3 dialect words and their meaning. Dialects in Russian
1) onomastics;
2) anthroponymy;
Linguistic geography.
1) Dal V.I.;
2) Sreznevsky I.I.;
3) Vostokov A.A.;
Lomonosov M.V.
4) word structure.
1) semasiology;
2) lexicology;
3) dialectology;
4) ethnography.
1) ethnography;
2) euphemism;
3) vernacular;
4) semantic dialectism.
1) Lomonosov M.V.;
2) Shakhmatov A.A.;
3) Sreznevsky I.I.;
4) Avanesov R.I.
3) Dialect dictionary;
1) Kasatkin L.L.;
2) Sreznevsky I.I.;
3) Avanesov R.I.;
4) Dal V.I.
3) in colloquial words;
4) colloquial words.
1) Dal V.I.
2) Avanesov R.I.
Lomonosov M.V.
4) Vostokov A.Kh.
1) lexical dialectisms;
1) Avanesova R.I.
Sobolevsky A.I.
3) Shakhmatova A.A.
4) Filina F.P.
1) speaking;
2) dialect zone;
3) adverb;
4) a group of dialects.
1) word-token;
2) provincial word;
3) dialectism;
4) archaism.
1) spoken language;
2) dialect language ;
3) vernacular language;
4) professional language.
1) dialect;
2) adverb;
3) dialogue;
METHODS FOR STUDYING DIALECTS
1) Avanesov R.I.;
2) Filin F.P.;
3) Larin B.A.;
4) Shcherboy L.L.
2) “Russian dialectology”;
Avanesov R.I.
2) Larin B.A.
3) Shakhmatov A.A.
4) Sreznevsky I.I.
Venker G.
3) Baudouin de Courtenay A.I.
4) J.-J. Rousseau.
2) genealogical method;
3) archaic method;
4) genetic method.
2) descriptive method;
3) genealogical method;
Classification method.
1) lexicographic method;
3) classification method;
4) descriptive method.
DIALECTAL DIVISION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
25. The Moscow dialectological commission, which headed the work on compiling the first dialectological map of the Russian language, was created in:
2) 1903;
26. Mark the line in which the dialects of the Russian language identified by M. Lomonosov are correctly indicated:
1) Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk;
2) Moscow, Pomeranian, Little Russian;
3) Pomeranian, Little Russian, Arkhangelsk;
4) Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Pomeranian.
27. In his work “On the adverbs of the Russian language” V.I. Dahl proposed his classification of Russian dialects. He highlighted:
1) three adverbs;
2) five adverbs;
3) eight adverbs;
4) ten adverbs.
28. The correct division of the Russian language into adverbs is:
1) Northern Russian and Southern Russian;
2) Northern Russian, Southern Russian and Central Russian;
3) South Russian and Belarusian;
4) Central Russian and Little Russian.
29. For the first time, the boundaries of the dialects of the Russian language, divided into groups of dialects, and Central Russian dialects with their divisions were shown
1) on the “Experience of a dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe” (1915);
2) in the “Atlas of Russian folk dialects of the central regions east of Moscow” (1957);
3) on the “Dialectological map of the Russian language” (1965);
4) in the “Lexical Atlas of the Moscow Region” (1965).
30. The main differences between the dialectological map of 1965 and the map of 1915 are that:
1) two dialects (northern and southern) and Central Russian dialects are identified;
2) each adverb is divided into groups;
3) the territory of the northern dialect is narrowing, the territory of Central Russian dialects is expanding in the northern and northwestern direction;
4) one adverb is highlighted.
31. The new dialect division of the Russian language is fully given:
1) representatives of the Moscow dialectological school K.F. Zakharova. and Orlova V.G. in the book “Dialect division of the Russian language”;
2) Avanesov R.I. in “Essays on Russian dialectology”;
3) Kasatkin L.L. in the textbook “Russian dialectology”;
4) Filin F.P. in the encyclopedia "Russian language".
32. Determine which adverb this text refers to: L "les tr"ashshyt", ch"ar"omukha gn"etzsa, haz"aina at home n"net. D "ela n" side "ezza:
1) Northern Russian;
2) South Russian;
3) Central Russian;
4) Belarusian.
33. The branch of linguistics, the essence of which is to show linguistic features on a map, is called
1) lexicology;
2) toponymy;
3) lexicography;
Linguistic geography.
34. A line on a map showing the territorial distribution of a particular linguistic phenomenon is called
1) border;
2) horizon;
3) dialectism;
Isogloss.
35. In the mid-19th century, a linguist wrote about “the first urgent need of the science of dialectology - drawing up a dialectological map”
1) Ushakov D.N.;
2) Sokolov N.I.;
3) Sreznevsky I.I.;
4) Shakhmatov A.A.
36. The first dialectological atlas published in 1957 is
1) Atlas of Russian dialects in Moscow;
2) Dialectological atlas of Moscow;
3) Atlas of Russian folk dialects of the central regions east of Moscow;
4) Atlas of Moscow dialects.
37. Tambov dialects are an integral part of:
1) Northern Russian dialect;
2) Belarusian dialect;
3) South Russian dialect;
4) Central Russian dialect.
38. Find out what dialectologists see as the historical reasons for the linguistic heterogeneity of Tambov dialects:
1) in the influence of the Belarusian language;
2) the territory of the Tambov region is a territory of late mixed ethnogenesis;
3) in influence Ukrainian language;
4) the linguistic heterogeneity of Bryansk dialects is created artificially by scientists.
39. Select the line that indicates the main dialectal features of Tambov dialects:
1) okanye, [g], [f], [t"] in verbs of 3 l.;
2) akanye, [g]-fricative, [t"] in verbs of 3 l., [u miané];
3) yakane, [g], [t] in verbs 3 l., clatter;
4) kanye, [g]-fricative, chokanye, [f], [t] in verbs 3 l.
G (fricative) – x.
49. From the above points of view on the non-distinction in the Northern Russian dialects of the affricates [ts] and [h], indicate the incorrect one:
1) This phonetic feature came to Russian dialects from the Finno-Ugric tribes, who lived in close proximity to the Russians and in whose speech these phonemes did not differ;
2) affricates appear in Slavic languages by palatalization almost simultaneously, therefore they are mixed;
3) affricates - complex sounds, difficult to pronounce, and the Slavs mixed them;
Progressive assimilation.
53. In these examples, find the phenomenon of dialect assimilation:
1) [zhatyi] – compressed;
2) [lotk] – boat;
3) [van"k"b] – Vanka;
4) [zdat"] – hand over.
54. Select the line that reflects the words with the process of dialect dissimilation:
1) rustic, alder;
2) omman (deception), no (bottom);
3) bonba, konpot;
4) hvos (tail), fox (leaf).
Region." (regional).
68. Who put forward in 1959 at the 7th All-Union Dialectological Meeting in Moscow the compilation of regional dictionaries as the primary task of Russian dialectological science
1) Obnorsky S.P.;
2) Filin F.P.;
3) Vinogradov V.V.;
4) Avanesov R.I.
69. The consolidated dialectological dictionary, including materials from different regions, is called
1) Explanatory dictionary of Russian dialects;
2) Regional full-type dictionary;
3) Dictionary of Russian folk dialects;
4) Russian regional consolidated dictionary.
70. Dictionaries of Tambov dialects refer to:
1) smart linguistic dictionaries;
2) spelling linguistic dictionaries;
3) historical linguistic dictionaries;
4) etymological linguistic dictionaries.
85. Indicate which all-Russian construction the dialect construction go to the neighbor is semantically correlated with:
1) for a neighbor;
2) to a neighbor;
3) from a neighbor;
4) from a neighbor.
86. Indicate what the syntactic constructions are: walk for berries, send for milk, run for the chairman:
1) literary;
2) dialectal;
3) literary and dialectal;
4) neither literary nor dialectal.
87. Note the syntactic role of gerunds in folk dialects: pear is already ripe; he graduated from three classes; what is sown is all withered:
1) circumstances of the course of action;
2) predicate (predicate);
3) inconsistent definition;
4) additions.
Moscow.
92. Check the item where the main features of dialects are recorded in contrast to the literary language:
1) strictly mandatory norms, which are reflected in textbooks, are supported by dictionaries and reference books;
2) the language of statehood, politics, science, art; cultural language; the language of educated people;
M. Gorky.
99. Highlight the line where all three conditions are named that a writer who uses dialect words in his works must observe:
1) moderation, clarity, sonority;
2) clarity, brevity, beauty of style;
3) relevance, moderation, understandability;
4) brevity, sonority, clarity.
100. The dialect word lga (freedom, lightness) formed the basis literary word:
3) benefit;
Answer keys to test tasks
| 1. 4 | 35. 3 | 69. 3 |
| 2. 4 | 36. 3 | 70. 1 |
| 3. 2 | 37. 3 | 71. 2 |
| 4. 2 | 38. 2 | 72. 4 |
| 5. 3 | 39. 2 | 73. 2 |
| 6. 1 | 40. 2 | 74. 3 |
| 7. 1 | 41. 2 | 75. 2 |
| 8. 2 | 42. 2 | 76. 2 |
| 9. 3 | 43. 2 | 77. 1 |
| 10. 1 | 44. 2 | 78. 1 |
| 11. 3 | 45. 1 | 79. 1 |
| 12. 2 | 46. 4 | 80. 1 |
| 13. 2 | 47. 1 | 81. 3 |
| 14. 3 | 48. 4 | 82. 2 |
| 15. 3 | 49. 4 | 83. 2 |
| 16. 2 | 50. 4 | 84. 1 |
| 17. 1 | 51. 2 | 85. 1 |
| 18. 1 | 52. 4 | 86. 2 |
| 19. 4 | 53. 3 | 87. 2 |
| 20. 1 | 54. 3 | 88. 3 |
| 21. 1 | 55. 3 | 89. 4 |
| 22. 1 | 56. 1 | 90. 1 |
| 23. 4 | 57. 3 | 91. 4 |
| 24. 2 | 58. 3 | 92. 3 |
| 25. 2 | 59. 3 | 93. 2 |
| 26. 2 | 60. 2 | 94. 3 |
| 27. 3 | 61. 1 | 95. 2 |
| 28. 1 | 62. 2 | 96. 3 |
| 29. 1 | 63. 2 | 97. 3 |
| 30. 3 | 64. 2 | 98. 4 |
| 31. 1 | 65. 3 | 99. 3 |
| 32. 2 | 66. 3 | 100. 3 |
| 33. 4 | 67. 4 | |
| 34. 4 | 68. 3 |
RUSSIAN DIALECTOLOGY
| No. | Didactic unit | Test tasks |
| 1. | Dialects in the system of the common language. | 1-17 |
| 2. | Methods for studying dialects. | 18-24 |
| 3. | Dialectal division of the Russian language. | 25-39 |
| 4. | Phonetic features of folk dialects. | 40-54 |
| 5. | Lexical features of folk dialects. | 55-70 |
| 6. | Grammatical features folk dialects. | 71-87 |
| 7. | Interaction of dialect learning | 88-100 |
DIALECTISM IN THE SYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE
1. Deals with the study of the territorial distribution of linguistic phenomena
1) onomastics;
2) anthroponymy;
3) linguistic local history;
Linguistic geography.
2. The founder of the science of “Russian dialects” is considered
1) Dal V.I.;
2) Sreznevsky I.I.;
3) Vostokov A.A.;
Lomonosov M.V.
3. Dialectal differences, the members of which are characteristic only of some dialects and do not find correspondence in other dialects, are:
1) contrasting dialect differences;
2) non-opposed dialect differences;
3) adjacent dialect differences;
4) systemic dialect differences.
4. Social dialects differ from territorial ones:
1) its phonetic system;
2) special vocabulary (lexis);
4) word structure.
5. Indicate the section of linguistics that studies dialects and adverbs of the Russian language:
1) semasiology;
2) lexicology;
3) dialectology;
4) ethnography.
6. Select the term that corresponds to this definition: “words representing local names for objects that are the product of human activity and known in a limited area”:
1) ethnography;
2) euphemism;
3) vernacular;
4) semantic dialectism.
7. He was the first to define the Moscow dialect as the basis of the literary language
1) Lomonosov M.V.;
2) Shakhmatov A.A.;
3) Sreznevsky I.I.;
4) Avanesov R.I.
8. Name the first dialect dictionary published in 1852 by the Second Department of the Imp. Academy of Sciences:
1) The first dialect dictionary of the Russian language;
2) Experience of the regional Great Russian dictionary;
3) Dialect dictionary;
1) Kasatkin L.L.;
2) Sreznevsky I.I.;
3) Avanesov R.I.;
4) Dal V.I.
10. Lexical units that have a limited distribution area and are not included in any of the general Russian forms of the language are called:
1) actual dialectal (regional) words;
2) lexicalized words;
3) in colloquial words;
4) colloquial words.
11. The first classification of dialects, especially highlighting the Moscow, Pomeranian and Little Russian (Ukrainian) dialects, was proposed by
1) Dal V.I.
2) Avanesov R.I.
Lomonosov M.V.
4) Vostokov A.Kh.
12. Common words with meanings other than in the literary language refer to:
1) lexical dialectisms;
2) semantic dialectisms;
3) grammatical dialectisms;
4) ethnographic dialectisms.
13. The formation of dialectology as academic discipline associated with the name of the scientist:
1) Avanesova R.I.
Sobolevsky A.I.
3) Shakhmatova A.A.
4) Filina F.P.
14. A large division of a language that unites a group of dialects interconnected by common linguistic phenomena is called:
1) speaking;
2) dialect zone;
3) adverb;
4) a group of dialects.
15. The definition of “...a word or expression belonging to a dialect, used in a text spoken or written in a literary language” corresponds to the concept:
1) word-token;
2) provincial word;
3) dialectism;
4) archaism.
16. A purely conditional concept, which is used only as a contrast literary language and only in oral speech, is defined as:
1) spoken language;
2) dialect language ;
3) vernacular language;
4) professional language.
17. A variety of a national language used by a relatively limited number of people connected by a territorial, social, and professional community is called
1) dialect;
2) adverb;
3) dialogue;
METHODS FOR STUDYING DIALECTS
18. The theory of dialect differences, based on the understanding of the Russian dialect language as a complex system, including general and particular features, features of unity and differences, was developed
1) Avanesov R.I.;
2) Filin F.P.;
3) Larin B.A.;
4) Shcherboy L.L.
19. The principles of linguistic mapping of all levels of language in the understanding of the Moscow school of linguistic geography were outlined by R.I. Avanesov. at work:
1) “Linguistic geography”;
2) “Russian dialectology”;
3) “Essays on Russian dialectology”;
Questions of the theory of linguistic geography".
20. The proposition “Isogloss... is the result of the entire historical path of development traversed by a given language” belongs to:
Avanesov R.I.
2) Larin B.A.
3) Shakhmatov A.A.
4) Sreznevsky I.I.
21. Name the founder of linguistic geography in Europe and the method of mapping linguistic facts:
Venker G.
3) Baudouin de Courtenay A.I.
4) J.-J. Rousseau.
22. The linguistic method (system of scientific techniques), through which the question of the patterns of language development in a distant era is studied, the original words of the language and borrowings are identified, the genetic identity of linguistic units is established, etc., is called:
1) comparative historical method;
2) genealogical method;
3) archaic method;
4) genetic method.
23. When studying the structure of a dialect language, i.e. To establish relationships between systems of different dialects, which together form a dialect language, dialectologists use:
1) structural method;
2) descriptive method;
3) genealogical method;
Classification method.
24. When identifying the connections of language with the life and way of life of the people, the following is used:
1) lexicographic method;
2) ethnolinguistic method;
3) classification method;
4) descriptive method.
. Stylistic differentiation of Russian vocabulary.
The vocabulary is neutral (cross-style).
But most words in any explanatory dictionary have no stylistic markings. These are neutral, inter-style words: man, heads, tree, table, clock, streets, good, new, Moscow, easy, fun, simple, I, my, our, eight, hundred, etc. These words are used in any type of speech, in any style of speech in fiction, etc. Therefore, such vocabulary is called interstyle, i.e. serving all styles of speech or neutral. Neutral vocabulary is called because it is devoid of any special stylistic coloring. This includes most nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and pronouns. Interstyle words include all numerals. Only interjections are not interstyle words (since there are styles where interjections do not occur, for example scientific style, formal business style.)
Vocabulary of oral speech.
The vocabulary of oral speech includes words characteristic of oral varieties of language, primarily for casual conversation. These words are not used in scientific style, business papers, official documents, etc. The vocabulary of oral speech is not homogeneous. This group is divided into colloquial vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary .
To colloquial vocabulary These include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but not rudeness. Colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language. Colloquial vocabulary goes beyond strictly standardized literary speech (these words are distinguished by rude expressions and abusive character) they are not recommended for use in the speech of cultured people, in scientific and technical literature. Actually, vernacular vocabulary, also called vernacular, resembles dialect and differs from the latter in that regional words are assigned to a certain territory, and vernacular words are used in different regions of Russia (both in the city and in the countryside).
Vocabulary of written speech.
The vocabulary of written speech includes words that are used primarily in written varieties of literary language, in scientific articles, textbooks, business papers, in official documents - and not used (or rarely used) in casual conversations, in everyday everyday speech. In the scientific style, a significant role is played by special vocabulary, or terminology consisting of terms, words with a precisely defined meaning. Each branch of science has its own terms, for example: sine, cosine, tangent, conjugations, (grammatical terms), etc. The main thing in scientific works is the exact expression of thought, so emotional vocabulary is much rarer here. In the scientific style, complex sentences are widely used, introductory words, indicating the order of thought, etc., allowing you to accurately and clearly express a thought. In newspapers and magazine articles, in speeches on socio-political topics (this journalistic style), naturally, great place occupied by socio-political vocabulary, for example: state, democracy, referendum, reform, deputy, mobilize, masses, active, and many others. In journalism, words and expressions colored with emotions of solemnity, sympathy, irony, indignation, etc. are widely used. All kinds of phraseological combinations, proverbs, sayings, interjections, exclamations and interrogative sentences, appeals.
Style fiction occupies a special place in the literary language. In a work of art, words not only carry certain information (report something) but also serve to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.
33. Stylistic use of vocabulary of limited distribution in speech.
Dialectisms, their types. Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. dialektos - adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.
1. Lexical dialectisms - words known only to native speakers of the dialect and outside it, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are the words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (to speak); in the northern ones - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.
2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, manarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of “skirts”, etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.
3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge - “the floor of a hut”, lips - “mushrooms of all varieties except white”, shout (to someone) - “to call”, himself - “master, husband”, etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.
4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai (tea), chep (chain) - consequences of “clattering” and “clinking” characteristic of northern dialects; bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life) and so on.
5. Word-forming dialectisms- words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: darma (for free), zavsegda (always), otkul (from where), pokeda (for now), evonny (his), ikhniy (theirs), etc.
6. Morphological dialectisms- forms of inflection not typical of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (to go, to go); ending -am for nouns in the instrumental case plural(under the pillars); ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive case singular: from me, from you, etc.
Each area of knowledge has its own terminological system.
Terms - words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description object or phenomenon. Each branch of knowledge operates with its own terms, which form the essence of the terminological system of this science.
Jargon - a social variety of speech used by a narrow circle of native speakers, united by common interests, activities, and position in society. In modern Russian, there are youth jargon, or slang (English, slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups), professional jargon, and camp jargon is also used in prisons.
34. Stylistic use of passive language vocabulary in speech.
Archaisms can be: lexical-phonetic, lexical-word-formative, proper lexical, grammatical archaisms, semantic.
Obsolete words in modern literary language can perform different stylistic functions.
1. Archaisms, and especially Old Slavonicisms, replenished the passive composition of vocabulary, give speech an elevated, solemn sound : Arise, prophet, and see, and heed, be fulfilled by my will, and, going around the seas and lands, burn the hearts of people with a verb! (P.).
Archaisms were the source of the national-patriotic sound of Pushkin’s freedom-loving lyrics and the poetry of the Decembrists. The tradition of writers turning to outdated high vocabulary in works of civil and patriotic themes is maintained in the Russian literary language in our time.
2.Archaisms and historicisms are used in works of art about the historical past of our country to recreate the flavor of the era ;
3.Outdated words can be a means of speech characterization of characters , for example, clergy, monarchs.
4. Archaisms, and especially Old Slavonicisms, are used to recreate the ancient oriental flavor , which is explained by the closeness of Old Slavonic speech culture to biblical imagery. Examples are also easy to find in the poetry of Pushkin ("Imitations of the Koran", "Gabriiliad") and other writers ("Shulamith" by A.I. Kuprin).
5.High outdated vocabulary may be subject to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor, satire . The comical sound of outdated words is noted in everyday stories and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, and parodies written by participants in linguistic polemics of the early 19th century. (members of the Arzamas society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.
Occasionalisms, acting as a means artistic expression speeches do not lose their freshness and novelty over the centuries. We meet them in Russian folklore [The topless carpenters cut down the gorenka bezugolenka - (riddle)], in the works of every original writer, for example, G.R. Derzhavina: juicy yellow fruits, a fiery star ocean, a densely curly gloomy spruce, in A.S. Pushkin: heavy ringing galloping, And it was a joy for me to think idle, I am in love, I am enchanted, in a word, I am enchanted; from N.V. Gogol: Eyelids fringed with long, arrow-like eyelashes, Were you born a bear, or have you been bearded by provincial life, etc. Motivated by context, individual stylistic neologisms do not go beyond its limits, however, this does not mean they are “unvital”; they give the text expressiveness, vivid imagery, force you to rethink well-known words or phrases, thereby creating that unique flavor of the language that distinguishes great artists.
The concept of dialectisms
In modern linguistics, very little attention has been paid to dialects. This may be due to the fact that literary language lends itself to a clear and structured classification. Dialects are sometimes original and unique for each locality. To give them a detailed description requires a lot of work. In addition, the literary language is very limited in nature, because it has such concepts as norm and usage. Dialects are not limited by anything and can exist in any form and with any speech features and styles. Sometimes dialects even disappear altogether, if villages disappear due to the urbanization of the population.
There are many definitions for the concept "dialectisms". We need to start from what dialects are in general. These are words, phrases and stable expressions common in a particular area. Such word forms are firmly tied to the territory and are rarely found elsewhere.
Ozhegov, as well as Chernyshev and Filin, wrote about dialectisms. Their opinions agree that dialectisms are part of the literary language, its variety. Hence the definition: words that are part of a literary language, but are not part of its lexical composition, but belong to a specific dialect or dialect.
Types of dialectisms
Lexical dialectisms
Lexical dialectisms- these are words and combinations of words common only in a certain dialect or locality.
The difference between lexical dialectisms and all other types is that they have synonyms in the common language. For example, the word beet occurs in South Russian dialects, but in the literary language it has a synonym - beet. And the word golitsy from the northern dialect synonymous with the word mittens.
Ethnographic dialectisms
Ethnographic dialectisms- these are words belonging to a certain locality and assigned only to it.
Such words, unlike lexical dialectisms, cannot have synonyms and are strongly tied to the locality and dialect: nardek(watermelon molasses), poneva(a type of skirt).
Speakers of a common language will not be able to understand the meaning of these words. Most often, ethnographic dialectisms include words characterizing everyday life, cuisine and local traditions.
Lexico-semantic dialectisms
Words of this type are homonyms to commonly used ones. Their peculiarity is that they spread the meanings of different words. For example, the word scream has the meaning "speak loudly". And in some dialects this word has acquired another meaning - "to call someone"(shout out to Aunt Galya!).
We see the same picture in the word lips. The main meaning, clear to everyone - "part of the mouth". Narrow, dialect meaning - "all mushrooms except porcini".
Phonetic dialectisms
These words have acquired a special pronunciation in the language. In the dialect, they form a new version of a commonly used word with a different sound composition: passport - passport, life - life, farm - hverma etc.
As you know, the phonetic features of each dialect are different, therefore, from some words of a commonly used literary language, several dialect variants can be formed at once.
Word-formation dialectisms
These are words that have acquired a special morphological design in some dialect. Most often this happens with the help of various affixes.
Classic example: pronouns him, them in some dialects they took shape as evony And theirs respectively. This group also includes nouns: chant(rooster), goose(goose), upskirt(calf), strawberry(strawberries), etc.
Suffixes can also be used to form jargon: bro(Brother).
Morphological dialectisms
Words that are in forms not characteristic of the common language. For example, verbs have 3rd person plural endings written soft sign: ride, cut, kill. Also, in the instrumental case of nouns, an ending unusual for this form appears "-am-": under pillars.
A similar ending is also found in the 2nd person plural forms of verbs (instead of we know it - we know it all).
In some dialects there is also a noticeable change in the use of pronouns: with me - with me; you have - you have etc.
In the genitive case of some plural nouns, often instead of the combination "ov" is replaced by "OU"(instead of no cows - no cows; tired of mosquitoes - tired of mosquitoes).
Examples of dialect words and their meanings
There are a lot of dialect words in the language. They are used by speakers of different cultures and social statuses. Several meanings of dialectisms can be distinguished. For example, they can express the emotional, ironic attitude of the speaker towards the subject or interlocutor ( bayat - talk, zenki - eyes, eroshka - slob).
Dialectisms also characterize everyday phenomena characteristic of a particular area: names of objects ( gruss - sand, koszul - shirt, spindle - spinning, nosovik - handkerchief). In addition, dialectisms can be used to characterize or describe human actions ( early - earlier, why - why, styutat - dissuade, alternate - establish some order).
It is worth saying that dialectisms themselves can be either social or territorial. Social should be understood as those words that serve a certain class of people. For example, prison vocabulary. They have their own special way of communication. And each locality will have its own. Or a frequent sphere of existence of dialectisms is the lexicon of housewives. Each item can be called differently, based on the preferences of people in a particular area.
Territorial, on the contrary, are classified based on belonging to a particular city or region. Scientists identify many such areas that are objects of research: Stavropol, Kirov, Rostov-on-Don, etc.
Dialect words in fiction. Examples.
Texts of fiction are a huge base for the use of dialectisms. Many outstanding figures of literature and art resorted to this form of expressing thoughts. For example, Turgenev often used dialectisms. In his story "Biryuk" it is given a brief description of Main character. It turns out that Biryuk is not a name, but a nickname that people gave Foma (that’s the character’s real name). The author’s notes say so: “A lonely and gloomy person is called Biryuk in the Oryol province.”
M. Prishvin in the story “Pantry of the Sun” resorts to a dialect word: “And yet, right here, in this clearing, the interweaving of plants stopped altogether, there was an elan, the same as an ice hole in a pond in winter.” Here the author explains that elan is a swampy place in a swamp.
Dialects in artistic speech were often used by others famous writers such as Bazhov, Gogol and Sholokhov.
The meaning of dialectisms
The importance of dialect words for a language is enormous. In addition to the fact that they enrich modern speech, providing language big amount synonyms, antonyms and homonyms, they also become the basis for creating imagery, and in some cases, play an important role in understanding the key idea of the work. That is why the authors of various texts deliberately actively use dialectisms.
Using a dialect word sometimes It is possible to convey the features of the way of life and the life of the people in a specific historical era, in a specific area. Therefore, dialectisms often help many researchers of history, ethnography, and geography to restore a complete picture of the events that interest them.
(gr. dialectos - adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia they call stag grip, clay pot - makhotka, bench - conditional etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.
The dialects reflect the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source for restoring historical processes that once affected our language.
Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.
1. Lexical dialectisms- words known only to native speakers of the dialect and outside it, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (talk), in the northern - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.
2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, l/anarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of skirt,” etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.
3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge- “the floor in the hut”, lips - “mushrooms of all varieties except white ones”, shout (someone)- "call for", myself- “master, husband,” etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.
4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai(tea), chain(chain) - consequences of “clattering” and “clinking”, characteristic of northern dialects; hverma(farm), paper(paper), passport(passport), life(life).
5. Word-formation dialectisms - words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: chant(rooster), goose(goose), upskirt(calf), strawberry(strawberry), bro(Brother), Shuryak(brother-in-law), dharma(for free) always(Always), from where(where), poked(Bye), evonic(his), theirs(them), etc.
6. Morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not typical for the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go), ending - am for nouns in the instrumental case plural ( under the pillars), ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: for me, for you and etc.
Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not form the subject of studying the lexical system of a language.
B agrets cloth- purple fabric (from “crimson”, “crimson”).Basa- beauty, decoration; Basco - beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- head of a fishing artel.
To swear- talk, say.
Safe- boldly.
Silently- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; a constant epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Birch - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; a special place under a canopy on ships; company, party .
Berdo- belonging to the weaving mill.
Bloods- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, i.e. forest beekeeping, extracting honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - job title.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast organized on holidays by pooling .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal drinking bowl.
Buoy stick- fighting club.
Burzametskoe (spear) - see: Murzametskoe.
Bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, dish, dish, edible.
Nonsense, nonsense- a small seine that two people use to catch fish while wading.
Bujava, Bujevo- cemetery, grave.
Formerly - as if, like.
Bylitsa- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not doubted.
Important- hard, hard.
Valjak, felted, felted - cast, chased, carved, turned, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on the mound, on the jew’s harp”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Veredy - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(ropes, rope, rope) - a post on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretye- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps this means a spindle, i.e. a type of copperhead - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, pair, couple.
Pounded mile - probably from “gverst” - coarse sand, crushed stone.
Nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead on horseback.
Evening- yesterday.
Heave up- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, twig, long branch.
Water carrier - a vessel for carrying and storing water and drinking.
Volzhanaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Red tape (bow) - ordinary, everyday, well-worn.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Patrimony - estate (hereditary, ancestral); surname; “by votchina” - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
Dress up- tell yourself something.
Howl - food, eating; amount of food at a time; hour of food.
Outputs - tribute, submit.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, knitting - a baton made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of runners, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viriy, iriy)- a wonderful, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- snowstorm.
G
ah- oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - a smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr is a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - a smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, bare, devoid of vegetation and stones.
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're baking - you will run into, you will fly (from “bounce”).
reception, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes .
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're toasting- run into, run into (from “bounce”).
Gridenka, gridnya, grinya, grinyushka - reception room, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness on top of the shaft.
Gusli, guslishki, guslishki- plucked string instrument.
Suitable- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Godina- good clear weather, a bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
Dutchman- chervonets, beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- ten-kopeck piece; V Ancient Rus' monetary unit - a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
bed- a shelf going from the stove to the wall.
Lip- bay, backwater.
Horn- a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.
D trust- Brother husband.
Devyatina- a period of nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the hero's lineage.
Del - share division of spoils (“share of affairs”).
Hold - spend; does not hold on - is not spent, does not dry up.
Dominates - appropriate, befitting; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a warrior, i.e. a weapon, perhaps long-stinged - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, plenty, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got enough? (Are you tired?)- at the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“she won’t come to the Duma”).
Durodny - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's patrimony - a family estate that came into possession by lateral inheritance.
Deja- dough dough, sauerkraut; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, former.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drolya- dear, dear, beloved.
Ye ndova- wide copper bowl with spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless vest, fur coat.
Ernishny- from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Yestva- food, food.
Zhelnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; livestock
Zhito- any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- antique half-caftan.
Z convince- complain, cry.
Zagneta (Zagneta)- ash pan of a Russian stove.
Conspiracy- the last day before Lent, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch to damage or destroy the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- something new and clean that is soiled or contaminated; lightened the heart (from “renew”; take away the soul, lighten the heart).
Get excited- be happy.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not round, but oblong.
Spotted- bottom, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zink- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Zrelki- ripe berries.
And weed- praise, glory, thank you.
Kazak, Cossack woman- worker. (worker), farm laborer, hired worker.
Damask- antique thick silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
Karavaytsy- wheat pancakes.
Wire rods- felt boots.
Cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
Kisa- bag.
Kitina- grass trunk, pea stalk.
Kichka- an ancient Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine- homemade sausage.
Cage- a room or storage room in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Klyuka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant's plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof.
Kokurka- bun with egg.
Komel- thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, used for a bedspread and veil.
Kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a frame.
Kopyl- a short block in the runners of a sled that serves as a support for the body.
Mower- a large knife with a thick and wide blade.
Kostritsa (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after they are scuffed and carded.
Slanted (skewed) window- a window made of jambs or metal rods intertwined at random, typical of Rus' until the 18th century.
Cats- a type of warm footwear.
Red corner- a corner in the hut where icons hung.
beauty- a bride’s crown made of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and maiden will.
Kroma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma the Big Crema” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, this is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- handloom; thread base when weaving on a handloom; fabric woven on crosses.
Crosenza- homespun shirts.
Krynica- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrow and tall.
Tow- a combed and tied bundle of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- a slob, an unkempt person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
Smoking- get up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in a hut under the icons or near the stove: “rotten corner” - north-west wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.
Ladka- little plump.
Ladom- good, as it should be.
Swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the arms and sleeves of the shirt.
lollipop- ice block.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in a lake protruding from the water.
Myna- wormwood.
Uterus, mother- middle ceiling beam in the hut.
Mezhenny (mezhony)- long, long, summer.
Low water - average level water, which is established after the flood (in June - before heat and drought).
Merezha- a fishing net stretched over a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, “by the whole world.”
Young guy- new month.
Muzzle- wickerwork.
Hassle- (trouble) - cloud, cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
Animated- covered with glaze.
Myalitsa- a crusher, a projectile used to crush flax and hemp, clearing the fibers from the kernel.
N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, grief.
Nat- necessary (short for “put on” - necessary).
Stretch- stumble upon, attack.
Neoblyzhny- real, not false.
Neudolny- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
Novina- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; grain of the new harvest.
Stayed overnight- last night.
Oh grandmas- mushroom, boletus.
Charm (charm)- slander, jinx.
Obloukhy- long-eared, long-eared, long-eared.
Twist- dress; dress up (the young woman after the crown in women's clothing); marry.
Omshanik- a caulked log house for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- foot wraps for boots or bast shoes, foot wraps.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn out and tattered shoes.
Yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass that has grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year in place of what was cut.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in a hut on which the cradle was suspended.
P a g e- pasture, place for grazing livestock.
Pasma- part of a skein of thread or yarn.
Peltish- with fringe.
Relog- a neglected arable place.
Povet, povetka- barn, stable; canopy, roof over the yard; covered yard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
Undercut- “sled with undercuts” - with a bound sleigh runner.
Pokut'- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an antique small copper quarter penny coin.
Popeluinik (popeluinik)- from “sang”: ash, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
Porosha- snow falling evenly; a layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
stand- strip, field; plot, part of the field occupied by reapers.
Poyarchatiy- from the wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- drawn-out, mournful.
Proletye- early summer, June, time for petrovka.
Pryazhenets- flatbread, pancake with butter; pancake made from black flour, with butter.
Pryazhenitsa- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Spinning- part of the fence from pillar to post; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoop.
Apply- try, care, assist. To get sick is to undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- spread out, spread out, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- heart.
Zealous, quick-tempered- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a shed for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- a crossroads, an intersection of roads, where they say goodbye, separate, part.
Rubel- a wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, throw.
Row (rad)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction for purchase, hire, supply, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.
From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freeze-up.
Scroll- long outerwear (usually among Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain that the sower carries over his shoulder.
Week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko- north, north wind.
Speed up- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, fold.
Get crowded- gather in a bunch, in one place.
Smashny- delicious.
Smychina- a knotty, strong stick that goes to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
Sporyadny- neighbor, fellow villager (from “row” - street).
Stavets- large cup, bowl.
Flock- stall, barnyard, corral, fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stanovik- fence from small forest.
Stanitsa neudolnaya- children of the deceased.
Surplice- clergyman’s clothing, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
Strekha- the lower, hanging edge of the roof of a wooden house, hut.
Styazhye- poles, poles, thick sticks for strengthening a haystack or a cart of hay.
Sukoleno- a knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
adversary- rival.
Sousek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Full- honey infusion; water sweetened with honey.
T Alan- happiness, luck, fate.
Talina- thawed ground, thawed patches.
Tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- cobweb.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one cast net; a place where they fish.
Torok- gust of wind, squall.
Toroka (toroki)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo or a travel bag to it.
Torok- a beaten, beaten path.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse's mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tulley- tulle frill.
Tyablo- kivot, shelf for icons.
U timber- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
Dinner bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, number of sheaves.
Calm down (about water)- come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
Steal- caulk it in one fell swoop, prepare it for winter.
H scarlet- it seemed to be hoped.
Chelo- the front part of the Russian stove.
Cheremny- red, red.
Chernets, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Chetverik- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 units (for example, a sack of 4 poods).
Chuika- long cloth caftan.
Sh alyga (shelyga)- wicker ball; wooden ball; scourge, whip, goad.
Shanga- cheesecake, very juicy, simple flatbread.
Shelomchaty- with a convex cap.
Woolbit- the one who beats, ruffles, fluffs the wool.
Wool- hornets.
Six- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian stove.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a full-width piece of fabric.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.
Shcherbota- inferiority.
I'm barking, barking- barren (about cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a permanent epithet for gusli.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.
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