A story about viburnum in Ukrainian. Viburnum viburnum - description, beneficial properties, application
Description of viburnum will help you write essays and prepare for class.
Description of viburnum for children
Viburnum is a lush and low bush. With the arrival of spring, it delights the human eye with its delicate white color, like a bride’s dress. Subsequently, the flowers begin to swell and turn into green clusters. It won’t be long before both people and birds feast on them.
When the days are already cool outside, autumn has long been on the threshold, and the wind has spread a multi-colored blanket around, viburnum becomes especially beautiful. During this period, it glows with crimson colors, and the sun-filled berries turn red. And although they have a somewhat tart taste, everyone loves to eat viburnum. In winter, under a white blanket, the berries wrinkle. Now you can safely make delicious jam from them or use them as medicine.
People love viburnum very much, so they always plant it near the house so that it brings joy with color and helps against colds. There are many songs and legends about viburnum that are passed down from generation to generation.
Description of viburnum
Viburnum is a beautiful, tall, spreading shrub. It is especially beautiful in the spring when it blooms. Its flat white inflorescences are unusual. Each of them is framed by large white flowers. Inside it are small, inconspicuous flowers. It seems that not all the flowers in the inflorescence have bloomed yet. But it is these small flowers that produce fruit, and the large outer ones only attract insects for pollination.
Then, when the flowers fade, small green berries appear in their place. They gradually become large and turn deep red in autumn. Ripe viburnum berries look like bright drops of blood, so in tradition Ukrainian people they symbolize the power of life. Viburnum berries also come in yellow and black colors, and some species do not shed their leaves in the fall.
Viburnum opulus L.
Taxon: family Adoxaceae ( Adoxaceae)
Other names: common red, red viburnum, (Ukrainian) bambara, balbanezha, pride, red-hot, kalenina, karina, sviba
English: Guelder Rose, European Cranberrybusch
The Latin name of this plant is found in the works of Virgil and comes from the Latin word vimen, which translated means vine, twig, or wickerwork, since thanks to its long and flexible branches, viburnum was used for weaving baskets and wreaths. This plant received its Slavic name “” for the color of its fruits, similar to the color of hot iron. The specific scientific name of the plant comes from the word opulus, which in ancient times was called maple, and this plant for its maple-like leaves.
Botanical taxonomy
By modern classification(since 2003) common viburnum belongs to the genus Viburnum Viburnum L., part of the Adoxaceae family ( Adoxaceae). Previously, this genus was included in the genus Honeysuckle - Caprifoliaceae. However, in 1987, the Armenian taxonomist Takhtajyan, due to the significant difference in the perianth, separated a separate family of viburnum from the honeysuckles.
Systematically, the genus Viburnum L. divided into 9 sections, among which 3 species grow in Ukraine.
Five forms of viburnum grow under natural conditions and are widely used in landscaping. environment and are cultivated in Ukraine as ornamental shrubs.
1. Dwarf form, has small sizes, small leaves and compact crown.
2. Fluffy form that has original leaves. The leaves are bare, dark green above, grayish-green below due to the thick fluff.
3. Variegated form. The leaves of this form have a decorative appearance due to their whitish-bright color.
4. Sterile form, which has better decorative effect. The inflorescence of this form consists of sterile flowers forming a spherical shape. This form does not set fruit and reproduces only vegetatively.
5. Yellow-fruited form. A bush that differs from other forms of viburnum in the golden-yellow color of the fruits (Solodukhin E.D., 1985).
Viburnum leaves and fruits decorate the streets of cities and villages, parks and squares.
Description
A tall branched bush or small deciduous tree 2-4 m high with grayish-brown bark. The shoots are bare, less often ribbed, greenish, sometimes with a reddish tint. Leaves are opposite, up to 10 cm long. Their plate is 3-5 lobed with a heart-shaped base, dark green on the upper side, glabrous, grayish-green on the lower side, slightly pubescent along the veins, with two filiform stipules and two disc-shaped sessile glands, the petioles are long.
Fragrant flowers are collected in flat shield-shaped inflorescences on the tops of young shoots. The marginal flowers are large, sterile, the middle ones are small, bisexual. Calyx with five teeth, corolla (up to 5 mm in diameter) five-parted, five stamens, one pistil, short style, inferior ovary. The flowers are white or pinkish-white.
The fruits are berry-shaped, red, oval drupes (6.5-14 mm long and 4.5-12 mm wide), containing a flat, hard stone stained with red juice.
Viburnum blooms from late May to July, the fruits ripen in August-September. Viburnum is a fast-growing tree. Its annual growth reaches 30-40 cm. Viburnum lives up to fifty years of age.
In addition to viburnum, raw materials from black viburnum, or pride (Viburnum lantana L.), originally from America. This type is a deciduous tree with dark gray bark, ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptical densely pubescent leaves and black-colored fruits. This type of viburnum is grown mainly in parks and gardens, as ornamental plant.
Spreading
Viburnum has a Euro-Siberian habitat. In the wild it grows in central and southern Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, the European part of Russia, mainly in its middle part. It is less common in the north and west of Russia. Found in Western and Central Siberia, as well as in eastern and northern regions Kazakhstan. IN Central Asia and in the Far East, viburnum does not grow in the wild.
Viburnum is a plant of forest and forest-steppe zones; in steppe regions it is found only in river valleys. Viburnum is a common plant of forest cenoses; it grows scatteredly as part of the undergrowth, mainly in moist coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, in clearings, in thickets, in clearings, along the banks of rivers, lakes and swamps. Viburnum practically does not form pure thickets.
Collection and preparation of medicinal plant materials
The official (plants used in medicine) medicinal raw material of Viburnum in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus is the bark - Cortex Viburni and fruits - Fructus Viburni. In the majority European countries medicinal raw materials from viburnum are unofficial and are not used in scientific and practical medicine.
The bark is collected from young shoots in April-May, during sap flow, before buds open, when it is easily separated from the wood. Using a sharp knife, semi-circular cuts are made on the trunk and branches at a distance of 20-25 cm from each other, which are then connected with longitudinal cuts. Ring cuts should not be made, as this can lead to the death of the plant. The bark is dried in air and then dried in a dryer at a temperature of 50-60 ºС or in attics, under sheds, spread in a thin layer. When drying, the raw materials are periodically turned over and care is taken that parts of the bark are not inserted into one another, otherwise the raw materials will mold and rot. Drying is considered complete when the raw material breaks easily when bent.
The fruits are collected in September-October, cut with knives or pruning shears, and placed in baskets. Dry in ovens or dryers at a temperature of 50-60 °C. Then they are threshed and sorted, separating the branches and stalks. Dry fruits are packaged in bags weighing 20, 30, 40 kg and stored in dry, well-ventilated areas on racks.
In addition to bark and fruits, viburnum seeds are also used. To obtain seeds, they use fruits that are obtained after processing the fruits. The seeds are separated from the pulp mainly by hand, washed several times with water on a sieve, and then dried in the shade at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C. The seed yield is 6-10% of the weight of the fruit.
It should be noted that the reserves of viburnum fruits in the forests are insignificant, therefore the procurement of fruits, as well as viburnum bark, is carried out mainly from cultivated forms of viburnum grown on plantations. In silvicultural practice, viburnum is mainly propagated by seeds, from which seedlings grow. The seedlings are subsequently transplanted to the prepared area. To prepare high quality planting material It is necessary to sow high-quality seeds from well-ripened fruits.
Biologically active substances viburnum
For the first time, data on the study of the chemical composition of viburnum were published in 1844 by H. Kremer, who reported that he isolated the bitter substance viburnin from the bark of viburnum viburnum. Later, H. van Allen in 1880 and T. Shenmann in 1897 also reported the isolation of a similar glycoside from the bark of Viburnum plum, which had both an antispastic effect and stopped uterine bleeding. Later, a similar glycoside was isolated by E. Cowmann Donijov in 1902 from the leaves Viburnum tinus and bark Viburnum rufidulum Raf, Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. And Viburnum trilobum L. In 1976, G. Vigorova and co-authors reported the presence of viburnin in fruits Viburnum opulus L. At the same time, the glycoside viburnine was isolated in the form of a yellow-orange amorphous powder, which had a melting point of 65 to 72 °C. In addition, this glycoside tasted bitter and had a specific odor reminiscent of valeric acid. The hydrolysis of the isolated glycoside yielded glucose and mannose, as well as formic, acetic, valeric and isovaleric acids. The aglycone (non-carbohydrate portion of the glycoside molecule) of the above glycoside was obtained as a brownish fatty liquid.
Currently, most phytochemists believe that the main biologically active substances of viburnum bark, which determine the specific pharmacological activity of drugs created on the basis of this raw material, are iridoids (biologically active phytochemicals, which, unlike flavonoids, are rarely found in fruits) and glycosides.
Up to 9 compounds of iridoid structure have been identified in the viburnum bark; they are called opulusiridoids. It has been established that the quantitative content of the sum of iridoids in the bark of viburnum varies widely, from 2.73 to 5.73%.
Conducted studies of the quantitative composition of iridoids show that during long-term storage of viburnum bark, the total content of iridoids remains quite high, ranging from 2.5 to 4.4%. Qualitative changes are not so significant that they affect the pharmacological activity of drugs obtained from the specified raw materials, therefore viburnum bark can be stored for up to 5 years (Ivanov V. D., Ladygina E. Ya, 1985).
In 1972, J. A. Nicholson et al. A specific substance was isolated from an aqueous extract of the bark of viburnum, which was given the name viopudial. Based on the results of spectroscopic and elemental analyses, it was established that viopudial is an ester of isovaleric acid and sesquiterpene alcohol, which has two aldehyde groups and two double bonds.
R. P. Godeau et al. in 1978 from leaves Viburnum tinus Using chromatography in thin layers of sorbent, a substance was identified that gave a positive reaction to esters with hydroxylamine and dinitrophenylhydrazine. After acid hydrolysis of the isolated substance, an individual compound was obtained. This substance was named viburtinal. It should be noted that a similar substance with a similar structure was isolated somewhat earlier from the rhizomes of Valeriana wallachii.
It has been established that the bark of Viburnum vulgaris of domestic origin contains blood clotting factor, or vitamin K, which is considered as a compound that has a hemostatic effect. By spectrophotometric method it was established that the quantitative content in viburnum bark is 28-31 µg/g.
Viburnum fruits have also been studied in the phytochemical aspect.
In addition to vitamin K, viburnum fruits are a source of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, and carotenoids.
Gentselova T.M. and Prilep V.L., when studying the effect of heat treatment on the preservation of carotene and vitamin C in viburnum fruits, they found that ascorbic acid is less resistant to temperature conditions compared to carotene. So, when drying fruits at a temperature of 65 ° C, vitamin C was retained by only 50%. When fruits were processed at a temperature of 75 °C, only up to 12.7% of this vitamin was stored (T. M. Gentselova, V. L. Prilepa).
The fruits of Viburnum viburnum contain up to 3% organic acids (acetic, formic, isovaleric, caprylic). It has been studied that the essential fraction of Viburnum viburnum fruit contains ursolic, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids. Of these, chlorogenic acid predominates, its content reaches 69 mg%.
Carotene predominates in the carotene fraction. Among the flavonoid compounds, viburnum contains astragalin, amentoflavone and peonoside. Phenolic compounds of fruits are represented by leucoanthocyanins, flavonols, catechins, anthocyanins, and phenolcarboxylic acids. The content of catechins in fruits is up to 96 mg%, and the number of catechins that precipitate protein is 80% less than the number of those that do not precipitate it, which indicates the predominance of monomeric forms of polyphenols. Also, up to 1% of tannins and coloring compounds were found in viburnum fruits. In addition to the above compounds, viburnum contains resinous substances 6.12 - 7.26%, organic acids - up to 2% (in terms of malic acid) and sugars - up to 6.5% (after inversion). The bark contains choline-like substances in amounts up to 20 mg%
As a result of chromatographic study of ethanol extracts from viburnum bark, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and caffeic acid were isolated and identified.
Viburnum bark is a source of tannins. In commercial samples of viburnum bark, the content of tannins ranges from 4.48% to 8.60%, which depends on meteorological conditions. They mainly consist of pyrocatechol derivatives.
When studying the chemical composition of viburnum, from 5 to 6.5% of triterpene saponins were found in it. Triterpene saponins in viburnum bark are contained both in free storage and in the form of glycosides.
The fruits also contain up to 32% polysaccharides in terms of dry weight. In addition, viburnum fruits contain up to 2.5% pectin substances, which include galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose in a ratio of 5.8: 2.6: 1.2: 1.7: 1.0, respectively .
Energy value viburnum fruits is due to the presence of protein components and lipids in them. The amino acid composition of viburnum proteins is represented by serine, glutamic and aspartic acids, alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, proline and threonine. Up to 21% fatty oil is found in the seeds of the fruit. According to P.D. Berezovikov, viburnum fruit oil contains 0.25% myristic, 1.5% palmitic, 0.63% palmitooleic, 0.6% stearic, 46.71% oleic and 50.14% linolenic acids. According to V.D. Ivanov, the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the seeds differs from viburnum fruits and contains 0.3% myristic, 4.3% palmitic, 2.3% stearic, 34.6% oleic, 56.8% linolenic and a small amount of linoleic , lignoceric, cerotinic, arachidonic and behenic acids.
The fruits also contain a high content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese (0.2 mg%), zinc (0.6 mg%) and selenium, and the ability of viburnum fruits to accumulate selenium has been established. The fruits also contain nickel, bromine, strontium, lead and iodine.
In heat-treated fruits compared to fresh ones, the chemical composition. Thus, the amount of pectin substances decreases by 21.2%, sugars - by 6.1%, and the loss of ascorbic acid reaches 94%. When steaming viburnum fruits, a loss of P-vitamin activity occurs and the fruits acquire a light brown color.
It has been established that the pulp of viburnum fruits contains a significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. When comparing the sum of saturated acids and the sum of unsaturated acids, the following ratio was obtained: in the bark - 5.7: 4.3; in leaves - 4.7: 5.3; in fruits - 0.6: 9.4 and in seeds - 0.3: 9.7. When comparing quality composition and the quantitative content of fatty acids in the lipids of whole fruits with the lipids of viburnum seeds, it was established that the oil obtained from the fruits and seeds of viburnum is the most unsaturated (Ivanov V.D., Ivanov V.P., Bobylev et al., 1984)
Use of viburnum in medicine
Viburnum has long been used in traditional and folk medicine. The fruits of viburnum have been used in medicine since the Middle Ages. The first mentions of her healing properties appeared in the herbal books of Hildergard and Albert the Great in the 14th century. The meager lines of the herbalists Lonitseri (1528-1580), Hieronymus Bosca (1498-1554) and Mattioli (1504-1577) indicate the use of viburnum fruits for nausea, diarrhea and as a cleanser. Later, in herbalists of the 17th - 18th centuries, data were given on the use of viburnum fruits for diseases of the heart, kidneys and stomach. But only from the beginning of the first half of the twentieth century. Viburnum began to be used as a medicine. Traditional medicine widely uses a warm decoction of the fruit with honey for colds, coughs, prolonged hoarseness and chronic bronchitis. Fresh fruits, pureed with sugar, are recommended for nervous excitement and atherosclerosis. Decoctions and infusions of dried fruits are used for asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, ascites, cholecystitis, hepatitis, and colitis. In dermatology and cosmetics, fresh viburnum fruit juice is used for vasculitis, impetigo, psoriasis, childhood eczema and age spots on the face.
In Ukrainian folk medicine, viburnum fruit juice is used to prevent breast diseases, in particular tumors. Viburnum juice is used to wipe the face acne among young men. An infusion of viburnum flowers is used as an astringent for diarrhea, to improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, for coughs and hoarseness, for cholelithiasis and kidney stones, atherosclerosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. An infusion of viburnum flowers is used for scrofula and skin rashes.
A decoction of viburnum bark is used to prevent miscarriages and as an antifever remedy instead of the overseas cinchona bark.
Viburnum fruits have a tonic effect and improve heart function. Tea made from fresh berries and an infusion of dried fruits are recommended for use as an antifever and diaphoretic.
A decoction of viburnum fruit seeds is used as an astringent for dyspepsia. A water decoction of the seeds is also taken orally to prevent carbuncles, eczema, and rashes on the body.
IN Ancient Rus' Viburnum juice was used to treat breast cancer. Later, traditional medicine used viburnum juice for skin cancer and fibroids. There is evidence of popular treatment of stomach and uterine cancer with viburnum fruits. It is believed that systematic consumption of viburnum fruits improves the well-being of patients and has a good effect on malignant tumors of the digestive organs. Received positive results complex treatment of oncological diseases, diathesis and gastric ulcers with preparations from viburnum fruits.
As an official medicinal product, Viburnum vulgaris was first introduced into the USSR in the 7th edition in 1925, together with Viburnum viburnum bark, as a substitute for the specified imported raw materials. It was later excluded from subsequent pharmacopoeias of the former USSR. Instead, Viburnum bark was independently included in the VIII, IX, X and XI editions of the USSR Pharmacopoeia.
In folk medicine, viburnum fruits and flowers are often used. A water decoction is drunk for coughs, shortness of breath, sclerosis, and stomach diseases. For diathesis, eczema and skin tuberculosis in children, they are given this decoction to drink, and they also bathe the children in it. For heart disease and hypertension, berries along with seeds are a good remedy. They are also used in cases of cough, shortness of breath, kidney disease, stomach disease, and as a diaphoretic. Viburnum berries brewed with honey are used for diseases, especially coughs. respiratory tract, and also as a sedative for pain during menstruation.
The fruits of viburnum are considered a good diaphoretic and sedative. Used in the form of tea. One tablespoon of fruit is brewed with a glass of boiling water and taken 0.5 cup 3 times a day after meals.
Pharmacological properties
According to most researchers, the wide range of pharmacological activity of most viburnum preparations is due to various groups of biologically active substances.
A. S. Smirnova, T. N. Vashchenko (1969) indicate that viburnum juice in 7% concentration has a detrimental effect on typhoid and dysentery bacilli, as well as on the causative agent of anthrax.
An infusion of flowers and leaves of viburnum in 5% and 10% concentrations exhibits an antimicrobial effect, although this activity is significantly inferior to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracycline in a dose-dependent concentration (D. I. Ibragimov, A. B. Kazanskaya, 1981).
The antimicrobial effect was tested against a daily agar culture of 13 pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms for humans. A total of 1728 experiments were carried out. The research results showed that 10% and 5% infusions of Viburnum flowers have a pronounced antimicrobial effect against Sarcina, lemon yellow Staphylococcus and pseudoanthrax bacillus, and the same concentrations of infusions from Viburnum leaves are effective against Proteus and lemon yellow Staphylococcus. Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid A and B, Staphylococcus aureus were slightly sensitive to these drugs. A decoction of viburnum bark showed a weak antimicrobial effect against some of the above microorganisms or did not have this property at all. In the studied drugs, at concentrations below 5%, the antimicrobial effect decreased.
A parallel study of the sensitivity of microorganisms to chloramphenicol and tetracycline showed that viburnum preparations are inferior to the above antibiotics.
It has been experimentally established that viburnum fruits have a bactericidal and phytoncidal effect and exhibit a strong inhibitory activity on Trichomonas and Giardia. Experimental studies Animal studies have shown that extracts from the fruit have a cardiotonic effect similar to digitalis preparations. Except medicinal properties the fruits are valuable dietary product.
The pharmacological activity of viburnoside was determined by studying its effect on the contractility of the isolated uterine horn and, in addition, the hemostatic effect of the drug was studied. Statistically processed results showed that viburnoside affects the contractility of the isolated cat uterine horn, causing an increase in the amplitude and slowdown of contractions, as well as a decrease in muscle tone.
The effect of aqueous extracts of viburnum on the blood clotting process was studied in studies on dogs. The drugs were given to the animals orally at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg. Blood for the study was taken from a vein before administration of the drug and 1.5 hours after administration.
The results obtained, processed by the method of variation statistics, showed that viburnoside has an accelerating effect on the blood coagulation process. Viburnoside reduces blood clotting time by 46.2% and causes a significant (69.6%) increase in blood thromboplastic activity. The drug has a blocking effect on the anticoagulant system, causing a decrease in fibrinolytic activity by 48.6% and a decrease in heparin content by 21.1%.
Experiments on dogs have established the hypotensive and sedative effects of viburnum preparations. Under local anesthesia (15-20 ml of 0.25% novocaine solution), the femoral artery and femoral vein were exposed in dogs. A cannula was inserted into the femoral artery to record blood pressure with a mercury manometer, and the test substance was injected into the femoral vein. Breathing was recorded using Marey's capsule through a cuff placed on the dog's chest. First, we tested the effect on dogs of decoctions prepared from viburnum bark in a ratio of 1:10. The studied decoctions were administered at the rate of 1 ml per kg of animal weight. Statistically reliable experiments have shown that a decoction of viburnum bark has a pronounced hypotensive effect, slows down the heart rate, and increases the respiratory amplitude. Maximum arterial pressure immediately after administration of the decoction it decreases by 32 mm, followed by a gradual slight increase over the course of an hour, without reaching the initial level. The greatest hypotensive effect was obtained with the administration of the novogalenic drug. The maximum blood pressure decreases by 92 mm immediately after administration, with a gradual increase over the course of an hour, without returning to the original level.
In all cases, 3-5 minutes after the administration of the viburnum preparation or bark decoction, they exerted a sedative effect on the dogs, which lasted 35-40 minutes.
Toxicology, side effects and contraindications for use
The resulting preparations from the fruits, flowers, bark and leaves of Viburnum vulgare, as well as the resulting novogalenic drug viburnoside and its two forms, when tested for toxicity, showed that they are all non-toxic (Smirova A. S., 1967). Studies have shown that liquid extract of viburnum bark, obtained in 50% alcohol, is non-toxic.
Clinical pharmacology
Viburnum viburnum is used quite widely. The fruits have a good tonic effect, improve heart function, and increase urine output. and their infusion is recommended for colds as an antipyretic and diaphoretic.
Viburnum flowers are also used as an antipyretic. For 1 cup of boiling water, take 1 teaspoon of viburnum flowers and leave for 10 minutes. Drink 2-3 glasses a day.
An infusion of viburnum fruits, flowers and leaves is used to gargle for sore throats and wash wounds; the juice from the berries is used to remove acne on the face.
Of the preparations of viburnum bark, a liquid extract is most often used, and less often a decoction. They are used as a hemostatic agent mainly for uterine bleeding. The glycoside viburnin, contained in the bark, enhances the tone of the uterus and has some vasoconstrictor effect. Externally, a decoction of the bark is used for nosebleeds.
In dentistry, the vasoconstrictor, antiseptic and hemostatic effects of the fruits and bark of viburnum are used.
To make an infusion of fruits, 1-2 tablespoons of berries are ground, brewed with boiling water (1 glass), left for 1 hour, filtered and rinsed in the mouth.
Freshly squeezed viburnum juice with the addition of honey is used to treat coughs at home (Grochowski W., 1986).
For catarrhal gingivitis, stomatitis, and periodontal disease, an infusion of viburnum bark is used. Brew one tablespoon of bark with 1 glass of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes and filter. Used as a mouth rinse.
It was also noticed that extractive substances are released more slowly than individual biologically active substances (tannins, glycosides and vitamin K) and the slowdown in the process of release of extractive substances occurs only after 6 days, while tannins, glycosides and vitamin K obvious after 4 days. Thus, there is no need to continue the percolation process for more than 4 days.
It is advantageous, next to or instead of a liquid extract, to have a more purified total preparation, which would contain mainly only those substances to which the specific action of viburnum bark is attributed.
It is believed that these are glycosides, the complex of which was named viburnin back in 1844 by H. Kremer. After isolating the glycoside fraction from viburnum bark and testing it on cats, it was proven that glycosides exhibit a more active uterine effect than the official extract. This circumstance served as the basis for obtaining a new galenic preparation of viburnum bark with a focus on the content of the glycoside fraction in it.
Novogalenic drug is a light yellow aqueous solution of glycosides with a bitter taste and specific odor. It was named “viburnoside”. The resulting drug was poured into ampoules of 3.5 and 10 ml, which were sterilized at 100 °C for 30 minutes. Along with the production of an ampoule preparation, a preparation was also prepared for oral use. 25° alcohol was used as a solvent for glycosides instead of water. The finished drug was poured into dark glass bottles with a capacity of 50, 100, 200 ml. When stored for a year at room temperature, no visible changes occurred. Depending on the content of glycosides in the bark of viburnum, their content in the preparation ranges from 0.50 to 0.80%. Obviously, for the drug the norm of glycoside content should be at least 0.50%.
Medications
1. Aplonne P(OB Pharma - France). Alcohol-water solution for internal use in a 150 ml bottle, 100 ml which contains a mixture of extracts from:
Aphloia madagascariensis Clos- 500 mg;
witch hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana L.) - 500 mg;
goldenseal ( Hydrastis Canadensis L.) - 250 mg;
Piscidia erythrina L.- 500 mg;
viburnum viburnum ( Viburnum prunifolium L.) - 400 mg;
Esculoside ( Aesculoside) - 40 mg.
Used in the treatment of symptoms of venolymphatic insufficiency, in particular varicose veins. Take 2 teaspoons before meals.
2. Climaxol(Lehning - France). A solution for internal use in a dropper bottle containing a mixture of tinctures made in a raw alcohol-water solution ratio of 1: 10. 100 ml of solution contains:
hamamelis tincture ( Hamamelis virginiana L.) - 28 ml;
butcher's broom tincture ( Ruscus aculeatus L.) - 28 ml;
tincture - 28 ml;
Canadian goldenseal tincture ( Hydrastis Canadensis L.) - 8 ml;
viburnum tincture ( Viburnum prunifolium L.) - 8 ml;
Used for symptoms of venolymphatic and capillary insufficiency of the legs in women during menopause. Take 35 drops 3 times a day before meals with a small amount of water.
3. Cortex Viburni - viburnum bark. (JSC “Ivan-chai”, Russia). Crushed viburnum bark in packs of 100g. Used as a decoction ( Decoctum cortices Viburni) 10 g (1 tablespoon) of bark is placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, after which the contents of the vessel are cooled, filtered, and the raw materials are squeezed out. Add water to the finished broth to 200 ml. The prepared broth is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Take 1 - 2 tbsp. spoons 3-4 times a day after meals, as a hemostatic and antiseptic in the postpartum period, with uterine bleeding caused by gynecological diseases.
4. Digestodoron(Weleda SA, France). A solution in 30 ml dropper bottles containing a polyextract made in 20% alcohol from the following raw materials per 100 ml:
rhizomes of male fern (Dryopteris filix mas) - 4 g;
Polypodium- 1 g;
Pteridium- 4 g;
Scolopendrium- 1 g;
Salix alba- 2 g;
Salix purpurea- 2 g;
Salix viminalis- 4 g;
Salix villina- 2 years
Used for recurrent digestive disorders, accompanied by heartburn, high and low acidity. Take 10-20 drops 3 times a day for 15 minutes. before meals.
5. Fluon(Rabi & Solabo, France). Solution in 75 ml bottles. 100 ml of solution contains:
menthol 0.4 g;
hamamelis extract - 15 g;
horse chestnut extract - 2 g;
caustic buttercup extract - 24.43 g;
valerian extract - 2 g;
Viburnum plumum liquid extract - 2 g.
It is used to treat symptoms of venolymphatic insufficiency, in particular, varicose veins, heaviness in the legs, and hemorrhoids. Take 40 - 60 drops per day before meals.
6. Fructus viburni. Viburnum fruits, 50.0 g. (JSC Adonis, Russia). Used as an infusion ( Infusum fructi Viburni). 10 g (1 tablespoon) of fruits are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a water bath for up to 30 minutes. After which the contents of the vessel are cooled at room temperature for 45 minutes, the infusion is filtered, the remaining fruit is squeezed out, and water is added to 200 ml. The prepared infusion is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Take 300 ml (1/3 cup), 3-4 times a day, as a vitamin, tonic, diaphoretic and laxative.
7. Extractum Viburni fluidum, Viburnum extract liquid(Astrakhan pharmaceutical factory State Unitary Enterprise, Russia).
A liquid extract obtained by extracting viburnum bark powder with 50% alcohol in a ratio of 1:10. Available in 25 ml bottles.
Take 30-40 drops 2-3 times a day as a hemostatic agent for uterine bleeding.
8. Tisane Phlebosedol(Lehning, France). Herbal mixture in bags of 2 g, packed in a box of 20 pcs. 100 g of mixture contains:
horse chestnut bark 15%;
clematis leaves - 10%;
hamamelis leaves - 5%;
fig leaves - 5%;
viburnum bark - 5%;
wheatgrass rhizomes - 5%;
buckthorn bark - 20%;
leaves of caustic buttercup (zhovtozilla) - 15%;
cuff leaves - 15%.
Used for venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Drink as tea from one bag, steep for 15 minutes, 1 tablespoon (15 g) 3 times a day with meals. You should follow your doctor's instructions as an overdose of this medicine may cause diarrhea.
Other uses of viburnum
In Ukraine, pies and cheesecakes were baked with viburnum fruits during the holidays, they were added to the dough when baking bread, and unique viburnum kvass and jelly “Kalinnik” were prepared from fresh fruits. Viburnum fruits were added when sauerkraut was sauerkraut. Viburnum juice was added when preparing marshmallows and marmalade.
In addition, wine can be made from the fruits. It should be noted that wine made from viburnum has an original bouquet. Syrups can be made from fruits collected after the first frost. confectionery.
From the history
In mythology, viburnum is a symbol of happiness, love, and beauty. One of the legends says that viburnum grew from the blood of soldiers who gave their lives for the Fatherland; the seeds of viburnum fruits resemble a heart in shape. One of the ancient legends tells the following about the origin of viburnum:
“The goddess Lada brought spring to the Ukrainian land, was exhausted and lay down to rest in the steppes of Tavria and fell fast asleep. The goddess of death Mara saw the sleeping Lada and planted a thorny thorn tree around her, which instantly grew tall. Lada was awakened by the desperate prayers of farmers who asked for warmth and moisture for the spring land. Lada woke up and quickly hurried to bring spring to people, but the thorn wounded her. And where drops of blood fell on the ground, viburnum bushes with red berries grew.”
Literature
Govorov V.P. Pharmacological study of medicinal plants of Western Siberia and Altai // Plant resources of Siberia, the Urals and Far East. - Novosibirsk: Science Sib. Dept. - 1965. - P. 97-103.
Based on materials from the works of B. M. Zuzuk, R. V. Kutsik (Ivano-Frankivsk State Medical University), M. R. Shtokalo (LLC, Lviv).
Photos and illustrations
Viburnum viburnum is a shrub that can reach a height of 3 m, characterized by brown and red-brown bark. The leaves are coarsely toothed and five-lobed. In spring, viburnum blooms with white flowers. The fruits appear in late August or early September. The fruits are ovoid-spherical in shape, have a bright red color, there is a small stone inside, it is part of the fruit. The taste of viburnum is sour, slightly bitter. What beneficial properties does this plant have?
Description of Viburnum
A decoction of viburnum flowers helps improve digestion and has a diaphoretic and expectorant effect.
When harvesting viburnum bark, it is very important to carefully remove it; you must not expose the branch. The bark needs to be cut into small pieces, dried in fresh air, and spread out in a thin layer. If you dried the bark correctly, it should not bend, but break on its own.
It is best to collect fruits from Viburnum at the end of autumn; they should be stored in bunches and be sure to hang them. You can freeze them and store them until spring. The fruits must be carefully removed from the branches, because the skin, which releases the juice, can be damaged and the plant will lose its value.
The fruits of viburnum can also be used for culinary purposes, filling a pie, but viburnum is especially tasty when mixed with sugar and steamed in the oven. In this way, you can get rid of the bitterness of viburnum.
Application of viburnum
1. An infusion of viburnum bark, which will help with scrofula. To prepare it, you need to take viburnum and pour 200 ml of boiling water. Leave for up to 6 hours, strain and drink. You need to take 50 ml 3 times a day before meals. Also, this infusion will help stop bleeding, get rid of insomnia, cramps and vascular spasms.
2. Infusion of honey with viburnum. This remedy is excellent for colds, bronchitis, sore throat, malaria, etc. To prepare it you will need a glass of pureed viburnum, 700 ml of boiled water. Pour in and let sit for up to 7 hours. Strain, add honey. It is recommended to take the infusion 80 g 3 times a day before meals. The infusion is especially useful for.
3. For problems with the liver, heart, and hypertension, drink fresh viburnum juice. With its help you can cure a sore throat and cleanse the skin of rashes and acne.
Contraindications for viburnum
It must be used carefully, because it contains many glycosides. People who suffer from gout should completely abandon viburnum.
Viburnum common, or red viburnum (lat. Viburnum opulus) is a deciduous shrub of the Viburnum genus of the Adoxaceae family. Viburnum reaches a height of 1.5 m to 5 m, has a grayish-brown bark covered with longitudinal cracks. It loves moisture, so it grows along the banks of rivers, lakes, swamps, in damp mixed and deciduous forests along the edges, clearings, and thickets.
Viburnum blooms in May-June, its berries ripen in August-September. They have a spherical shape, up to 12 mm in diameter, bright red color and a large seed inside, and ripen with abundant clusters. The taste of the berries is bitter and sour, since viburnum contains the bitter glycoside viburnin.
Origin
Viburnum is widespread in the temperate climates of Europe and Asia: the European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Caucasus, Crimea, Kazakhstan, Central and Asia Minor, Western Europe, North Africa.
Ripe fruits are collected in dry weather along with the stalks. Berries are usually dried in the air, in the attic, under sheds, hanging brushes tied in loose bunches. The fruits are well preserved in cool places, in attics, and do not lose their nutritional and healing qualities for several months. The bark is collected in the spring before the buds open, when sap flow begins and it is easy to separate from the wood and air-dried. The shelf life of raw materials is 4 years.
The nutritional value
The calorie content of viburnum is only 26.3 kcal per 100 g of weight. Viburnum bark contains resins (up to 6.5%), iridoids (2.7-5.7%), saponins, coumarins, organic acids (formic, acetic, isovaleric, capric, caprylic, butyric, linoleic, cerotinic, palmetic) , phytosterol, phytosterolin, myricyl alcohol, tannins (up to 2%), phlobophenes, viburnin glycoside.
Viburnum berries are a valuable source useful substances. Thus, viburnum fruits contain invert sugar (up to 32%); tannins (up to 3%); organic acids (up to 3%) - isovaleric, acetic, citric; anthocyanins; vitamin C (more than in citrus fruits) and vitamin P, as well as trace elements: selenium, copper, zinc, chromium, boron.
Use in cooking
It is known that after frost, the bitter taste of viburnum berries disappears and they can be eaten fresh without adding sugar or other ingredients. Viburnum is preserved with sugar, jam and jelly are made from it, marshmallows, jelly and marmalade are made, filling for baked goods, seasonings and sauces for meat dishes, liqueurs, tinctures, wines and even vinegar. The berry is good in sweet porridges and pumpkin dishes. Viburnum juice is usually prepared with the addition of honey: 1 kg of berries, 200 g of water, honey to taste. A coffee substitute is obtained from dried and roasted viburnum seeds.
Application in medicine and cosmetology
Liquid extract from viburnum bark and viburnum decoction are used as a hemostatic and antiseptic (for uterine bleeding, menstrual irregularities, threatened abortion). The berry has a calming effect on nervous system for hysteria, epilepsy, neuroses and neurocirculatory dystonia of the cardiac type.
Viburnum berries together with honey are useful for coughing, hoarseness, choking, diarrhea, and dropsy. A decoction of viburnum flowers and berries is used for asthma, colds, and indigestion. A solution of viburnum juice (10-20%) is used for gastric and duodenal ulcers, enterocolitis, edema of cardiac and renal origin, and pustular skin diseases. In homeopathy, viburnum fruits are used in the treatment of gynecological diseases and for the prevention of spontaneous abortions.
Viburnum juice is also used in cosmetics to remove freckles and whiten skin with a strong tan: a mixture of sour cream and fresh juice (1: 1) is applied to the skin and after a while washed off with warm water. Then the skin should be lubricated with ghee.
Contraindications
Viburnum should not be consumed if there is increased blood clotting, a tendency to blood clots, or pregnancy.
Viburnum berries frozen for the winter and stored in the freezer are a valuable aid for prevention. spring vitamin deficiency. It is worth consuming the berry regularly to vitaminize the body starting in March. In Rus', frozen viburnum was prepared for future use like this: the berries were poured into a barrel, filled with well water and taken out into the cold, and during the winter and spring they ate the supply of healthy berries, adding them to various dishes and drinks.
Sources:
- Alexander RABINOVICH, Dr. pharm. Sciences, Professor, Quality of Life No. 8-9_2004
- Internet Open Sources
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