What type of specially protected natural areas? Specially protected natural areas of Russia

Specially protected natural areas

Historical sketch. On the territory of Russia, since ancient times, it has been customary to protect the most valuable and interesting natural areas as “holy places”, “sacred groves”, “shamanic tracts”, etc. Ancient hunting tribes stopped hunting in certain territories. The code of ancient Russian law, Russian Pravda, which was in force in Kievan Rus under Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (early 11th century), limited the hunting of wild animals and birds. In the 11th century To the west of Kyiv, the hunting reserves “Zverinets” and “Falcon Horn” arose. In the 13th century In Belovezhskaya Pushcha, bison hunting was limited. In the 14th–15th centuries. in some places, a reserve regime was established, which provided for a complete or partial ban on hunting, fishing, deforestation, etc. Peculiar “protected territories” in the 16th–17th centuries. steel so-called serif strokes on the southern and southeastern borders Old Russian state. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (17th century), the concept of “sovereign reserved forests” arose, in which not only hunting and logging, but also the presence of people was strictly prohibited (for example, the so-called Kuntsevskaya Area to the west of Moscow). Peter I published approx. 200 decrees and orders relating to the protection, reproduction and economic use forests, including “ship” forests on the Don (1695) and water protection ones (1701), on the principles of identifying protected forests (1707). By his decree, the Apothecary Garden was founded in 1706, which in 1805 came under the jurisdiction of Moscow University and became known as the Botanical Garden (now a branch of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University). In Siberia, cedar groves, sable lands, ritual capes and rocks along the banks were traditionally strictly protected large rivers and on Lake Baikal. In addition, the possessions of some monasteries (Sarov, Pechenga, etc.) were considered protected. In 1882, the Kronotsky sable reserve was created in Kamchatka (since 1934 a state reserve).

When identifying protected natural areas in Russia, the goal of their complete conservation for scientific purposes was initially pursued. At the origins of the domestic nature reserve business were Russian naturalists - V.V. Dokuchaev, V.N. Sukachev and others, in whose works the place of reserves in the environmental management system was determined, the main tasks of their activities were formulated and protection regimes were defined. The special importance of nature reserves as standards of nature and the need for a complete ban were noted. economic activity on their territories. As the network of reserves was formed, they were tasked with preserving the diversity of flora and fauna, studying the processes of development of biological systems, and organizing constant observations of nature.

Development of a network of specially protected areas. The initiative to create the first protected areas for scientific purposes belonged to V.V. Dokuchaev, who laid it down in the law. 19th century experimental steppe stations in the south of the European part of Russia. In 1883–98, on the territory of the Askania-Nova estate in the Kherson province, landowner F. E. Falz-Fein allocated a steppe reserve area. Later, several more private reserves arose: Forest on Vorskla (see article Belogorye), steppe reserve in Valuyek and others. In 1908, zoologist G. A. Kozhevnikov substantiated the need to create nature reserves as standards of nature. This idea was supported by botanist I.P. Borodin and forester G.F. Morozov who proposed to allocate such reserves in various types landscapes. In 1912, the Permanent Environmental Commission was organized under the Russian Geographical Society. On her initiative, the first draft law on nature reserves was developed (S.V. Zavadsky, 1916) and a plan for their geographical location (V.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, 1917). The first nature reserves on the territory of pre-revolutionary Russia were created in 1910–12 on the basis of ornithological stations in the Baltic states (Vaika in Estonia, Moritssala in Latvia, etc.). In 1912, it was announced that private property would be reserved in the Lagodekhi Gorge, located in the eastern part of the Main Caucasus Range. At the same time, the Academy of Sciences and the Environmental Commission prepared projects for a number of other nature reserves in the Caucasus, in the Volga delta and near Penza, but these plans could not be realized due to the opposition of private landowners supported by the government. To preserve the significantly reduced sable resources in Siberia, the Kitoisky (1914) and Sayansky (1915) sable reserves were organized. In 1916, on the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal, a Barguzinsky Reserve- the oldest of the currently operating Russian ones, and in Primorye - forest tracts are reserved Kedrovaya Pad. In 1917, the Crimean Nature Reserve appeared on the site of the royal hunting grounds.

The first reserves of the Soviet period were Astrakhan Nature Reserve and the Penza Nature Reserve, established in 1919; At the same time it was declared a nature reserve and Askania-Nova. In 1920 it was organized in the Urals Ilmensky Reserve. At that time, the management of the reserves was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Education, an agency not related to the exploitation of natural resources, which had special units for nature conservation. In 1924, a Caucasian Reserve, in 1925 - reserves Pillars(near Krasnoyarsk), Galichya Mountain(Lipetsk region), Forest on Vorskla (since 1999 Belogorye nature reserve in the Belgorod region), etc. It was then that the idea of ​​the state reserve as an environmental and research institution was formed (unlike foreign national parks, intended primarily for communication between man and nature).

In 1933, the Committee on Nature Reserves was established under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which in 1939 was transformed into the Main Directorate for Nature Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1935–40, more than 10 state reserves, incl. Sikhote-Alinsky , Oksky , Khopyorsky, Central Chernozem etc. Reserves have made a huge contribution to the development of environmental research; they carried out active scientific and organizational work, regularly published scientific works. The large-scale transformations taking place in the country at that time forced the staff of the reserves, along with scientific work deal with practical problems: acclimatization of plants and animals, establishment of farms, nurseries and plantations of various profiles, etc.

During the Great Patriotic War many reserves ended up in occupied territory and suffered heavy damage, but none of them were closed. First post-war years 5 new reserves arose in the Moscow region (to this day, only Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve), on the northern shore of the Rybinsk Reservoir ( Darwin Nature Reserve), V Sverdlovsk region (Visimsky Reserve And Denezhkin Stone), in Transbaikalia (Chitinsky), as well as on Sakhalin (Middle and South Sakhalin).

The reserve business faced serious difficulties in the 1950s and 60s, when a number of unfounded decisions were made to reform the reserve system. As a result of the reorganization in 1951, the number of reserves was reduced by more than half, and their total area decreased from 120 thousand to 10 thousand km 2. In 1951, most of the large reserves in Siberia were abolished and Far East(including: Altaisky, Kondo-Sosvinsky, Kronotsky, Sayansky, Chitinsky). The remaining reserves, the territories of which were reduced to a minimum, received a lower status as scientific experimental stations focused on solving specific problems in agriculture, forestry and hunting. The liquidation of all main departments for nature reserves under the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics led to significant violations of the system of managing nature reserves and ensuring their scientific activities.

In the 2nd half. In the 1950s, after the creation of the Main Directorate of Hunting and Nature Reserves under the RSFSR, the restoration of the destroyed reserve system began. The Altai, Bashkir, Kronotsky reserves were recreated, the territories of Barguzinsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Pechora-Ilychsky and some other reserves. In 1960, the “Law on Nature Protection in the RSFSR” was adopted, which included special articles on nature reserves and other protected natural areas. Despite this, already in 1961 several reserves were liquidated (and some of them again), and a number of others were transformed into branches. Some stabilization occurred in mid. 1960s, when measures were taken to restore protected areas and ensure their organizational and legal activities.

The development of the system of reserves accelerated in the 1970–80s, which is associated with the awareness by the state and society of the relevance and significance of global environmental problems. In Moscow and Novosibirsk, in the Glavohota system of the RSFSR, special units were created for the scientific design of new reserves, which were located mainly in the Far North ( Taimyr Nature Reserve , Ust-Lena Reserve , Wrangel Island), in the regions of the Far East ( Bureinsky Reserve , Dzhugdzhursky reserve), Siberia ( Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve , Malaya Sosva , Sokhondinsky Reserve , Daursky Reserve), as well as in the European part of the RSFSR ( Nizhnesvirsky Reserve , Bryansk Forest). First National parks established on the territory of Russia in 1983: Sochi National Park And Elk Island(Moscow). Important stages in the history of Russian nature conservation were the organization of the State Committees of the USSR and the RSFSR for Nature Conservation (1988), as well as the resolution of the USSR Supreme Council “On urgent measures for the ecological improvement of the country” (1989), which provided for a significant expansion of the nature reserve network. The last one in the 20th century. a reserve was established Erzi in the Ingush Republic (2000). Beginning 21st century was marked by the creation of 3 reserves: Kologrivsky forest (2006), Utrish (2010), Shaitan-Tau (2014).

One of the most important stages in the development of the system of protected natural sites was the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Specially Protected Natural Areas” (1995, as amended and supplemented as of July 26, 2019), which identifies the following main categories of protected natural areas: state. natural reserves (including biosphere), national parks, natural parks, state nature reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, health resorts and resorts. In addition, the Government of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments establish other categories of protected natural areas (green zones, urban forests and parks, monuments of landscape gardening art, natural landscapes, biological stations, micro-reserves, etc.). There are specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance. The legal status and boundaries of specially protected areas of Crimea were determined in 2018.

In Russia, 2017 was the Year of Specially Protected Natural Areas.

Reserves. The basis of the system of protected natural objects in Russia is formed by state natural nature reserves. All Russian reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions, the main task of which is to study the natural course of natural processes. Here, stationary monitoring studies are carried out under the “Chronicle of Nature” program (continuous collection of data that makes it possible to identify the relationships between components natural complexes). Nature reserves carry out work to record, restore and increase the number of rare and most valuable representatives of the flora and fauna, ensure the preservation of natural biodiversity and the natural gene pool of flora and fauna. Through the efforts of nature reserves (primarily Voronezh Nature Reserve) widely distributed throughout the country river beavers, previously practically exterminated, and now have become common inhabitants of many reservoirs. All reserves are land users; their property and natural resources constitute federal property, completely withdrawn from economic circulation. Nature reserves are non-profit organizations financed mainly from the federal budget.

In the beginning. 21st century There were 100 state nature reserves in Russia with total area 335 thousand km 2, to the beginning. 2017 their number increased to 104 (excluding Crimean reserves), with a total area of ​​339.52 thousand km2; 45 of them are located in the European part of the country, the rest are in the Asian part (including in the Trans-Urals, Siberia, the Arctic, and the Far East). In addition, in the Republic of Crimea there are a number of nature reserves: Yalta mountain forest, Karadag, Kazantip, Opuk, “Swan Islands” (an ornithological site of the former Crimean nature reserve), federal status which were established in 2018. By the end of 2018, the number of reserves increased to 110 (total area 345 thousand km2).

The largest nature reserves by area are the Bolshoi Arctic, Komandorsky, Wrangel Island, Putoransky, Taimyrsky, Ust-Lensky, Kronotsky, Central Siberian; others are located in the tundra and taiga zones, on the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

State natural reserves that are included in international system biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring have biosphere status (32 at the beginning of 2017); the largest of them are Kronotsky, Pechora-Ilychsky and Sayano-Shushensky. to their territories for the purpose of conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational environmental management that do not destroy the environment and do not deplete biological resources, territories of biosphere polygons can be annexed, including those with a differentiated regime of special protection and operation.

Most of the reserves are subordinate to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, but some fall under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other ministries: Far Eastern Marine (Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Ussuri (Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Ilmensky (Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Galichya Mountain(Voronezh State University Ministry of Education and Science of Russia).

National parks. They are used not only for environmental, but also for recreational and cultural purposes. National parks .

In the beginning. 21st century in Russia there were 35 national parks covering an area of ​​69 thousand km 2, by the end. In 2018, their number increased to 56 with a total area of ​​more than 234 thousand km2. Most of them are located in the European part of the country; national parks are confined to the Volga basin Bashkiria , Lower Kama And Samara Luka; in the north there are parks Kenozersky National Park(Arhangelsk region), Vodlozersky National Park(Karelia, Arkhangelsk region) and Yugyd Va National Park(Komi Republic). National parks have been created in the Trans-Urals Pripyshminskie Bors And Zyuratkul; in Siberia - Shushensky Bor , Tunkinsky National Park And Alkhanay; two national parks are located on the coast of Lake Baikal. The development of a network of national parks in the Far East and the Arctic (in particular, on Novaya Zemlya) is promising. The following received national park status: Kalevalsky, Buzuluksky pine forest, Udege legend(all in 2007), Call of the Tiger , Anyuisky(both in 2008) Russian Arctic(2009), Sailyugemsky (2010), Land of the Leopard (2012), Beringia , Onega Pomorie, Shantar Islands(all in 2013), Chikoy (2014), Bikin (2015), Kislovodsky (2016), Sengileevskie Mountains (2017), Krymsky (2018).

Vodlozersky National Park (1991) received the status of an international biosphere reserve operating within the framework of the UNESCO international program "Man and the Biosphere"(MAB).

Natural parks, in contrast to national ones (with significant similarity in their status, tasks and goals), they are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, by whose resolutions they are created. In 2017, the number of natural parks in Russia reached 151 (76 of them are located in the Belgorod region, where, as a rule, they have a very small area). Seven of them are located within the city of Moscow (including Bitsevsky Les, Izmailovo, Ostankino); 5 natural parks are located in the Kamchatka region (Bystrinsky, South Kamchatka, Nalychevo, Klyuchevsky, Blue Lakes); 4 each - in Yakutia (including Lena Pillars, Ust-Vilyuisky) and in the Volgograd region (including Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, Eltonsky), etc.

Wildlife sanctuaries. To preserve and restore natural complexes or their components, as well as maintain ecological balance, state nature reserves are created, among which (depending on the profile and purpose) they are distinguished: complex (landscape), biological (faunal, forest, swamp, etc.) , hydrological, etc. Traditionally, the most famous reserves are for the reproduction of especially valuable game animals. Natural reserves are most often located on the lands of various land users, who are obliged to comply with the established protection regime. In Russia there are approx. 3 thousand natural reserves, of which (at the beginning of 2017) 59 state natural reserves federal significance with a total area of ​​70.5 thousand km 2. In 2018, the status of the state nature reserves Kirkinitsky and Maloe Phyllophore Field in the Republic of Crimea was finally established. Of particular importance are the Franz Josef Land and Severozemelsky nature reserves in the Arctic Ocean (protecting unique fauna Arctic), Elizarovsky, Vaspukholsky and Verkhnekondinsky reserves in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug(where the unique population of West Siberian aboriginal river beavers, as well as the migration and nesting areas of waterfowl are protected), the Lesser Kuril Islands in the Sakhalin region, etc.

Natural monuments. This category often includes unique forests, natural swamps, caves, springs, waterfalls, as well as some areas of man-made landscapes - artificial forests, gardens, parks, etc. Natural monuments may have federal and regional significance; in some cases, these plots are confiscated from land users and owners. Usually their protection is entrusted to the owners land plots where they are located. In Russia approx. 7.74 thousand natural monuments, examples of which are: Argunovsky pine forest (Arkhangelsk region), Eichveld grove and glacial boulders (Murmansk region), Dudergof Heights ( Leningrad region), Lokhin Island (Moscow region), Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate park (Moscow), Bald Mountain (Voronezh), yew and cedar groves (Far East), “Pugachev’s oak” (Republic of Mari El), etc. Hydrological natural monuments Some lakes have been declared, including Lake Mogilnoe (Murmansk region), Lake Svetloyar (Nizhny Novgorod region), etc. Maly Zhemchuzhny Island in the northern part of the Caspian Sea and Lake Kiyovo (Kiovo) and its basin (2016; located on the territory of the city of Lobnya, Moscow region; the largest colony of black-headed gulls in Europe is located on the lake, which has more than 15 thousand nesting sites). At the beginning In 2017, the area of ​​natural monuments of federal significance in Russia was 235 km2.

Six natural monuments are included in the list World Heritage UNESCO.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions that create special collections of plants for conservation and enrichment flora, as well as carrying out scientific, educational and educational activities. They are organized by decisions of the relevant executive authorities (federal or regional) and are land users; The territories of such institutions are intended only for the performance of their direct tasks. There are dozens of botanical gardens on the territory of Russia, the most famous among them are: the Main Botanical Garden named after. N.V. Tsitsin RAS (Moscow), botanical garden of the Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), Polar-Alpine Garden-Institute (Murmansk region), Ural and Ufa Botanical Gardens-Institutes, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Nikitsky Botanical Garden, and also 24 arboretums [Sochi Arboretum, Biryulevsky Arboretum (Moscow), Arboretum of the Mountain-Taiga Station (Primorsky Territory), etc.].

Territories of traditional nature management- a fundamentally new category of specially protected natural objects for Russia, which arose after the adoption in 2001 of the Russian Federation Law “On the territories of traditional environmental management of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East Russian Federation" Such “ancestral lands” were assigned to indigenous people in certain regions of Siberia and the Far East back in the 1990s. The law opened up broad prospects for the development of traditional economic sectors for these regions (hunting, fishing, reindeer husbandry), giving forest, land and water areas a status close to protected natural areas.

Other forms of protection of natural areas. In addition to the listed main, legally established categories of territorial protection, there are many other forms of specially protected natural areas. The “Consolidated List of Protected Natural Territories of the Russian Federation” (2006) contains more than 250 names of protected natural objects. These include highly diverse wetlands, key bird areas (having the most important for the conservation of any species of birds at nesting sites, flight routes or wintering grounds), various forests for special and protective purposes, forest belts, recreation and peace areas, etc. There is also a number of protected areas within which Russian cultural heritage sites blend with the natural landscapes surrounding them. These include museum-reserves (for example, the Solovetsky and Valaam archipelagos), memorial estates (Mikhailovskoye, Shchelykovo, Polenovo), natural-historical complexes (Borodinsky field, Kulikovo field, etc.). In total, this list contains information about 13.2 thousand specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance.

The most valuable natural territories of Russia are included by UNESCO in the international list of sites World Heritage(as of the end of 2018, 30 Russian specially protected areas are included, including 12 state nature reserves and 5 state natural national parks, 6 natural monuments); among them are the virgin forests of the Komi Republic ( Pechora-Ilychsky Reserve, Yugyd Va National Park); Lake Baikal (water area and coastal zone, including the Barguzinsky, Baikal-Lensky and Baikalsky nature reserves adjacent to the lake, as well as the Pribaikalsky and Transbaikalsky national parks); volcanoes of Kamchatka (Kronotsky Nature Reserve, adjacent natural parks and the Yuzhno-Kamchatsky federal reserve); Golden Mountains of Altai (including Altai and Katunsky nature reserves, Belukha natural park, Ukok plateau); Wrangel Island within the boundaries of the reserve of the same name; Putorana plateau; Lena Pillars [Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)].

In 1989, the first international reserve (transboundary reserve) “Friendship” was created on the basis of the Kostomuksha Nature Reserve and five specially protected natural areas of Finland. On the line. 2016 on the territory of Russia there are 4 more international transboundary reserves: the Russian-Mongolian-Chinese reserve "Dauria" [Daursky reserve, the reserves "Mongol Daguur" (MPR) and "Dalai-nor" (PRC)], the Russian-Chinese reserve "Lake Khanka" » [Khankaisky Nature Reserve, Sankai-Hu Nature Reserve (PRC)], transboundary reserve "Altai" (Katunsky Nature Reserve, Katon-Karagai National Park of Kazakhstan), tripartite transboundary park "Pasvik-Inari" (Pasvik Nature Reserve, district wildlife“Vätsäri” in Finland and 3 specially protected natural areas in Norway – Erve-Pasvik National Park, Pasvik Nature Reserve and Erve-Pasvik Nature Reserve).

In a number of administrative departments of the European and Asian parts of Russia, thanks to the presence of numerous protected natural areas of various levels (from federal and regional to local), prerequisites have arisen for the creation of special territorial systems called “ecological network” or “ecological framework”, designed to act as environmental protection , as well as certain national economic functions (scientific, educational, tourist, etc.). Many constituent entities of the Russian Federation (including Leningrad, Perm and Irkutsk regions, Altai Territory) have already created or are developing special cadastres of protected natural areas. According to the so-called Seville Strategy, adopted on the 2nd international congress According to biosphere reserves (1995), the worldwide network of such institutions and facilities is considered not only as an important means of preserving biological diversity, but also as a model for the harmonious improvement of territories in various landscape zones of the planet, as well as an experimental base for ensuring sustainable development on a global scale.

The Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2002) considers the creation and development of a system of protected natural areas of different levels and regimes as one of the main directions of Russian state policy in the field of ecology and how the most important condition ensuring sustainable environmental management. See map.

“On Specially Protected Natural Territories” dated March 14, 1995: “Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNA) are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage.”

The basis of the system of protected areas in Russia consists of state nature reserves, national parks and state nature reserves. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 29, 2008 No. 404 “On the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation,” state management of specially protected natural areas is carried out by the specified ministry. In total, as of 2009, more than 13 thousand protected areas of federal, regional and local significance have been created in Russia. Of them federal protected areas 266, which include 101 reserves, 41 national parks and 69 state natural reserves of federal significance, as well as natural monuments, resorts and other categories of protected areas. The total area of ​​protected areas of federal significance is about 580 thousand square kilometers in 84 of the 87 subjects of the Federation (there are no federal protected areas only in the city of St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Tula regions), which is approximately 3% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

This system of natural reserves is unique and is of exceptional value from the point of view of maintaining the natural functioning of ecosystems and preserving biodiversity, including rare and endangered species, as well as environmental monitoring, scientific research and environmental education, not only on a Russian but also on a global scale.

Types of protected areas and their purpose

1. state environmental reserves (including biosphere reserves)
2. health resorts and resorts

Forest reserves are designated by foresters as reference(typical) or unique forest areas that are important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visits are usually included in ecotourism routes.

National parks and reserves

National parks and reserves- special types of protected areas that have an administration whose function includes organizing both environmental and recreational activities. The importance of recreational activities in them is different: in nature reserves the environmental function is dominant and the cognitive recreational function is limited; in national parks both functions are of equal importance.

National parks are environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use for environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The task of national parks, along with their environmental function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions. This includes the development and implementation scientific methods conservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use. A differentiated protection regime is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics.

Links

• Federal Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas"
• Information and reference system “Specially Protected Natural Territories of Russia”
• “Specially protected natural areas of the Russian Federation”, website of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation.
• Specially protected natural areas of the Chelyabinsk region"
• Regulatory acts regulating the activities of protected areas in the Leningrad region

Footnotes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

(SPNA)- according to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” dated March 14, 1995: “(SPNA) - areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage.”

These include all state nature reserves and national parks and a significant part of state nature reserves. As established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2004 No. 400, “until the adoption of the relevant regulatory legal act The Government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources, carries out public administration in the field of organization and functioning of specially protected natural areas of federal significance.”

In total, in Russia there are currently 204 federal-level protected areas with a total area of ​​about 580 thousand square kilometers in 84 of the 88 constituent entities of the Federation (there are no federal-level protected areas only in the city of St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Tula regions, Stavropol Territory), which is approximately 3% territory of the Russian Federation.

This system of natural reserves is unique and is of exceptional value from the point of view of maintaining the natural functioning of ecosystems and preserving biodiversity, including rare and endangered species, as well as environmental monitoring, scientific research and environmental education, not only on a Russian but also on a global scale.

Types of protected areas and their purpose

1. state environmental reserves (including biosphere reserves)
2. health resorts and resorts

Wildlife sanctuaries

Natural monuments

Natural monuments- these are unique natural objects (waterfalls, caves, picturesque rocks, etc.) or memorial natural objects (for example, larch in the Yaropolets estate, under which A.S. Pushkin rested).

Forest reserves are designated by foresters as reference(typical) or unique forest areas that are important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visits are usually included in ecotourism routes.

National parks and reserves

National parks and reserves- special types of protected areas that have an administration whose function includes organizing both environmental and recreational activities. The importance of recreational activities in them is different: in nature reserves the environmental function is dominant and the cognitive recreational function is limited; in national parks both functions are of equal importance.

National parks are environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use for environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The task of national parks, along with their environmental function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions. This provides for the development and implementation of scientific methods for the conservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use. A differentiated protection regime is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics.

Links

• Federal Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas"
• Information and reference system “Specially Protected Natural Territories of Russia”
• “Specially protected natural areas of the Russian Federation”, website of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation.
• Specially protected natural areas of the Chelyabinsk region"
• Regulatory acts regulating the activities of protected areas in the Leningrad region

Footnotes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• A Taxi Driver Particularly Amorous (play)
• Specially protected natural areas of the Sakhalin region

See what “Specially protected natural areas” are in other dictionaries:

SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS Ecological dictionary

Specially protected natural areas- (eng. specially guarding natural territories) in the Russian Federation, areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic,... ... Encyclopedia of Law

SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS Legal dictionary

Specially protected natural areas- areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which... ... Official terminology

SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS- Areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which... ... Dictionary of business terms

Specially protected natural areas- areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which... ... Dictionary of legal concepts

specially protected natural areas- as defined by the Federal Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories of February 15, 1995, areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific… Large legal dictionary

Specially protected natural areas- areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which... ... Large legal dictionary

specially protected natural areas- (SPNA), areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which... ... Geographical encyclopedia

SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS- areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which... ... encyclopedic Dictionary economics and law

The concept of specially protected natural areas and objects

Specially protected natural areas- these are areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects of environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance are located.

A special (reserve) protection regime is established for them, the essence of which is the complete prohibition or limitation of economic and other activities that contradict the goals of the conservation.

Legal regime specially protected natural areas are regulated by acts of environmental legislation of a general nature: the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” natural environment", Federal Laws "On Specially Protected Natural Areas" 1995, "On Natural Healing Resources, Medical and Health Areas and Resorts" 1995, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the Procedure for Maintaining the State Cadastre of Specially Protected Natural Areas" dated October 19, 1996 , laws on the legal regime of certain types of natural resources (Forest, Water, Land Codes, Federal Law “On Wildlife”, Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil”, etc.), as well as provisions on specific types of specially protected natural areas (reserves, sanctuaries , national parks, etc.).

Specially protected natural sites are, first of all, rare and endangered plants and animals. Their legal regime is established mainly by the Law “On the Protection of the Natural Environment”, the Federal Law “On Wildlife”, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 19, 1996 “On the Red Book of the Russian Federation”, the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation of September 3, 2003 “ On approval of the Procedure for issuing permits for the extraction of wildlife objects belonging to species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation”, etc.

The Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas distinguishes several of them categories taking into account the peculiarities of the legal regime of these natural territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them (Article 2):

State nature reserves;

National parks;

Natural parks;

State nature reserves;

Natural monuments;

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

Medical and recreational areas and resorts.

The most important place in the system of specially protected natural areas is occupied by natural reserve fund, which includes several basic organizational and legal forms of nature conservation (reservation) - reserves, sanctuaries, national and natural parks, natural monuments, as well as rare and endangered species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

State nature reserves- these are specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund of flora and fauna (Article 6 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas).

In accordance with international programs Biosphere reserves have been created in our country to protect the natural environment. They are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring.

National parks- these are natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism (Article 12 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas).

Natural parks- these are environmental recreational institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use for environmental, educational and recreational purposes (Article 18 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas).

State nature reserves- these are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance (Article 22 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas).

State nature reserves are divided into the following types:

Complex (landscape),

Biological (zoological and botanical),

Paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

Hydrological;

Geological.

The legal regime of state natural reserves is characterized by the fact that on their territories any activity that contradicts the goals of creating the reserve or causes harm to its natural complexes and their components is permanently or temporarily prohibited or limited.

Natural monuments- these are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. For example, botanical (trees, relict groves), geological (caves, rocks), hydrological (waterfalls, geysers) formations, and unique examples of natural areas can be declared natural monuments. The boundaries of the location of natural monuments are indicated by special signs. As in the case of the creation of nature reserves, the organization of natural monuments is permitted with or without the withdrawal of the land plots they occupy from the owners, possessors and users. Natural objects and complexes declared natural monuments are completely withdrawn from economic use and any activity that violates their preservation is prohibited.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens- these are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as carrying out scientific, educational and educational activities.

Medical and recreational areas- these are territories (water areas) suitable for the organization and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources ( mineral water, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, healing climate, beaches, etc.) (Clause 1 of Article 31 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas).

Resorts are territories that are developed and used for treatment and prophylactic purposes, that have natural healing resources, and also have the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities (clause 5 of Article 31 of the Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas).

Protected natural area (in Russian-language literature the term is often used specially protected natural area- PA) - a territory that requires special protection due to its natural, cultural or other features. There are a huge number of protected natural areas in different countries, the level of protection of which depends on each state and international organizations. Examples are natural and national parks, nature reserves, game reserves, natural monuments and other natural sites. The term "protected" includes marine protected areas (English), whose borders include part of the maritime spaces. There are over 147,000 protected areas in the world, and this number is constantly growing; protected areas cover an area of ​​19,300,000 square kilometers or 13% of the land surface - larger than the area of ​​Africa.

Classification

1. IA. Strict nature reserve - Strict nature reserve. Wildlife area. Only research activities and security measures are allowed.
2. I.B. Wilderness area - Wildlife area. A protected area managed primarily for the conservation of wildlife.
3. II. National park - National park - A protected area managed for the purpose of preserving ecosystems, combined with tourism.
4. III. Natural monument - Natural monument - protection of natural objects/attractions.
5. IV. Habitat/species management area - A managed natural area for the purpose of preserving habitats and species of animals and plants.
6. V. Protected landscape/seascape - Protected land and sea landscapes - protection of land and sea landscapes and recreation.
7. VI. Managed resource protected area - Protected areas with managed resources - sparing use of ecosystems.

International status of protected natural areas

World Heritage Site

In 1972, the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which came into force in 1975. By October 2016, the convention had been ratified by 193 participating countries.

According to the Statement of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, “The Network is an instrument for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components, thereby contributing to the achievement of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and other relevant conventions and instruments.” .

Biosphere reserves are created on the basis of specially protected natural areas. For different territories biosphere reserves a differential security mode is established. Biosphere reserves have three interconnected zones, which are aimed at performing three complementary and mutually reinforcing functions:

1. reserve (main), which is intended for the conservation and restoration of the most valuable natural complexes, the gene pool of vegetation and fauna, minimally disturbed by anthropogenic factors;
2. a buffer zone, which surrounds or is adjacent to a protected area, is allocated to prevent negative impact to a protected zone of economic activity in adjacent territories;
3. transitional (or anthropogenic landscapes) is part of the reserve and combines territories with land, forest, water use, settlements, recreation and other types of economic activities.

A special feature of biosphere reserves is the fact that Scientific research, monitoring the state of the natural environment and other activities are carried out at the international level.

According to UNESCO, there are 669 biosphere reserves in the world in 120 countries, including 16 transboundary sites. They are distributed on Earth as follows:

• 70 in 28 African countries
• 30 in 11 countries in the Arab states
• 142 in 24 countries in Asia and the Pacific
• 302 in 36 countries in Europe and North America
• 125 in 21 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Wetlands of international importance

Convention on Wetlands with international significance primarily as waterfowl habitat, was adopted in February 1971 by Ramsar (Iran), subsequently amended in 1987 by Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. According to this Convention, wetlands are protected natural areas in the form of swamps, fen, peatlands or reservoirs - natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, standing or flowing, fresh, brackish or saline, including marine areas, the depth of which at low tide is not exceeds six meters, and under