Specially protected natural areas include: Protected areas of Russia

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of protected areas and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished:

- State natural reserves (including biosphere reserves);
- National parks;
- Natural parks;
- State nature reserves;
- Natural monuments;
- Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
- Medical and recreational areas and resorts;
- World Heritage Sites.

In the territory state natural reserves completely removed from economic use specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water bodies, subsoil, vegetation and animal world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of natural natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of flora and fauna is preserved.

State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

A reserve is a section of territory or water area that is forever removed from economic use, where everything is preserved in the most complete natural state possible. natural ingredients and their natural combinations - natural complexes.

Nature reserves are created in different landscape zones in order to study the greatest possible diversity of ecological systems and at the same time preserve the entire wealth of species as invaluable carriers of the gene pool on our planet.

Only thanks to nature reserves it was possible to preserve many rare species animals, for example bison, goral, kulan, Bukhara deer, tiger and a number of other endangered animals, and from plants - Pitsunda and Eldar pines, yew, boxwood, lotus, etc. The reserves made it possible to restore already extinct game animals to commercial numbers: sable, river beaver Boguslavsky M.M. International security cultural values. / M.M.Boguslavsky - M.: International relationships, 1999. - P. 91..

Protective zones are being created around nature reserves, which seem to hold back the onslaught economic activity to the protected area itself. On the lands of the reserve, any construction not related to the activities of the reserve itself, geological exploration and other survey work, deforestation, hunting, fishing, tourism, picking mushrooms and berries, grazing livestock, and plowing fields are prohibited. You can enter the protected area only with written permission from the reserve administration and only to those areas that are indicated in the permit.

The activities of the reserves are very diverse and are determined by the purpose of their creation, the landscape area of their location, and the state of the territory surrounding the reserve. The main task of each reserve is to preserve all its riches in a natural state.

National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

A differentiated regime of special protection is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account their natural, historical, cultural and other features. Based on these features, various functional zones can be distinguished in the territories of national parks, including:

- a protected area, within which any economic activity and recreational use of the territory is prohibited;
- specially protected, within which conditions are provided for the preservation of natural complexes and objects and on the territory of which strictly regulated visits are allowed;
- educational tourism, intended for organizing environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the national park;
- recreational, including those intended for recreation, development physical culture and sports;
- protection of historical and cultural objects, within which conditions for their preservation are provided;
- visitor services, designed to accommodate overnight accommodations, tent camps and other tourist service facilities, cultural, consumer and information services for visitors;
- economic purpose, within which economic activities necessary to ensure the functioning of the national park are carried out. Galinovskaya E. Under special protection / E. Galinovskaya - EJ-Lawyer. No. 41.2004 - P. 78.

Natural parks (state natural botanical resort) are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the subjects Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use for environmental, educational and recreational purposes.

In the territories natural parks Various regimes of special protection and use are established depending on the ecological and recreational value of natural areas. Based on this, environmental, recreational, agricultural and other functional zones can be identified in the territories of natural parks, including zones for the protection of historical and cultural complexes and objects.

State nature reserves are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.

State nature reserves can have a different profile, including:

- complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);
- biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
- paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;
- hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), intended for the preservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
- geological, intended for the preservation of valuable objects and complexes inanimate nature.

For the purposes of educational tourism, complex reserves are of particular importance, in which tourists are introduced to rare species of animals and flora, picturesque landscapes. As a rule, the establishment of tourist camps on the territory of nature reserves is prohibited; only the construction of tourist trails is permitted.

Natural monuments- unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

Land and water areas, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments, including:

- areas of picturesque areas;
- reference areas of untouched nature;
- areas with a predominance of cultural landscape (ancient parks, alleys, canals, ancient mines, etc.);
- places of growth and habitat of valuable, relict, small rare and endangered species of plants and animals;
- forest areas and forest areas that are especially valuable for their characteristics (species composition, productivity, genetic qualities, plant structure, etc.), as well as examples of outstanding achievements of forestry science and practice;
- small dendrological parks;
- natural objects that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime;
- unique forms of relief and associated landscapes (mountains, groups of rocks, gorges, canyons, glacial cirques and trough valleys, dunes, dunes, etc.);
- geological outcrops of scientific value (reference sections, stratotypes, outcrops of rare minerals, rocks and minerals, known in an extremely limited number);
- geological and geographical polygons, including classic areas with especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, as well as detection of discontinuous and folded faults in the occurrence of rocks;
- locations of rare or particularly valuable paleontological objects;
- sections of rivers, lakes, wetland complexes, reservoirs, marine areas, small rivers with floodplains, lakes, reservoirs and ponds;
- natural hydromineral complexes;
- thermal springs, deposits of medicinal mud;
- coastal objects (spits, isthmuses, peninsulas, islands, bays, lagoons, etc.);
- individual objects of living and inanimate nature (bird nesting sites, long-lived trees and those of historical and memorial significance, plants of bizarre shapes, etc.).

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as carrying out scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only to fulfill their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for indefinite (permanent) use to dendrological parks, botanical gardens, as well as scientific research or educational institutions, which manages dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

Among the main activities of botanical gardens as specially protected natural areas highlighted: conservation of biodiversity, creation and preservation of the gene pool of plants, including rare and endangered species, as well as the study and development of approaches to the protection and rational use of plant resources.

Everywhere in the country, the recreational and educational significance of botanical gardens and dendrological parks is great. This is due to the high aesthetic appeal of their territories, the richness and diversity of their collections, the established traditions of their activities as centers of ecological culture, and the high professional level of their employees.

Currently, botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia are experiencing certain difficulties, primarily due to insufficient funding. Many botanical gardens have reduced volumes scientific research, collections of plants and seeds were under threat, and interaction (exchange of material, contacts of employees, etc.) between gardens was weakened.

Being located primarily in cities and suburbs, botanical gardens are exposed to the same unfavorable environmental factors as their surrounding areas: air pollution and watercourses, noise pollution, recreational overload, etc. The problem is aggravated due to the often increased sensitivity of plant collections to negative factors external influences in comparison with local vegetation.

Especially strong on ecological state gardens and parks are affected by chemical and noise pollution caused by highways passing in close proximity to their territories, which is most typical for gardens located in large cities. Often, a specific environmental risk factor for them is also the usual development of nearby areas, which causes flooding of garden landscapes.

One of the main problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks is the preservation of territorial integrity. The territories of gardens and parks often seem very attractive for the implementation of various projects, such as the creation of recreational facilities, the construction of sports grounds, cottages, parking lots, the construction of highways, etc.

Medical and recreational areas and resorts. Territories (water areas) suitable for organizing treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources ( mineral water, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions) can be classified as therapeutic and recreational areas.

Resorts are specially protected natural areas developed and used for therapeutic and preventive purposes, which have natural healing resources and the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities.

Medical and health-improving areas and resorts are allocated for the purpose of their rational use and ensuring the preservation of their natural healing resources and health-improving properties. National Atlas of Russia: 4 volumes - Vol. 2. Nature. Ecology. - M.: Roscartography, 2007.- P. 46.

Natural heritage sites. 10 objects are included according to natural criteria, and 4 of them are recognized natural phenomena exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance

The virgin forests of Commi. Located in the north Ural mountains in the Komi Republic. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. These are the largest intact forests in Europe (area 32,600 km²).

The forests belong to the Ural taiga ecoregion. Several rivers flow through the forest area. The forest fauna includes more than 200 species of birds, as well as many rare species of fish and mammals, the flora includes hundreds of plant species, including protected ones.

Baykaml is a lake of tectonic origin in the southern part Eastern Siberia, the deepest lake on the planet, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water.

The lake and coastal areas are distinguished by a unique diversity of flora and fauna, most of the species are endemic. Local residents and many in Russia traditionally call Baikal the sea

"Volcanoes of Kamchatka". It is difficult to strictly determine the exact number of volcanoes located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Various sources mention from several hundred to more than a thousand volcanoes. The volcanoes of Kamchatka are characterized by a wide variety of shapes and sizes; they were formed in different geological eras and are currently active to varying degrees. Most of them are ancient volcanoes that are not currently active, but some volcanoes are active. For some volcanoes of the peninsula, the word “hill” is often used instead of the word “volcano.”

Sikhotem-Alimsky State Biosphere Nature Reserve is a biosphere reserve in the Primorsky Territory. The initial purpose of its creation was the preservation and restoration of the sable, which was almost exterminated at that time. Currently, the reserve is the most comfortable spot to conduct observations of the Amur tiger.

Listed World Heritage UNESCO as “A site containing the most important or significant natural habitat for the conservation of its biological diversity, including endangered species of exceptional global value from a scientific and conservation point of view.”

Golden Mountains of Altai. It includes, in particular, such significant geographical objects as Mount Belukha and Lake Teletskoye. Within the protected zone there are some places where Pazyryk burial grounds were discovered.

The choice of these territories is due to the fact that they, in their totality, most fully represent the alternation of alpine vegetation zones in Siberia: steppe, forest-steppe, mixed forests, subalpine and alpine belts. In addition, the importance of these areas for preserving populations of such rare animals as snow leopard, Siberian Mountain goat and Altai argali.

The Ubsunur Basin (Uvs-Nur Basin) is the water basin of Lake Uvs-Nur, the northernmost large closed water basin in Central Asia. The basin territory is part of Mongolia (area of Lake Uvs-Nur) and Russia (Uvs-Nur Basin Nature Reserve). It is a protected area in both countries.

Kavkamzsky Nature Reserve is a state nature reserve. The full name is the Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve named after Kh. G. Shaposhnikov. The largest and oldest specially protected natural area in the Western Caucasus. It is located within three constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

The reserve is home to 89 species of mammals, 248 birds, including 112 nesting, 15 species of reptiles, 9 amphibians, 21 fish, 1 cyclostome, more than 100 species of mollusks and about 10,000 species of insects. The exact number of worms, crustaceans, arachnids and many other groups of invertebrate animals remains unclear. www. wikipedia.org

Protected natural area(in Russian-language literature the term is often used specially protected natural area- PA) - a territory that requires special protection due to its natural, cultural or other features. There are a huge number of protected natural areas in different countries, the level of protection of which depends on each state and international organizations. Examples are natural and national parks, nature reserves, game reserves, natural monuments and other natural sites. The term "protected" includes marine protected areas (English), whose borders include part of the maritime spaces. There are over 147,000 protected areas in the world, and this number is constantly growing; protected areas cover an area of 19,300,000 square kilometers or 13% of the land surface - larger than the area of Africa.

Classification

IA. Strict nature reserve - Strict nature reserve. Territory wildlife. Only research activities and security measures are allowed.
I.B. Wilderness area - Wildlife area. A protected area managed primarily for the conservation of wildlife.
II. National park - National park - A protected area managed for the purpose of preserving ecosystems, combined with tourism.
III. Natural monument - Natural monument - protection of natural objects/attractions.
IV. Habitat/species management area - A managed natural area for the purpose of preserving habitats and species of animals and plants.
V. Protected landscape/seascape - Protected land and sea landscapes - protection of land and sea landscapes and recreation.
VI. Managed resource protected area - Protected areas with managed resources - sparing use of ecosystems.

International status of protected natural areas

World Heritage Site

In 1972, the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which came into force in 1975. By October 2016, the convention had been ratified by 193 participating countries.

According to the Statement of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, “The Network is an instrument for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components, thereby contributing to the achievement of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and other relevant conventions and instruments.” .

Biosphere reserves are created on the basis of specially protected natural areas. For different territories biosphere reserves a differential security mode is established. Biosphere reserves have three interconnected zones, which are aimed at performing three complementary and mutually reinforcing functions:

reserve (main), which is intended for the conservation and restoration of the most valuable natural complexes, the gene pool of vegetation and fauna, minimally disturbed by anthropogenic factors;
the buffer zone, which surrounds the protected area or is adjacent to it, is allocated in order to prevent negative impacts on the protected area from economic activities in adjacent areas;
transitional (or anthropogenic landscapes) is part of the reserve and combines territories with land, forest, water use, settlements, recreation and other types of economic activities.

A special feature of biosphere reserves is the fact that scientific research, monitoring of the state of the natural environment and other activities are carried out at the international level.

According to UNESCO, there are 669 biosphere reserves in the world in 120 countries, including 16 transboundary sites. They are distributed on Earth as follows:

70 in 28 African countries
30 in 11 countries in the Arab states
142 in 24 countries in Asia and the Pacific
302 in 36 countries in Europe and North America
125 in 21 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Wetlands of international importance

Convention on Wetlands with international significance primarily as waterfowl habitat, was adopted in February 1971 by Ramsar (Iran), subsequently amended in 1987 by Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. According to this Convention, wetlands are protected natural areas in the form of swamps, fen, peatlands or reservoirs - natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, standing or flowing, fresh, brackish or saline, including marine areas, the depth of which at low tide is not exceeds six meters, and under

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, this category includes “areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, and health value are located, which are withdrawn decisions of public authorities, wholly or partially from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.” All specially protected natural areas are designed to perform the most important environmental functions, such as preserving unique and typical natural complexes and objects, the gene pool of plants and animals, providing optimal conditions for reproduction natural resources, and above all biological, the study of events occurring in natural processes etc. The conservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priority areas of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation, and therefore specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage. In accordance with the prevailing environmental objectives, features of the regime and structure of the organization, the following categories of protected areas are distinguished:

1) state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

3) natural parks;

4) state natural reserves;

5) natural monuments;

6) dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

7) medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions. The territory is completely withdrawn from economic use. This is a protected area with the most stringent form of nature conservation. Only scientific, security and control activities are permitted in nature reserves. The first reserves were organized at the beginning of the century: (1915, abolished in 1919), Barguzinsky (1916), “Kedrovaya Pad” (1916), etc., among which only Barguzinsky was officially approved as a state reserve. As of January 1, 1995, there were 88 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation with a total area of 28,854.1 thousand hectares, including 24,144.1 thousand hectares (1.4% of the land area of the Russian Federation) of territories with inland water bodies. By 2005, it is planned to create about 70 state nature reserves on the territory of the Russian Federation. Particularly among state natural reserves are state natural biosphere reserves, the main purpose of which is to conduct comprehensive background monitoring of the natural environment. Currently, there are 17 biosphere reserves on the territory of the Russian Federation, which are part of the international network of biosphere reserves.

Sanctuaries are territories (water areas) intended to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. In this case, as a rule, the conservation of some types of natural resources is carried out while the use of others is limited. Wildlife sanctuaries can be of federal or regional subordination. It is prohibited here individual species economic activities that may lead to disruption of the natural environment. Highlight different kinds reserves: complex (landscape), hydrological (, river, etc.), biological (botanical and zoological), etc. Currently in the Russian Federation there are more than 1.5 thousand reserves, occupying more than 3% of the territory.

National parks (NP) are “environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.” Currently, national parks are one of the most promising forms of protected natural areas. They are distinguished by a complex internal structure, expressed in the allocation of zones with different environmental regimes, for example, such as protected areas, zones for regulated tourism and recreation (recreational zones), territories of other land users allocated for traditional forms of economic activity. At the same time, it is taken into account and carefully preserved historical heritage(historical and cultural objects). National parks in Russia began to be created only in 1983, the first of which were: Sochi national park and Losiny Ostrov National Park. In subsequent years, the number of national parks has steadily increased and currently there are 31 national parks in the Russian Federation, with 2/3 of them created over the past five years. total area The NP totals 6.6 million hectares, which is 0.38% of the territory of Russia. In the future, it is planned to create about 40 more parks with a total area of approximately 10 million hectares.

Natural parks (NP) are environmental recreational institutions that are used for environmental, educational and recreational purposes. They include natural complexes and objects of significant ecological and aesthetic value. Unlike national parks, natural parks are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the main purpose of their creation is to provide comfortable recreation for the population. In this regard, environmental protection measures are aimed primarily at preserving recreational resources and maintaining the natural environment in a functional state. Much attention is paid, among other things, to the presence of interesting cultural and historical sites. Just like national parks, natural parks represent a combination of territories with different regimes of protection and use (environmental, recreational, agricultural and other functional zones).

Natural monuments include natural objects of natural or artificial origin, as well as natural complexes, small in area, that have scientific, aesthetic, cultural or educational significance. Often natural monuments are associated with certain historical events (for example, oak trees in the Kolomenskoye estate, preserved from the time of Ivan the Terrible) and are represented by unique natural objects: individual remarkable trees, caves, etc. Natural monuments are used primarily for scientific, environmental, educational, and environmental protection purposes.

The existing network of specially protected natural areas in Kaliningrad region includes the Curonian Spit National Park, 7 state nature reserves and 61 natural monuments. In the future, it is planned to create the Pravdinsky nature reserve on the territory of the Kaliningrad region, which will include the marsh natural complex of the Baltic lake area with an area of 2.4 thousand hectares (“Tselau”). Currently, the network of protected areas in the Kaliningrad region is not sufficient to preserve natural diversity and perform environment-forming and environment-forming functions.

“On Specially Protected Natural Territories” dated March 14, 1995: “Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNA) are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage.”

The basis of the system of protected areas in Russia consists of state nature reserves, national parks and state nature reserves. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 29, 2008 No. 404 "On the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation" public administration specially protected natural areas are managed by the said ministry. In total, as of 2009, more than 13 thousand protected areas of federal, regional and local significance have been created in Russia. Of them federal protected areas 266, which include 101 nature reserves, 41 national parks and 69 state nature reserves federal significance, as well as natural monuments, resorts and other categories of protected areas. The total area of protected areas of federal significance is about 580 thousand square kilometers in 84 of the 87 subjects of the Federation (there are no federal protected areas only in the city of St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Tula regions), which is approximately 3% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

This system of natural reserves is unique and is of exceptional value from the point of view of maintaining the natural functioning of ecosystems and preserving biodiversity, including rare and endangered species, as well as environmental monitoring, scientific research and environmental education, not only on a Russian but also on a global scale.

Types of protected areas and their purpose

state environmental reserves (including biosphere reserves)
health resorts and resorts

Forest reserves are designated by foresters as reference(typical) or unique forest areas that are important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visits are usually included in ecotourism routes.

National parks and reserves

National parks and reserves- special types of protected areas that have an administration whose function includes organizing both environmental and recreational activities. The importance of recreational activities in them is different: in nature reserves the environmental function is dominant and the cognitive recreational function is limited; in national parks both functions are of equal importance.

National parks are environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use for environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The task of national parks, along with their environmental function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions. This includes the development and implementation scientific methods conservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use. A differentiated protection regime is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics.

Footnotes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

1. Lands of specially protected natural areas include lands of state natural reserves, including biospheres, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national parks, natural parks, dendrological parks, botanical gardens.

2. Lands of specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage and can be in federal ownership, the property of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal property. In cases provided for by federal laws, it is allowed to include specially protected natural areas in the lands land plots owned by citizens and legal entities on the right of ownership.

3. On the lands of state natural reserves, including biosphere, national parks, natural parks, state natural reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, which include especially valuable ecological systems and objects for the sake of the preservation of which a specially protected natural area was created , activities not related to the preservation and study of natural complexes and objects and not provided for by federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are prohibited. Within the lands of specially protected natural areas, changing the intended purpose of land plots or terminating rights to land for needs that contradict their intended purpose is not permitted.