What objects are classified as protected natural areas. Specially protected natural area

The list of such territories includes lands , which have a special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other value.

These categories of areas are withdrawn from circulation and use in part or in full, depending on what legal regime has been established for them. regulates this issue. .

Zones that require the installation of a special security regime can be allocated on the basis of a decree of the federal, regional or local authorized agency.

Prohibitions and restrictions on the lands of specially protected natural areas

Any work that is not aimed at preserving the territory and not related to the study of the complex's lands, as well as those that are contrary to current legislation, is prohibited on the squares.

Not allowed change in intended use such lands, as well as the restriction or termination of powers in relation to the site for needs that do not meet its direct purpose.

In these areas, economic or recreational activities are partially limited within the framework of the legal regime that is defined.

Creation of protected zones

Because specially protected natural territories of Russia belong to the category of objects of national heritage and have a number of qualities valuable for society and the state, they are assigned a special protection regime that ensures the safety and protection from the negative impact of citizens and environment.

It is forbidden to perform the following actions in relation to protected areas:

• transfer allotments for the organization of a garden or vegetable garden;
• use the territories for the creation of roads or the construction of buildings of residential, industrial, economic types;
• to carry out parking and passage of technical equipment, as well as driving livestock;
• other activities included in the list approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

To pause negative impact of the environment into such zones, the boundaries of allotments are marked in accordance with the requirements of the law, using information signs.

In the event that private areas are located within the territories, the rights of users and owners to them are preserved, and they have the right to dispose of the lands, but within the framework of the appointed guard mode.

Land reservation

In order to create new and at the same time expand existing areas that require the appointment of a special security regime, territorial departments with special powers have the right to make a decision on the possibility of citizens and the payment of compensation. Also, the authorized bodies issue a resolution on the establishment of restrictions on the performance of certain types of economic activity.

The procedure for holding this event is also stipulated in the current legislative acts, and the procedure itself is carried out according to the established regulations.

Lands of state reserves and national parks

The areas where state reserves and nature reserves are located are not subject to privatization, and these lands are managed by departments with special powers.

In exceptional cases, it is allowed to find private plots within national parks However, the condition in this case is the prohibition of activities that have a negative impact on the territory of the park, as well as works that violate the established security regime.

As a rule, the territories of natural parks are located in zones provided by government agencies RF for permanent perpetual use.

Withdrawal of lands of specially protected natural areas

The legislation provides for situations in which the withdrawal of the territory is allowed or prohibited. Each of the options arises after the authorized agency declares the territory a reserve.

If the lands are occupied by natural complexes or objects that are natural monuments, then the territories can be alienated in favor of the state or region from the user or owner.

The legislation provides for the payment of compensation for the owners of such plots and compensation for losses incurred by them in connection with the early termination of land rights.

Also, withdrawal can be carried out if a regime has been established for the site requiring the complete withdrawal of territories from circulation in connection with the organization of special protective measures against anthropogenic and biogenic factors that negatively affect the land.

Alienation is not made if the territory can be used regardless of whether it is part of a national park or a nature reserve. However, here a special legal regime is established in relation to land, which limits the activities of the owner or user to a list of types of work, which is formed by the Government of the Russian Federation or an authorized body.

Conclusion

At the end of what has been written, several conclusions can be formulated:

1. The lands that require the establishment of a special protection regime are territories that have some therapeutic possibilities or are of historical and cultural value.
2. The procedure for the use of such lands is established by special legislative acts.
3. Territories recognized as requiring the establishment of a special protection regime also undergo a land surveying procedure and are registered with Rosreestr.
4. On the territory of a specially protected zone, it is prohibited to perform work that has a negative impact on the land. The types of such activities are enshrined in a special list approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
5. It is prohibited to change the intended purpose of the territory, as well as to alienate it for needs that contradict the direct purpose of the land.
6. Determination of the boundaries and area of ​​zones requiring the installation of a special security regime takes place in accordance with the decision of the authorized department. The same body establishes the protection regime and determines whether the withdrawal of space from circulation is required or not.
7. In the event that lands belonging to private individuals are located within the protected areas, they can be alienated in favor of the authorized department with the provision of a compensation payment or left at the disposal of citizens, but with restrictions on operation in accordance with the assigned protection regime.
8. The state or municipality has the right to reserve territories in the event that there is a need to expand the territory of the protected zone.
9. The lands of zakazniks and nature reserves cannot be the object of the privatization procedure.

The most popular questions and answers on specially protected natural areas

Question: Hello, my name is Marina. My site is located in a special protected zone, and I am officially notified that, despite legally owning the territory, I cannot perform a number of actions that are contrary to the established legal regime for this zone.

I recently planted several fruit trees on my yard. After some time, an employee of the administration came to me and issued a fine for violating the land use regime, and said that in case of a repeated violation, the site would be confiscated from me without compensation.

Tell me, are these actions legal? Do I have to pay a fine and can the site really be seized?

Answer: Hello Marina. IN article 94 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", it is indicated that natural areas, for which a special legal regime has been established, cannot be transferred for laying out a garden or vegetable garden.

Planting several fruit trees can be attributed to the organization of the garden, which means that you really violated the requirements of the law and, as a result, must pay the issued fine.

As regards the withdrawal of land, this option is possible only when you purposefully and systematically allow harmful effects on the earth and do not comply with the instructions of the authorized department. In this case, the site can be withdrawn even without compensation, which must be paid as a general rule.

If you do not perform such actions, then the requirements of the employee in this regard will have no basis, and you will be able to challenge them in court.

Sections: Ecology

Type of lesson (type of lesson): lesson-journey

Target

Training:

• give an idea of ​​nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, botanical gardens and monuments world heritage;
• to form an idea of ​​the unity of the world, that "specially protected natural territories" are the property of all mankind.

Developing:

• develop analytical skills, the ability to draw their own conclusions.

Educational:

• to cultivate ecological culture, a sense of patriotism and responsibility for the fate of nature.

Intersubject communications:

• ecology,
• biology,
• story,
• Russian language

Ensuring the lesson.

Visual aids:

• multimedia presentation,
• video film

Technical training aids:

• multimedia projector,
• computer,
• screen.

During the classes

I.Organizing time.

Greetings. Checking for absentees. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

II. Explanation of new material.

The most effective forms of protection of biotic communities, as well as all natural ecosystems, include the state system of specially protected natural areas.Specially protected natural areas, the law on which was adopted State Duma Feb. 15, 1995, intended to maintain ecological balance, preserve genetic diversity natural resources, the most complete reflection of the biogeocenotic diversity of the country's biomes, the study of the evolution of ecosystems and the influence of anthropogenic factors on them, as well as for solving various economic and social problems.

Specially protected natural areas- areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where they are located natural complexes and objects that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a regime of special protection has been established.

Basic goals:

• preservation of unique natural landscapes;
• protection of the gene pool of endangered, relic species of plants and animals;
• provision of ecological conditions for their evolution;
• protection and protection of recreational ecosystems, etc.

According to the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", the following main categories of these territories are distinguished:

a) government nature reserves, including biospheric;

b) national parks;

c) natural parks;

d) state nature reserves;

e) monuments of nature;

f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

g) health-improving areas and resorts.

Reserves.(Cslides 2-4, application)

Today we will get acquainted with some of them. We will start our journey through protected natural areas with reserves.

To command... Since ancient times, this word has meant in our language the desire of people to pass on to future generations in an intact, original form all the most valuable, the most beautiful, created by man or nature itself.

The history of the creation of reserves in Russia has its roots in the Middle Ages. Already from the 13th century there was a reserve Belovezhskaya Pushcha, intended for the Grand Duke's hunting, in the 18th century. the royal hunt "Izmailovo" was organized, and in the 19th century. - Imperial hunting "Kuznetsovo". From the middle of the XIX century. Count Strogonov in the Urals organized about 80 protected areas with a total area of ​​30 thousand hectares.

Modern reserves began to be organized at the beginning of the last century, in particular in 1916. "Kedrovaya Pad" (Primorsky Territory), "Barguzinsky" (Buryatia) and "Sayansky" ( Krasnoyarsk region). Over time, in our country arose whole system reserves. To date, there are about 100 reserves operating in Russia, covering an area of ​​34 thousand hectares (or 2.2% of the territory of Russia). The sizes of reserves vary greatly. The largest Big Arctic has an area of ​​4.2 million hectares, and the forest-steppe reserve " galichya mountain”, located in the Don valley, - only 231 hectares.

The reserve is a specially protected area where any economic activity(including tourism) in order to preserve natural complexes, protect animals and plants, as well as monitor the processes occurring in nature.

With the help of reserves, three main tasks are solved:

• protection of flora, fauna and ecosystems;
• conducting scientific work;
• work on the restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals.

biosphere reserves- are part of a number of state nature reserves and are used as a background reserve-reference object in the study of biospheric processes. A unified global network of more than 300 biosphere reserves has now been created in the world, of which 16 are in Russia (Caucasus, Sikhote-Alin, Central Forest, etc.), which work according to the agreed program of UNESCO and conduct constant monitoring of changes natural environment influenced by human activities.

Thus, thanks to the reserves, the "islands" are preserved wildlife, surrounded by a sea of ​​man-made landscapes, rare species plants and animals; ecological balance is maintained.

National parks. (Cslides 5-6, application)

National natural parks- these are withdrawn from economic use, specially protected natural complexes that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental and educational, recreational value as typical or rare landscapes, habitat for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, education of the population.

The main goal of national parks is the preservation of natural complexes and objects in combination with the organization environmental education population in the process of direct acquaintance with typical and unique landscapes, plants and animals. As in reserves, they protect the standards of natural complexes and the gene pool of typical and rare organisms. Like sanctuaries, these parks protect animal resources and flora, valuable and unique landscapes or their individual components. But at the same time, the specific tasks of national parks, which distinguish them from other categories of protected lands, are the preservation of unique recreational resources in relatively untouched nature and the creation of conditions for educational tourism and the organization of environmental education.

There are currently 35 national parks in Russia with a total area of ​​about 70,000 sq. km.

The most famous natural national parks in Russia include Losiny Ostrov (a district of St. Petersburg), Sochi, Elbrus, Valdai, Russian North.

Topic: "Buzuluk forest - the pearl of the Orenburg region."

Reserves. (Cslides 7-10, application)

"Order" - very old Russian word and means a ban on something. "Ordered" means "don't touch or do it wisely".

Preserves are areas of natural areas within which certain types and forms of economic activity are (permanently or temporarily) prohibited in order to ensure the protection of one or more valuable objects of wildlife or scenic types of landscape.

At the same time, the economic use of other resources is allowed, but in a form that does not adversely affect the protected species or group of species.

For example, in the Tikhvin region Leningrad region the Viennese Forest reserve is located, in which virgin spruce forests are taken under special protection, at the same time hunting and tourism are not prohibited.

There are several types of reserves. The most common:

• Landscape (or complex), designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes);
• Hydrological (sea, river, lake, swamp) designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
• biological (botanical, zoological); intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms; the latter can include special reserves for growing medicinal herbs, for the reproduction of cedar forests, for increasing the number of valuable fur-bearing animals, etc.

Currently, there are more than 4,000 reserves in Russia.

They can be of various purposes - federal, republican, regional, regional.

Orders are created for a specific period(in some cases permanently) to save or restorenatural complexes or their components and maintaining ecological balance. After the restoration of the population density of animal and plant species, natural landscape, etc., the reserves are closed.

Monuments of nature.(Slides 11-12, appendix)

In accordance with federal law Russian Federation"On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated February 15, 1995, natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, environmentally, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. These can be: caves, canyons, gorges, waterfalls, lagoons, geysers, ancient trees, etc.

The main purpose of declaring natural complexes and objects as natural monuments is to preserve their natural state. Sometimes reserves are created around them to preserve the most valuable natural monuments. For example, in order to preserve the most beautiful cascading waterfall Kivach on the Suna River (in Karelia), the Kivach Nature Reserve with an area of ​​102 km2 was created.

Monuments of nature may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects.

The most common natural monuments at the regional level, natural monuments federal significance- only 39 with a total area of ​​28.0 thousand hectares, regional significance - more than 9 thousand with a total area of ​​4.15 million hectares.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks.(Slides 13-15, Appendix)

The state standard of Russia defines Botanical Garden as "Green area special purpose, which hosts collections of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants for research and educational purposes”.

As a rule, auxiliary institutions operate at botanical gardens - greenhouses, herbariums, libraries of botanical literature, nurseries, excursion and educational departments.

The first botanical garden was founded at the beginning of the 14th century. in Italy at the medical school in Salerno. IN Western Europe monastic gardens laid the foundation for botanical gardens, and in Russia - "apothecary gardens". The first botanical garden in Russia was founded by Peter I in 1706 at the Moscow State University and was called the Apothecary Garden, and in 1714 - the Imperial Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg.

Botanical gardens, in which trees are mainly studied, are called dendrological parks (arboretums).

Arboretum- (from the Greek. Dendron - tree) a piece of territory where in open field woody plants (trees, shrubs, lianas) are cultivated, placed according to systematic, geographical, ecological, decorative and other features.

Arboretums have a scientific, educational, cultural and educational or experimental production purpose. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only to fulfill their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for perpetual (permanent) use either to parks, or research or educational institutions under whose jurisdiction they are.

Direct tasks are:

• study of plant biology and ecology under stationary conditions;
• scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture;
• introducing wild plants into cultivation;
• breeding methods and techniques to create sustainable decorative compositions;
• plant acclimatization.

At present, there are more than 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia, which are managed by Russian Academy Sciences. Russia has the richest collections tree species collected in the arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), the Forest Engineering Academy (St. Petersburg), in the Sochi Arboretum.

Now we will make a video tour of the Sochi arboretum.

Video tour of the Sochi Arboretum (fragment of the popular science film "Sochi Arboretum").

Monuments of the World Heritage.(Slides 16-18, appendix)

In 1972, the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization of UNESCO adopted the International Convention.

The purpose of the convention is to create an effective system of collective protection of cultural and natural heritage of outstanding and universal value, organized on a permanent basis and in accordance with modern scientific methods.

World Heritage Site status provides the following benefits:

• increases the prestige of the territory and creates additional guarantees for the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes and cultural and historical sites;
• ensures priority in attracting financial resources to support World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites, primarily from the World Heritage Fund;
• contributes to the organization of monitoring and control over the state of conservation of natural objects.

By joining the convention, each state undertakes to preserve the World Heritage sites and sites located on its territory. Thus, the preservation of such objects for future generations becomes a responsible task for both the state itself and the entire international community.

As of July 1, 2009, there are 890 objects in the World Heritage List (including 689 cultural, 176 natural and 25 mixed) in 148 countries: individual architectural structures and ensembles - Acropolis (Greece), Versailles (France), the historical center of Warsaw ( Poland) and St. Petersburg (Russia), the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square; cities of Brazil and Venice, natural: Galapagos islands, Yeluston National Park, Lake Baikal, volcanoes of Kamchatka, etc.

At present, 15 cultural and 8 natural objects have the status of a World Heritage Site in Russia: the virgin forests of Komi, Lake Baikal, Kamchatka volcanoes, the golden mountains of Altai, the Western Caucasus, the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve, Wrangel Island.

The most unique is Lake Baikal. This is one of the greatest lakes on the planet: the deepest (1637 m), the oldest (about 25 million years), with the most diverse flora and fauna among fresh water bodies.

Student presentation accompanied by a slide show or multimedia presentation.

Topic: "Lake Baikal - the greatest lake planets."

World heritage sites included in the special list of UNESCO are of great interest to the entire population of the planet. Unique natural and cultural objects make it possible to preserve those unique corners of nature and man-made monuments that demonstrate the richness of nature and the possibilities of the human mind.

IV. Conclusion:

Nature is the greatest wonder of our planet. It is infinitely diverse and beautiful, but also vulnerable to the onslaught of rapidly developing technological progress. To control the degree of anthropogenic changes in nature and their consequences, it is necessary to preserve the standards (samples) of untouched territories.

Conducted Scientific research and the accumulated world experience in using the status of specially protected areas - this effective form of conservation of natural ecosystems, indicate the need for a significant increase in their area in our country in the coming decades.

V. Fixing material:

In order to see how you have learned the material, we will play a game. In front of you are 12 colored buttons with numbers behind which questions are hidden. Each column is a command. A representative of each team in turn chooses a question that appears on the screen. You have 5 seconds to think about your answer. If the respondent does not know the correct answer, then the team can help him, but in this case the question is worth half a point. After the spoken answer, the correct answer is displayed on the screen, and if the answers match, the team receives a point. And the right to move is given to the next team. The maximum you can score is 4 points.

1. A specially protected area, within which it is strictly forbidden to stay, is called ... nature reserve
2. Which protected natural areas are transferred for perpetual use to research or educational institutions. botanical gardens
3. What ancient and primitive cereal is of great interest in the Sochi Arboretum? Bamboo
4. What specially protected areas are created for a certain period and closed after the restoration of the population of animals or plants? Reserve
5. Protected areas where economic activity is not allowed, but organized recreation, tourism, excursions are allowed are called ... national parks
6. What category of protected natural areas can be attributed to 350 year old pines located in the Buzuluk forest. To natural monuments
7. What is the name of the organization that approved the list of World Heritage sites (monuments)? UNESCO
8. What is the status of unique natural areas that are of great interest to the entire population of the planet? Objects (monuments) of the World Heritage.
9. What type of protected natural areas allowed to restore the number of beaver and bison in our country? Reserve
10. Which protected area was previously intended for the Grand Duke's hunting? Reserve
11. Buzuluk forest is a specially protected natural area and has the status of… national park
12. Which category of protected natural areas include geysers, waterfalls, caves? natural monuments

VI. Homework:

Using the definitions, do comparative characteristic protected natural areas

Article 2. Categories of specially protected natural areas, features of their creation and development

1. When making decisions on the creation of specially protected natural areas, the following shall be taken into account:

a) the importance of the relevant territory for the conservation of biological diversity, including rare, endangered and economically and scientifically valuable objects of flora and fauna and their habitats;

b) the presence within the boundaries of the relevant territory of areas of natural landscapes and cultural landscapes, which are of special aesthetic, scientific and cultural value;

c) the presence within the boundaries of the relevant territory of geological, mineralogical and paleontological objects of special scientific, cultural and aesthetic value;

d) the presence within the boundaries of the relevant territory of unique natural complexes and objects, including single natural objects that are of special scientific, cultural and aesthetic value.

3. The laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may also establish other categories of specially protected natural areas of regional and local significance.

4. Specially protected natural areas may be of federal, regional or local significance and be under the jurisdiction of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, respectively, and in the cases provided for in Article 28 of this Federal Law, also under the jurisdiction of state scientific organizations and government educational organizations higher education.

5. State nature reserves and national parks are classified as specially protected natural territories of federal significance. State natural reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be classified as specially protected natural areas of federal significance or specially protected natural areas of regional significance. natural parks belong to specially protected natural areas of regional significance.

6. State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation coordinate decisions on the creation of specially protected natural areas of regional significance, on changing the regime for their special protection with:

a) an authorized federal executive body in the field of environmental protection;

b) federal executive authorities in the field of national defense and state security, if it is assumed that within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas there will be lands and other natural resources provided for the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies.

7. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall have the right to co-finance the fulfillment of expenditure obligations of the Russian Federation arising from the exercise of powers related to the creation and development of specially protected natural areas of federal significance from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation.

8. Local self-government bodies create specially protected natural areas of local importance on land plots owned by the respective municipality. In the event that the specially protected natural area being created will occupy more than five percent of the total area land plots owned by the municipality, the decision to create a specially protected natural area is coordinated by the local self-government body with the state authority of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation.

9. Local self-government bodies decide on the provisions of the Federal Law "On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation" issues of use, protection, protection, reproduction of forests of specially protected natural areas located within the boundaries of settlements, urban districts, in accordance with the provisions on the relevant specially protected natural areas.

10. To prevent adverse anthropogenic impacts on state nature reserves, national parks, natural parks and natural monuments on adjacent land plots and water bodies security zones are established. The regulation on the buffer zones of these specially protected natural areas is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Restrictions on the use of land plots and water bodies within the boundaries of the buffer zone are established by the decision to establish the buffer zone of a specially protected natural area.

11. Decisions on the establishment, change, and termination of the existence of buffer zones of specially protected natural areas specified in paragraph 10 of this article are taken in relation to:

a) protective zones of state natural reserves, national parks and natural monuments of federal significance by the federal executive body in charge of these specially protected natural areas;

b) protected areas of natural parks and natural monuments of regional importance by the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation (head of the highest executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation).

Information about changes:

Article 2 was supplemented by paragraph 12 from August 4, 2018 - Federal Law

12. A mandatory annex to the decision to create a specially protected natural area is information about the boundaries of such a territory, which must contain a graphic description of the location of the boundaries of such a territory, a list of coordinates of the characteristic points of these boundaries in the coordinate system used to maintain the Unified State Register of Real Estate.

Information about changes:

Article 2 was supplemented by paragraph 13 from August 4, 2018 - Federal Law of August 3, 2018 N 342-FZ

13. The form of a graphic description of the location of the boundaries of a specially protected natural area, the requirements for the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the characteristic points of the boundaries of a specially protected natural area, the format of an electronic document containing the specified information, are established by the federal executive body that performs the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of maintaining the Unified State Register of Real Estate, carrying out state cadastral registration of real estate, state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it, providing information contained in the Unified State Register of Real Estate.

Information about changes:

Article 2 was supplemented by paragraph 14 from September 1, 2018 - Federal Law of August 3, 2018 N 342-FZ

14. The main types of permitted use of land plots located within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas are determined by the regulation on a specially protected natural area. The regulation on a specially protected natural area may also provide for auxiliary types of permitted use of land plots. In the case of zoning of a specially protected natural area, the main and auxiliary types of permitted use of land plots are provided for by the regulation on a specially protected natural area in relation to each functional zone of a specially protected natural area.

In cases where the permitted use of land plots within the boundaries of a specially protected natural area allows construction on them, the regulation on a specially protected natural area establishes the limit (maximum and (or) minimum) parameters of permitted construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects.

The specified types of permitted use of land plots and the limiting parameters of permitted construction, reconstruction of capital construction facilities do not apply to cases of placement of linear facilities. At the same time, it is not allowed to place linear objects within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas in cases established by this Federal Law, and in the case of zoning a specially protected natural area - within the boundaries of its functional zones, the regime of which, established in accordance with this Federal Law, prohibits the placement of such linear objects.

The upcoming 2017 is the Year of Specially Protected Natural Territories. The corresponding Decree was signed on August 1, 2016 by the President. Specially protected natural territories and objects are a national property. They are presented in the form of areas, the surface of the water and the air space above them. Within their limits there are complexes that have cultural, scientific, recreational, aesthetic, health-improving value. The Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” in force in the country contains their list and characteristics, and establishes rules for their use.

Categories

IN specially protected natural territories of Russia included:

1. Protected forest areas.
2. Reserves.
3. Reserves.
4. National parks.
5. Resort and health zones.
6. botanical gardens.
7. Dendrological parks.

Normative regional or municipal acts may provide for other types of specially protected natural areas.

Value

Main the importance of specially protected natural areas- preservation of valuable botanical, geological, hydrological, landscape, zoological complexes. According to international organizations, at the end of the 90s. of the last century, there were about 10 thousand large valuable sites all over the world. The total number of national parks was about 2 thousand, and biosphere reserves - 350. Significance of specially protected natural areas determined by their uniqueness. They are of great value for educational tourism. This allows us to consider them as recreational resources, the operation of which should be strictly regulated.

Characteristic

Each specially protected natural area is endowed with its own functions. Within its limits, specific rules of stay are provided, as well as the procedure for using resources. In the hierarchical structure, each specially protected natural area has the ability to prevent the destruction and serious change of the complex or its individual components. To protect them from negative anthropogenic factors, zones or districts can be formed in adjacent areas. They have a special regime of specially protected natural areas.

reserves

They act as research, environmental, environmental education institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of processes and phenomena, unique and typical ecosystems, the gene pool of the plant world. Reserves are considered as the most common and typical specially protected natural areas. Animals, plants, ecosystems, subsoil located in them are completely withdrawn from circulation and economic use.

prescriptions

The property of reserves belongs to the category of federal property. Plants, animals, subsoil, water are provided for the possession of institutions on special rights. Structures, historical, cultural and other elements are transferred to the reserves for operational management. "does not allow the withdrawal or other termination of rights to sites and other resources located within them. The provision determining the status of a particular reserve is approved by the Government.

Permissible Activities

They are provided Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories"". Within the reserve, activities and events aimed at:

1. Ensuring the conservation of complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in them and their elements under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
2. Maintenance of sanitary and fire safety conditions.
3. Prevention of factors that can cause disasters that threaten the lives of the population and the area where they live.
4. Implementation of environmental monitoring.
5. Implementation of research tasks.
6. Performance of control and supervisory functions.

Protection of specially protected natural areas carried out in accordance with the Regulations. Any activity that is not consistent with the tasks of the reserve, contrary to the established rules, is prohibited. Introduction (resettlement) of living organisms for acclimatization is not allowed.

Zones

The specially protected natural area of ​​the reserve, unlike the national park, has a rather limited recreational use. Mostly, it serves educational purposes. This situation is reflected in the functional zoning of reserves. In particular, 4 territories are distinguished within their borders:

1. reserved regime. In them, representatives of flora and fauna develop without human intervention.
2. Scientific monitoring. In this zone, researchers monitor the development and state of natural objects.
3. environmental education. In this area, as a rule, place a museum. Regulated trails are laid here, along which tourist groups lead to get acquainted with the features of the complex.
4. Economic and administrative zone.

national park

This specially protected natural area has historical, cultural, ecological and aesthetic value. national park used for educational, scientific purposes, as well as for regulated tourism. Objects that are located within the territory are transferred for use in accordance with applicable regulations. Historical and cultural complexes under state protection are transferred to national parks in agreement with the authorized bodies.

Nuances

Within some areas of the national park there may be sites of third-party users and owners. The administration of protected areas has the exclusive right to acquire land at the expense of federal funds or other sources not prohibited regulations. National parks are state property. Structures, buildings, historical, cultural and other complexes are transferred to the administration for operational management. A particular park operates in accordance with the Regulations. It is approved by the authority in charge of the territory, in agreement with the authorized body operating in the field of nature protection.

Tasks of the national park

Along with environmental protection activities, conditions for regulated recreation and tourism are being created on the territory. Special zones are established within the national park:

Reserves

These specially protected natural territories of Russia are presented in in large numbers. Reserves operate in almost all regions of the country. The assignment of the territory to this category is carried out with the withdrawal of sites from users, owners, owners or without it. Reserves may be federal or regional jurisdiction. These territories are of particular importance for the restoration or preservation of natural complexes or their components, as well as for ensuring the ecological balance. Reserves may have different purposes. Landscape are designed to restore and preserve complexes, biological - for endangered and rare representatives of fauna and flora, paleontological - for fossil objects, hydrological - for aquatic ecosystems, geological - for elements of the inanimate environment.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks

These environmental institutions perform various functions. Among them, in particular, the creation of collections of plant species to enrich the flora and preserve its diversity. In botanical gardens and dendrological parks, educational, scientific and educational activity. The territories on which these institutions are located are intended for the implementation of their direct tasks. The sites are transferred for permanent use to parks, educational or research organizations under their jurisdiction. These institutions carry out the introduction of plants into the natural environment, study their ecology in stationary conditions. Parks and gardens develop the scientific basis for ornamental gardening, landscaping, landscape architecture, breeding techniques and so on. These institutions may be federal or regional jurisdictions. Their creation is under the jurisdiction of the executive power structures.

Monuments of nature

These complexes are considered the most common in the country. Natural monuments are irreplaceable, unique, scientifically, ecologically, aesthetically and culturally valuable objects. They can be artificial or natural. Areas of water space and land, single elements can be declared as natural monuments. The latter include, among others:

1. Scenic areas.
2. Reference territories of untouched nature.
3. Areas dominated by the cultural landscape. For example, they are alleys, ancient parks, ancient mines, canals, etc.
4. Habitats and growths of relic, valuable, rare, small and endangered animals and plants.
5. Forest tracts and their separate areas, which are of value in terms of their characteristics. For example, plants with a unique species composition, genetic qualities, productivity, etc., can grow on them.
6. Samples of achievements of forestry practice and science.
7. Complexes that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime.
8. Unique relief forms, landscapes associated with them. These include, for example, mountains, gorges, groups of rocks and caves, canyons, moraine-boulder ridges, glacial cirques, dunes and dunes, hydrolaccoliths, giant ice floes, etc.
9. Geological outcrops with unique properties and scientific value. Among them, in particular, are stratotypes, reference sections, outcrops of rare rocks, fossils, and minerals.
10. Geological and geographical polygons, classical areas, where there are especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, outcrops of folded and discontinuous rock formations.
11. Areas containing particularly valuable or rare paleontological objects.
12. Hydromineral natural complexes, mineral and thermal springs, mud deposits.
13. Areas of lakes, rivers, wetlands, marine areas, ponds, small river flows with floodplains.
14. Coastal facilities. These include spits, islands and peninsulas, isthmuses, bays, lagoons.
15. Separate objects of inanimate and living nature. This category includes nesting places for birds, plants with bizarre shapes, long-lived trees, as well as those of historical and memorial value, etc.

Natural monuments may have regional, federal or local significance depending on their environmental, cultural, aesthetic and other value.

The concept of specially protected natural areas and objects

Specially protected natural areas- these are plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects of environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance are located.

For them, a special (reserved) protection regime is established, the essence of which is the complete prohibition or restriction of economic and other activities that are contrary to the goals of the conservation.

Legal regime Specially protected natural areas are regulated by acts of environmental legislation of a general nature: the Federal Law "On the Protection of the Environment", the Federal Laws "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" of 1995, "On Natural Medical Resources, Medical and Recreational Areas and Resorts" of 1995. , Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for maintaining the state cadastre of specially protected natural areas" dated October 19, 1996, laws on the legal regime of certain types of natural resources (Forest, Water, Land Codes, Federal Law "On the Wildlife", Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" etc.), as well as provisions on specific types of specially protected natural areas (reserves, sanctuaries, national parks, etc.).

Specially protected natural objects are, above all, rare and endangered plants and animals. Their legal regime is established mainly by the Law "On the Protection of the Environment", the Federal Law "On the Animal World", the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 19, 1996 "On the Red Book of the Russian Federation", the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2003 " On approval of the procedure for issuing permits for the extraction of wildlife objects belonging to species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, etc.

The Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories distinguishes several of them categories taking into account the peculiarities of the legal regime of these natural areas and the status of environmental institutions located on them (Article 2):

State natural reserves;

National parks;

natural parks;

State natural reserves;

Monuments of nature;

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

Therapeutic areas and resorts.

The most important place in the system of specially protected natural areas is occupied by natural reserve fund, which includes several basic organizational and legal forms of protected nature protection (reservations) - nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national, natural parks, natural monuments, as well as rare and endangered species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

State natural reserves- these are specially protected natural complexes and objects completely withdrawn from economic use (land, water, subsoil, vegetation and animal world) having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna (Article 6 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories).

In accordance with international programs for the protection of the environment in our country created biosphere reserves. They are included in international system biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring.

National parks- these are natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism (Article 12 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories).

natural parks- these are nature protection recreational institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant ecological and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental protection, educational and recreational purposes (Article 18 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories).

State nature reserves- these are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance (Article 22 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories).

State natural reserves are divided into the following types:

Complex (landscape),

Biological (zoological and botanical),

Paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;

Hydrological;

Geological.

The legal regime of state natural reserves is characterized by the fact that on their territories any activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited or limited, which contradicts the goals of creating a reserve or harms its natural complexes and their components.

Monuments of nature- these are unique, irreplaceable, valuable natural complexes in ecological, scientific, cultural and aesthetic terms, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. For example, botanical (trees, relict groves), geological (caves, rocks), hydrological (waterfalls, geysers) formations, unique samples of natural areas can be declared natural monuments. The boundaries of the location of natural monuments are marked with special signs. As in the case of the creation of reserves, the organization of natural monuments is allowed with or without the withdrawal of the land plots occupied by them from the owners, owners and users. Natural objects and complexes declared natural monuments are completely withdrawn from economic use and any activity that violates their safety is prohibited.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens- these are environmental institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the plant world, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities.

Therapeutic areas- these are territories (water areas) suitable for the organization and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources ( mineral water, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, curative climate, beaches, etc.) (clause 1, article 31 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories).

Resorts are territories that have been developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, which have natural healing resources, and also have the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities (clause 5, article 31 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories).