Natural objects of federal importance. Specially protected natural area
specially protected natural areas(PA)- areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where they are located natural complexes and objects that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a regime of special protection has been established.
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Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of protected areas and the status of nature protection institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished:
- State natural reserves (including biospheric ones)
- National parks
- natural parks
- State nature reserves
- Monuments of nature
- Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
Russian protected areas
Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation carries out public administration in the field of organization and functioning of specially protected natural territories of federal significance.
In total, in Russia, as of 2013, there are more than 13 thousand protected areas of federal, regional and local significance, total area which (including sea areas) exceeds 200 million hectares, which is 11.9% of the territory of Russia (excluding water areas - 11.3%). .
There are 299 protected areas of federal importance, including 110 state natural reserves, 46 national parks and 70 state natural reserves, as well as natural monuments and other protected areas of federal significance. The total area of protected areas of federal significance is 59.2 million hectares (including marine areas) or 48.3 million hectares (excluding water areas).
There are 11,647 protected areas of regional importance, their area (including marine areas) is 119.1 million hectares. 1,213 protected areas with a total area of 25.8 million hectares are of local importance.
State natural reserves
On the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water bodies, bowels, vegetable and animal world), which have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance, as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
State natural reserves are nature protection, scientific research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
In state natural reserves, areas may be allocated where any human intervention in natural processes is excluded. On specially allocated areas of partial economic use, which do not include especially valuable ecological systems and objects for the sake of which the state nature reserve was created, activities are allowed that are aimed at ensuring the functioning of the state nature reserve and the life of citizens living on its territory, and are carried out in accordance with the approved individual regulation on this state nature reserve.
Status biosphere reserves have state natural reserves, which are included in international system biosphere reserves (biosphere reserves) created within the framework of the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere". The status of a biosphere reserve can be assigned not only to state nature reserves, but also to other specially protected natural areas: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, or natural complexes that include several types of protected areas (for example, the biosphere reserve Bashkirsky Ural).
National parks
National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
In the territories national parks a differentiated regime of special protection is established, taking into account their natural, historical, cultural and other features. Based on these features, various functional zones can be distinguished in the territories of national parks, including:
- reserved, within which any economic activity and recreational use of the territory are prohibited;
- specially protected, within which conditions are provided for the preservation of natural complexes and objects, and on the territory of which strictly regulated visits are allowed;
- educational tourism, designed to organize environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the national park;
- recreational, including those intended for recreation, development physical education and sports;
- protection of historical and cultural objects, within which conditions are provided for their preservation;
- visitor service, designed to accommodate accommodation places, tent camps and other objects of tourist service, cultural, consumer and information services for visitors;
- economic purpose, within which the economic activity necessary to ensure the functioning of the national park is carried out.
natural parks
natural parks. These are nature protection recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the subjects Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant ecological and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental protection, educational and recreational purposes. The following tasks are assigned to natural parks:
- preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;
- creation of conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preservation of recreational resources;
- development and implementation effective methods nature protection and maintaining the ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of the territories of natural parks.
State nature reserves
State natural reserves are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.
State nature reserves may have a different profile, including:
- complex (landscape), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);
- biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
- paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;
- hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
- geological, designed to preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
For the purposes of educational tourism, complex reserves are of particular importance, in which tourists are introduced to rare species of animals and flora, scenic landscapes. As a rule, setting up tourist camps on the territory of nature reserves is prohibited, only the laying of tourist trails is allowed.
Monuments of nature
Monuments of nature - unique, irreplaceable, valuable in ecological, scientific, cultural and aesthetic terms, natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
Natural monuments can be declared areas of land and water, as well as single natural objects, including :
- scenic spots;
- reference areas of untouched nature;
- sites with a predominance of the cultural landscape (old parks, alleys, canals, ancient mines, etc.);
- places of growth and habitat of valuable, relict, few rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including on the borders of their ranges;
- forest tracts and forest areas, especially valuable for their characteristics (species composition, productivity, genetic qualities, structure of plantations, etc.), as well as examples of outstanding achievements in forestry science and practice;
- small dendrological parks;
- natural objects that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime;
- unique landforms and landscapes associated with them (mountains, groups of rocks, gorges, canyons, glacial cirques and trough valleys, moraine-boulder ridges, dunes, dunes, carr fields, groups of caves, giant ice floes,
In accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", specially protected natural territories are plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance are located.
At the same time, when establishing one or another type of specially protected natural areas, it is planned to satisfy certain public interests. Let us consider them in relation to certain types of such territories. In accordance with Art. 2 of the Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of these territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following types of these territories are distinguished.
a) State natural reserves, including biospheric ones. Specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) on the territory of the reserve have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna. State natural reserves are nature protection, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
State natural biosphere reserves are created for the purpose of conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational nature management that do not destroy the environment and do not deplete biological resources.
The following tasks are assigned to state natural reserves:
Implementation of the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state;
Organization and conduct of scientific research, including the maintenance of the Chronicle of Nature;
Implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system;
environmental education;
Participation in the state environmental review of projects and layouts for economic and other facilities;
Assistance in the training of scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection.
b) National parks. They are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
On National parks the following main tasks are assigned:
Preservation of natural complexes, unique and reference natural sites and objects;
Preservation of historical and cultural objects;
Environmental education of the population;
Creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation;
Development and implementation scientific methods nature protection and environmental education;
Implementation of environmental monitoring;
Restoration of disturbed natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects.
c) Natural parks. These are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental protection, educational and recreational purposes. The following tasks are assigned to natural parks:
Preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;
Creation of conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preservation of recreational resources;
Development and implementation of effective methods of nature protection and maintenance of ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of territories of natural parks.
d) State natural reserves - territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes and their components and maintaining the ecological balance. State natural reserves can have a different profile, including being: complex (landscape), intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);
Biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
Paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;
Hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
Geological, designed to preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature,
e) Monuments of nature - unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
f) Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are nature protection institutions, the tasks
which include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities.g) Therapeutic areas and health resorts. These may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, healing climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). Medical and health-improving areas and resorts are allocated for the purpose of their rational use and ensuring the preservation of their natural healing resources and health-improving properties.
- introductory lesson for free;
- A large number of experienced teachers (native and Russian-speaking);
- Courses NOT for a specific period (month, six months, year), but for a specific number of lessons (5, 10, 20, 50);
- Over 10,000 satisfied customers.
- The cost of one lesson with a Russian-speaking teacher - from 600 rubles, with a native speaker - from 1500 rubles
Specially protected natural areas
To the greatest extent, biological and landscape diversity is preserved in specially protected natural areas (SPNA). Therefore, increasing their areas, ensuring the established regime and real protection is one of the priority areas in the work to preserve the natural environment. PAs are designed to preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, the diversity of flora and fauna, and the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites. Completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, they have a special protection regime, and protected zones or districts with a regulated regime of economic activity can be created on adjacent land and water areas.
In the territories of state nature reserves, national parks and other specially protected natural territories, the protection of wildlife and its habitat is carried out in accordance with the special protection regime for these territories, which is established by the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories". The federal law regulates relations in the field of using specially protected areas in order to preserve unique and typical natural complexes and objects, natural landmarks, objects of flora and fauna, their genetic fund, study natural processes in the biosphere and control over changes in its state, environmental education of the population.
Specially protected natural areas - plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which special protection regime is established.
Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage.
There are the following main categories of these territories:
– state nature reserves, including biosphere ones;
- National parks;
– natural parks;
- state nature reserves;
– monuments of nature;
– dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
- health-improving areas and resorts;
- World heritage sites.
Preservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priorities of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation
State natural reserves
Reserves - examples of untouched, wildlife. Their main task is the strictest protection of the standards of the wild nature of the corresponding zone and landscapes for comparison and analysis of the changes that man makes to nature. It must be remembered that the conservation of all species of animals and plants living on earth is of great scientific and practical importance. This is the precious genetic fund, which may be extremely necessary for mankind.
When organizing a network of reserves, scientific principles were taken as the basis, which have not lost their significance at the present time.
The territories chosen for the reserves were changed to the least extent under the influence of human economic activity.
Natural complexes of reserves included rare species animals and plants (or rare ecosystems).
The reserves served as models of landscape-geographical zones.
The territories of the reserves were sufficient to ensure self-regulation of the ongoing natural processes.
First of all, the “standards” of those landscapes that were in danger of disappearing were commanded.
In the Russian Federation, the most traditional form of territorial nature protection, which is of priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity, are state nature reserves. System state reserves as standards of undisturbed natural areas is the subject of well-deserved pride of domestic science and the environmental movement in Russia. The network of reserves was created over eight decades. As of 2000, there are 99 state natural reserves in Russia with a total area of 33.152 million hectares, including 26.678 million hectares of land (with internal water bodies), which is 1.56% of the territory of Russia. The reserves are located on the territory of 18 republics within the Russian Federation, 4 territories, 35 regions, one autonomous region, 7 autonomous regions. In accordance with the legislation, state natural reserves have the status of nature protection, research and environmental education institutions.
The system of Russian state nature reserves is internationally recognized: 21 of them have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the appropriate UNESCO certificates), 7 are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 10 fall under the jurisdiction of the Convention on Wetlands, which have an international important mainly as a habitat for waterfowl (Ramsar Convention), 4 (Oksky, Teberdinsky, Central Chernozemny and Kostomuksha) have diplomas of the Council of Europe.
National parks.
National parks are declared territories that include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value and intended for use in environmental protection, educational, scientific, cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
The state system of national parks of the Russian Federation began to take shape relatively recently, the first national park Russian Federation ("Sochi") was formed in 1983. As of 2000, there are 34 national parks in the Russian Federation with a total area of 6.787 million hectares (0.4% of the area of the Russian Federation). National parks are located on the territory of 11 republics, 2 territories, 17 regions (Table 3). Most (33) national parks are administered by the Russian Federal Forestry Service and one is administered by the Government of Moscow ("Losiny Ostrov").
The role and importance of Russian national parks are recognized by the world community: three national parks are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention on the Preservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage (these are the Yugyd Va National Park, on the territory of which the largest array of old-growth (virgin) forests in Europe has been preserved, and national parks "Pribaikalsky" and "Zabaikalsky", included in the water protection zone of Lake Baikal). Part of the territory of the Meshchersky National Park (floodplain of the Oka River and part of the floodplain of the Pra River) falls under the jurisdiction of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, mainly as a habitat for waterfowl (Ramsar Convention).
natural parks.
Natural parks of regional importance are a relatively new category of specially protected natural areas in Russia. Natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes.
The territories of natural parks are located on lands granted to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on the lands of other users, as well as owners.
State natural reserves and monuments of nature
State nature reserves - these are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.
Declaring a territory as a state nature reserve is allowed both with and without exemption from users, owners and proprietors land plots.
State nature reserves of federal or regional significance may have a different profile, including:
- complex (landscape), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);
- biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
- paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;
– hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
- geological, designed to preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
Monuments of nature – unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
Monuments of nature may have federal or regional significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects.
As of January 1, 1999, 2920 natural monuments and reserves were under the protection of forestry authorities. Natural monuments are allocated on an area of 1058 thousand hectares, wildlife sanctuaries - on an area of 9691 thousand hectares.
The distribution of natural monuments and reserves in the forest fund by profile is presented as follows: biological natural monuments - 40%, hydrological - 25%, geological - 4%, complex - 31%, biological reserves - 14%, hydrological - 8%, complex - 78%.
In natural monuments and reserves under the protection of forestry authorities, a regime of non-interference in the processes of natural development has been established and maintained natural communities, which excludes final felling and, in some cases, thinning.
Therapeutic areas and resorts
The analysis and generalization of regime observation materials shows that the improvement of the ecological state of resort areas and health-improving areas continues to be significantly influenced by such factors as the decline in industrial and agricultural production, which causes a tendency to a constant decrease in the volume of industrial wastewater discharges and the used pesticides and chemical fertilizers. . This trend is especially pronounced in resorts and health-improving areas located in the industrial regions of the center and northwest. European territory Russia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, as well as in areas of intensive farming in the black earth zone and southern Russia. As negative factors worsening the ecological situation in the resorts, the emergency condition of many sewer and balneological systems, treatment facilities and devices, as well as the unauthorized construction of private enterprises, the seizure of land plots and the preservation of small hazardous industries, including the first and second zones of the mining and sanitary protection. This trend continues and even intensifies, primarily in large resort cities: Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Nalchik, Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, in the Kaliningrad and St. Petersburg resort areas, Sadgorod of Primorsky Krai, etc.
Due to the decrease in the number of citizens served at the resorts, there is a sharp and unreasonable reduction in the whole country of use natural resources- mineral waters and therapeutic mud.
Behind last years technical condition hydro-mineral and balneo-technical economy in many resorts and sanatorium-improving institutions does not meet the existing requirements. Lack of funds does not allow for scheduled repairs and replacement of worn out and obsolete equipment.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks
In accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", botanical gardens and dendrological parks are a separate independent category of objects with a special regime of protection and operation. In recent years, the network of botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia has continued to expand, primarily due to gardens located in the territories of resort areas and recreational facilities. At present, the Council of Botanical Gardens of Russia, the leading coordinating body in the relevant area, unites 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks (Table 6) of various departmental affiliations.
Among the main activities of botanical gardens as specially protected natural areas are: biodiversity conservation, creation and preservation of the gene pool of plants, including rare and endangered species, as well as the study and development of approaches to the protection and rational use of plant resources.
Throughout the country, the recreational and educational value of botanical gardens and dendrological parks is great. This is due to the high aesthetic appeal of their territories, the richness and diversity of their collections, the established traditions of their activities as centers of ecological culture, and the high professional level of their employees.
Currently, botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia are experiencing certain difficulties, primarily due to insufficient funding. In many botanical gardens, the volume of scientific research has been reduced, collections of plants and seeds have been threatened, and interaction (exchange of material, contacts between employees, etc.) between gardens has weakened.
Being located mainly in cities and suburbs, botanical gardens are affected by the same adverse environmental factors as the surrounding territories: pollution of the air basin and watercourses, noise pollution, recreational overload, etc. The problem is exacerbated due to the often increased sensitivity of plant collections to negative factors. external influences compared to local vegetation.
Especially strong on ecological state gardens and parks are affected by chemical and noise pollution caused by the passage of highways in the immediate vicinity of their territories, which is most typical for gardens located in large cities. Often, a specific environmental risk factor for them is also the usual development of nearby areas, causing flooding of the territory of garden landscapes.
One of the main problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks is the preservation of territorial integrity. The territories of gardens and parks often seem very attractive for the implementation of various projects, such as the creation of recreational facilities, the construction of sports grounds, cottages, parking lots, laying highways, etc.
World Heritage Sites
In December 1998, at the regular 22nd session of the World Heritage Committee, Russia's application for inclusion in the World Natural Heritage List of the Golden Mountains of Altai (Republic of Altai) was approved.
Thus, as of January 1, 1999, 4 natural objects were included in the UNESCO List of Natural Heritage Sites from the Russian Federation. Natural heritage sites represent the Urals ("Virgin Komi Forests"), Siberia ("Golden Mountains of Altai", "Lake Baikal") and the Far East ("Volcanoes of Kamchatka"); they generally include the territories of 7 nature reserves, 4 national parks, 4 natural parks, 3 state nature reserves of federal significance, as well as a number of other specially protected natural areas. The total area of sites classified as world natural heritage in Russia is 17 million hectares, including 3.3 million hectares of water area, including Lake Baikal (8.8 million hectares), the marine area of the Kronotsky Reserve (135 thousand hectares ), Lake Teletskoye (23 thousand hectares).
Previous materials: - Fundamentals of implementation, goals of the water legislation of the Russian Federation
- Basic principles of state legislation in the field of atmospheric air protection
- Basic legal principles and provisions in the field of wildlife protection
The following materials: - Protection of the gene pool of the biosphere. Red Books of Animals and Plants
- Ecotourism as part of a conservation strategy
- Dynamics of the state of flora and fauna, land, fish resources. Environmental monitoring
In the system of environmental protection measures, the most important direction is the withdrawal from economic use of certain territories and water areas or the restriction of economic activity on them. These measures are designed to contribute to the conservation of ecosystems and biota species in a state closest to natural, the conservation of the gene pool of plants and animals, as well as landscapes - as standards of nature, for scientific and educational purposes.
This direction of nature protection is implemented on the basis of the existing, legally fixed, network of protected natural areas (PAs). It contains a number of PNA categories of varying conservation importance. The number of these categories is increasing as a result of the development of forms of combining human economic and environmental activities, as well as due to the emergence of new negative consequences irrational exploitation of natural resources and major man-made disasters (for example, the establishment of a special recovery regime in the Polessky radiation-ecological reserve in and on the territory of the East Ural radioactive trace).
The most important sign of the difference between protected areas is the degree of exclusion of reserved areas from economic circulation. Categories of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are distinguished, which have the greatest spatial and temporal stability and therefore have highest value to save individual sections.
In Russia, the main legislative act regulating relations in the field of organization, protection and use of specially protected natural territories, is the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", in force since March 1995.
In accordance with this Law, specially protected natural areas are plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, health-improving significance, which are completely withdrawn by decisions of state authorities. or partially from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Protected areas are classified as objects of national heritage.
In order to protect specially protected natural territories from adverse anthropogenic impacts, protected zones or districts with a regulated economic activity regime may be created on adjacent land and water areas. All protected areas are taken into account when developing territorial integrated schemes for nature protection, land management schemes and regional planning, projects for the economic development of territories.
The Russian system of main protected areas is quite close to the international classification of protected areas proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1992. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural areas and the status of nature protection institutions located on them, the following categories of protected areas are distinguished:
- state nature reserves (including biospheric ones);
- National parks;
- natural parks;
- state nature reserves;
- monuments of nature;
- dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
- health-improving areas and resorts.
According to the current legislation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the relevant executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments may also establish other categories of specially protected natural areas (for example, green areas of settlements, urban forests, city parks, monuments of garden and park art, and others). Protected areas may have federal, regional or local significance.
The territories of state natural and national parks are classified as specially protected natural territories of federal significance. Territories of state reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, as well as health-improving areas and resorts can be of both federal and local significance.
In Russia, state nature reserves, national parks, state nature reserves, natural monuments are of priority importance for the conservation of natural heritage and biological diversity. These categories are the most widespread and traditionally form the basis of the state network of specially protected natural areas.
A balance of protected areas with intensively exploited natural lands is possible only with an appropriate share of protected areas different categories in the total area sufficient to compensate for the loss of natural areas as a result of the irrational use of natural resources. This share should be much larger than at present. The more significantly the natural landscapes of a country (region, locality) are transformed, the greater should be the proportion of protected areas. The share of protected ecosystems (extensively exploited areas and protected areas) should be the highest in polar, tundra and, as well as in areas with. Foreign researchers recommend allocating 20-30% for protected areas, and 3-5% for protected areas - 3-5% of the total area. For Russia it is recognized optimal value in 5-6%.
The uniqueness and high degree of preservation of Russian protected areas make them an invaluable asset for all mankind. This is confirmed by the fact that a number of protected areas of various levels are included in the UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List.
State natural reserves
Reserves (according to the international classification - strict nature reserves) are zonal-representative areas of the biosphere forever withdrawn from the sphere of economic use, which have the properties of a natural standard and meet the tasks of biospheric monitoring.
In the territories of state natural reserves, protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) of special environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance are completely withdrawn from economic use.
In accordance with the Law, state nature reserves are nature protection, research and environmental education institutions with the aim of preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
State nature reserves included in the international system of biosphere reserves for global environmental monitoring have the status of biosphere reserves.
The foundations of the modern network of state nature reserves were laid at the end of the 19th–20th centuries by the ideas of prominent natural scientists: V.V. , I.P. Borodin, G.F. Morozov, G.A. Kozhevnikov, V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and many others. The creation of nature reserves of national importance began in the then Russian Empire. In 1916, a regime of special protection of the Kedrovaya Pad tract was established and organizationally formalized in the current territory of the reserve of the same name. In the same year, the first nationwide reserve was created - Barguzinsky, on the shore, which is successfully functioning at the present time.
The network of state natural reserves is constantly expanding. Since 1992, 20 new reserves have been created, the territories of 11 have been expanded, and the total area of reserves in Russia has increased by more than a third.
As of January 1, 2003, there were 100 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation with a total area of 33.231 million hectares, including terrestrial (with inland water bodies) - 27.046 million hectares, which is 1.58% of the entire territory of Russia. The main part (95) of state nature reserves are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources, 4 - in the system Russian Academy sciences, 1 - in the system of the Ministry of Education of Russia. The reserves are located in 66 subjects of the Russian Federation.
The system of Russian state nature reserves has wide international recognition. 21 reserves (highlighted on the map) have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have the appropriate UNESCO certificates), (Pechora-Ilychsky, Kronotsky, Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Baikal-Lensky) are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention on the Preservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 8 fall under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, 2 (Oka and Teberdinsky) have diplomas of the Council of Europe.
In accordance with environmental legislation, state nature reserves are called upon to solve the following tasks:
a) implementation of the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state;
b) organization and conduct of scientific research, including the maintenance of the Chronicle of Nature;
c) implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system, etc.
On the territories of state natural reserves, any activity that contradicts the listed tasks and the regime of their special protection is prohibited, i.e. disrupting the natural development of natural processes and threatening the state of natural complexes and objects. It is also prohibited to lease lands, waters and other natural resources of the territories of reserves.
At the same time, it is allowed to carry out measures aimed at preserving natural complexes in their natural state, restoring and preventing changes in their components as a result of anthropogenic impacts on the territories of reserves.
The territories of the so-called biospheric polygons can be attached to the territories of state natural biosphere reserves for conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational nature management that do not destroy the natural environment and do not deplete biological resources. The protection of natural complexes and objects in the territories of state natural reserves is carried out by a special state inspection.
National parks
National parks (NPs), the next highest category of protected areas, are a special territorial form of nature protection at the federal level. They are considered as environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value. Therefore, they are used, along with environmental protection, for recreational, scientific, educational and cultural purposes.
All the world's diversity of national parks corresponds to a single international standard, enshrined in the decision General Assembly International Union Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1969: “A national park is a relatively large area: 1) where one or more ecosystems are not significantly altered as a result of human exploitation and use, where animal and plant species, geomorphological sites and habitats constitute a scientific , educational and recreational interest or on which there are landscapes of amazing beauty; 2) on which the highest and competent authorities of the country have taken steps to prevent or exclude all exploitation and use of its entire territory and to ensure the effective enforcement of the rules regarding the ecological and aesthetic features that led to its formation; 3) where visitors are allowed to enter with special permission for inspiration or educational, cultural and recreational purposes.”
The oldest national park in the world is (USA), created in 1872, i.e. almost 130 years ago. Since that time, the number of NPs on Earth has grown to 3,300.
In Russia, the first NPs - Losiny Ostrov and Sochi - were formed only in 1983. In a relatively short time, the number of Russian NPs reached 35, which is almost one third of the number of reserves, the system of which was formed over 80 years.
National parks include plots of land, its subsoil and water space with all the objects located within them, which are withdrawn from economic exploitation and transferred to the use of the national park (land and water areas of other land users may be included here).
The definition of NP is enshrined in the above-mentioned Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" (1995). National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
The national parks of Russia are subordinated to a single governing body - the Ministry of Natural Resources (with the exception of Losiny Island, which is subordinate to the authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation).
All NPs in Russia have a single list of main tasks: preservation of natural complexes, unique and standard natural sites and objects; restoration of disturbed natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects, etc.
In addition to the main tasks common to all NPs, each park, due to the specifics of its location, natural conditions and the history of the development of the territory, it also performs a number of additional functions. For example, NPs near large and / or popular tourist and recreational areas are designed to preserve a relatively slightly modified natural environment and historical and cultural objects from the impact of industry, forestry and / or Agriculture, as well as to prevent the degradation of ecosystems under the influence of mass recreation and tourism. Such tasks are solved by Losiny Ostrov, Nizhnyaya Kama, Russian North, and a number of other national parks.
The map "Specially Protected Natural Territories" shows that in some cases the territories of NPs and state reserves are in contact. Such NPs, to a certain extent, distract some of the visitors who wish to enter the territory of the reserve for purely recreational purposes. In national parks, they can find the necessary conditions for recreation and satisfy their cognitive needs.
For more successful fulfillment by the national park of many tasks, which sometimes may contradict each other, a differentiated protection regime is established on its territory, depending on natural, historical and other conditions. For this, functional zoning of the entire territory of the national park is carried out. In accordance with the Federal Law, up to 7 functional zones can be allocated in the national park. Some of them are basic, characteristic of all NPs without exception. These areas include:
- reserved, within which any economic activity and recreational use of the territory are prohibited;
- educational tourism, designed to organize environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the national park. Sometimes this zone is combined with a recreational zone intended for recreation;
- visitor service, designed to accommodate accommodation places, tent camps and other objects of tourist service, cultural, consumer and information services for visitors. Often it is combined with a zone of economic purpose, within which the economic activities necessary to ensure the functioning of national parks are carried out.
Along with these main ones, in many NPs there is a specially protected zone, which differs from the reserved one in that strictly regulated visits are allowed here. In some NPs, the zone of protection of historical and cultural objects is specially allocated if they are located compactly.
Along with the fact that each functional zone has its own regime for the protection and use of natural resources, there are types of economic activities that are prohibited throughout the territory of the NP. These are exploration and development; construction of main roads, pipelines, high-voltage lines and other communications; construction of economic and residential facilities not related to the activities of the NP; allocation of horticultural and summer cottages. In addition, final felling and passing felling are prohibited. It is forbidden to export objects of historical and cultural value from the territory of the parks.
If the NP is located in the area of residence of the indigenous population, it is allowed to allocate special areas where traditional extensive, artisanal and. Related uses of natural resources are agreed with the administration of the park.
As already noted, when organizing a NP, the entire territory or part of it is withdrawn from the previous economic use and provided for the management of the park.
In each NP, in accordance with the tasks assigned to it, scientific research is carried out. Their topics are very diverse: from the inventory of flora and fauna and environmental monitoring to specific problems of bioenergy, population ecology and etc.
Due to the high degree of preservation of natural complexes and their special value, as well as serious scientific research Russian NPs have received international recognition. Thus, the Yugyd Va National Park is included in the UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List, the Vodlozersky National Park is included in the List of Biosphere Reserves of the planet.
A visit to the NP is carried out in the form of the so-called ecological tourism. It differs from the usual one by a system of interrelated tasks that are solved in the process of visiting a protected area: environmental education, raising the culture of the relationship between man and nature, cultivating a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of nature.
As the map shows, NPs are distributed extremely unevenly across the territory of Russia. More than half of the NPs are concentrated in the European part of the country. In the regions of the Far North and Far East so far no NP has been created. In the vast Far East and Far North, the creation of new NPs is required and work on their design is being carried out very actively.
State natural reserves and monuments of nature
Sanctuaries were originally only a form of protection and their inhabitants. They were created for a certain period of time necessary to restore depleted hunting resources. To date, the range of their activities has been significantly expanded.
According to the Federal Law, state natural reserves are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.
Depending on the specific tasks of protecting the natural environment and natural resources, state natural reserves can be landscape (complex), biological (botanical or zoological), hydrological (lake, river, sea), paleontological and geological.
Complex (landscape) reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes) as a whole. Biological (botanical and zoological) are created to preserve and restore the abundance of rare and endangered species (subspecies, populations) of plants and animals, as well as economically, scientifically and culturally valuable ones. In order to preserve the places of finds and accumulations of remains or fossilized specimens of fossil animals and plants of particular scientific importance, paleontological reserves are being created. Hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea) reserves are designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems. To preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature (peat bogs, deposits of minerals and other minerals, remarkable landforms and landscape elements associated with them), geological reserves are created.
Territories (water areas) may be declared state nature reserves both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and proprietors of these sites.
On the territories of state nature reserves and their individual sections, any activity that is contrary to the goals of creating reserves or that harms natural complexes and their components is permanently or temporarily prohibited or restricted. In the territories of reserves, where small ethnic communities live, the use of natural resources is allowed in forms that ensure the protection of the habitat and the preservation of their traditional way of life.
There are state nature reserves of federal and regional (local) significance. Reserves of federal significance are distinguished by a stricter protection regime, complexity, and an unlimited duration. They perform the functions of conservation, restoration and reproduction of natural resources, maintaining the overall ecological balance.
There are about 3,000 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation with a total area of over 60 million hectares. As of January 1, 2002, there were 68 federal nature reserves with a total area of 13.2 million hectares. Among them is the largest state natural reserve - Franz Josef Land (within the archipelago of the same name) with a total area of about 4.2 million hectares.
Although state nature reserves are a category of protected areas more than low level than nature reserves and national parks, their role in nature protection is very large, which is confirmed by giving them the status of international environmental organizations (19 federal and regional state nature reserves are under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention).
Monuments of nature— unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. Depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects, natural monuments may have federal or regional significance.
World natural heritage sites are highlighted on the map. As of January 1, 2002, the UNESCO List of Natural Heritage Sites from the Russian Federation included 6 natural sites with a total area of 17 million hectares: Virgin forests of Komi, Lake Baikal, Volcanoes, Golden Mountains, Western Caucasus, Central Sikhote-Alin.
Virgin forests of Komi, the object includes the territories of the Yugyd Va National Park, the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve and the buffer zone between them, is the largest array of primary forests, with an area of 3.3 million hectares, of those remaining in Europe.
Lake Baikal, is a huge area, with an area of 3.15 million hectares, which makes this object one of the largest in the entire UNESCO List. This area includes unique lake with an island and smaller islands, as well as the entire natural immediate environment of Baikal within the boundaries of the 1st catchment area, which has the status of a “coastal protective strip”. About half of the entire area of this strip is occupied by protected areas of the Baikal region (Barguzinsky, Baikalsky and Baikal-Lensky reserves, Pribaikalsky, Zabaikalsky and partially Tunkinsky national parks, Frolikhinsky and Kabansky reserves).
Volcanoes of Kamchatka- an object of the so-called cluster type, consisting of 5 separate territories with a total area of 3.9 million hectares. It includes the territories of the Kronotsky Reserve; Bystrinsky, Nalychevsky and South Kamchatsky; Southwestern tundra and South Kamchatka reserves. This is the only region in the world where such a number of active and extinct volcanoes, fumaroles (smoking fissures of volcanoes), geysers, thermal and mineral springs, mud volcanoes and boilers, hot lakes and lava flows are concentrated in a relatively small area.
Into the region Golden Mountains of Altai entered Altai Reserve; a three-kilometer security strip around; Katunsky Reserve; Belukha natural park, Ukok calm zone with faunal reserve regime. The total area of the site is more than 1.6 million hectares. It is located at the junction of two large physical and geographical regions: Central Asia and Siberia and is characterized by a uniquely high biodiversity and landscape contrast from the nival-glacial belt. The region is of key importance in the conservation of many endemics, as well as endangered representatives of the animal world and, first of all, the snow leopard.
Western Caucasus is a territory (total area of about 300 thousand hectares), unique both in terms of richness of natural objects and biodiversity, and in beauty. Among geographers, biologists and ecologists from all over the world, it is famous, first of all, for its mountain forests with a large participation of relict and endemic flora, as well as for the richness and diversity of fauna.
Central Sikhote-Alin- it includes the Sikhote-Alinsky reserve and the goral reserve. A number of neighboring territories of other protected areas may also become part of this object in the future.
To List world heritage included Curonian Spit National Park. This is a narrow sandy strip separating the Curonian Lagoon from its open water area. Despite the high landscape value of this site from scientific, environmental and aesthetic points of view, in 2000 it was included in the List as a cultural heritage site, not a natural one.
In situations where pollution environment became an obstacle to the normal life of people, a mass movement of the public began to protect the environment, most economically developed and some developing countries began to carry out state environmental policy, environmental policy. Environmental laws have been adopted, systems of fines have been developed, spending on nature protection has been increased, long-term programs have been drawn up, special services environmental protection or other similar state bodies.
A special place in the state environmental policy is the creation of specially protected natural areas and water areas.
Natural specially protected territories and water areas- these are natural complexes and objects excluded in whole or in part from economic use in order to preserve them, as well as because of their special scientific, educational, aesthetic, historical and recreational value.
Specially protected natural areas include; state natural reserves, including biospheric ones; state nature reserves; National parks; natural parks; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; health-improving areas and resorts. Natural monuments are also subject to protection, as well as rare, endangered species of animals and plants listed in.
All territories and objects under special protection of the state are divided into three types:
- administrative(military and defense facilities, sensitive areas of internal affairs bodies, suburban areas);
- historical and cultural(monuments of history, culture, architecture, landscape art, historical and cultural reserves, etc.);
- natural.
In addition, in our country, 35 national parks, as well as more than 12,000 natural parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and other areas under protection at the federal or regional levels, are classified as specially protected natural areas.
reserves
nature reserves- these are natural complexes specially protected by law (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), which are completely and forever excluded from any economic use. Reserves are the highest category of protected areas, they serve as standards for the natural environment.
The first reserve was the Barguzinsky Reserve on Baikal, established in 1917, two months after the adoption on November 12 (October 30, old style), 1916, of Russia's first law on reserves "On the establishment of rules for hunting reserves."
home distinguishing feature nature reserve is the presence of a sign of "reserve", meaning, in accordance with explanatory dictionary Russian language inviolable, forbidden, cherished. Today, in accordance with Art. 26 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" and in connection with the increased social significance of protected areas and natural and climatic features, they establish more stringent standards for maximum permissible harmful emissions.
actions on the natural environment. On the territory of the reserves, economic, recreational and other activities that are contrary to the principles of conservation or cause harm to the natural environment are prohibited: the construction of industrial and agricultural enterprises, the exploration and extraction of minerals, logging, collection of plants, grazing, hunting, fishing, the use of pesticides and pesticides (even near protected areas), aircraft flying below 2000 m, all forms of tourism and recreation for the population, etc.Protected zones are created around the territory of the reserve, within which activities that adversely affect the reserve regime are prohibited.
A natural complex can be either a typical landscape of the corresponding region, or, conversely, rare for a particular area. The significance of the reserve also lies in the fact that it is a nature protection research institution, which aims to preserve and study the natural course of natural processes and phenomena in typical and unique systems.
31 Russian nature reserves have the status biospheric, i.e., it is part of the international network of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. Their main difference from other reserves is the presence in the territories adjacent to them of biospheric polygons, where limited nature management is carried out (mainly traditional for the region, as well as tourism and other types of recreational activities).
The concept of a biosphere reserve was developed in 1974. working group UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program. Two years later, the formation of their World Wide Web began, which today supports the exchange of information, experience and specialists between 440 reserves of the planet. They were created in 97 countries and preserve areas of slightly disturbed ecosystems of most biogeographic places on the Earth on an area of at least 300 million hectares.
The first biosphere reserves in the USSR appeared in 1977. They were created on the basis of existing reserves - Prioksko-Terrasny, Caucasian, Askania-Nova (Ukraine), Repeteksky (Turkmenistan) and a number of others.
Biosphere reserves are considered as self-regulating natural systems. Therefore, they should be large enough and ecologically isolated from neighboring ecosystems and anthropogenic influence. As a rule, they include globally unique ecosystems and landscapes (for example, with the presence of rare and endangered the globe species of animals and plants), which are of particular scientific and natural value.
The scheme of biosphere reserves is as follows: in the center - protected core(absolutely protected area), around which stands out buffer zone, whose function is to reduce the negative impact of economic activity on the natural complex of the reserve, and after it comes buffer polygon- a zone of ordinary, but strictly rational, economic use of the territory in the interests of scientific and applied research on the profile of the reserve. The main task of biosphere reserves is to provide long-term comparative studies of ecosystems, participation in global monitoring of the natural environment. Biosphere reserves also include 5 national parks in Russia.
Reserves
nature reserves- these are natural complexes designed to preserve or reproduce some types of natural resources in combination with a limited and coordinated use of other natural resources. According to the terminology of normative acts of the 20s of the XX century. These are "incomplete reserves".
Reserves organize when, in order to achieve the goal, it is enough to limit or prohibit the use of only some resources. An example is the reserves-reserves of medicinal plants - nature protection areas with a regime that prevents the depletion of stocks of certain types of medicinal plants. The collection of medicinal plants in the reserves is allowed only under strict control, within the limits that do not violate their reproduction.
Among the reserves, the most significant in terms of number and area are hunting reserves. Their task is the long-term reservation and protection of the habitats of some valuable animals. The regime of reserves provides not only a ban on hunting, but also restrictions on certain types of economic activities that can harm protected species of animals.
National and natural parks
National and natural parks- these are specially protected natural complexes withdrawn from economic use, which are important as typical or rare landscapes, the habitat of communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and education of the population. The National Natural Park is a fairly large area where nature protection is combined with recreation. It consists of one or more ecological systems or natural landscapes of high aesthetic value, little or no altered by human activity, where plants, animals and landscapes are protected. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, national natural parks are formed for the purpose of protecting nature (for example, traditional places of residence of the small peoples of the North) in combination with environmental education the population, the organization of its recreation, the development of tourism.
The entire territory of the national (natural) park is divided into several zones, each of which has its own legal regime. Most often there are four zones: protected, custom, recreational and economic. The central reserved core of the national (natural) park functions as a nature reserve. It serves as the natural laboratory of the park for the implementation of environmental monitoring tasks. The custom regime zone is organized according to the principles of a nature reserve. Recreational zones are intended for tourism, recreation for visitors, placement of service facilities, information services, etc. Economic zone usually external to those listed. According to the accepted international classification, the national park, in contrast to the natural one, is characterized by the predominance of environmental tasks over recreational ones.
In the USA in 1872 the first world-famous Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, Montana, Idaho) was created. In total, more than two thousand national parks operate in the world today, among them such as the High Tatras (Czech Republic), Kaziranga (India), the already mentioned Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon (USA), Tsavo (Africa) and many others. For foreign countries, this form of nature conservation is traditional.
In the USSR, the functions of national parks were initially assigned to nature reserves. The first ones were created in 1983 - "Sochi" on the Black Sea coast and "Elk Island" in Moscow and the Moscow region.
Monuments of nature
Term "monument of nature" was first applied in 1819 by the German naturalist A. Humboldt (1769-1859). Individual unique natural objects and natural complexes that have relict, scientific, historical, ecological and educational significance and are in need of special state protection are declared natural monuments. Natural monuments include reference areas of untouched nature, geological outcrops, unique landforms, individual objects of animate and inanimate nature - waterfalls, geysers, caves, paleontological objects, individual long-lived trees, etc.
In our country and in the world, several thousand natural monuments, mostly specific objects, have been identified. Among them are the Khosta yew-boxwood grove (Krasnodar Territory), rocky outcrops on the banks of the Don with relic vegetation (Lipetsk Region), individual boulders and many others.
From monument trees especially famous are the oak in Yasnaya Polyana, the plane tree "Seven Brothers" near Ashgabat, the fused trunks of which can clasp 10 people, as well as giant sequoias in the famous Yosemite Valley (USA), whose age exceeds 3 thousand years, and the height is 90 m. In California, there is also the oldest tree in the world - the sequoia, whose age is estimated at about 4650 years.
Other specially protected natural areas
Museums-reserves. These include historical and memorial, literary museums, estate museums, open-air museums, etc. Museums and reserves are of great historical and cultural value. Among the world-famous museum-reserves are Yasnaya Polyana, Polenovo, Kizhi, Vladimir-Suzdal, Abramtsevo, Kuskovo, and, of course, the Moscow Kremlin and the museums of St. Petersburg. Strictly speaking, they belong to the group of historical and cultural specially protected areas, but in most of them the natural component plays an important role.
Dendrological parks and botanical sa dy: their tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities.
Therapeutic areas and resorts allocated in territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, therapeutic climate, beaches, etc.).
Ecological resort region- a relatively new form of specially protected areas, which appeared in 1994 in connection with the formation of a specially protected ecological resort region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
Deposits of mineral waters and therapeutic mud, nature resorts are extremely sensitive to pollution. On the territory of the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody there are more than 40 industrial enterprises. Their emissions are a serious problem for the region.
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