Photo: puteshestvia.com

Until 1997, Hong Kong was a possession of Great Britain; on July 1, 1997, it was returned to China and received the status of a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The Basic Law for the new territory was approved by the National People's Congress in 1990 and is based on the principle of “one country, two systems,” that is, maintaining two different economic and legal systems within a single Chinese state.

Despite the fact that Hong Kong is under the direct jurisdiction of the central government of the People's Republic of China, it has a high degree of autonomy (with the exception of foreign relations and defense). The principle of the Basic Law is “Hong Kong is governed by the Hong Kong people.” Hong Kong has an independent executive (administration), legislative (parliament) and judicial branches. According to the agreement between the UK and the PRC, the modern socio-economic system of Hong Kong will remain unchanged for 50 years until 2047.

With a population of about 6 million people and an area of ​​just over 1000 square meters. km Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Today, the special administrative region of the People's Republic of China is one of the leading financial centers in Asia and the world.

Hong Kong has one of the purest capitalist economic systems in the world. The territory's economy is based on a free market, low taxation and non-intervention by the state in the economy. It is an important center for international finance and trade, and the concentration of headquarters is the highest in the Asia-Pacific region.

In terms of per capita gross domestic product and gross urban product, Hong Kong is the richest city in the PRC. Hong Kong's GDP per capita, calculated at purchasing power parity, exceeds even the four leading Western European countries (Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy), as well as Japan.

Enclave countries

1) Republic of San Marino - enclave in Italy
2) Vatican- enclave in the city of Rome, Italy
3) Kingdom of Lesotho- enclave in South Africa

City-states are small civilizations scattered around the world


The Principality of Monaco is an independent city-state. interests. It was not until 1993 that Monaco became a member of the United Nations with full voting rights.

Monaco is one of the smallest and most densely populated countries in the world. It will take no more than an hour to cross the entire country. The name of the country comes from the ancient Greek “monoikos” - “hermit”. The Principality is widely known for its casino in Monte Carlo and the stage of the Formula 1 championship, the Monaco Grand Prix, held here.

Banking secrecy and low taxes attract billions of dollars from abroad. At the end of the 90s. the volume of funds stored in Monegasque banks had an annual increase of 18%.

The Principality has a very liberal taxation system. The income of individuals (both citizens of the country and foreigners permanently residing in Monaco, with the exception of the French) is not subject to taxes.




Singapore is an island city-state in Southeast Asia. About 5 million people live and work in an area measuring 270 square miles, making Singapore the second most populous country in the world.

The city center in the southern part of the island is surrounded by satellite towns, many parks, reservoirs and industrial areas, which are connected to the center and to each other by a dense network of roads, subways and high-speed rail lines. Singapore has a highly centralized, unitary government with a unicameral legislature.



The indigenous inhabitants of the island are Malays. After the founding of the British colony, thanks to the development of trade, a large number of immigrants from Europe, China, India and other countries settled here.
Currently, 76.7% of the population are Chinese, 14% are Malays, 7.9% are Indians, 1.4% are Pakistanis, Sri Lankans and others. official languages countries - Malay, Chinese, Tamil and English. Religiously, 32% of believers are Buddhists, 22% are adherents of Taoism, 15% are Muslims, 13% are Christians, 3% are Hindus (1996).

With its important strategic location at the crossroads of shipping routes between Europe, Asia and Australia, Singapore has become one of the world's leading trading centers. In relation to other countries of Southeast Asia, it traditionally plays the role of a “marketplace” - goods produced in neighboring countries arrive here - for example, rubber and tin from Malaysia, rice from Thailand, which are then sent to other regions. At the same time, industrial goods are brought here from the USA, Europe, and Japan and distributed among neighboring countries. When these countries began to build seaports suitable for ships with deep draft, Singapore's importance as a trade intermediary has diminished. To compensate for losses, the country's government began to stimulate the development of its own industry, attracting foreign direct investment.

Since Singapore does not have natural resources, it mainly develops manufacturing industries, as well as the assembly of products from imported finished parts. Great importance are acquired by the chemical, oil refining, electronic assembly, radio and electrical industries, as well as shipbuilding. The tin smelting industry and rubber processing have retained their importance on a regional scale.

In the 1980s, Singapore began to develop knowledge-intensive industries, specializing in advanced technologies not only in production (the upper floors of mechanical engineering), but also in the field of intellectual services (information, financial, technological, medical).

Despite the presence of highly qualified and educated local personnel, there are relatively few national entrepreneurs in the country. Almost all investments and business initiatives come from abroad. Foreign investors are attracted by the presence of a highly skilled workforce, weak unions and political stability. The leading role in developing a development strategy and monitoring the implementation of indicative plans remains with the state.


Singapore has become a major financial center and a source of technical and commercial information for neighboring countries. After the discovery of oil and natural gas The headquarters of energy companies are located on the shelf off the coast of the Malay Peninsula in Singapore.
Singapore is one of the world's largest ports (second largest in the world in terms of cargo turnover).

Enclave

Question

How to correctly: Kaliningrad region- “enclave” or “exclave”?

Ankla/ V (enclave) (from French enclave, from late Latin inclavere - I lock with a key; Latin clavis - key). In international law enclave- territory or part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of some other state. For example, the Republic of San Marino in Italy. If an enclave has a seashore, then it is called semi-enclave. East Prussia was a semi-enclave in the period 1919-1939. The Kaliningrad region is also a semi-enclave, since on all sides the territory of this region is surrounded by the territory of other states and the region has a seashore (port). In lay language, the Kaliningrad region is called an enclave.

Excla/ V (from Latin ex - outside, clavis - key) - part of the territory of the state, geographically distant from the main one and surrounded by the territory of other countries.

To be terminologically precise, the Kaliningrad region for Russians is exclave, and for other countries (and as an object of international law) – enclave. But in everyday life it is correct to call the Kaliningrad region an enclave.

See on the Internet: “Kaliningrad exclave; Kaliningrad exclave and the European mainland(RG); To whom is an enclave, and to whom - an exclave (the title of an article by A. Privalov in the magazine "Expert" 21.08.2001);

“How long will our respected press call us exclave ! This, of course, is not swearing, but children are reading you! Yes, there is no such word in Russian! Eat enclave ! To anyone who finds the word in any Russian language dictionary exclave - I’m putting down the restaurant! Journalists - preserve the Russian language, and without you there will be someone to distort it. Vasilich.

Vasilich, thank you for the restaurant, but you probably did it in the heat of the moment, so I don’t insist. Both words " enclave " And " exclave "is in any good explanatory dictionary: Exclave - a separate part of the territory, geographically isolated from the main part of its state and surrounded by foreign territory. Exclave lat.Ex - outside + Clavis - key Enclave - part of the territory of a foreign state, surrounded by the territory of its own state. Enklave lat.En - inside + Clavis - key Accordingly, in relation to Russia, Kaliningrad is exactly exclave . And it was journalists who finally helped politicians find the correct definition of our region. On the contrary, I was always offended when respected Yu.S. Matochkin called Kaliningrad an enclave of Russia in Europe

Don't argue guys! As a geographer, I note: the main difference enclave from exclave is that exclave - not just a territory surrounded from its own state by the territories of other states, but also having access to the sea! That is, our region is precisely exclave .

It seems to me, Julia, that enclave (exclave ), having access to the sea, is called semi-enclave (semi-exclave ).

I wonder what the word enclave first recorded in the Dictionary of Foreign Words, ed. I. V. Lekhin and F. N. Petrova (M., 1964). There is also an article in TSB (Vol. 2) enclave, and in volume 30 there is a reference article enclave, and here are the articles exclave not even in this extensive encyclopedia.

For the first time the word exclave recorded in the “Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. S. A. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg, 1998).

Right

as an object of international law and in relation to other countries, the Kaliningrad region – enclave, or rather - semi-enclave. For the Russian side, the Kaliningrad region - exclave. In journalism, in everyday life it is correct – an enclave.

Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language. Yu. A. Belchikov, O. I. Razheva. 2015 .

See what an “enclave” is in other dictionaries:

ENCLAVE- [fr. enclave Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

enclave- a, m. enclave f. 1. In international law, territory or part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of a state. another state and does not have a sea coast. BAS 2. He does not require the Austrian Chancellor... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Enclave- territory or part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of any other state. If an enclave has a seashore, it is called a semi-enclave. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001... Dictionary of business terms

ENCLAVE- (enclave) (French enclave from Latin inclavo I lock with a key), territory or part of the territory of one state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of another state (for example, Lesotho). If an enclave has access to the sea, it is called a semi-enclave... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Enclave- (enclave) (French enclave, from Latin inclavo I lock with a key) territory or part of the territory of one state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of another state (for example, Lesotho). If an enclave has access to the sea, it is called a semi-enclave... ... Political science. Dictionary.

ENCLAVE- (French enclave, from Latin inclavo I lock) a part of the territory of one state, completely surrounded by the land territory of another or several states. The presence of A. entails certain international legal consequences related, for example... Legal Dictionary

ENCLAVE- (enclave) (French enclave), part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of another state and not having access to the sea (sea coast). If there is a seashore, the territory is called a semi-enclave (for example... ... Modern encyclopedia

ENCLAVE- territory or part of the territory of a country surrounded on all sides by the territory of another state; also used to designate a business that destroys a monopoly, Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary ... Economic dictionary

Enclave- enclave (French enclave, from late Latin inclavo I lock with a key: Latin clavis key), in international law, a territory or part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of some other state (for example, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

ENCLAVE- ENCLAVE, huh, husband. (specialist.). Part of the territory of a state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of other states and having no access to the sea. | adj. enclave, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Enclave(from Latin inclavo - I lock with a key, French enclave) - territory or part of the territory of a state, completely surrounded by the land territory of another state or several states, landlocked. The enclave forms an integral part of the territory of the state to which it belongs. If part of the territory of a state is surrounded partly by the territory of another state and partly by maritime territory, i.e. has access to the sea, then it is semi-enclave. The presence of enclaves entails certain international legal consequences, related, for example, to the right of passage to it through the territory of another country, as well as other vital problems of the existence of the enclave and its inhabitants. Such issues are resolved on the basis of an agreement between the interested states.
Exclave(from Latin ex - outside + clavis - key) - part of the territory of a state that does not have common borders with its main part and is completely surrounded by foreign territory. In this case, an exclave may have a border with one or several states.

Enclaves and exclaves

In Figure 1: C is an enclave of country A, surrounded by its territory. It is also an exclave of country B.

In Figure 2: D is the exclave of country B, surrounded by the territory of countries A and C

An exclave that is not completely surrounded by foreign territory, but has access to the sea, is called semi-exclave.
An exclave (semi-exclave) can simultaneously be called an enclave (semi-enclave) only if we are talking about a part of the territory surrounded (in whole or in part) by the territory of only one state.

Russia is surrounded by the Baltic Sea, Poland and Lithuania, which means it is a Russian semi-exclave, but is not a semi-enclave.

Ceuta and Melilla are Spanish semi-exclaves and semi-enclaves in relation to Morocco.
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, which is part of Azerbaijan, is surrounded by Armenia, Iran and Turkey, and therefore Nakhichevan is an exclave of Azerbaijan, but not an enclave.

The Ukrainian city of Slavutich with its surrounding territories belongs to the Kyiv region, being surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Chernigov region; thus, Slavutich is an exclave of the Kyiv region and its enclave in the Chernigov region.

The city of Zelenograd is administratively part of Moscow, but is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Moscow region, which means it is an exclave of Moscow and an enclave of Moscow in the Moscow region.
Moscow itself is an enclave on the territory of the Moscow region, but not an exclave.
The Republic of Adygea, surrounded on all sides by the Krasnodar Territory, is also only an enclave on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory.

Enclave states

(enclave in Italy)

(enclave in Italy)

(enclave in South Africa)
Brunei (semi-enclave in relation to Malaysia)
East Timor (semi-enclave relative to Indonesia)
Gambia (semi-enclave relative to Senegal)
Monaco (semi-enclave relative to France)
Portugal (semi-enclave relative to Spain)
Denmark (semi-enclave in relation to Germany, shares a maritime border with Sweden)
Canada (a semi-enclave relative to the United States, has maritime borders with the Danish territory of Greenland and the French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon)
Qatar (semi-enclave in relation to Saudi Arabia, has a maritime border with Bahrain and the UAE)
Republic of Korea (semi-enclave in relation to the DPRK, shares a maritime border with Japan)
Papua New Guinea (a semi-enclave in relation to Indonesia, has maritime borders with Australia and the Solomon Islands)
Dominican Republic - Haiti (mutual semi-enclaves)
Ireland - UK (mutual semi-enclaves, UK shares maritime border with France)

Enclave territories

Azerbaijani exclaves
The villages of Karki, Upper Askipara, Lower Askipara, Barkhudarly, Sofulu and Kyzylkhadzhyly (enclaves in Armenia), as well as the village of Zyugyuloba (enclave in Russia).
Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is an Azerbaijani autonomous republic bordering Armenia, Iran and Turkey.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia are territories in Cyprus that are under the actual jurisdiction of Great Britain and occupied by its military installations.
Alaska is an American semi-exclave washed by the waters of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans; borders Canada and is a semi-enclave.
Artsvashen is an Armenian village in Azerbaijan.
Bangladeshi enclaves - 92 Bangladeshi village exclaves in India.
Barak is a Kyrgyz village in Uzbekistan.
Büsingen am Hochrhein is a German exclave (7.62 km²) completely surrounded by Swiss territory: on three sides by the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen and on the south by the cantons of Rhine-Zurich and Thurgau. It has a population of about 1450 inhabitants. The city is separated from Germany only by a narrow bridge, less than 1 km at its narrowest part, on which is the Swiss village of Dorflingen.
Gibraltar is a semi-enclave on the coast of Spain, owned by Great Britain. Separated from Spanish territory by a neutral zone.
Guantanamo is a territory on the coast of Cuba, over which US sovereignty is actually established.
Jaber (Jaber Kalesi) - Turkish castle in Syria; in accordance with the Turkish-French agreement of 1921, it is considered Turkish territory.
Dubrovnik is a city in the Croatian county of Dubrovnik-Neretva, washed by the Adriatic Sea; borders Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Indian enclaves - 106 Indian villages in Bangladesh.
Indonesian semi-exclaves: Western New Guinea (Papua New Guinea), Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands (East Timor), Kalimantan (Malaysia).
Spanish semi-exclaves are the cities of Ceuta, Melilla, and the Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera peninsula in Morocco, washed by the Mediterranean Sea.
Cabinda is a semi-exclave of Angola, washed by the Atlantic Ocean; borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Campione d'Italia is an Italian town in Switzerland.
Musandam is an Omani semi-exclave in the UAE. By the end of the 13th century, the Omanites ruled a vast empire. At its peak in the 19th century, during the reign of Sultan Said bin Sultan, Oman controlled Mombasa and Zanzibar and operated trading posts along the African coast. As a result of the collapse of the empire in the second half of the 19th century, Oman lost its previous position, but continued to control Musandam when the United States was formed there. United Arab Emirates. See also: Possessions of Muscat and Oman.
Oecussi-Ambeno is a semi-exclave of East Timor, washed by the Savu Sea; borders only with Indonesia, which means it is a semi-enclave in relation to it.

Russian exclaves

The village of Sankovo-Medvezhye in Belarus. The villages of Khrakhuba and Uryanoba in Azerbaijan.
Dubki is a semi-exclave of Russia, separated by the territory of Estonia. In relation to Estonia itself it is a semi-enclave.
The Kaliningrad region is a Russian semi-exclave with access to Baltic Sea and bordering Lithuania and Poland.

Sastavci is an exlav of Bosnia and Heregovina in Serbia.

The Gaza Strip is a semi-exclave, a territory on the Mediterranean Sea allocated by the UN for the Arab state of Palestine. Borders with Israel and Egypt.

Saint Martin is a semi-exclave of France in the northern part of the island of the same name, part of the Netherlands Antilles. It is also a semi-enclave.

Tajik exclaves are the villages of Vorukh (an enclave in Kyrgyzstan), as well as the villages of Kayragach and Sarvan (enclaves in Uzbekistan).

Temburong is a semi-exclave of Brunei, washed by the South China Sea; borders only with Malaysia, that is, it is a semi-enclave in relation to it.

Chizumulu and Likoma are islands of Malawi located in the territorial waters of Mozambique.

Sources used:
1.pioss.net
2. enc-dic.com
3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia 1969-1978
4. Big economic dictionary Borisov A.B., M.: BOOK WORLD, 2008

Enclave - what does this concept mean? The word comes from the Latin “inclavo”, which translates as “I lock with a key.” This term is applied to the territory or part of a state, which is distinguished by the following characteristics:

Landlocked;
- is completely surrounded by the land territory of another country or several.

Political affiliation

Enclave - what kind of territory is this? It is an integral part of the state to which it belongs. Sometimes such a territory has partial access to the sea. It is then called a semi-enclave or coastal enclave.

The presence of a separate part of the country’s territory also implies some related international legal relations. For example, to get to an area that is an enclave, you must travel through the territory of another state. In addition, vital problems may arise in such a region that must be resolved for its normal existence. All emerging issues, as a rule, are resolved when contracts are signed between the interested countries.

Varieties

What is an enclave? The definition of this concept has already been given. Simply put, this is a piece of one country that is located inside another. However, there are cases when in some isolated territory there is another separate island. Such a formation is called a second-order enclave. In such a situation, in order to get to the part of the country’s territory that is located inside, it will be necessary to cross two borders.

There is another similar concept - exclave. It refers to a non-sovereign region that is separated from the main territory of a state and surrounded by other countries. Moreover, the semi-exclave has access to the sea.

The same separated region can be called differently. For the country to which it belongs, it will be an exclave. Other states consider it an enclave. The same terminology exists for semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves.

Examples

There is a fairly large number of territories and settlements that can be said to be an enclave. An example of this is Sankovo-Medvezhye, located in Belarus in the territory Administratively it belongs to the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation. For Russia, Sankovo-Medvezhye is an exclave, and for Belarus it is an enclave.

Another example is Alaska. This territory is considered a semi-exclave of the United States and a semi-enclave of Canada. TO Mediterranean Sea Melilla and Ceuta have access. These are semi-enclaves for Morocco and semi-exclaves for Spain. The village of Dubki is located on the cape. It is separated from Russia by Estonian territory. Therefore, it is a semi-exclave from the Russian point of view and a semi-enclave from the Estonian side.

Enclave countries

The term indicating the separateness of a territory can be applied not only to the part separated from the main state. This concept is also used in a slightly different interpretation. In world practice, there are enclave states. For them the term "exclave" is not used.

An enclave state is a country whose territory is completely surrounded by another country. However, they have no access to the sea. There are three such states in the world. Their list includes San Marino and the Vatican. These countries are located inside Italy. The third enclave state is Lesotho. It is located in South Africa. The Order of Malta is also endowed with some signs of statehood. He owns territory inside Italy.

In world practice, there are also semi-enclave states. They have access to the sea. An example is Brunei. surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea. Another semi-enclave state is Portugal. It is surrounded by Spanish territory and has access to the Atlantic Ocean.

A certain part of Fort Sant'Angelo, which is located on the territory of Malta and belongs to the Order of Malta, is also considered a semi-enclave.

Settlements

What is an enclave? The definition given above refers not only to states. It also applies to the territory of populated areas. Thus, the German enclave city of Büsingen am Hochrhein is completely surrounded by Swiss territory. Its population is almost one and a half thousand people. The city is separated from Germany only by a strip of land, the width of which is less than one kilometer. Moreover, on the narrowest part of this lintel there is a Swiss village called Dorflingen. In 1918, a referendum was held in Büsingen. Ninety-six percent of the population voted to join Switzerland. However, this did not happen. Switzerland failed to offer Germany anything in return.

There is also an enclave city in Ukraine. This is Slavutich. This settlement and the adjacent territory administratively belong to the Kyiv region. However, on all sides it is surrounded by lands subordinate to the Chernigov authorities.

Administratively, Moscow includes the city of Zelenograd. However, its territory is separated from the capital. Zelenograd is surrounded by the Moscow region.

Life of enclaves

Why do sovereign territories of one state arise on the territory of another? Enclave - what is it? Anomaly? After all, this is a region that can only be reached by crossing another state. At the same time, it is inconvenient for the functioning of the economy and administrative management. Moreover, the very existence of an enclave contradicts the idea of ​​continuity nation state. It would seem that any country would be simply happy to get rid of the territory it shared with him. However, in practice this does not happen. The zones of many enclaves are very resistant even to the threat of war, changes in economic systems or borders. In addition, the enclaves of the world are increasing. A large number of such territories appeared after the collapse Soviet Union. Almost twenty new enclaves arose during that period in Asia and Europe.

From the point of view of the economic sphere, enclaves are separated from the mother states. In such unusual conditions, some of them manage to flourish, while others decline. For example, Hong Kong. By the time it came under the sovereignty of the PRC, it had become a shining example of world globalization and free trade.

Due to developed trade and tourism, small enclaves located in Western Europe. Among them are the Belgian Baarle-Hertog, the Austrian Jungholz and the Italian Campione. The American Point Roberts achieved the same success. However, there are other examples.

Almost two hundred Indo-Bangladesh enclave territories suffer from poverty and lack electricity. Isolated territories in the Fergana Valley, despite the presence of fertile lands and magnificent landscapes, are developing much worse than their surrounding neighbors. The Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation, as well as the Spanish Melilla and Ceuta are in an intermediate position. For their economic well-being, they are provided with federal subsidies and benefits.

Marine territories

Russia owns an enclave in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This is an area of ​​fifty-two thousand square kilometers, recognized by the UN as part of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation.

This enclave is located in the very center of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Previously, the entire impressive territory was considered open sea. Vessels from all countries of the world could fish and move freely here. In November 2013, Russia proved its rights to the water area, the area of ​​which more territory Belgium, Switzerland and Holland. At the moment, this enclave is an inland sea of ​​the Russian Federation. On its territory, Russia’s requirements for fishing and protection must be met. environment, security, etc.

The concept of ethnic enclaves

There are certain territories in which one people lives compactly, surrounded by territory inhabited by another people. Such places are ethnic enclaves. These areas are generally considered sources of tension. For example, the Somali ethnic enclave in Ethiopia.

Reasons for appearance

Ethnic enclaves arise for a variety of reasons. Such formations are a consequence of the following processes:

Migration of entire ethnic communities;
- the desire for a compact settlement in an alien environment;
- forced territorial concentration of a certain nationality.

Science City

In the Moscow region there is a kind of enclave - Dubna, a city on whose territory a special economic zone of a technology-innovation type has been created. This status is assigned to this locality in a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, which was signed on December 21, 2005.

Within the boundaries of this zone, a preferential tax regime is applied in the field of technology-innovation activities.

The history of the city of Dubna, located on both banks of the great Volga, began in 1956. This settlement is located not far from Moscow, one hundred and twenty kilometers to the north, near the border with the Tver region. It is connected by Dmitrovskoe highway, waterway and railway. Sheremetyevo Airport is located one hundred kilometers from Dubna.

The city is world famous as a major scientific center. The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located in Dubna. This is an intergovernmental international research organization that cooperates with almost 200 world scientific centers. Scientists working at JINR have made about forty different discoveries in the field of nuclear physics over the entire history of the institute.

The city has great scientific and production potential. Its institutions contain modern laboratory, testing and scientific facilities, high-tech production facilities, which are serviced by highly qualified staff. Dubna ensures the priority of the Russian Federation in the field of applied and fundamental science, security, defense, instrument making, communications and medical technology.

What are Enclave and Exclave

Enclave is a geographical term that refers to countries whose territory is completely surrounded by the borders of another state.

What is an enclave in geography in simple words with examples.

An enclave is a small country or territory that is entirely within the territory of another country. The best example The Vatican could serve as an enclave. As you can see in the picture below, the Vatican is located almost in the center of Rome, Italy. However, this does not prevent it from remaining a separate administrative unit with its own rules and laws.

For reference: The Vatican is the smallest officially recognized state in the world.

What is the difference between an enclave, exclave and semi-enclave?

Quite often, along with the term “enclave,” you can hear two other terms: exclave and semi-enclave. All these terms are closely related to each other in the basic concept and differ only in the details of positioning and territory ownership. To make it easier for us to understand the meaning of these words, we should take a closer look at what an exclave is and what a semi-enclave is.

• Exclave- is dependent ( belonging to some country) a region that, for some reason, is territorially distant from the parent state and is completely surrounded by one or more countries. An example is the Kaliningrad region of Russia. In fact, this territory is part Russian Federation, but it is located quite far from the main part of Russian territory. It should be noted that enclaves as a general concept are most often exclaves.
• Semi-enclave or semi-exclave- this is a part of the territory that is not completely surrounded by other states and has its own access to the sea. It follows from this that the Kaliningrad region of Russia, mentioned as an example, is actually a semi-exclave, since in the west it is washed by the Baltic Sea.

In cases where the enclave is an exclave, the parent state enters into agreements with the countries surrounding this remote territory. Such agreements contain guarantees that the citizens of the exclave will not be isolated from the world and will have the opportunity to travel and foreign trade. In addition, sometimes some military aspects are included in the agreements, such as airspace protection and the like.

Sometimes it happens that if the residents of an enclave or exclave have adopted the culture and language of the country around them, they can lobby for their interests in merging with this state into one.

How and why do enclaves appear?

There is simply no simple and unambiguous answer to this question. There can be hundreds of different reasons for the formation of enclaves, however, we will try to give examples of the most common ones.

Many enclaves were formed when official national boundaries were drawn up, sometimes resulting in people of a different nationality trapped within the borders of a foreign country. This often led to political upheaval, as people in an enclave could be cut off from their mother nation. In such cases, decisions were made in favor of giving such people the opportunity to form their own dwarf state. This problem-solving method relieved the tension between different cultures and peoples.

In many former colonies, enclaves exist in large quantities. In India, for example, there are more than 80 Bangladeshi enclaves. As can be seen from this example, the emergence of such formations was caused by colonial or aggressive wars of the past.

Sometimes there are cases of the formation of informal enclaves that arise due to the accumulation of emigrants of the same nationality in a section of the territory of a certain state. As an example, consider San Francisco's Chinatown, known as Chinatown. In the full understanding of the term, it cannot be called an enclave, but in rare cases this definition applies to designating clusters of religious or ethnic groups within a larger locality.