International significance of the Russian language facts. Introductory lesson “International significance of the Russian language
The importance of the Russian language for the world and international communication.
"…I want to believe,
what a great language
given to a great people..."
I.S. Turgenev
The role of the Russian language in modern world is defined as follows: it is the national language of the great Russian people, which includes all the diversity of lexical and grammatical means. It is one of the most developed and rich languages in the world, with a huge vocabulary. The Russian language is heterogeneous in composition: it includes a literary language, dialects, vernaculars and jargon. Currently spoken by 230 million people, it is a world language along with English and Chinese. Russian language is used by peoples Russian Federation, as the language of national communication. Knowledge of the Russian language facilitates communication between people of different nationalities inhabiting our country. In Belarus and Kyrgyzstan, Russian is the second state language. But even in those countries where Russian is not recognized as the state language, it still remains the main means of communication for many people.
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language throughout its territory. The Russian language is one of the world languages, it is gaining increasing international importance, many people study it different countries world, and it is a compulsory language to be taught as a foreign language in many schools.
Among the five thousand languages that exist in the world today, the Russian language occupies a prominent place in its meaning and the functions it performs. After all, it is one of the official and working languages of the UN, UNESCO and other organizations. It is used in a wide variety of areas of international communication; Russian is used at various scientific forums, conferences, and symposiums. Our language acts as the “language of science” - a means of communication between scientists from different countries, and is a necessary accessory to world communication systems (radio and television broadcasts, space communications, etc.).
The highest form of the Russian language is the literary language. This is the language of school, business documents, fiction, the language of everyday communication of cultural people. Literary language is characterized by a system of norms, in the creation of which scientists, publicists, and public figures such as A.S. played an outstanding role. Pushkin. The power and richness of the Russian language was noted by many writers: Gogol N.V., Dostoevsky F.M., Tolstoy L.N., Bunin I.A.
The richness of the Russian language, its enormous role in the life of our country and the world oblige us to study it seriously and carefully, to constantly improve our knowledge, skills and abilities in this area. Thus, the huge role of the Russian language in the modern world is determined by its cultural value, power and greatness, the great significance that the Russian people, the creator and speaker of this language, had and still has in the history of mankind. I think we should not forget the call of I.S. Turgenev about caring for the Russian language. After all, the future of our language is also our future.
During the lesson we will talk about the international significance of the Russian language, find out why it is important to preserve it in a world that is rapidly changing, and why learn Russian at school.
English occupies a dominant position in the political, economic and scientific life of the world community. But the Russian language still plays an important role international situation, he is one of the six official languages of the UN(Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. UN languages
Issues of global importance are discussed in these languages, which places great responsibility on the person who speaks and translates. Dialogue between countries and peoples is an important linguistic mission.
Many foreigners want to master the Russian language, even those who do not have the goal of doing business or tourism. They want to know it because it is the language of Russian literature, the language of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Bunin. Reading literature in the original brings a different feeling, a different understanding. The Russian language, regardless of world trends, remains the language of culture.
We need to learn Russian for the following reasons (Fig. 2):
Rice. 2. Reasons for learning Russian
Development modern technologies, Internet, auto-correction does not negate the importance of learning a language, because you need to know the places where you can make a mistake and when to seek help.
A person who does not know his own language and its rules can become an object of ridicule. Ignorance of spelling laws and clumsy speech can hinder your career.
During the lesson we talked about the international significance of the Russian language, why it is important to preserve it in a world that is rapidly changing, and why learn Russian at school.
- What is the international position of the Russian language?
- Why is Russian called the language of culture?
- What does studying Russian at school give us?
- Authors: Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V. and others. M.: BALASS, 2012.
- Trostentsova L.A., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Russian language. 9th grade. Textbook. M.: Education, 2014.
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 9th grade. Textbook. M., 2011.
- Russian language. Practice. 9th grade. / Ed. Pichugova Yu.S. M.: Bustard, 2012.
Target: to form an idea of the international significance of the Russian language, to develop interest in its study.
Tasks:
formation of motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity;
developing the ability to find information, work with text, analyze, generalize, and apply acquired knowledge in practice;
developing the ability to work in a group, competently formulate oral and written statements;
Development of creative skills.
Scenario
1. Motivation for learning activities
Your last year at school has arrived. It will fly by very quickly, like all previous years. This year you will have to take exams. To pass them successfully, you need to work hard. And you, I believe, will pass the Russian language exam well, because every lesson, step by step, we will move towards our goal. And today's lesson will be no exception.
And we will start the first lesson of the year traditionally.
2. Updating basic knowledge(methodological technique “Microphone”)
Read the statement by M.V. Lomonosov (page 1 - see Appendix 1)
“Charles V, the Roman Emperor, used to say that it is decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with friends, Italian with the female sex. But if he had been skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would have added , that it is proper for them to speak with all of them, for I would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, and, moreover, the richness and strong brevity of Greek and Latin in images."
This is what Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, the creator of Russian scientific grammar, wrote several centuries ago.
How do you understand these words of the great scientist? Do you agree with him? (the one who has the microphone in his hands clearly states his position)
3. Formulating the topic of the lesson.
What qualities of the Russian language did Lomonosov write about? (splendor, liveliness, imagery, strength, brevity, richness)
Yes, guys, the Russian language is powerful, beautiful, imaginative, multifunctional.
Can you already name the topic of our lesson? What are we going to talk about? (about Russian language)
A lot has been said and written about the Russian language. But it was no coincidence that I took exactly these words of M.V. Lomonosov as an epigraph. Spanish, French, Russian... And I’ll also add English, Chinese, Arabic (sl. 2).
What do you think connects these languages? What do they have in common? (make assumptions into the microphone)
Yes, these languages have global significance. What do you think global significance means? (speaking into the microphone)
We will find out during the lesson whether you are right or wrong in your assumptions. And now I would like you to specify the topic of our lesson / (suggest)
That's right, we will talk not just about the Russian language, but about its global significance. Write down the date, topic of the lesson (page 3).
4. Project construction
What questions would you like to find out about this topic? (What does world language mean? Which languages are considered world languages and why?)
Yes, we will find out what a world language means, what languages are considered world languages and why Russian is a world language (sl. 4).
5. Implementation of the constructed project.
I suggest you work in groups. (Task cards - see Appendix 2)
Group 1: Find out from S.I.’s dictionary. Ozhegova meaning of the word “global”. Determine whether a word is unambiguous or ambiguous. If it is polysemantic, then determine what meaning this word has in the phrase WORLD LANGUAGE.
Group 2: Using the Internet, 1) find a definition of international languages, 2) which languages have international significance and 3) whether this list of languages is permanent.
Group 3: Using the Internet, find out the signs by which the world significance of a language is determined. Prove that the Russian language has these features.
Group 4: Using the Internet, find out what languages the UN uses in its work and whether Russian is one of these languages.
Groups work independently for 7-10 minutes: find material, select it, choose someone who will present the found material to the class.
5. Generalization and systematization of the material(Presentation of new material with a brief recording by students in notebooks)
Sample student answers
The word world is polysemantic; it also has a homonym.
I. WORLD
1. Related to the world.
2. World-wide, world-wide. World War. World fame.
3. Highest, first in the whole world. World record.
4. transfer Very good, wonderful (simple). World guy.
II. WORLD, (obsolete). Relating to the establishment of peaceful relations between disputing parties. Magistrate Court, Magistrate Judge.
In the phrase World language, it means widespread throughout the world (2nd meaning).
Cl. 5.
International languages names some of the most common languages spoken among themselves by representatives of different nations outside the territories inhabited by people for whom they were originally native. The functions of these languages cover international spheres - diplomacy, world trade, tourism, global communication systems - from telegraph to space communications. Scientists from different countries communicate on them. These are the “working languages” of the UN and other international organizations and congresses; they are studied as foreign languages in different countries.
The composition of the world's languages is variable. Currently it includes English, Russian, French, Italian, Chinese, Arabic and Portuguese.
Over time, some languages acquire international status, while others lose it due to various demographic, geographic, cultural and economic factors. Thus, the previously popular Greek and Latin languages have long lost this function. Some languages, for example Swedish, Polish, Turkish, acquired it for a very short period. At the same time, a number of languages have strengthened their international positions recently. These include Chinese and Hindi (the largest in terms of number of speakers in the world). Spanish has retained its function as an international language for more than 500 years.
The Russian language, native to 250 million people, has long served as a means of interethnic cooperation between the peoples of our country and has become a generally recognized world language since the mid-twentieth century. Having become part of the world languages, it immediately identified its brothers in a number of social functions, for example, 70% of all the world's scientific information is encoded only in it and in English. Its value is associated with the richest Russian classical and modern fiction.
The acceptance by humanity of a given language as a world language is associated with the authority and role of the country of this language in history and modernity.
Sl. 6-7.
Languages considered international have the following characteristics:
1) A large number of people consider this language their native language.
2) Among those for whom this language is not native, there are a large number of people who speak it as a foreign or second language.
3) This language is spoken in many countries, on several continents and in different cultural circles.
4) In many countries this language is studied at school as a foreign language.
5) This language is used as an official language by international organizations, international conferences and in large international firms.
By all these criteria, the Russian language can be classified as international.
Sl. 8.
The United Nations has a large number of countries. However, business negotiations and correspondence of this organization are carried out only in several languages. These official languages of the UN were not chosen by chance. This is the result of a careful and balanced approach.
Only 6 world languages are recognized as official UN languages. Their choice was influenced by many factors, including prevalence. There are a total of six official languages of the UN. These include the Russian language. The obvious choice is English and Chinese, because these languages are spoken by a huge number of people all over the planet. Arabic, Spanish and French also received the status of official UN language. All these languages are official in more than a hundred countries around the world; they are spoken by more than 2,800 million people.
6. Incorporating new things into the knowledge system
Guys, today you learned a lot about the Russian language as a world language. And I ask you to summarize everything you have learned today. Compose a short text based on the materials you and your friends obtained in class today.
(They work for 5 minutes, then 3-4 works are read out at the request of the students)
7. Independent work with self-test by key
Guys, you learned a lot today about our great and powerful language. Today we looked at it from a slightly different angle, as a language with global significance. I want to give you a little test to find out what you have learned well and what you have not learned so well. The test questions are compiled in the Unified State Exam format, and you have already solved such tasks more than once in 10th grade, so there should be no difficulties.
Test (see Appendix 3)
Self-test by key (sl. 10)
2 - therefore
4 - peaceful (peaceful)
5 - world
6 - Portuguese
8. Reflection
Guys, we did a good job, you are creative people, and therefore I think that the last task will not cause you any difficulties. I ask you to compose a syncwine. The topic is Russian. Reflection of the global significance of language in your work is encouraged.
3-4 syncwines are read.
I see that the lesson was not in vain for you. It was a pleasure working with you.
Homework: select and write down 3-5 sayings of the greats about the Russian language.
Appendix 3
Test
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.
(1) Global significance of the Russian language due to the fact that it is one of the richest languages in the world, in which the greatest fiction has been created.(2) Russian language - (3) M Many words of the Russian language have entered many languages of the world without translation.(4) As evidence of the attention of other countries to the political life of Russia, such words as perestroika, glasnost, and communism have entered the languages of the peoples of the world.(5) The richness of the Russian language and the literature created in it arouses interest in this language throughout the world.(6) … it is studied not only by schoolchildren, students, but also by adults.
1. Give two statements tions that correctly convey the MAIN information, With contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these statements.
1. The Russian language has global significance becauseit is one of the richest languages in the world, him the greatest in the world fiction, and this arouses interest in Russian language all over the world.
2. Russian language - one of the Indo-European languages, related to many Slavic languages.It is studied not only by schoolchildren and students, but also by adults all over the world..
3. Russian language is one of the world languages, because it is one of the richest languages in the world, in which the greatest world literature. It is studied not only in Russia, but throughout the world.
4. Many words of the Russian language have entered many languages of the world without translation. As evidence of the attention of other countries to the political life of Russia, such words as perestroika, glasnost, and communism have entered the languages of the peoples of the world.
5. Global significance of the Russian language due to the fact that it is the language in which the greatest fiction was created.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
Despite this, Therefore, However, Since For example,
3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word WORLD. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
GLOBAL, oh, oh.
1. World-wide, world-wide. World War. World fame.
2. Relating to the establishment of peaceful relations between disputing parties. World Court (in Russia before the revolution and in some countries: a court for the consideration of minor civil and criminal cases.). World judge. Complain to the magistrate (noun; magistrate).
3. Very good, wonderful. He is a world guy. World film.4. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct lexical error, choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
1) We were waiting for the ratification of the WORLD Treaty in order to go to winter camps.
2) If a person does not have a will, then his words never turn into ACTIONS.
3) On the roads there were many CIVILIENTS, torn from their places by the war.
4) The sale of annual SUBSCRIPTIONS to the swimming pool has begun.
5) It is widely believed that real estate investments provide GUARANTEED income.
5. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
Introduction
The Russian language is a giant in every way. He has a colossal vocabulary (more than 150 thousand words), clear and precise grammar. Living, flexible, inventive, this language is not only the creativity of the Russian people, but also of all the peoples inhabiting Russia. The result is a diverse range of concepts and harmonious phonetics. This is also the language of great literature, not only fiction, but also scientific and technical literature. For example, the famous American chess player Robert Fischer passionately studied Russian in order to read the colossal chess literature encoded in Cyrillic.
He left an interesting statement about the Russian language German writer 19th century Warnhagen von Enze, who translated Alexander Pushkin: “In the richness of words, Russian surpasses the Romance languages, in the richness of forms - Germanic, and can easily measure its strength with a wide variety of languages. The Russian language is capable of progressive development, the limits of which cannot be foreseen.”
Today we often hear: “The quality of the Russian language is falling.” This is not true. The quality of the ability of modern Russians to use it is falling, this is true. The younger generation, unfortunately, is actively adding new words, jargon and obscene expressions to their speech, which terrify their elders. However, the influence of people on the life of the language, on its “management” should not be exaggerated. Language is connected to society, and what can be done if, just yesterday, unacceptable words have already entered the Russian semantic system and penetrated the mentality.
The importance of the Russian language in our time is evidenced by its membership in the World Languages Club. This linguistic club includes six languages, which most countries of the world rate as the most significant and consider an essential element in the education of the younger generation. True, the Russian language is still inferior to its “teammates” in such an important aspect as attractiveness. English is taught by approximately 150 million people in the world, French and German by 80, and Russian by 10 million. Many are scared off by the legend about the “difficulty” of the Russian language, but it is no more difficult or simpler than its counterparts, and in general, talking about “difficult” ” and “light” languages is linguistically incorrect, since all languages in the world developed approximately the same way.
The audience of foreigners studying Russian has sharply decreased in the post-Soviet period, by about three times, due to the fact that the total study of Russian has ceased throughout the former socialist space. But the quality of the audience has changed: the ideologization of language teaching has disappeared, and political motivation has been replaced by practical one. In modern Poland, for example, today Russian is taught no less than it was in socialist times. The French believe that learning Russian is “gymnastics for the mind.” The fact is that in French and English the features of analyticism are highly developed. In London they are indifferent to this, but in Paris they are worried. For the development of mental abilities, it is more suitable to study a language in which logical relationships are clearly expressed, for example, Latin. But in France they preferred the “living” language to this “dead” language, Russian, which, due to its grammatical structure, like Latin, promotes the development of logical thinking.
It's no secret that the Russian language is international arena gradually loses its meaning. I believe that the question of the position of the Russian language is currently important and relevant as never before. And the task of preserving and strengthening the position of the Russian language abroad should occupy a priority place in the work of various ministries of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the topic of my diploma emerged - the Russian language in the world or the international significance of the Russian language. The object of my research is the Russian language, and the subject is its position in the world. The purpose of my essay is to study the role of the Russian language abroad and the language in general. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:
- Describe the modern Russian language
Analyze the literature on this topic.
Prove its international significance
Consider the position of the Russian language in the following regions of the world: the CIS countries, the USA and Latin America.
Consider Russian as the language of international organizations.
Consider options on how to use the international significance of the language in Russian language lessons at school.
The Russian language is the language of the Russian people (about 140 million people), whose representatives currently live not only in Russia, but also in many other countries of the world.
Language is the main means of human communication: without language, people cannot transmit and receive the necessary information and influence others.
No less important is that language is also a tool of thinking. Human thinking is based on linguistic means, and the results of mental activity are formalized in the form of certain speech units - statements complete in meaning and complete texts.
Language is a form of existence of national culture, a manifestation of the very spirit of the nation. In proverbs and sayings, songs and fairy tales that have survived to this day, in archaic words, the language contains references to the features of the past life of the people. The greatest works of literature are written in Russian.
The Russian language is the language of the Russian state, of all the most important documents that determine the life of society; language is also a means of mass communication - newspapers, radio, television, and in recent years, electronic communications carried out through a computer network. In other words, the life of society is impossible without a national language.
So, the Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. This is the language of science and culture. And naturally, for centuries, masters of words - Pushkin, Lermontov, Chekhov, Tolstoy, Turgenev and many others created this very Russian language, the norms of the Russian language and were engaged in its development. Philological scientists were also involved in the development of the Russian language, such as Buslaev, Vinogradov, Shcherba, they brought the Russian language to its subtleties, they studied it, they created grammar, they created dictionaries and, naturally, exemplary texts. In 1934, Alexei Tolstoy said: “The Russian language must become a world language. The time will come, and it is not far off, when the Russian language will be studied along all meridians of the globe.
What is a “world language”? World languages are some of the most widespread languages spoken among themselves by representatives of different nations, outside the territories inhabited by people for whom they were originally native languages. In determining the composition of world languages, a number of factors are taken into account. Firstly, this is the number of speakers of this language, both in the country where native speakers live and beyond. Secondly, this is authority: this is the role of the country of this language in history and modernity. Thirdly, this is the formation of the national language, which must have a large written tradition, not only oral, but also written. Fourthly, these are established norms, well researched and described in grammars, dictionaries, and various textbooks. That is, there are too many factors to call a language a world language. So the Russian language has all these factors.
In the arrangement of words, in their meaning, in their meaning, in the sense of connecting words with each other, there is contained that information about the world and people that introduces us to spiritual wealth. And all this was created by many generations of our ancestors. Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky wrote that every word of a language, every form of it is the result of a person’s thoughts and feelings, through which the nature of the country and the history of the people would be reflected in the word. The history of a language, according to another famous philologist, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, reveals the character of the people who speak it. That is why all means of language naturally help to most accurately, clearly and figuratively express the most complex thoughts and the most complex feelings of people, and all the diversity of the surrounding world. The national language includes not only the standardized literary language, but also various folk dialects, vernacular forms of the language, and professionalisms. The education and development of a national language is a rather long and complex process. And the history of the Russian national language begins in the 17th century, when the Russian nation finally took shape. The further development of the Russian language is directly related to the development of the history and culture of the Russian people.
The Russian national language was formed on the basis of the dialects of Moscow and its environs, and the literary language forms the basis of the national language. And he is obliged, naturally, to maintain internal unity despite the differences in the expressions used.
The norms of the Russian language are the generally accepted use of linguistic means, the rules that determine the exemplary use of linguistic means. The creator of Russian literary language is Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who combined the literary Russian language of previous eras with the popular spoken Russian language. The language of Pushkin’s era has basically been preserved to this day, the literary language unites living generations, people understand each other because they use the same written language, for example. And, naturally, the literary language is realized and exists in two varieties: oral and written.
The main advantages of the Russian national language are that the Russian national language is embodied in Russian artistic culture. The peculiarity of the Russian national language is that it is the state language in Russia and serves as a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of the Russian Federation. The world language covers international spheres, and large ones: these are diplomatic, this is world trade, this is tourism. Naturally, scientists from different countries communicate in these world languages, these world languages are studied as foreign languages, that is, compulsory as a subject in schools and universities in most countries of the world. Also, world languages are the working languages of the United Nations. The Law “On Languages” defines the main functions of the Russian language as the state language, where it can function: in the highest bodies of state power and administration, when publishing laws and other legal acts of the republics within the Russian Federation, during elections, in the activities of government bodies, in official correspondence and office work, in the all-Russian media. Naturally, you see that such a volume of use of the Russian language makes it a truly world language.
But that is not all. Research conducted in the Russian republics and a number of CIS countries indicates recognition of the fact that at the present stage it is becoming quite difficult to solve the problem of interethnic communication without the Russian language. Playing the role of an intermediary between all the languages of the peoples of Russia, the Russian language helps solve the problems of the political, economic, and cultural development of the country.
In the international relations of the state, world languages are used, which are legally proclaimed by the United Nations as official working languages. These languages are: English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. In any of these six languages, international political, economic, scientific, and cultural contacts can be carried out, various international meetings, forums, meetings can be held, correspondence and office work can be conducted throughout the UN and the CIS.
The global significance of the Russian language is, naturally, due to the richness and expressiveness of its vocabulary, sound structure, word formation, syntax and much more. And in order to generalize the dissemination of experience in teaching the Russian language abroad, it was created in 1967 in Paris International Association teachers of Russian language and literature - MAPRYAL, that's what it's called for short. On the initiative of this very organization, Russian language Olympiads are held among schoolchildren around the world.
The philosopher Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin, speaking at the Pushkin anniversary in 1937, said this about the Russian language: “And our Russia gave us one more gift: this is our wondrous, our mighty, our singing language. In it all of it is our Russia, in it are all its gifts: the breadth of unlimited possibilities, and the richness of sounds and words, and forms, and spontaneity, and clarity, and simplicity, and scope, and soaring, and dreaminess, and strength, and clarity and beauty. Everything is accessible to our language. He has the power to express, depict and convey everything. It contains the hum of distant bells and the silver of nearby bells, it contains gentle rustles and crunches, it contains grass rustles and sighs, it contains squealing and whistling, bird chirping, it contains heavenly thunder, animal roars, and unsteady whirlwinds and barely audible splashes. It contains the whole singing Russian soul: the echo of the world, and the groan of man, and the mirror of divine visions... This is the language of a sharp, cutting thought. The language of tremulously born presentiment. The language of strong-willed decisions and accomplishments. The language of soaring and prophecy. The language of elusive transparency and eternal verbs. This is the language of a mature, distinctive national character. And the Russian people, who created this language, are themselves called to reach mentally and spiritually the height to which their language calls them...”
So, the reason for the popularity of the Russian language in the world is, firstly, the richness of the Russian language and the fiction created in it. Secondly, this is the language of science, the source public knowledge, and thirdly, this is one of the related Slavic languages, with the help of which people can communicate and feel quite free.
However, the problems of linguistic culture, support and protection of the Russian language as a national heritage have recently occupied an increasingly prominent place in the public consciousness of Russians. Accordingly, the Russian diplomatic service cannot be indifferent to the situation of the Russian language - one of the world languages - abroad. Without exaggeration, we can say that promoting its spread outside the country is becoming one of the priorities for the Russian Foreign Ministry. This is due, first of all, to the fact that at the end of the 20th century, alarming trends emerged in the situation of the Russian language in a number of countries and regions. The Russian language finds itself in the most difficult situation in the post-Soviet space. On the one hand, due to historical inertia, it still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication there. The Russian language in a number of CIS countries continues to be used in business circles, financial and banking systems, and in some government agencies. The majority of the population of these countries (about 70%) is still quite fluent in it. On the other hand, the situation may change dramatically, as the process of destruction of the Russian-speaking space is underway, the consequences of which are beginning to be felt today.
Chapter 1. Origin of the Russian language
- About Russian language
In order to correctly imagine the place of the Russian language in the system of languages, it should be borne in mind that all Slavic languages are divided into three groups:
- East Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian),
West Slavic (Czech, Polish, Slovak and some others)
South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Slovenian, etc.).
The Russian language, the language of the Russian nation, a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of the CIS countries, is one of the most widespread languages in the world. One of the official and working languages of the UN. The number of Russian speakers in the Russian Federation is over 140 million people.
So, the Russian language is a representative of the East Slavic group within the Indo-European language family.
Literary language is the highest form of the Russian language, it is the language of national culture: the language of politics and art, science and official documents, the language of everyday and business communication of cultural people.
- History of the emergence of the Russian language BC.
- Russian language of the era of Muscovite Rus' (XIV-XVII centuries)
The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language. At this time, in living speech, a final restructuring of the categories of time occurs (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and plusquaperfect are completely replaced by a unified form on “l”), the loss of the dual number, the previous declension of nouns according to six stems is replaced modern types declinations, etc. The written language remains colorful. Religion and the beginnings of scientific knowledge were mainly served by book Slavic, ancient Bulgarian in origin, which experienced a noticeable influence from the Russian language, divorced from the colloquial element. The language of statehood (the so-called business language) was based on Russian folk speech, but did not coincide with it in everything. It developed speech cliches, often including purely bookish elements; its syntax, unlike the spoken language, was more organized, with the presence of cumbersome complex sentences; the penetration of dialectal features into it was largely prevented by standard all-Russian norms.
Written fiction was diverse in terms of linguistic means. Since ancient times, the oral language of folklore has played an important role, serving until the 16th-17th centuries. all segments of the population. This is evidenced by its reflection in ancient Russian writing (tales about Belogorod jelly, Olga’s revenge and others in “The Tale of Bygone Years”, folklore motifs in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, vivid phraseology in “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik, etc. ), as well as archaic layers of modern epics, fairy tales, songs and other types of oral folk art. Since the 17th century The first recordings of folklore works and book imitations of folklore begin, for example songs recorded in 1619-1620. for the Englishman Richard James, the lyrical songs of Kvashnin-Samarin, “The Tale of the Mountain of Misfortune”, etc. The complexity of the language situation did not allow the development of uniform and stable norms. There was no single Russian literary language.
- Separation of the civil and Church Slavonic alphabet
- The role of the Great October Socialist Revolution in development
- Russian language
Subsequently, the vernacular becomes a means of communication for predominantly illiterate and semi-literate townspeople, and within the literary language, some of its features are used as a means of bright stylistic coloring. Dialects occupy a special place in the Russian language. In conditions of universal education, they quickly die out and are replaced by the literary language. In their archaic part, modern dialects consist of two large dialects: Northern Great Russian (okanye, plosive consonant “g”, contraction of vowels, forms of personal pronouns “me”, “you”, “yourself”, hard ending “t” in verbs 3- th person of the present and future tense) and Southern Great Russian (akanie, fricative consonant “p”, accusative and genitive case forms of pronouns “mene”, “thee”, “sebe”, soft ending “t” in verbs of the 3rd person present and future tense) with an intermediate transitional Central Russian dialect. There are smaller units, the so-called dialects (groups of closely related dialects), for example Novgorod, Vladimir-Rostov, Ryazan. This division is arbitrary, since the boundaries of distribution of individual dialect features usually do not coincide. The boundaries of dialectal features cross Russian territories in different directions, or these features are distributed only over part of it. Before the advent of writing, dialects were a universal form of language existence. With the emergence of literary languages, they, changing, retained their strength; the speech of the vast majority of the population was dialectal. With the development of culture and the emergence of the national Russian language, dialects become predominantly the speech of the rural population. Modern Russian dialects are turning into unique semi-dialects, in which local features are combined with the norms of the literary language.
The dialects constantly influenced the literary language. Dialecticisms are still used by writers for stylistic purposes. In the modern Russian language there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the 18th century. terminology was borrowed by Russian from German language, in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the middle of the 20th century. it is borrowed mainly from the English language (in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishing the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, but the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.
- Modern Russian language
Back in 1967, as already mentioned, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was created; in 1974 - Institute of Russian Language named after. A. S. Pushkin; A special magazine "Russian Language Abroad" is published. Nowadays, various events are being held in a number of European countries in connection with the announcement of the year of Russian writing. So in 2010 in France the year was declared the year of Russia, but here it became the year of France. In 2011, the Year of Russia was declared in Italy. This allowed residents of European countries to learn more deeply and widely about our traditions, the characteristics of our country and our language.
The science of the Russian language plays a major role in the study of history and modern processes in the Russian language, in regulating its norms. The science of the Russian language is called linguistic Russian studies, or, in short, simply Russian studies. Academic grammars, standard dictionaries (explanatory, spelling, spelling, difficulty dictionaries, synonymous, etc.), manuals on speech culture, magazines ("Russian language at school", "Russian speech", etc.), promotion of scientific knowledge about the Russian language help stabilize its norms. The activities of the Russian Language Institute (founded in 1944) and many Russian language departments in universities are aimed at studying and streamlining the processes occurring in the Russian language.
Chapter 2. Lexical composition of the Russian language
- Lexicology
Lexicology studies the word as an individual unit, as well as the place of the word in the lexical system of the modern Russian literary language.
Lexicology studies the vocabulary of a language in its current state, as well as issues of changes in the vocabulary of a language, changes in the meaning of a word, the main trends in the development of the vocabulary system of a language, and the reasons for changes in the meaning of a word and the vocabulary of a language as a whole are identified.
A special unit of language is the word. It is impossible to imagine a language without words. One word can have several meanings. In this case, the meanings of one word are connected not only with each other, but also with the meanings of other words. The meanings of the word are also related to its origin. One meaning - a concept can be expressed in different words. A word reveals its meaning only in the system of language.
In the modern Russian language there are words that have the same lexical meaning: bandage, appendicitis, birch, felt-tip pen, satin and the like. Such words are called unambiguous or monosemantic. Several types of unambiguous words can be distinguished.
First of all, proper names are unambiguous: Ivan, Petrov, Mytishchi, Vladivostok. As a rule, words that have recently arisen and are not yet widely used are unambiguous: lavsan, dederon, foam rubber, pizza, pizzeria, briefing and the like. Words with a narrow subject meaning are unambiguous: binoculars, trolleybus, suitcase. Many of them denote objects of special use and therefore are used relatively rarely in speech, which helps to preserve their unambiguity: can, beads, turquoise. The terminological names are often unambiguous: gastritis, fibroids, noun, phrase.
Most Russian words have not one, but several meanings. They are called polysemantic or polysemantic and are opposed to unambiguous words. The polysemy of a word is usually realized in speech: the context (i.e., a semantically complete segment of speech) clarifies one of the specific meanings of a polysemantic word. For example, in the works of A.S. Pushkin we encounter the word house in the following meanings: the master's house was secluded, fenced off from the winds by a mountain, stood above a river (house - building, structure); I'm afraid to leave the house (house is a dwelling); The whole house was ruled by one Parasha (house - household); Three houses are calling for the evening (home - family); The house was in motion (house - people living together).
The word acquires ambiguity in the process of historical development of the language, reflecting changes in society and nature, their cognition by man. As a result, our thinking is enriched with new concepts. The volume of the vocabulary of any language is limited, so the development of vocabulary occurs not only through the creation of new words, but also as a result of an increase in the number of meanings of previously known ones, the death of some meanings and the emergence of new ones. This leads not only to quantitative, but also to qualitative changes in vocabulary.
Polysemy is also determined purely linguistically: words can be used in figurative meanings. Names can be transferred from one item to another if these items have common characteristics.
- Vocabulary composition of the language
The vocabulary of the modern Russian language has been formed over the centuries. The basis of the vocabulary is made up of native Russian words. A word is considered primordial if it arose in the Russian language according to existing models or passed into it from an older predecessor language - Old Russian, Proto-Slavic or Indo-European.
The original vocabulary includes all words that came into the modern Russian language from their ancestral languages. Therefore, the original Russian vocabulary falls into five layers, belonging to different eras:
- Indo-European layer. This layer includes words that have correspondences in the roots of words in many other Indo-European languages. These are, for example, words such as mother, son, brother, wolf, water, nose, three, four, take, be, etc. These words are native not only to Russian, but also to many other Indo-European languages.
Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) layer. Words of this layer have correspondences in many Slavic languages and are native to them, for example: heart, spring, rain, grass, grandson, aunt, lead, kind.
Only about two thousand words belong to the Indo-European and Proto-Slavic layers, but they make up 25% of the words in our everyday communication. This is easy to understand: the first words, naturally, arose that reflected urgent human needs.
Old Russian layer. It includes words that arose during the period of the unity of Kievan Rus and are common to the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages: forty, ninety, spoon, nomad, brown, together, squirrel, milk mushroom.
Actually, the Russian layer unites words that arose after the 14th century, that is, after the collapse of Kievan Rus. These are almost all words with the suffixes -chik / -schik, -telstv, -lk(a), -nost and many others, complex and complexly abbreviated words: grandmother, pilot, steamship, Moscow State University. It also includes words that changed their meaning during this period, for example, red in the meaning of a certain color (in the Proto-Slavic and Old Russian languages, the word red had the meaning “good”, which was preserved in the phrases red maiden and Red Square).
During the period of transformations of Peter I, words related to navigation, shipbuilding, and military affairs were especially actively borrowed from the Dutch (lock, harbor, boatswain), German (soldier, storm, bayonet) languages.
In the 18th-19th centuries, a large number of words were borrowed from French, Italian, Spanish, Polish, which are associated primarily with the secular nature of the culture of that time: ballet, partner, veil (from French), aria, baritone, impresario (from Italian), guitar, cigar, serenade (from Spanish), monogram (from Polish).
The Russian language contains borrowings from the Scandinavian languages (hook, pud, herring), from the Finnish language (blizzard, flounder, walrus, tundra), single borrowings from Chinese (tea), Japanese (karate, Iwashi), Hungarian (goulash).
In the twentieth century, the main source of borrowing is English language, and the borrowing process intensified in the second half of the 20th century. In the 50s The words jeans, shorts, hobby, camping, motel are borrowed. In the early 90s. political, economic and cultural conditions arose that predetermined the predisposition to borrow: awareness of the country as part of the civilized world, the desire to overcome alienation from other countries, an open orientation towards the West in various areas.
Due to the change political system new realities and concepts arise, which causes the transfer of names from a foreign linguistic environment to Russian soil: parliament, prime minister, mayor, prefect, press secretary, press attache, press release.
The literary language includes new terminology:
- computer: computer, display, file, hard drive, printer;
sports: windsurfing, freestyle, bobsleigh, kickboxing;
financial, commercial: barter, voucher, dealer, distributor, investor, marketing;
political and social: image, consensus, summit, electorate;
cultural: sponsor, underground, remake, thriller, showman.
When borrowed, a word is mastered by the Russian language: it begins to be written in Russian letters, acquires the pronunciation and grammatical design characteristic of the Russian language. The degree of mastery of borrowed words can be different. Most borrowed words have been completely mastered by the Russian language, and nothing reminds of their non-Russian origin.
Modern developed languages have hundreds of thousands of words each. Compared to such a rich language of the people, the vocabulary of individual people seems small. Even for outstanding writers, it only slightly exceeds 20,000 (21,290 words are registered in the Pushkin Dictionary of the Language). According to the observations of psychologists, the vocabulary of a modern well-educated person usually does not exceed 6000-9000 words.
True, you need to know that the numbers talking about vocabulary individuals, mean active vocabulary, i.e. a set of words used in a certain era. The passive vocabulary of a person, i.e. the totality of rarely used and uncommon words is several times larger than the active one.
The vocabulary of a language is characterized not only by the number of words it contains, but also by the quality and heterogeneity of the vocabulary groups, or rows, or layers that form it. Lexicology is the science of vocabulary and its development and deals with the study of those groups, rows or layers from which vocabulary has historically been “made up”.
- Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the sphere
- use
Vocabulary of limited use includes words whose use is limited to a certain locality (dialectisms), profession (special vocabulary), occupation or interest (slang vocabulary).
Dialectisms are features of dialects and dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language. Dialectism is a dialect inclusion in the Russian literary language. People’s speech may reflect the phonetic, word-formation, and grammatical features of a dialect, but for lexicology the most important dialectisms are those associated with the functioning of words as lexical units - lexical dialectisms, which come in several types.
Special vocabulary is associated with people's professional activities. It includes terms and professionalisms.
Terms are the names of special concepts of science, art, technology, agriculture, etc. Terms are often artificially created using Latin and Greek roots and differ from “ordinary” words of the language in that they are, ideally, unambiguous in this terminology and do not have synonyms, that is, each term must correspond to only one object of a given science. Each word term has a strict definition, recorded in special scientific studies or terminological dictionaries.
There are terms that are generally understood and highly specialized. The meaning of commonly understood terms is also known to a non-specialist, which is usually associated with studying the fundamentals of various sciences at school and with their frequent use in everyday life (for example, medical terminology) and in the media (political, economic terminology). Highly specialized terms are understandable only to specialists.
Terms belong to the literary language and are recorded in special terminological dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries with a special mark.
It is necessary to distinguish professionalisms from terms - words and expressions that are not scientifically defined, strictly legalized names of certain objects, actions, processes related to the professional, scientific, and production activities of people. These are semi-official and informal (they are sometimes called professional jargon) words used by people of a certain profession to designate special objects, concepts, actions, often having names in literary language.
Professional jargons exist exclusively in the oral speech of people of this profession and are not included in the literary language (for example, among printing workers: cap - “large heading”, marashka - “marriage in the form of a square”; among drivers: steering wheel - “steering wheel”, brick - sign prohibiting passage). If professionalisms are included in dictionaries, they are accompanied by an indication of the scope of use (in the speech of sailors, in the speech of fishermen, etc.).
The vocabulary of limited use also includes jargon - words used by people of certain interests, activities, and habits. Words included in different jargons form interjargon (schmuck, funny, cool, party).
Slang and argotic vocabulary is outside the literary language and is recorded only in special dictionaries.
- Modern spelling standards
Modern spelling norms are a consistent system that is developing and improving.
Orthoepic norms are not something frozen, once and for all established and unchangeable. The orthoepic norm is the standard pronunciation and stress.
Among the main pronunciation norms are:
- pronunciation of unstressed vowels.
pronunciation of unstressed vowels and their combinations
some grammatical forms, for example, gender endings. singular case - by her, oh.
Orthoepy - correct speech. Orthoepy is a set of rules for the literary pronunciation of sounds and sound combinations.
Depending on the rate of speech, pronunciation styles are distinguished:
With a slow pace of speech - full style: clear pronunciation of sounds, careful articulation, an essential condition of oratory.
With a fast pace of speech, the style is incomplete: less distinct pronunciation of sounds, strong reduction of sounds, that is, reduction of sounds.
Classification of pronunciation styles depending on the stylistic orientation and the presence or absence of expressive coloring.
The neutral style of pronunciation is not stylistically colored.
Stylistically colored:
- High (bookish, academic) style;
Conversational style.
According to the norms of the neutral style of pronunciation, words of the neutral style are formatted. Words of high style - according to the norms of high style pronunciation, colloquial words - according to the norms of colloquial style of pronunciation. The difference between pronunciation styles may allow some norms of the neutral style to have their counterparts in the high and colloquial styles:
High style [sonnet] - neutral style [s?net].
Neutral style [k?gda] - colloquial [k?da].
The book style in spelling is called high. The high style of pronunciation strictly adheres to orthoepic norms and does not allow pronunciation variations.
The conversational style of pronunciation is characterized by:
a) strong reduction of vowels, and sometimes even omission of words.
[hello] - hello.
[hello] - hello.
b) more pronounced softening of vowels.
[z?v?e?r?i] - animals.
[t?v?o?rdy] - hard.
The neutral style of pronunciation is, as it were, intermediate between bookish and colloquial. Orthoepic pronunciation norms are characteristic of the neutral style.
- Changes in lexical composition
Archaisms are words denoting concepts, objects, phenomena that currently exist; for various reasons, archaisms were forced out of active use by other words. They have synonyms.
They are divided into several groups:
1. Actually, lexical archaisms are words that have completely fallen out of use and have passed into the passive vocabulary.
2. Lexico-semantic archaisms are words for which one or more meanings are outdated.
3. Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words whose sound design (sound shell) has changed as a result of historical development, but the meaning of the word has been completely preserved.
4. Lexico-word-formation archaisms are words in which individual morphemes or word-formation models are outdated.
Neologisms are new words, i.e. words that arose in the memory of the generation using them. It is customary to distinguish between lexical neologisms and semantic neologisms. The first are new words, the second are new meanings of pre-existing words.
- The connection between grammar and vocabulary
- System connections between words
Antonyms are words that are extremely distant from each other, i.e. opposite in meaning.
Homonyms are words that have the same form but different meanings. There are lexical homonyms (complete and incomplete), phonetic, grammatical and graphic.
Paronyms are words that sound similar, but not identical. There are two groups: single-root and multi-root.
- Foreign words
Graphic mastery is the transmission of a foreign language word in writing using the Russian alphabet.
Phonetic acquisition is a change in the sound appearance of a word as a result of its adaptation to new phonetic conditions.
Grammatical acquisition is the adaptation of a foreign word to the grammatical system of the Russian language.
French borrowings of the second half of the 18th-19th centuries. Everyday vocabulary: lampshade, ball, balcony, barracks, cambric, loaf, buffet, vest, muffler, corsage, coat, salad, salon, dressing table, toilet, etc.; theatrical: amphitheater, announcement, poster, ballet, mezzanine, stalls, etc.; political: avant-garde, aggression, activist, revolution, etc.; also the words aviation, champignon, chance, chassis, masterpiece, etc.
Chapter 3. Russian language in the world
- General information
The total number of Russian speakers in the world, according to an estimate in 1999, is about 167 million, and another 110 million people speak Russian as a second language.
At the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 150 million people spoke Russian - mostly subjects of the Russian Empire. Over the next 90 years, the number of Russian language speakers increased to approximately 350 million people, with 286 million of them living in the USSR, where Russian was the state language and for most of its inhabitants the native language, and over 70 million more people (mainly in the allied republics of the USSR, Eastern European, Balkan countries and a number of Asian countries) also knew the Russian language to one degree or another.
By 2005, the number of people who speak Russian to varying degrees had dropped to 278 million people, including 140 million people in the Russian Federation itself. According to 2006 estimates, Russian is the native language for 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation, for 26.4 million residents of the CIS and Baltic republics, and for almost 7.4 million residents of non-CIS countries (primarily Germany and other European countries, the USA and Israel) , that is, for a total of 163.8 million people. Over 114 million more people speak Russian as a second language (mainly in the CIS and Baltic countries) or know it as a foreign language (in non-CIS countries).
Until 1991, it was the language of interethnic communication of the USSR, de facto performing the functions of the state language. It continues to be used in countries that were formerly part of the USSR, as a native language for part of the population and as a language of interethnic communication. In places where emigrants from the countries of the former USSR live densely (Israel, Germany, Canada, the USA, etc.), Russian-language periodicals are published, radio stations and television channels operate. In countries of Eastern Europe Until the end of the 80s of the 20th century, Russian was the main foreign language in schools.
Russian is the only one of the 10-12 leading world languages that over the past 15 years has been steadily losing its position in all major regions of the world.
Russian is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, second only to Chinese (more than 1 billion people speak it), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million). Language is not only the most important means of communication between people, but also a means of cognition that allows people to accumulate knowledge, passing it on from person to person and from each generation of people to subsequent generations. The totality of achievements of human society in production, social and spiritual activities is called culture. Therefore, we can say that language is a means of developing culture and a means of assimilating culture by each member of society.
etc.................
1. Introduction. General provisions . 3 2. The role of the Russian language in the world . 5
3. Russian is one of the leading world languages. 7
4. Russian language in international communication. 9 5. Will Russian be one of the world languages in the future? 14
6. Conclusion. 16
7. List of used literature. 17
Introduction. General provisions .
Russian is the official language of the Russian Federation. Belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages, part of the Indo-European family of languages. Official language of the UN. It is used as a language of interethnic communication in the former union republics of the USSR. Number of Russian speakers St. 250 million people.
The priceless wealth of a nation is its language - a kind of gene pool of national culture. Language in the life of the people performs ethno-differentiating and ethno-integrating functions, occupying not a side, secondary place somewhere on the periphery, but one of the leading ones, since it acts as a bearer of the spiritual independence of the nation. The loss of language for her is a loss of mutual understanding not only outside, but also within her.
Language is the main spiritual territory of the people. Those who call it the backbone of national culture are right. IN Ancient Rus' the word “language” also had a second meaning - “people”. Treasuring one's native speech is a high moral sign of loyalty to the Motherland and nation. These feelings were expressed with great artistic force during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War Anna Akhmatova.
“It’s not scary to lie dead on the floor with bullets,
It's not bitter to stay homeless
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word
We will carry you free and clean
We will give it to our grandchildren and save us from captivity
The words of the Avar Rasul Gamzatov echo the feelings of the Russian poetess:
"And if tomorrow the language disappears,
Then I'm ready to die today »
Despite the widespread prevalence of national-Russian bilingualism (the proportion of those fluent in Russian as a second language increased from 80.1% in 1970 to 83% in 1979), all nationalities use their native language (93.1% of the total population) .
Russian language is familiar and handy tool spiritual communication. Pushkin bequeathed a twofold mission to the Russian language - the mission of unity and the mission of preserving other languages and cultures. In the current conditions, it is the most important lever for bringing independent states closer together. One remarkable fact should be recalled. In 1948, during the " cold war“Allen Dulles taught: to destroy the USSR, you don’t need an atomic bomb, you just need to convince its people that they can do without knowing the Russian language. Economic, cultural and other ties are being disrupted. The state will cease to exist.
ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD
The Russian language has been and continues to remain one of the world languages. According to estimates, the Russian language in terms of the number of speakers (500 million people, including more than 300 million abroad) ranks third in the world after Chinese (over 1 billion) and English (750 million). It is the official or working language in most authoritative international organizations (UN, IAEA, UNESCO, WHO, etc.).
At the end of the last century, alarming trends emerged in the functioning of the Russian language as a world language in a number of countries and regions for various reasons.
The Russian language finds itself in the most difficult situation in the post-Soviet space. On the one hand, due to historical inertia, it still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication there. The Russian language in a number of CIS countries continues to be used in business circles, financial and banking systems, and in some government agencies. The majority of the population of these countries (about 70%) is still quite fluent in it.
On the other hand, the situation may change dramatically in a generation, since there is a process (recently it has slowed down somewhat, but not stopped) of destruction of the Russian-speaking space, the consequences of which are beginning to be felt today.
As a result of the introduction of the language of the titular nations as the only state language, the Russian language is gradually being squeezed out of socio-political and economic life, the field of culture, and the media. Opportunities for obtaining education there are being reduced. Less attention is paid to the study of the Russian language in general education and professional educational institutions, in which instruction is conducted in the languages of the titular nations.
The narrowing of the scope of use of the Russian language deeply affects, firstly, the rights of millions of our compatriots who found themselves abroad as a result of the collapse of the USSR, and secondly, it does not meet the national interests of the newly independent states. An erroneous language policy can cause serious difficulties in the development of cooperation both within the CIS (economic, scientific and technical integration, the formation of a single educational space, etc.) and in the sphere of mutual bilateral relations.
The problem of giving the Russian language a special status in the CIS and Baltic countries has acquired particular relevance and importance. This is a key factor in maintaining his position.
In the field of disseminating the Russian language abroad, the most active activities are carried out by the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (Roszarubezhtsentr) under the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State Institute Russian language and literature named after. A.S. Pushkin, Center for the Development of the Russian Language and the Russian Society of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (ROPRYAL).
Of course, in the area of promoting the Russian language abroad, the most pressing problem is still the problem of resources. Despite some positive changes that have emerged, as noted above, financial opportunities remain very limited. Currently, the issue of creating a fund to support the Russian language abroad is being considered, which could partially solve these problems.
Russian language is one of the world's leading languages
The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the leading world languages. According to the latest data, the Russian language ranks third in the world in terms of the number of speakers (more than half a billion people) after Chinese and English. Experts note that Russian is one of those languages whose knowledge meets the interests of almost all states. It is no coincidence that today in about 80 countries of the world the Russian language is considered almost compulsory to study. For example, in the Czech Republic, more schoolchildren choose Russian as a language of study than French. In China, only English is more popular among students, and in Bulgaria, Russian has moved from 14th most popular language studied in schools to second place. And as experts note, the popularity of the Russian language will only increase in the coming years.
First Deputy Executive Director of the Russkiy Mir Foundation Sergei Morgunov agrees with this assessment: “According to our information, the Russian language is becoming more and more popular in various countries. This applies not only to people who come to work with us and have some kind of integration ties with Russia, but also to people who have some kind of relationship through family ties. This refers to our compatriots in some generations - the third or fourth and already forgetting the language. This interest is also increasing due to the fact that Russia, as an active political player in last years, is very significantly represented on the world stage. Interest in Russian culture has always been quite high, but recent research conducted by our foundation shows a constant, active increase.”
The Russian World Foundation was established by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin to create centers of the Russian language and Russian culture around the world. Today, the foundation has opened over 20 Russian centers in the USA, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, China, Estonia and Latvia. The Moscow government also plays an important role in supporting the Russian language abroad, especially in the CIS, and is implementing a number of programs to promote education in the Russian language. For example, the Moscow Mayor's Scholarship program is being implemented in the Baltic countries. During its operation, more than 500 people became scholarship recipients. International Russian language Olympiads are held among schoolchildren from CIS countries, and advanced training courses are organized for teachers of Russian-language schools in neighboring countries. As a gift from Moscow, Russian-language schools in the former Soviet republics receive hundreds of thousands of copies of textbooks every year. But, as experts note, this is not yet enough. It is no coincidence that Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has repeatedly emphasized that Moscow’s growing role in the world arouses logical interest in the Russian language and Russian culture. And one of the main tasks of the government is to ensure that the Russian language is one of the main languages in the world, so that in the future over a billion people speak it.
Russian language in international communication
Russian language in international communication. The Russian language is one of the most widespread and rich languages in the world, spoken outside the main territory of their distribution by representatives of different nations, communicating not only with the original speakers of these languages, but also with each other.
Just like English and some other languages used outside the countries for which they are state or official, the Russian language is widely used outside of Russia. It is used in various areas of international (interstate) communication, for example. acts as the “language of science” - a means of communication between scientists from different countries, a means of encoding and storing universal knowledge (60-70% of all world information is published in English and Russian languages). Rus. language is a necessary accessory to world communication systems (radio broadcasts, air and space communications, etc.). English, Russian and some others, etc. world languages are characterized not only by the specificity of social functions (for example, the function of lingua franca, i.e. an intermediary in the dissemination of knowledge and equalization of its level in different countries; the function of the language of diplomacy, international trade, transport, tourism; educational function - young people from developing countries study in them, etc.), but also by the conscious choice of these languages for study and use (recognition as a “foreign language”, i.e. a subject of teaching in schools and universities in most countries; legal recognition as a “working language” V international organizations, primarily in the UN, at international congresses etc.).
Rus. The language ranks fifth in the world in terms of the absolute number of speakers (after Chinese, Hindi and Urdu together, and English and Spanish languages), but this feature is not the main one in determining the “world language”. What is important for a “world language” is not the sheer number of people who speak it, especially as native speakers, but the global distribution of native speakers, its coverage of different, maximum number of countries, as well as the most influential social strata of the population in different countries (for example, scientific, technical and creative intelligentsia, administrative apparatus). Before the collapse of the USSR, Russian the language was studied by 20-24 million schoolchildren, students, and other individuals in 91 countries, ch. arr. in the countries of the East. Europe and other former so-called. socialist states. It was also recognized as the language of interethnic communication among all the peoples of the current “near abroad”, even the “second native language” of non-Russians. peoples living in the USSR. In the 90s 20th century number of Russian students language in the world (excluding the former republics of the USSR) is estimated at 10-12 million people. (a decrease in the number of students studying the Russian language occurred in the countries of Eastern Europe; in developed countries and a number of other countries, the relative number of those choosing the Russian language to study has increased). Cancellation of compulsory study of Russian. language in those countries that provided high statistics, led to an improvement in the quality of mastery of Russian. language by those individuals who study it by free choice, without qualifications. coercion. Improving the level of Russian proficiency. language contributes to the liberation of its teaching from the ideological coloring of the “language of communism”, from the “political and educational function”. Like other languages of wide international study and use, Russian. the language entered the “club of world languages” due to the action of social and linguistic factors. Social factors are associated with the significance of the native people of a given language in the history of mankind and its role and authority in the modern world. Distribution of Russian language in Europe and Asia dates back to the 11th century. on an ascending line, Russian plays a large role in this process. a classic literary figure of the 19th century, he was facilitated - often contradictory - by the events of the 20th century, including political, economic, social and other changes in Russia that began in the 2nd half. 80s 20th century
Linguistic factors are derived from historical and social factors, and not self-sufficient, built up to the “natural, innate superiority” of a given language (for example, to the type of its morphological structure, as adherents of the superiority of English analytical grammar believed).Rus. language and other “world languages” are distinguished by their high information content, that is, the ability to store in their system the maximum experience of communication and verbal creativity, proven means and possibilities for expressing and transmitting thoughts. Information value is the quality of the language elements themselves, but, naturally, it is closely dependent on the quantity and quality of information presented on the long tongue in original and translated publications. Information value is associated with the communicative effectiveness of a given language and its ease of use for speakers of other languages.
In specific linguistic terms, the following are essential: the development of semantics, both lexical and grammatical, especially syntactic, stylistic and other differentiation of the dictionary, in particular the presence of special terminologies; the adaptability of language to express the subtlest shades of thoughts; the stability of the generally accepted standard (literary language) and the degree of its normalization; relationship between book and conversation speech, as well as the state of the oral form of lit. language; the degree of internationalization of linguistic units and the preservation of their national identity; the nature of writing, etc. The function of an international intermediary requires a language not to become similar to other or all languages, but to be able to express everything that can be expressed in them (this thesis is related to the concept of “intertranslatability”).
Rus. the language, preserving its uniqueness and identity over a vast space and a long time, absorbed the riches of the languages of the West and East, mastered the Greek-Byzantine, Latin, Eastern. and st.-slav. heritage. He accepted the achievements of the new languages of the Romance and Germanic areas of Europe. However, the main source of its development, processing and polishing was the creative work of Russians. people, especially generations of Russians. and everyone grew up. figures of science, politics, technology, culture and literature - Russian. the language has become a highly developed, rich, revealed in its potential, ordered, stylistically differentiated, historically balanced language, capable of serving all needs - not only national, but also universal.
The Russian language, like other languages of wide world study and use, is especially intensively studied as a linguistic phenomenon, including from a contrastive and comparative point of view, i.e. from the standpoint of the linguistic consciousness and culture of other peoples: various monographic descriptions all its sides different types dictionaries, grammars, stylistics, theoretical and practical grammars for all categories of users, etc. (see Russian Studies). Since 1967, the MAPRYAL International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature has been operating (see), since 1973 - the Institute of Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin (see) in Moscow, since 1967 the magazine “Russian Language Abroad” and other periodical educational and methodological literature have been published in Russia and other countries.
The modern language situation is characterized by the development of processes that negatively affect the state of the Russian language:
- the spheres of functioning of the Russian language in the territory of the former USSR are being reduced, as a result of which many millions of people speaking Russian cannot fully use it in the fields of management, education, culture, literature and computer science;
- the concept of the development of national-Russian bilingualism in the former republics of the USSR is changing, which leads to a weakening of the importance of the Russian language in the CIS and Baltic countries; this, in turn, negatively affects the attitude towards the problems of bilingualism in certain regions of the Russian Federation;
- the volume of business correspondence in Russian is decreasing; changing forms and methods of management in the context of the transition to market economy is not provided with new standards and rules for business correspondence, office work and archiving;
- the publication of books in Russian is being reduced, their circulation has decreased significantly, the book market is flawed and primitive, the production of serious scientific and artistic publications, including books on the Russian language, has sharply decreased due to the repurposing of many publishing houses to produce opportunistic literature;
- do not fully meet the needs of modern Russian society predominantly translated information systems;
- normalization work has lagged behind: the creation and dissemination of norms of the Russian literary language does not fully meet the needs of modern society;
- serious difficulties have arisen in teaching the Russian language and literature in schools and universities: the existing educational literature is not adequate modern requirements;
- there is no established system of promoting the Russian language in the media, in secondary and higher schools, and in professional fields.
Will Russian be one of the world languages in the future?
At the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 150 million people spoke Russian - mostly subjects of the Russian Empire. Over the next 90 years, the number of people who know Russian (actively or passively speaking it) more than doubled - to approximately 350 million people, and 286 million of them lived in a country where Russian was the state language and for the majority of its inhabitants relatives.
Another over 70 million people (mainly in the Union republics of the USSR, Eastern European, Balkan and a number of Asian countries) knew Russian to one degree or another. 14 years after the collapse of the USSR, by 2005, the number of people who speak Russian to varying degrees had decreased to 278 million people, including 140 million people in the Russian Federation itself.
Currently, Russian is the native language for 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation, for 26.4 million residents of the CIS and Baltic republics and for almost 7.4 million residents of non-CIS countries (primarily Germany and other European countries, the USA and Israel), then there is a total of 163.8 million people.
Over 114 million more people speak Russian as a second language (mainly in the CIS and Baltic countries) or know it as a foreign language (in non-CIS countries). In 10 years, by 2015, the number of those for whom Russian is their native language will decrease, according to our estimates, to 144 million (including in Russia itself - to 120 million). In addition, another 68 million people will speak it as a second or foreign language.
Currently, the Russian language still ranks fourth in the world in terms of prevalence. The leading languages are English (it is estimated that 500 million people speak it as a native or second language, and over 1 billion more people speak it as a foreign language) and Chinese (it is spoken almost exclusively as a native language by over 1,350 million people (including Mandarin - over 900 million people) Third place is occupied by Spanish (about 360 million people speak it, including an estimated 335 million as their native speakers).
The second most important region in terms of the prevalence of the Russian language outside Russia has traditionally been the states of Eastern Europe. The peak of interest in the Russian language and culture in the countries Western Europe was the end of the 1980s, which was associated with the so-called perestroika and certain expectations from it.
The Russian-speaking community, formed from several waves of emigration, can to a certain extent contribute to maintaining interest in the Russian language and culture in Western European countries. Its population is, according to our estimates, 4.3 million people, the largest part of which live in Germany, France, Greece, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain
Conclusion.
The problems of the Russian language are organically connected with the place of Russian culture in modern society- its great literature and painting, philosophy and history, role in all spiritual life. They are connected with those new tasks that Russian culture is called upon to solve not only on its own national soil, but also in the context of the consolidation of a multinational national culture.
The question of his protection and defense is very acute; alien words that cripple him invade him. The Russian language began to deteriorate, become poorer, lose its riches, and be eroded by the so-called language of the outskirts. In many regions, the teaching of the Russian language is weak. There is a shortage of over five thousand teachers of Russian studies.
Russian is a world language. Little studied (lesser taught), but world-class in the sense that the entire heritage of world civilization has been translated into Russian.
List of used literature .
1. Trushkova Yu. V. Problems of describing modern sociolinguistic terminology (the term “state language”) // Problems of language 2. Khaleeva I. I. Language will bring to Europe // gas. "Trud", February 7, 2010
3. Chelyshev E. P. "The Great and Mighty" is taken under protection // " Russian newspaper", November 17, 2009
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