economic terms is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, this is the main object of logging. The main area of pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau, where a special kind of pine also grows, called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone). The second place in terms of economic value is occupied by larch wood. Larch forests predominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vitim rivers.
Table 3: Species composition of the forest, thousand m 3
Structure
The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:
Logging - 9.5 million m 3
Production of lumber - 1.8 million m 3
Production of fiberboard - 52.6 million m 3
Production of chipboard - 37.8 thousand m 3
Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of market pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard
The main types of products manufactured in the region are:
· products of logging production (industrial timber, round timber);
· products of woodworking production (lumber, railway sleepers, fibreboards);
Pulp and paper products (pulp, cardboard).
Figure 1. Structure of the main types of products
logging
According to the results of 2004, the volume of logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total volume of logging has increased over the past 6 years by 28%. However, if we compare the harvesting with the Soviet period, the volume of harvesting at that time was about 25 million m3. According to the results of 2004, only 15.9% of the allowable cut was used in the region. The main reasons for not developing the full volume of the allowable cutting area, according to LLC Russian Investors - Siberia, are:
1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of sites (Right bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).
2) Economic unavailability of a number of logging sites (due to poor species composition (coniferous less than 40%), low yield quality, small average diameters).
3) The impossibility of a number of companies to master their cutting area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises master no more than 70% of the cutting area).
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