Atmospheric pressure research. Study of natural phenomena: changes in atmospheric pressure, approaching rain

In a healthy person, systolic and diastolic indicators of heart function should fall within the established framework.

There are upper (systolic) and lower (diastolic) limits of blood pressure. The normal level of blood pressure is high, from 110 to 140 mm Hg. Art., and the lower limit is not less than 70. But the indicators do not always correspond to the established norm, this is due to the individual characteristics of the body. This should not affect the general well-being; only a doctor can confirm the deviations characteristic of a person.

For each age, experts determined the boundaries of blood pressure. These indicators are shown in the table:

Monitoring indicators

Also, the doctor has the opportunity to identify the disease in people who, thanks to one-time measurements, believe that they have normal arterial pressure.

To carry out monitoring, special modern devices are used that can store more than 100 measurements of pressure and heart rate in memory, indicating the date and time of the study.

After measurements are taken while standing, sitting or lying down, the data is transferred to a computer, where the results are processed using a special computer program.

Elena Malysheva’s guests will tell you how to correctly interpret the monometer readings in the video in this article.

Enter your pressure

Latest discussions.

When blood pressure rises, it always makes you think about the overall health of the whole body. Especially if this happens often, and the tonometer shows a significant deviation from the norm. In this case, an appropriate diagnosis is made - hypertension. But the worst situation is when the pressure suddenly rises. This development of events can lead to a hypertensive crisis, an extremely dangerous condition. Why does such instability of the cardiovascular system occur? What causes a sharp increase in blood pressure? The reasons can be very different, and they are divided into two groups: external factors and internal ones.

The mechanism for increasing blood pressure is very complex. This process depends on the volume and consistency of the blood, the condition of the blood vessels and heart muscle, as well as the functioning of the internal blood flow regulation system. Various factors can trigger this mechanism. The following external conditions can lead to a sharp increase in tonometer readings:

Gross violation of the rules healthy image life.

Prolonged sedentary work or spending time on the sofa provokes blood stagnation, poor circulation, and vascular weakness. Low mobility leads to excess weight, which aggravates the pathology of the vascular system.

Abuse of junk food (high in fast carbohydrates, cholesterol, salt, spicy seasonings) will lead to clogging of blood vessels, metabolic disorders, and increased tone of the vascular walls.

Chronic fatigue over several days and lack of proper rest can cause a sharp spasm of blood vessels.

Changing weather conditions can also increase the level of blood exposure to blood vessels.

A proven fact is the connection between arterial and atmospheric pressure. There is a directly proportional relationship between them. Most often, along with an increase in atmospheric pressure, a rise in the lower marks of a person’s tonometer is observed. When atmospheric front unstable, weather-dependent people on this day feel a sharp deterioration in their health, as the oxygen content in the blood changes.

The emotional factor is considered by many experts to be the main reason for the increased level. It is the central nervous system that plays the main role in the regulation of vascular activity and the speed of blood flow. If it is constantly under tension, the tone of the blood vessels increases, and adrenaline causes them to narrow. Vascular resistance to blood flow may increase dramatically.

Extra pounds significantly impair the functioning of blood vessels. This is enough for the pressure to rise unexpectedly. Fat deposits are formed not only in the form big belly or ugly folds on the sides, but also inside the organs and in the vessels themselves. Atherosclerosis develops, and this is one of the first reasons for increased tonometer readings.

As a rule, the development of essential (primary) hypertension is due to external causes. The overwhelming number of people encounter exactly this (95% of the total number of incidents). Hypertension of secondary origin is quite rare.

What to do

Usually, a person who suspects a surge in blood pressure immediately takes up a tonometer to find out its value. If the pressure has really increased or, conversely, dropped, the question immediately arises of what to do about it and how to treat it.

Many hypotensive people take tonic drugs that have already become habitual (ginseng, eleutherococcus), drink coffee and tea to improve their well-being. The situation is more complicated with hypertension, when it is no longer possible to reduce pressure with “improvised” means. Moreover, self-medication and adherence folk medicine dangerous for such patients
in view of the above possible complications hypertension.

If there are any fluctuations in pressure, you should visit a doctor, first of all, going to a therapist.
If necessary, he will recommend consultation with a cardiologist, urologist, endocrinologist, ophthalmologist or neurologist. To confirm pressure surges, you need to systematically measure it and record the readings. It is possible that later the presence of arterial hypertension will be established. When the reason for the surges will be clear, the doctor will be able to decide on effective therapy.

It is impossible to say for sure which is worse – hypotension or hypertension. Both conditions can be corrected subject to examination and appropriate treatment. It is only clear that increased pressure is much more dangerous than hypotension, which has become habitual for hypotensive patients. A hypertensive crisis can cause a stroke, myocardial infarction, acute heart failure and other serious conditions, so at the first sign of pressure surges you should go to the doctor.

Folk remedies for treating pressure surges

Oat decoction

Rinse a glass of oats, fill it with a liter of filtered, or preferably distilled, water at room temperature and leave for 10 hours. Then simmer over low heat for half an hour. After removing from heat, wrap and leave for another 12 hours. Strain and add up to 1 liter of boiled water.

Take 100 ml daily three times a day for one and a half months. After finishing, take a month break and repeat the course. And this should be done throughout the year. In addition, this remedy is very effective for stomach and duodenal ulcers and chronic pancreatitis.

Garlic

This is an old proven remedy. Peel the head of garlic, wipe them, put them in a jar and pour a glass of unrefined sunflower or olive oil. Leave for 24 hours, shaking occasionally (every 4-6 hours). Pour in the juice of one lemon and stir. Leave in a cool place for a week, shaking every other day. Take 1 teaspoon 20 minutes before meals 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 2 months, then a break for a month and repeat the treatment again.

Mumiyo

Every day on an empty stomach (in the morning), take 1 tablet (0.2 g) of mumiyo for 10 days with 3 sips of milk. Take a break for a week and repeat the course. It is better to conduct at least 4 such courses.

Important!
You should be very careful when taking blood pressure-lowering drugs during a hypotensive state. The pressure can either drop sharply, or if you refuse to take medications that reduce pressure, it can increase sharply and a crisis will occur. That is, the solution to this issue must be solved using an individual search method and always with the participation of a doctor

That is, the solution to this issue must be solved using an individual search method and always with the participation of a doctor.

It should be borne in mind that preparations based on St. John's wort, motherwort, valerian, nettle (including valocordin) should not be taken during pressure surges (!) - they increase blood viscosity and its tendency to form blood clots, worsen blood flow through the arteries and, therefore , increase blood pressure.

Why does the blood pressure regulation mechanism become unbalanced?

There are three mechanisms for regulating pressure:

Fast
- vascular reflexes;
- Cushing's reaction under the influence of cerebral ischemia;
Slow
Long-term

The following factors can disrupt blood pressure regulation:

pathology of the endocrine system;
atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels;
renal failure;
osteocondritis of the spine;
neurological disorders;
ischemia;
premenstrual syndrome;
infections;
climate change, air travel;
caffeine overdose, smoking, drinking alcohol;
different types of anemia;
adverse reactions to taking medications.

Dysregulation leads to pressure fluctuations - sometimes high, sometimes low: we will consider the causes and treatment of this phenomenon below.

Mineralcorticoids - hormones of cells of the adrenal cortex, such as aldosterone, participate in water-electrolyte metabolism, increasing the absorption of water in the kidneys.

Any violations hormonal levels can cause fluctuations in blood pressure: pressure fluctuates throughout the day - sometimes high, sometimes low. Therefore, it is worth doing a blood hormone test once a year.

If renal function is impaired, significant fluctuations in blood pressure may be observed, since they are involved in the release of renin, a substance that triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions in the renin-angiotensin system. This substance is synthesized by kidney cells when blood pressure decreases and is one of the effective regulatory mechanisms. At renal failure the release of renin is disrupted and the regulatory mechanism is disrupted. As a result, the pressure jumps - sometimes low, sometimes high. Blood pressure is most often determined by the efficiency of the kidneys.

Osteochondrosis, curvature of the spine, intervertebral hernias greatly affect blood supply: displacement of the vertebrae and their degenerative changes can affect blood flow. This is especially pronounced when cervical osteochondrosis- arterial networks passing through the neurovascular bundle are compressed. Oxygen starvation of the brain occurs, the result is a reflex increase in blood pressure to improve blood supply to the brain, which causes the pressure to fluctuate - sometimes low, sometimes high.

Congenital or acquired heart disease

This is reflected in the level of pressure, especially systolic blood pressure - hypertension occurs due to deterioration of blood supply to the organs of the systemic circulation. At the same time, blood pressure fluctuates: high at the top and low at the bottom.

Acute respiratory infections can cause both high and low blood pressure. Intestinal infections, accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, usually lead to a drop in pressure due to an imbalance in water balance and a decrease in blood volume. This is a rather dangerous syndrome: under the supervision of a doctor, it is necessary to gradually replenish the amount of lost fluid to normalize blood pressure and overcome dehydration.

It’s not for nothing that the system for regulating body functions is called neurohumoral - hormones are directly dependent on nervous system and vice versa. Nervous experiences and overwork lead to increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol. It is secreted in the adrenal medulla along with adrenaline. These hormones in combination can cause persistent or periodic hypertension with periods of normalization of blood pressure. This is expressed in the fact that the pressure fluctuates - sometimes high, sometimes low at different times of the day.

For example, taking hormonal contraceptives can cause blood pressure to fluctuate - sometimes high, sometimes low.

Changes in weather are accompanied by fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, which leads to spasms of cerebral vessels in weather-sensitive people. In addition to pressure surges, this is accompanied by drowsiness, headaches, weakness, decreased concentration, and chest pain.

Why the pressure fluctuates - sometimes high, sometimes low - we discussed above. There are several variants of this pathology.

The most common causes of floating blood pressure

Changes in blood pressure may in some cases be due to sensitivity to certain foods. This is especially true for lovers of very salty dishes.

Caffeine. Coffee causes a temporary increase in blood pressure. Three to four cups can increase it from 4 to 13 mm mercury. Those who do not regularly drink coffee may notice more significant fluctuations; regular coffee drinkers will not notice it at all. Experts don't know why caffeine raises blood pressure, but they think it's due to narrowing of blood vessels.

2. Stress and medications

During stress, the arteries narrow, making it harder for the heart to work. This increases blood pressure, blood sugar and heart rate. If you live in a situation of chronic stress, then constant stress on the heart can damage the arteries and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Medications. Some medications, such as decongestants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and drugs may temporarily increase blood pressure.

3.Diabetes and dehydration

Diabetes
Damages nerves and causes frequent urination. When the body becomes dehydrated due to frequent urination and the nervous system is damaged due to excessive amounts of glucose in the blood, blood pressure regulation may not be optimal.

Dehydration
may also lead to pressure fluctuations with a sharp drop. To raise blood pressure by increasing blood volume, water retention must be restored. When dehydrated, the body loses its electrolyte chemical balance. This can lead to weakness and blood pressure fluctuations.

4. Deposition of calcium or cholesterol in the arteries

Calcium and cholesterol deposits in the arteries make them narrower, stiffer, less elastic, and unable to relax, causing hypertension. This phenomenon is most common among middle-aged and older people.

5.Heart problems and nervous system diseases

Heart problems:
such as low frequency heart failure, heart failure and myocardial infarction, can lead to fluctuations in blood pressure.

This can cause many disorders, including the body's inability to regulate blood pressure.

In addition, pressure surges can lead to:

fever (accelerates heart rate);
adrenal fatigue;
menopause;
human predisposition to fluctuating blood pressure;
pregnancy;
exposure to heat;
age.

In some cases, experts have linked fluctuations in blood pressure to a higher risk of stroke.

Elderly people are predisposed to morning high blood pressure

Of course, another reason, the most undesirable one, may be hypertension. It is those suffering from this disease who most painfully endure increased blood pressure in the morning. In this case, you need to fight, to the best of your ability, the factors that cause hypertension.

These include:

Overweight

Physical inactivity

Alcohol

Fatty food

Excessive salt intake

Physical and emotional overload

Changes in atmospheric pressure

Sick kidneys

Diabetes

Atherosclerosis

Hormonal imbalance

Folk remedies can help. These plants reduce blood pressure:

1. Cranberry. You should drink an infusion of berries and cranberry leaves or cranberry juice mixed in equal proportions with beetroot juice.

2. Kalina. An infusion of viburnum helps. To prepare it, you need to grind the fruits and pour boiling water (a glass of boiling water per two tablespoons of berries). Juice is also useful.

3. Nettle. You can consume both its juice and an infusion of roots and leaves.

4. Garlic and onions.

Monitor your blood pressure. Measure it with a tonometer often. Measurements should be taken on both hands. If the difference between night and morning pressures is no more than 20%, then there is no reason to worry. Consider the rise in blood pressure in the morning as a natural physiological process. If the numbers are higher, measures must be taken.

A person may not always feel high blood pressure, so many people are unaware of the existing health problem for a long time.

If left untreated, hypertension often causes serious illnesses that are detected when the first symptoms begin to appear.

The presence of hypertension can be detected early if blood pressure is regularly monitored.

The measurement is best carried out throughout the day at home, in a quiet environment, standing, sitting or lying on the bed. This will allow you to obtain more accurate data and find out whether there is a threat of developing serious diseases.

How does a person's blood pressure change over a 24-hour period?

A person does not always feel that the blood pressure value is too high, without realizing that a deviation has formed. Hypertension, if not properly treated, causes concomitant chronic diseases when the symptoms become more active. Hypertension is diagnosed in the early stages if pressure values are periodically monitored. Blood pressure readings during the day depend on many factors: body position during measurement, the person’s condition and time of day. In order for measurements to be as accurate as possible, they are made at the same time of day, in a familiar environment. If the conditions are similar every day, the body’s biorhythms adapt to them.

Blood pressure changes due to a number of factors:

the value increases in the morning when the patient is in a horizontal position;
during the day the pressure drops;
in the evening the values increase;
At night, when a person rests quietly, blood pressure drops.

This explains why measurements must be taken at the same time, and it is pointless to compare morning and evening figures. Sometimes there is an increase in pressure when measured in a hospital or clinic. This is explained by nervousness, fear or stress in front of the “white coats”, and as a result, the pressure rises slightly.

Reasons for changes in blood pressure in humans during the day:

excessive consumption of coffee, tea, alcohol;
vegetative-vascular dystonia;
overwork, stress;
endocrine disorders;
change in climate or weather;
pathologies of the cervical vertebrae.

Stress, fatigue, lack of sleep, anxiety and excessive workload - common reasons changes in blood pressure and hypertensive crises. This is typical for women - they are more emotional and unstable compared to men. Chronic stress and constant pressure surges over time provoke the development of the primary form of hypertension, which requires drug treatment.

Changes in the endocrine system also cause changes in blood pressure. Women before menopause or menstruation are especially susceptible to this. In the second part of the cycle, fluid in the body is retained, and excessive emotionality, characteristic during this period, also contributes to an increase in pressure. Unstable pressure occurs due to pathological changes in the adrenal glands.

The indicators can be affected by excitement, impatience, constipation or freezing in a standing position. The readings increase if the person needs to urinate or when the room is cold. Often the value is distorted under the influence of electromagnetic fields, so it is not recommended to keep the phone near the tonometer. The pressure should stabilize if the person takes several deep breaths before taking the measurement.

In the evening the readings rise, and at night the pressure drops. This should be taken into account both when measuring and when taking antihypertensive medications.

For getting exact values Blood pressure, you must adhere to certain measurement rules. Blood pressure fluctuates throughout the day, and in hypertensive patients these fluctuations are much higher. If necessary, blood pressure is monitored at rest, during movement, and after physical or emotional stress. Measuring blood pressure at rest allows you to assess the effect of medications on blood pressure. It is better to monitor blood pressure on both arms, as the values differ. It is better to measure on the hand where the indicators are higher.

Conditions necessary to obtain the most accurate results:

Half an hour before the measurement, do not eat, do not smoke, do not be exposed to hypothermia and do not exercise.
Take measurements while sitting or lying down, after relaxing for 5 minutes.
While sitting, lean on the back of a chair, since holding your back on your own leads to a slight increase in blood pressure.
If a person is lying down, the arm is located along the body, then a cushion is placed under the elbow so that the arm is at the level of the thoracic region.
You cannot speak or move while taking measurements.
When taking a series of measurements, pause between measurements for 15 seconds or longer, optimally 1 minute.
Between measurements, the cuff is slightly loosened.

How to measure blood pressure correctly

To avoid possible pathologies and serious diseases, even a healthy person needs to measure their blood pressure once a month. However, you need to measure it correctly and be better prepared before doing so.

How to prepare for diagnosis:

It is not recommended to drink strong tea and coffee. You must refrain from doing this at least an hour before the test.
It is also recommended to avoid sports and cigarettes.
If you need to take any medications, read the instructions. Many drugs affect the cardiovascular system. It is better to give them up during the study.
Before starting the measurement, the patient must rest for at least 7-10 minutes.

How to measure blood pressure using a tonometer:

Sit comfortably, relax the muscles of your arm and place it on the table. Place a cuff on the shoulder in proportion to the position of the heart.
Make sure the cuff size matches your hand size as closely as possible. You need to be especially careful if the patient is overweight.

When is the best time to take measurements:

First in the morning - although an hour after sleep and on an empty stomach.
In the evening - either before dinner or after dinner, two hours later.

It is advisable to take measurements twice, leaving an interval of at least a minute between measurements.

The performance is the best. If the difference is small, then there is no need to worry - this is normal. If the values are very different, then you should definitely consult a doctor.

ABPM method - daily monitoring

Daily blood pressure monitoring allows you to identify hidden pathologies and diseases. This is a measurement of pressure using automatic special equipment. Such a study lasts at least a day.

The device independently saves readings at a certain time. This method is used to find out which values are optimal for a patient depending on the time of day. You can diagnose hypertension and (if it exists) select the appropriate medications.

The cuff is placed on the patient's shoulder and the monitor is placed (either on a belt or on a belt). In this case, a person leads a normal lifestyle, carrying a special device with him.

How is blood pressure measured?

The diagnosis of “hypertension” is made by a doctor, and he chooses the necessary treatment, but regular monitoring of blood pressure is a task not only for medical workers, but for every person.

Today, the most common method of measuring blood pressure is based on the method proposed back in 1905 by the domestic doctor N. S. Korotkov (see “Science and Life” No. 8, 1990). It is associated with listening to sound tones. In addition, the palpation method (feeling the pulse) and the 24-hour monitoring method (continuous blood pressure monitoring) are used. The latter is very indicative and gives the most accurate picture of how blood pressure changes during the day and how it depends on different loads.

To measure blood pressure using the Korotkoff method, mercury and aneroid manometers are used. The latter, as well as modern automatic and semi-automatic devices with displays, are calibrated on a mercury scale before use and periodically checked. By the way, on some of them the upper (systolic) blood pressure is indicated by the letter “S”, and the lower (diastolic) by “D”. There are also automatic devices designed to measure blood pressure at certain, set intervals (for example, this is how you can monitor patients in a clinic). Portable devices have been created for daily monitoring (tracking) of blood pressure in a clinic.

Blood pressure fluctuates throughout the day: it is usually lowest during sleep and rises in the morning, reaching a maximum during daytime activity.

It is important to know that in patients with arterial hypertension, nighttime blood pressure readings are often higher than daytime ones. Therefore, for the examination of such patients, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring is of great importance, the results of which make it possible to clarify the time of the most rational use of medications and ensure full control of the effectiveness of treatment

The difference between the highest and lowest blood pressure values during the day in healthy people, as a rule, does not exceed: for systolic - 30 mm Hg. Art., and for diastolic - 10 mm Hg. Art. In arterial hypertension, these fluctuations are more pronounced.

High blood pressure in the morning and low in the evening

A common phenomenon occurs when blood pressure is higher than normal after waking up, and in the evening it decreases, returning to normal. When blood pressure is high in the morning and low in the evening, the reasons for this condition may be:

emotional stress;
a large meal before bedtime;
consumption the night before large quantity alcoholic drinks;
smoking;
hormonal changes in mature women;
thrombophlebitis - inflammation of venous capillaries;
atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries;
diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

In old age, people often note that their blood pressure is low in the morning and high in the evening. What to do in this case? The mechanism for this surge is usually an imbalance in the regulatory system. The above factors influence the hormonal regulation of metabolism and water-electrolyte metabolism, thus causing an increase in blood pressure.

If blood pressure fluctuates during the day, any specialist will advise you to adhere to a sleep schedule, eat right, and do moderate exercise. physical exercise as far as possible.

In more serious cases, the doctor may prescribe drug therapy aimed at treating pathologies of the cardiovascular, urinary, endocrine, and nervous systems. Any appointment should be made after an examination: appropriate biochemical tests and diagnostic studies must be done. You cannot self-medicate!

exclusion of fatty meats from the diet;
foods rich in dietary fiber and vitamins should prevail;
meals in fractional, small portions;
reducing the consumption of salt and spices;
the consumption of tonic drinks and alcohol-containing products should be minimized;
make freshly squeezed juices;
steam food.

For useful information on how to normalize blood pressure, watch the following video:

Do you still think that it is difficult to cure hypertension?

Judging by the fact that you are reading these lines now, victory in the fight against pressure is not yet on your side...

The consequences of high blood pressure are known to everyone: these are irreversible damage to various organs (heart, brain, kidneys, blood vessels, fundus of the eye). For more late stages Coordination is impaired, weakness appears in the arms and legs, vision deteriorates, memory and intelligence are significantly reduced, and a stroke can be triggered.

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VseDavlenie.ru » Diagnostics and treatment of pressure » All about pressure surges

Other physiological pressure changes

Physiologically determined deviations from the norm in blood pressure remain unnoticed by many. But there are cases when unstable pressure is monitored, and the change in indicators does not correspond to the norm. Then we can assume a relationship between deviations and the following states of the body:

We can talk about the development of pathology if a person also has endocrine disorders.

A stressful situation, anxiety, emotional stress, lack of sleep are common reasons that can change blood pressure.
Development of the pathological condition:
- disruption of the endocrine glands;
- pathologies of the autonomic nervous system;
- cardiovascular diseases.
Age characteristics and pregnancy.

To prevent and prevent the development of serious pathologies, blood pressure readings need to be measured once or twice a year. A study may show certain deviations: increased pressure, decreased or constant surges. Such conditions are dangerous, so as not to trigger more complex pathological processes, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Arterial hypertension

An increase in blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg and above) is observed with hypertension, or, as it is commonly called abroad, essential hypertension (95% of all cases), when the cause of the disease cannot be established, and with so-called symptomatic hypertension (only 5%), developing as a result of pathological changes in a number of organs and tissues: kidney diseases, endocrine diseases, congenital narrowing or atherosclerosis of the aorta and other large vessels. Arterial hypertension is not without reason called the silent and mysterious killer. In half of the cases the disease long time is asymptomatic, that is, the person feels completely healthy and does not suspect that an insidious disease is already undermining his body. And suddenly, like a bolt from the blue, severe complications develop: for example, stroke, myocardial infarction, retinal detachment. Many of those who survived a vascular accident remain disabled, for whom life is immediately divided into two parts: “before” and “after”.

Recently I heard a striking phrase from a patient: “Hypertension is not a disease; blood pressure is elevated in 90% of people.” The figure is, of course, greatly exaggerated and based on rumors. As for the opinion that hypertension is not a disease, this is a harmful and dangerous misconception. It is these patients who, what is especially depressing, the vast majority, do not take antihypertensive drugs or are not treated systematically and do not control their blood pressure, frivolously risking their health and even their lives.

In Russia, 42.5 million people currently have high blood pressure, that is, 40% of the population. Moreover, at the same time, according to a representative national sample of the Russian population aged 15 years and older, 37.1% of men and 58.9% of women knew about the presence of arterial hypertension, and only 5.7% of patients received adequate antihypertensive therapy men and 17.5% women.

So in our country there is a lot of work ahead to prevent cardiovascular accidents - to achieve control over arterial hypertension. The target program “Prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension in Russian Federation”, which is currently underway.

Atmospheric pressure is one of the most important climatic characteristics that have an impact on humans. It contributes to the formation of cyclones and anticyclones, provokes the development cardiovascular diseases in people. Evidence that air has weight was obtained back in the 17th century; since then, the process of studying its vibrations has been one of the central ones for weather forecasters.

What is atmosphere

The word "atmosphere" has Greek origin, literally it is translated as “steam” and “ball”. This is a gas shell around the planet, which rotates with it and forms a single cosmic body. It extends from the earth's crust, penetrating the hydrosphere, and ends with the exosphere, gradually flowing into interplanetary space.

The atmosphere of a planet is its most important element, ensuring the possibility of life on Earth. It contains necessary for a person oxygen, weather indicators depend on it. The boundaries of the atmosphere are very arbitrary. It is generally accepted that they begin at a distance of about 1000 kilometers from the surface of the earth and then, at a distance of another 300 kilometers, smoothly move into interplanetary space. According to theories followed by NASA, this gas shell ends at an altitude of about 100 kilometers.

It arose as a result of volcanic eruptions and the evaporation of substances in cosmic bodies falling onto the planet. Today it consists of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and other gases.

History of the discovery of atmospheric pressure

Until the 17th century, humanity did not think about whether air had mass. There was no idea what atmospheric pressure was. However, when the Duke of Tuscany decided to equip the famous Florentine gardens with fountains, his project failed miserably. The height of the water column did not exceed 10 meters, which contradicted all ideas about the laws of nature at that time. This is where the story of the discovery of atmospheric pressure begins.

Galileo’s student, the Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli, began studying this phenomenon. Using experiments on a heavier element, mercury, a few years later he was able to prove that air has weight. He created the first vacuum in the laboratory and developed the first barometer. Torricelli imagined a glass tube filled with mercury, in which, under the influence of pressure, such an amount of substance remained that would equalize the pressure of the atmosphere. For mercury, the column height was 760 mm. For water - 10.3 meters, this is exactly the height to which the fountains rose in the gardens of Florence. It was he who discovered for humanity what atmospheric pressure is and how it affects human life. in the tube was named the "Torricelli void" in his honor.

Why and as a result of which atmospheric pressure is created

One of the key tools of meteorology is the study of the movement and movement of air masses. Thanks to this, you can get an idea of what causes atmospheric pressure. After it was proven that air has weight, it became clear that it, like any other body on the planet, is subject to the force of gravity. This is what causes the appearance of pressure when the atmosphere is under the influence of gravity. Atmospheric pressure can fluctuate due to differences in air mass in different areas.

Where there is more air, it is higher. In a rarefied space, a decrease in atmospheric pressure is observed. The reason for the change lies in its temperature. It is heated not by the rays of the Sun, but by the surface of the Earth. As the air heats up, it becomes lighter and rises, while the cooled air masses sink down, creating a constant, continuous movement. Each of these flows has different atmospheric pressure, which provokes the appearance of winds on the surface of our planet.

Influence on weather

Atmospheric pressure is one of the key terms in meteorology. The weather on Earth is formed due to the influence of cyclones and anticyclones, which are formed under the influence of pressure changes in the gaseous envelope of the planet. Anticyclones are characterized by high performance(up to 800 mmHg and above) and low movement speed, while cyclones are areas with lower rates and high speed. Tornadoes, hurricanes, and tornadoes are also formed due to sudden changes in atmospheric pressure - inside the tornado it rapidly drops, reaching 560 mm Hg.

Air movement causes changes in weather conditions. Winds arising between areas with different pressure levels displace cyclones and anticyclones, as a result of which atmospheric pressure is created, which forms certain weather conditions. These movements are rarely systematic and are very difficult to predict. In areas where high and low atmospheric pressure collide, climate conditions change.

Standard indicators

The average level under ideal conditions is considered to be 760 mmHg. The level of pressure changes with altitude: in lowlands or areas located below sea level, the pressure will be higher; at altitudes where the air is thin, on the contrary, its indicators decrease by 1 mm of mercury with every kilometer.

Low atmospheric pressure

It decreases with increasing altitude due to distance from the Earth's surface. In the first case, this process is explained by a decrease in the influence of gravitational forces.

Heated by the Earth, the gases that make up the air expand, their mass becomes lighter, and they rise to higher levels. The movement occurs until the neighboring air masses are less dense, then the air spreads to the sides and the pressure equalizes.

The tropics are considered traditional areas with lower atmospheric pressure. In equatorial areas there is always low pressure. However, zones with high and low levels are unevenly distributed over the Earth: in the same geographic latitude there may be areas with different levels.

Increased atmospheric pressure

Most high level on Earth it is observed at the South and North Poles. This is explained by the fact that the air above a cold surface becomes cold and dense, its mass increases, therefore, it is more strongly attracted to the surface by gravity. It descends, and the space above it is filled with warmer air masses, as a result of which atmospheric pressure is created at an increased level.

Impact on humans

Normal indicators characteristic of a person’s area of residence should not have any impact on his well-being. At the same time, atmospheric pressure and life on Earth are inextricably linked. Its change - increase or decrease - can trigger the development of cardiovascular diseases in people with high blood pressure. A person may experience pain in the heart area, attacks of causeless headaches, and decreased performance.

For people suffering from diseases respiratory tract, anticyclones that bring high pressure can become dangerous. The air descends and becomes denser, and the concentration of harmful substances increases.

During fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, people's immunity and the level of leukocytes in the blood decrease, so it is not recommended to strain the body physically or intellectually on such days.

The test includes 18 tasks. You are given 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes) to complete the physics work.

Read the list of concepts you encountered in your physics course.

Airplane flight, ampere, melting ice, newton, electromagnetic wave, farad.

Divide these concepts into two groups according to the criteria you choose. Write down the name of each group and the concepts included in this group in the table.

Choose two true statements about physical quantities or concepts. Circle their numbers.

1. There is a box in an elevator moving downwards uniformly from rest. The modulus of the weight of the box is equal to the modulus of gravity.

2. Acceleration is a physical quantity that determines the rate of change in the speed of a body.

3. The sliding friction force depends on the area of contact between the block and the surface.

4. The law of universal gravitation is valid only for material points.

5. The binding energy of a nucleus is determined by the amount of work that needs to be done to split a nucleus into its constituent nucleons without imparting kinetic energy to them.

Show answer

The racket bends when hit by a tennis ball. Under what force does the racket bend?

Show answer

Elastic force

Read the text and fill in the missing words:

decreases

increases

does not change

Words in the answer may be repeated.

The rocket starts from the ground and, accelerating, rises to a small height above the earth's surface. During flight, the kinetic energy of the rocket __________. At the same time, the potential energy of the rocket __________. We can conclude that when a rocket launches, its total mechanical energy __________.

Show answer

increases, increases, increases

Air in a sealed vessel was placed in a vessel with water and the volume began to increase. How will the mass of air, temperature and pressure in the vessel change? For each value, determine the nature of the change and put a “V” sign in the required cell of the table.

Show answer

Connected system elementary particles contains 8 electrons, 8 neutrons and 8 protons. Using a fragment of the Periodic Table of Elements by D.I. Mendeleev, determine which element this system is an ion or neutral atom?

Show answer

oxygen atom

The figures show the emission spectra of atomic vapors of hydrogen (1), helium (2), sodium (3), and a mixture of substances (4). Does the mixture of substances contain hydrogen, helium, sodium? Explain your answer.

Show answer

hydrogen (1), helium (2), sodium (3) contained in the mixture of substance

How long will it take a heater with a resistance of 10 ohms to produce 250 kJ of heat if an electric current of 10 A flows through it?

Write down the formulas and do the calculations.

Show answer

Possible answer

The formula of the Joule-Lenz law Q = I 2 Rt is written correctly and the formula for calculating time t = Q/(I 2 R) = 250,000 J/(10 2 A 2 * 10 Ohm) = 250 s is obtained.

Arrange the types of electromagnetic waves in order of increasing frequency. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) Ɣ-radiation

2) radio waves

3) thermal radiation

Answer: _____ → _____ → _____

Show answer

Electrical voltage was measured using a voltmeter. The voltmeter scale is graduated in V. The voltage measurement error is equal to 0.5 of the voltmeter scale division. Write down the voltmeter readings in V in response, taking into account the measurement error.

Show answer

The student investigated the dependence of the length of the spring L on the mass of the loads lying in the pan of the spring scale. What value of the spring stiffness coefficient did he obtain taking into account measurement errors (\bigtriangleup m = ±1g \bigtriangleup L = ±0.2 cm)?

Write down the barometer readings in kPa in response, taking into account the measurement error.

Show answer

You need to investigate how the refractive index of light depends on the substance in which the phenomenon of light refraction is observed. The following equipment is available:

Paper;

Laser pointer;

Semicircular plates made of glass, polystyrene and rock crystal;

Protractor.

In response:

1. Describe the experimental setup.

2. Describe the procedure for conducting the study.

Show answer

1. The installation shown in the figure is used. The angle of incidence and angle of refraction are measured using a protractor.

2. Two or three experiments are carried out in which the beam of a laser pointer is directed at plates of different materials(glass, polystyrene, rock crystal). The angle of incidence of the beam on the flat face of the plate is left unchanged, and the angle of refraction is measured.

3. Using the formula \frac(sin\alpha)(cos\beta)=n, the refractive indices are found and compared.

Establish a correspondence between the examples and the physical phenomena that these examples illustrate. For each example of the manifestation of physical phenomena from the first column, select the corresponding name of the physical phenomenon from the second column.

A) A skier who has slid down a hill onto a horizontal section stops.

B) A fast moving car cannot stop immediately.

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA

1) When one body slides over the surface of another, a sliding friction force arises.

2) Inertia of bodies.

3) When two bodies rub against each other, they become electrified.

4) The force of gravity is always directed towards the center of the Earth.

Show answer

Read the text and complete tasks 14 and 15.

Principle of electric air heater

Electric air heaters come in four main types: electric convectors, infrared heaters, oil heaters and fan heaters.

We will talk about only one of them - the electric convector. The convector is equipped with an electric heating element. If you specially heat the air from below, it becomes warm and moves upward. In its place comes a portion of cold air, which also heats up and rises. This phenomenon is called convection. Its essence lies in the continuous movement of air masses due to uneven heating of different layers. Air density depends on temperature: the warmer the air, the lighter it is. And according to Archimedes’ law, all less dense bodies in a liquid or gas float to the top. Therefore, warm air is always under the ceiling, and cold air is always above the floor. And this happens until all the air in the room becomes approximately the same temperature.

Install desired temperature air in the room can be controlled using the thermostat knob, setting it to the position corresponding to a certain temperature.

What happens next? For heating to occur, the electrical circuit of the convector must be closed. The thermostat should open it if the air temperature becomes too high. But when the air temperature drops, it should automatically close it again so that the air continues to heat up. To do this, the thermostat is equipped with a movable element. By turning the handle, we change the angle of inclination of this element.

The convector temperature sensor has a plate made of a material with a high coefficient of thermal expansion. The more the plate heats up, the more it bends. While the air is cold, the plate is in contact with the moving element of the thermostat. The plate changes its position depending on the degree of heating of the air. The hotter it is, the more it deviates. And it will deviate until the circuit opens. Moreover, this will happen faster if you set the temperature lower.

When the circuit is open, there is no heating, so the air cools. The plate on the temperature sensor also cools and returns to its original position - to the thermostat element, the angle of which is set by the user. The circuit closes again and the air heats up.

What physical phenomenon underlies the operation of an electric convector?

Show answer

The phenomenon of warm convection

Select two correct statements from the list provided and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

Petrovskaya Anastasia, 8th grade student of the municipal educational institution "Security school in the village of Mavrinka, Pugachevsky district, Saratov region"

You will learn from this work how atmospheric pressure is measured, how it changes and affects a person. The author studied the influence of atmospheric pressure on the health of residents of the village. Seleznikha spent two and a half months and developed recommendations in order to reduce the harmful effects of his “jumps” on humans.

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"Step into the Future"

Physics section

Scientific - research

"Atmospheric pressure and the study of its influence on the human body."

Performed: Petrovskaya Anastasia, 8th grade student

Municipal educational institution "Public school of the village of Mavrinka, Pugachevsky district

Saratov region"

Supervisor: Kharina Tatyana Viktorovna,

Physics teacher, Municipal Educational Institution "Security School of the village of Mavrinka"

Pugachevsky district, Saratov region"

2010

Introduction………………………………………………………........3 pp.

1. Main part:

1.1. Atmosphere……………………………………………………..……..……….4 p.

1.2. Why does the Earth have an atmosphere?............................................5 p.

1.3. Atmospheric pressure and its measurement…………………............6 page

1.4. The influence of changes in atmospheric pressure on the human body …………………………………………………………………………………. 7 pages

2. Research part

2.1. Study of morbidity among residents of the village. Seleznikha in

Dependence on changes in atmospheric pressure………………8 p.

. How can you reduce the impact of atmospheric changes?

pressure on a person’s well-being?................................................... ..........10 pages

Conclusion…………………………………………………………..10 pages. List of references…………………………………………………………. .11 p.

Introduction

How often do we blame the weather for our bad mood, poor health, reluctance to do anything and other troubles. But can weather conditions really have such an active influence on our health? When reporting on the weather on the radio, the announcers usually end by saying: atmospheric pressure 760 mmHg (or 749, or 754...). But how many people understand what this means and where weather forecasters get this data from? You will learn from this work how atmospheric pressure is measured, how it changes and affects a person. The author studied the influence of atmospheric pressure on the health of residents of the village. Seleznikha spent two and a half months and developed recommendations in order to reduce the harmful effects of his “jumps” on humans.

The purpose of this work- And study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the human body.

Main goals:

Study theoretical material;

Conduct researchidentifying factors influence dependencies people's well-beingto changes in atmospheric pressure;

- compare the data obtained;

- make proposals to solve this problem.

Methods used to solve the problems:

Studying scientific literature;

Collection of existing information on this issue;

Research work to determine the influence of atmospheric pressure on the human body;

Analysis of the results obtained.

Conducting awareness-raising work on how to reduce harmful effects..

The significance of this work lies in the fact that this work is a practical test of the relationship between Man and Nature, which uses the knowledge acquired at school. In preparing this work, the works of the following authors were used: A.E. Gurevich, D.A. Isaeva, L.S. Pontaka, A.A. Pinsky, V.G. Razumovsky, N.K. Gladysheva, G.S. Landsberg, D.V. Kolesov and other authors.

1. Main part

1.1. ATMOSPHERE of the Earth.

We live at the bottom of a fabulously beautiful ocean. It is great and vast. This is the air shell of the planet stretching above us, surrounding the Earth, which is a mechanical mixture of gases, suspended drops of water, dust, ice crystals and other components, which is called the “Atmosphere of the Earth”. The Earth's atmosphere begins at the surface and extends approximately 3000 km into outer space. The history of the emergence and development of the atmosphere is quite complex and long, it dates back about 3 billion years. During this period, the composition and properties of the atmosphere changed several times, but over the past 50 million years, according to scientists, they have stabilized. The mass of the modern atmosphere is approximately one millionth the mass of the Earth. With height, the density and pressure of the atmosphere sharply decrease, and the temperature changes unevenly and complexly, including due to the influence on the atmospheresolar activity And magnetic storms.

It is customary to distinguish four layers in the atmosphere. The uppermost one - it is called the exosphere - is located above 400 kilometers. This is a huge space of rarefied gas consisting of oxygen, helium and hydrogen. The northern lights occur there.

Below the exosphere lies the ionosphere - a layer of charged particles. It is located at altitudes from 400 to 80 kilometers from ground level. The ionosphere can reflect some wavelengths of radio waves

Thanks to this property, radio communication between distant points of the Earth is possible.

Below the ionosphere - at altitudes from 80 to 11 kilometers - lies the stratosphere. It contains the so-called ozone layer, which protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. In the lower part of the stratosphere, the temperature is constant, and it is characterized by its own air circulation. These flows are sometimes used by pilots of high-altitude aircraft.

The bulk of the atmosphere is contained in the troposphere - a thin, about 10 kilometers, layer that directly covers the Earth. Here the earth's weather is formed, clouds form. Together with the outer layers, the troposphere protects the Earth from charged particles and deadly solar radiation. Its thickness varies: at the equator it is 19 kilometers, and at the poles its thickness decreases to only 8 kilometers. The troposphere is characterized by an increase in wind speed and a decrease in temperature with height.

It should be noted that the atmosphere is of very great environmental importance. It protects all living organisms of the Earth from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation and meteorite impacts, regulates seasonal temperature fluctuations, balances and equalizes daily allowances. If the atmosphere did not exist, the daily temperature fluctuation on Earth would reach ± 200 °C. But on Earth, fortunately, there is an atmosphere that protects the earth’s surface from excessive cooling and heating, and the heterogeneity of heating of the Earth by the Sun, the presence of land, seas and oceans, mountains, plains, and vegetation create diversity in the state of the atmosphere and climate in different areas of our planet .

1.2. WHY DOES THE EARTH HAVE AN ATMOSPHERE?

The Earth, revolving around the Sun, never leaves its gaseous shell, because gravitational forces also apply to it.

The Earth's atmosphere consists of gas molecules that are part of the composition and due to gravity, they are attracted to the Earth, but they do not fall onto its surface. What explains this? How is the atmosphere maintained? The fact is that the molecules of the gases that make up the atmosphere are in continuous motion, but at the same time they do not fly away into outer space.

In order to leave the Earth, a molecule, like a rocket, needs to have a speed of at least the second cosmic speed - 11.2 kilometers per second, but the speed of molecules in the atmosphere, as a rule, is significantly less than this value. Therefore, almost all the molecules of the atmosphere are, as it were, “tied” to the Earth by the force of gravity, and only a small part of the molecules can, having a second escape velocity, fly into outer space, leaving the Earth. Thus, two factors - the random movement of molecules and the action of gravity on them lead to the fact that the molecules are located around the Earth, forming an air shell, or atmosphere.

Measurements show that air density decreases rapidly with altitude. So at an altitude of 5.5 km above sea level, the air density is 2 times less than the density at the Earth’s surface, at an altitude of 11 km - 4 times less, and so on. The higher you go, the thinner the air... . And finally, in the highest layers - hundreds and thousands of kilometers above the Earth - the atmosphere gradually turns into airless space. Thus, the air envelope surrounding the Earth does not have a clear boundary.

It's interesting that on some planets solar system there is an atmosphere, but it is completely different: on Venus and Mars carbon dioxide predominates, on the giant planets there is helium, methane and ammonia, and on others, such as the Moon and Mercury, there is no atmosphere at all.

Deprived of its atmosphere, the Earth would become as dead as its companion the Moon, where sizzling heat and icy cold reign alternately - + 130 °C during the day and - 150 °C at night.

In order to explain this phenomenon, we need to remember that the masses of the planets, as well as their distance from the Sun, are different. The farther a planet's orbit is from the Sun, the lower the temperature on its surface and the lower the speed of molecules in the atmosphere of this planet, that is, almost not a single molecule has a speed sufficient to escape into space. In addition, the fact that the gravitational force acting from the planet on the molecules of the atmosphere is greater, the more massive the planet is, suggests that giant planets must have powerful and dense atmospheres.

This very fact was confirmed by photographs taken from automatic stations sent to different planets.

1.3.. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT.

The air is very light - 1 m 3 at sea level it has a mass of only 1.3 kg. However, it exerts significant pressure on the earth's surface - for every square centimeter of the earth's surface, air presses with a force of 1 kg. The atmospheric column presses 1 m 2 earth's surface with a force equal to the weight of a 10-ton load. But such pressure can crush all living things! Why don’t we not only die, crushed, but not even

do we feel this enormous pressure? This is explained by the fact that the pressure inside our body is equal to atmospheric pressure, internal and external pressures seem to be balanced, and we feel great.

The first convincing evidence that atmospheric pressure was very high was Otto von Guericke's experiment with the Magdeburg hemispheres, which he demonstrated before members of the Reichstag on May 8, 1654. Having connected two copper hemispheres, Guericke pumped the air out of the resulting ball. As Gericke pumped out, he became convinced that the pump piston was being pulled out with difficulty by several physically strong workers. Thus, there was no air inside the ball, which means there was no pressure from the inside, but outside the pressure of the atmosphere pressed the hemispheres so tightly against each other that eight pairs of horses could not tear them apart.

An interesting fact is that when climbing mountains, climbers note, in addition to natural fatigue, a deterioration in well-being, which, as it turned out, is associated with a decrease in atmospheric pressure with altitude.

Rice. 1

Then, with this simple device, we moved up the mountainside and found that for every 10 meters of rise, the height of the mercury column decreased by an average of 1 mm, which clearly proved the decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude. Average pressure in different areas globe will be different - both greater and less than 760 mm Hg.

1.4 The effect of changes in atmospheric pressure on the human bodyA long time ago, people noticed that some phenomena occurring in the atmosphere foreshadow cloudy weather, others, on the contrary, clear and sunny. That's why studying the atmosphere

is given great importance. At meteorological stations around the world, temperature, pressure, speed and direction, air humidity and other quantities characterizing the state of the atmosphere are measured several times a day. Analyzing this data, forecasters

predict the weather.

The well-being of a person who has lived in a certain area for quite a long time is normal, i.e. the characteristic pressure should not cause any particular deterioration in well-being.
Staying in conditions of high atmospheric pressure is almost no different from normal conditions. Only with very high blood pressure There is a slight reduction in heart rate and a decrease in minimum blood pressure. Breathing becomes rarer but deeper. Hearing and smell are slightly reduced, the voice becomes muffled, a feeling of slightly numb skin appears, dry mucous membranes, etc. However, all these phenomena are relatively easily tolerated. More unfavorable phenomena are observed during the period of changes in atmospheric pressure - increase (compression) and especially its decrease (decompression) to normal. The slower the change in pressure occurs, the better and without adverse consequences the human body adapts to it.Under normal conditions on the earth's surface, annual fluctuations atmospheric air do not exceed 20-30 mm, and the daily allowance is 4-5 mm. Healthy people tolerate them easily and unnoticed.

Children, as well as middle-aged and elderly people with variouschronic diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory systems,musculoskeletal system.

2.1. Study of morbidity among residents of the village of Seleznikha depending on changes in the Earth’s atmospheric pressure.

The influence of atmospheric pressure on human health is currently being intensively studied in different countries. I studied the effect of atmospheric pressure on the health of residents of the village of Seleznikha for two and a half months. The study consisted of three stages:

Stage 1 of the study - an analysis of atmospheric pressure was carried out for two and a half months using data from the Hydrometeorological Service of the city of Pugachev.

Stage 2 of the study - statistical data on cardiovascular diseases in the outpatient clinic in the village of Seleznikha was compared with days of changes in atmospheric pressure.

Stage 3 of the study - interview with a medical professional.

I made observations of atmospheric pressure from September 1 to November 15, 2010, notingdaily his testimony.I chose these months not by chance, since these are the months when growth occurs.ambulance visits by patients medical care.

Based on the data, I compiled a table and built graphs (Appendix No. 1, 2). It is clear from them that the range of atmospheric pressure fluctuations in September was insignificant. In October the range of fluctuations increased, and in November it increased even more.

An analysis was carried out of patients seeking help from a doctor for the months of September, October, and November.

On days of sharp changes in atmospheric pressure in September: 7-8, 28-29, in October: 11-12, 14-18, 22-25, in November: 5-8, 13-15 - there is an increase in the number of calls to patients with diseases: hypertension up to 2; coronary heart disease up to 4; chronic cerebral ischemia up to 4 – diseases that are registered on days of changes in atmospheric pressure, on days normal pressure these diseases are either not observed or are less than these numbers. On days of change, up to three types of diseases of the cardiovascular system are registered in one day; on days of calm, 1-2 types of diseases are registered in one day.

The number of patients with cardiovascular diseases was recorded on days of sharp changes in atmospheric pressure and compared with days when no changes in weather factors were observed.Comparing pressure changes over this time with data fromresidents to see a doctor about illnesses, I noticed that on days when the atmospheric pressure sharply decreases or increases, the numberpeople seeking medical help is increasing sharply. It's clearly visiblefrom the diagram (Appendix No. 3).

My observations on the deterioration of well-being in people of different sexesand age during periods of atmospheric pressure fluctuations allow me to draw the following conclusions:

1). They suffer from this more women, although one can doubt thisstatistics, since almost the entire male population of working agerarely seek medical help.

2). People over 40 years of age are more susceptible to this, but such cases in at a young age, even among older children school age ( Appendix No. 4).

Thus, we can conclude: the Earth’s atmospheric pressure has a significant impact on human health.

The next stage of my work was an interview with general practitioner Chebotareva E.I. To the questions: 1) People of what age usually associate their illness with weather conditions? 2) What chronic diseases can worsen when weather conditions change and what should be done? Evgenia Ivanovna answered: “As a rule, people of pre-retirement and retirement age, children with neuralgic diseases, and people leading an unhealthy lifestyle react to changes in weather conditions. Chronic diseases such as neurosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and vascular diseases of the brain are becoming worse. There are very few absolutely healthy people, so everyone should be more attentive to their health: follow a daily routine, and engage in disease prevention.”

2.2. How can you reduce the impact?Atmosphere pressure per person?

In order for the body to respond painlessly to changes in atmospheric pressure, it must have necessary supply energy, and could also prepare for it in advance.Analyzing the literature on this topic, I summarized and systematized recommendations for maintaining health in conditions of sudden changes in atmospheric pressure:

Naskol it is possible not to load with e by working beyond measure, not pl A organize important meetings and important tasks on days when the weather turns bad.

Start the day with morning A rows, breathing exercises, recreational running, vigorous I good shower, tonic R decenovascular and respiratory new system.

Instead of regular tea, 15-20 minutes after eating, drink a special herbal tea made from linden blossom, oregano, St. John's wort, O mashki, knotweed, mother-and-mach e hee, mint, fireweed.

Eat more foods containing A liya: raisins, apricots, dried apricots, bananas, potatoes, baked or boiled in their skins. Pos A Take care of blood vessels by taking 2-3 capsules of vitamin E per day.

Conclusion

To summarize, it is safe to say that my work is only the beginning of my research journey. And yet, I was able to conclude that changes in atmospheric pressure really have an impact on a person’s well-being and health, and it is impossible to do without prevention, which will help mitigate their negative impact on the body. Given pThe work deepened my knowledge of physics, in particular about atmospheric pressure. In the course of my research, I achieved my goal by answering the question: what effect does atmospheric pressure have on people’s well-being, and also studied recommendations for eliminating the negative impact of its sudden change. Healthy man practically does not feel this pressure on herself, due to stronger internal blood pressure, but with age it makes itself felt.

Knowing atmospheric pressure is very important. Now I can help my grandfather, because I know how to determine pressure and can warn him about worsening weather, since he reacts very strongly to changes in atmospheric pressure: he has a headache and his general health sharply worsens.

This topic interested me very much, and I intend to continue studying it in the future.

Literature:

"Big Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius", 2002,www.KM.ru
Gurevich A. E., Isaev D. A., Pontak L. S. Physics. Chemistry. 5-6 grades: studies. for general education textbook establishments. -2nd ed. - M.: Bustard, 1998.-192 p.
Kolesov D.V. Biology of Man: Textbook. for 8th grade. general education textbook establishments /D.V. Kolesov, R.D. Mash, I.N. Belyaev. – M.: Bustard, 2002.-336 p.
Rowell G., Herbert S. Physics / Transl. from English edited by V.G. Razumovsky.- M.: Education, 1994.-576 p.
Tarasov L.V., “Physics in Nature”, M., Verboom - M, 2002, p. 172
"Physical Encyclopedia", vol. 2, M., Soviet encyclopedia, 1990, p. 633
Physics and astronomy: Textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions /A.A. Pinsky, V.G. Razumovsky, N.K Gladysheva and others, ed. A.A. Pinsky,

V.G. Razumovsky. - M.: Education, 2001.-303 p.

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Scientific research work “Study of the influence of atmospheric pressure on the human body.” Author: Nastya Petrovskaya, 8th grade student of the MOU "Secondary school in the village of Mavrinka" Supervisor: Kharina Tatyana V. Iktorovna physics teacher of the MOU "Secondary school in the village of Mavrinka" 20 10

Purpose of the work: To study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the human body.

Main tasks: - study theoretical material; - conduct research to identify factors that influence the influence of people’s well-being on changes in atmospheric pressure; - compare the data obtained; - make proposals to solve this problem.

Methods used to solve the problems: -study of scientific literature; - collection of existing information on this issue; - research work to determine the influence of atmospheric pressure on the human body; - analysis of the results obtained. - conducting awareness-raising work on how to reduce harmful effects

ATMOSPHERE OF THE EARTH. The air shell of the planet surrounding the Earth, which is a mechanical mixture of gases, suspended drops of water, dust, ice crystals and other components, is called the “Earth’s Atmosphere”. The Earth's atmosphere begins at its surface and extends approximately 3000 km into outer space. The history of the emergence and development of the atmosphere is quite complex and long, it dates back about 3 billion years. The mass of the modern atmosphere is approximately one millionth the mass of the Earth. With height, the density and pressure of the atmosphere sharply decrease, and the temperature changes unevenly and complexly, including due to the influence on the atmosphere solar activity and magnetic storms.

It is customary to distinguish four layers in the atmosphere: the exosphere; ionosphere; stratosphere; troposphere.

Ecological significance of the atmosphere It protects all living organisms of the Earth from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation and meteorite impacts, regulates seasonal temperature fluctuations, balances and equalizes the daily cycle. WHAT WOULD HAPPEN ON EARTH if the air atmosphere suddenly disappeared? - on Earth the temperature would be approximately -170 °C, all water areas would freeze, and the land would be covered with an ice crust. - there would be complete silence, since sound does not travel in emptiness; the sky would turn black, since the color of the firmament depends on the air; There would be no twilight, dawn, white nights. - the twinkling of stars would stop, and the stars themselves would be visible not only at night, but also during the day (we do not see them during the day due to the scattering of sunlight by air particles). - animals and plants would die.

WHY DOES THE EARTH HAVE AN ATMOSPHERE? Due to the Earth's gravity and insufficient speed, air molecules cannot leave the near-Earth space. However, they do not fall on the surface of the Earth, but hover above it, because are in continuous thermal motion. Thanks to thermal movement and the attraction of molecules to the Earth, their distribution in the atmosphere is uneven. With an atmospheric altitude of 2000-3000 km, 99% of its mass is concentrated in the lower (up to 30 km) layer. Air, like other gases, is highly compressible. The lower layers of the atmosphere, as a result of the pressure on them from the upper layers, have a higher air density. Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is on average 760 mm Hg = 1013 hPa. With altitude, air pressure and density decrease. This happens because the height of the air column exerting pressure decreases as it rises. In addition, in the upper layers of the atmosphere the air is less dense.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT. Air is very light - 1 m 3 of it at sea level has a mass of only 1.3 kg. However, it exerts significant pressure on the earth's surface - for every square centimeter of the earth's surface, air presses with a force of 1 kg. An atmospheric column presses on 1 m 2 of the earth's surface with a force equal to the weight of a 10-ton load. But such pressure can crush all living things! Why do we not only not die, crushed, but do not even feel this enormous pressure? This is explained by the fact that the pressure inside our body is equal to atmospheric pressure, internal and external pressures seem to be balanced, and we feel great.

More than three hundred years ago such an experiment was carried out. A glass tube 1 m long (Fig. 1), sealed at one end, was filled with mercury. Having turned the tube over and lowered its free end into a cup of mercury, we noticed that the mercury in the tube dropped to a certain level and stopped. It did not pour out entirely from the tube into the cup because the air presses on the mercury in the cup and does not allow the mercury to pour out of the tube. At sea level, the height of the mercury column in the tube turned out to be equal to 760 mm, and the atmospheric pressure corresponding to the weight of a mercury column with a height of 760 mm was taken as normal atmospheric pressure. This experiment was proposed and explained in the 17th century by the Italian scientist Torricelli. Then, with this simple device, we moved up the mountainside and found that for every 10 meters of rise, the height of the mercury column decreased by an average of 1 mm, which clearly proved the decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude. The average pressure in different areas of the globe will be different - both greater and less than 760 mm Hg Fig. 1 HOW WAS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE DISCOVERED?

INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ON THE HUMAN BODY People have long noticed that some phenomena occurring in the atmosphere foreshadow cloudy weather, others, on the contrary, clear and sunny. That is why great importance is attached to the study of the atmosphere. At meteorological stations around the world, temperature, pressure, speed and direction, air humidity and other quantities characterizing the state of the atmosphere are measured several times a day. By analyzing this data, weather forecasters predict the weather.

Table of atmospheric pressure measurements Month Number Atmospheric pressure, mm. Hg Month Date Atmospheric pressure, mm. Hg Month Date Atmospheric pressure, mm Hg. September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 762 760 759 763 763 758 758 765 765 764 767 768 762 765 766 765 763 762 762 761 763 763 760 756 761 763 760 759 751 753 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2 8 29 30 31 757 759 766 771 771 772 772 771 769 764 757 749 749 749 757 756 761 768 769 774 766 761 766 769 769 768 768 759 753 758 762 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 766 762 763 765 752 743 750 760 766 764 762 757 750

Analysis of research On days of sharp changes in atmospheric pressure in September: 7-8, 28-29, in October: 11-12, 14-18, 22-25, in November: 5-8, 13-15 - there is an increase in the number of calls to patients with diseases: hypertension up to 2; coronary heart disease up to 4; chronic cerebral ischemia up to 4 – diseases that are registered on days of changes in atmospheric pressure; on days of normal pressure, these diseases are either not observed or are less than these figures. On days of change, up to three types of diseases of the cardiovascular system are registered in one day; on days of calm, 1-2 types of diseases are registered in one day. 1) When atmospheric pressure drops or rises sharply, the number of people seeking medical help increases sharply. 2). Women suffer more from this. 3). People over 40 years of age are more susceptible to this, but such cases are also observed at a young age, even among children of high school age. Conclusion: the Earth's atmospheric pressure has a significant impact on people's health.

Interview with a doctor At what age do people usually attribute their illness to weather conditions? 2) What chronic diseases can worsen when weather conditions change and what should be done? “As a rule, people of pre-retirement and retirement age, children with neuralgic diseases, and people leading an unhealthy lifestyle react to changes in weather conditions. Chronic diseases such as neurosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and vascular diseases of the brain are becoming worse. There are very few absolutely healthy people, so everyone should be more attentive to their health: follow a daily routine, and engage in disease prevention.”

HOW CAN YOU REDUCE THE INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ON A PERSON? . As far as possible, do not overload yourself with work, do not plan important meetings and important matters on days when the weather turns bad. Start the day with morning exercises, breathing exercises, health jogging, an invigorating shower, tonic cardiovascular and respiratory system. Instead of regular tea, 15-20 minutes after eating, drink a special herbal tea made from linden blossom, oregano, St. John's wort, chamomile, knotweed, coltsfoot, mint, fireweed. Eat more foods containing potassium: raisins, apricots, dried apricots, bananas, potatoes, baked or boiled in their skins. Take care of your blood vessels by taking 2-3 capsules of vitamin E per day.

CONCLUSION My work is just the beginning of my research journey. Conclusion: changes in atmospheric pressure really have an impact on a person’s well-being and health, and it is impossible to do without prevention, which will help mitigate their negative impact on the body. A healthy person practically does not feel this pressure due to stronger internal blood pressure, but with age it makes itself felt. This work deepened my knowledge in the field of physics, in particular, about atmospheric pressure. In the course of my research, I: achieved my goal by answering the question: what effect does atmospheric pressure have on people’s well-being; studied recommendations for eliminating the negative impact of its sudden change; I can help my grandfather because I know how to determine pressure and can warn him about worsening weather, since he reacts very strongly to changes in atmospheric pressure: his general health sharply worsens and his head hurts. This topic interested me very much, and I intend to continue studying it in the future.

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Participant: Vertushkin Ivan Aleksandrovich
Head: Elena Anatolyevna Vinogradova

Topic: "Atmospheric pressure"

Introduction

It's raining outside the window today. After the rain, the air temperature decreased, humidity increased and atmospheric pressure decreased. Atmospheric pressure is one of the main factors determining the state of weather and climate, so knowledge of atmospheric pressure is necessary in weather forecasting. The ability to measure atmospheric pressure is of great practical importance. And it can be measured with special barometer devices. In liquid barometers, as the weather changes, the liquid column decreases or increases.

Knowledge of atmospheric pressure is necessary in medicine, in technological processes, human life and all living organisms. There is a direct connection between changes in atmospheric pressure and changes in weather. An increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure can be a sign of weather changes and affect a person’s well-being.

Description of three interrelated physical phenomena from Everyday life:

Relationship between weather and atmospheric pressure.
Phenomena underlying the operation of instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure.

Relevance of the work

The relevance of the chosen topic is that at all times people, thanks to their observations of animal behavior, could predict weather changes, natural disasters, avoid human casualties.

The influence of atmospheric pressure on our body is inevitable; sudden changes in atmospheric pressure affect a person’s well-being, and weather-dependent people especially suffer. Of course, we cannot reduce the influence of atmospheric pressure on human health, but we can help our own body. The ability to measure atmospheric pressure, knowledge of folk signs, use of homemade devices.

Goal of the work: find out what role atmospheric pressure plays in human daily life.

Tasks:

Study the history of atmospheric pressure measurement.
Determine whether there is a connection between weather and atmospheric pressure.
Study the types of instruments designed to measure atmospheric pressure, made by man.
Study the physical phenomena underlying the operation of instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Dependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column in liquid barometers.

Research methods

Literature analysis.
Summarizing the information received.
Observations.

Field of study: Atmosphere pressure

Hypothesis: atmospheric pressure has important for humans .

Significance of the work: the material of this work can be used in lessons and in extracurricular activities, in the lives of my classmates, students of our school, all lovers of nature research.

Work plan

I. Theoretical part (information collection):

Review and analysis of literature.
Internet resources.

II. Practical part:

observations;
collecting weather information.

III. Final part:

Conclusions.
Presentation of work.

History of atmospheric pressure measurement

We live at the bottom of a huge ocean of air called the atmosphere. All changes that occur in the atmosphere certainly have an impact on a person, on his health, lifestyle, because... man is an integral part of nature. Each of the factors that determine weather: atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, ozone and oxygen content in the air, radioactivity, magnetic storms etc. has a direct or indirect effect on human well-being and health. Let's focus on atmospheric pressure.

Atmosphere pressure- this is the pressure of the atmosphere on all objects in it and the Earth's surface.

In 1640, the Grand Duke of Tuscany decided to build a fountain on the terrace of his palace and ordered water to be supplied from a nearby lake using a suction pump. The invited Florentine craftsmen said that this was impossible because the water had to be sucked up to a height of more than 32 feet (more than 10 meters). They could not explain why the water is not absorbed to such a height. The Duke asked the great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei to figure it out. Although the scientist was already old and sick and could not engage in experiments, he nevertheless suggested that the solution to the problem lay in the area of determining the weight of air and its pressure on the water surface of the lake. Galileo's student Evangelista Torricelli took up the task of resolving this issue. To test his teacher's hypothesis, he conducted his famous experiment. A glass tube 1 m long, sealed at one end, was completely filled with mercury, and tightly closing the open end of the tube, turned it over with this end into a cup with mercury. Some of the mercury poured out of the tube, some remained. An airless space formed above the mercury. The atmosphere presses on the mercury in the cup, the mercury in the tube also presses on the mercury in the cup, since equilibrium has been established, these pressures are equal. To calculate the pressure of mercury in a tube means to calculate the pressure of the atmosphere. If atmospheric pressure increases or decreases, the column of mercury in the tube increases or decreases accordingly. This is how the unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure appeared - mm. rt. Art. – millimeter of mercury. While observing the level of mercury in the tube, Torricelli noticed that the level was changing, which meant that it was not constant and depended on changes in the weather. If the pressure rises, the weather will be good: cold in winter, hot in summer. If the pressure drops sharply, it means that cloudiness and saturation of air with moisture are expected. A Torricelli tube with a ruler attached represents the first instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure - a mercury barometer. (Annex 1)

Other scientists also created barometers: Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Emil Marriott. Water barometers were designed by the French scientist Blaise Pascal and the German burgomaster of the city of Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke. The height of such a barometer was more than 10 meters.

To measure pressure, different units are used: mm of mercury, physical atmospheres, and in the SI system - Pascals.

Relationship between weather and atmospheric pressure

In Jules Verne's novel “The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain,” I was interested in the description of how to understand barometer readings.

“Captain Gul, a good meteorologist, taught him to understand the barometer readings. We will briefly tell you how to use this wonderful device.

When, after a long period of good weather, the barometer begins to fall sharply and continuously, this is a sure sign of rain. However, if good weather stood for a very long time, the mercury column can drop for two or three days, and only after that any noticeable changes will occur in the atmosphere. In such cases, the more time passes between the start of the mercury fall and the start of rains, the longer the rainy weather will persist.

On the contrary, if during a long period of rain the barometer begins to rise slowly but continuously, the onset of good weather can be confidently predicted. And good weather will remain the longer, the more time has passed between the beginning of the mercury rise and the first clear day.

In both cases, a change in weather that occurs immediately after the rise or fall of the mercury column persists for a very short time.

If the barometer rises slowly but continuously for two or three days or longer, this portends good weather, even if it has been raining non-stop all these days, and vice versa. But if the barometer rises slowly on rainy days, and immediately begins to fall when good weather comes, the good weather will not last long, and vice versa

In spring and autumn, a sharp drop in the barometer foreshadows windy weather. In summer, in extreme heat, it predicts a thunderstorm. In winter, especially after prolonged frosts, a rapid drop in the mercury column indicates an upcoming change in wind direction, accompanied by thaw and rain. On the contrary, an increase in mercury during prolonged frosts foretells snowfall.

Frequent fluctuations in the level of the mercury column, sometimes rising, sometimes falling, should in no case be considered as a sign of the approach of a long period; period of dry or rainy weather. Only a gradual and slow fall or rise in the mercury heralds the onset of a long period of stable weather.

When, at the end of autumn, after a long period of wind and rain, the barometer begins to rise, this heralds a north wind at the onset of frost.

Here are the general conclusions that can be drawn from the readings of this valuable device. Dick Sand was an excellent judge of the barometer's predictions and was convinced many times how correct they were. Every day he consulted his barometer so as not to be taken by surprise by changes in the weather.”

I made observations of weather changes and atmospheric pressure. And I became convinced that this dependence exists.

date	Temperature,°C	Precipitation,	Atmospheric pressure, mm Hg.	Cloudiness

				Mainly cloudy

				Mainly cloudy
				Mainly cloudy
				Mainly cloudy
				Mainly cloudy




				Mainly cloudy

				Mainly cloudy

Instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure

For scientific and everyday purposes, you need to be able to measure atmospheric pressure. There are special devices for this - barometers. Normal atmospheric pressure is the pressure at sea level at a temperature of 15 °C. It is equal to 760 mmHg. Art. We know that when the altitude changes by 12 meters, the atmospheric pressure changes by 1 mmHg. Art. Moreover, with increasing altitude, atmospheric pressure decreases, and with decreasing altitude, it increases.

The modern barometer is made liquidless. It's called an aneroid barometer. Metal barometers are less accurate, but not as bulky or fragile.

- a very sensitive device. For example, when climbing to the top floor of a nine-story building, due to differences in atmospheric pressure at different altitudes, we will find a decrease in atmospheric pressure by 2-3 mm Hg. Art.

A barometer can be used to determine the flight altitude of an aircraft. This barometer is called a barometric altimeter or altimeter. The idea of Pascal's experiment formed the basis for the design of the altimeter. It determines the altitude above sea level by changes in atmospheric pressure.

When observing the weather in meteorology, if it is necessary to record fluctuations in atmospheric pressure over a certain period of time, they use a recorder - barograph.

(Storm Glass) (stormglass, Dutch. storm- "storm" and glass- “glass”) is a chemical or crystalline barometer consisting of a glass flask or ampoule filled with an alcohol solution in which camphor, ammonia and potassium nitrate are dissolved in certain proportions.

I actively used this chemical barometer during my sea travel English hydrographer and meteorologist, Vice Admiral Robert Fitzroy, who carefully described the behavior of the barometer, a description that is still used today. Therefore, stormglass is also called the "Fitzroy Barometer". From 1831–36, Fitzroy led the oceanographic expedition on HMS Beagle, which included Charles Darwin.

The barometer works as follows. The flask is hermetically sealed, but, nevertheless, the birth and disappearance of crystals constantly occurs in it. Depending on upcoming weather changes, crystals form in the liquid various shapes. Stormglass is so sensitive that it can predict sudden weather changes 10 minutes in advance. The principle of operation has never received a complete scientific explanation. The barometer works better when located near a window, especially in reinforced concrete houses; probably in this case the barometer is not so shielded.

Baroscope– a device for monitoring changes in atmospheric pressure. You can make a baroscope with your own hands. To make a baroscope, the following equipment is required: A glass jar with a volume of 0.5 liters.

A piece of film from a balloon.
Rubber ring.
Lightweight straw arrow.
Wire for fastening the arrow.
Vertical scale.
Device body.

Dependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column in liquid barometers

When atmospheric pressure changes in liquid barometers, the height of the liquid column (water or mercury) changes: when the pressure decreases, it decreases, when the pressure increases, it increases. This means that there is a dependence of the height of the liquid column on atmospheric pressure. But the liquid itself presses on the bottom and walls of the vessel.

The French scientist B. Pascal in the middle of the 17th century empirically established a law called Pascal's law:

Pressure in a liquid or gas is transmitted equally in all directions and does not depend on the orientation of the area on which it acts.

To illustrate Pascal's law, the figure shows a small rectangular prism immersed in a liquid. If we assume that the density of the prism material is equal to the density of the liquid, then the prism must be in a state of indifferent equilibrium in the liquid. This means that the pressure forces acting on the edge of the prism must be balanced. This will only happen if the pressures, i.e. the forces acting per unit surface area of each face, are the same: p 1 = p 2 = p 3 = p.

The pressure of the liquid on the bottom or side walls of the vessel depends on the height of the liquid column. Pressure force on the bottom of a cylindrical vessel of height h and base area S equal to the weight of a column of liquid mg, Where m = ρ ghS is the mass of the liquid in the vessel, ρ is the density of the liquid. Therefore p = ρ ghS / S

Same pressure at depth h in accordance with Pascal's law, the liquid also affects the side walls of the vessel. Liquid column pressure ρ gh called hydrostatic pressure.

Many devices that we encounter in life use the laws of liquid and gas pressure: communicating vessels, water supply, hydraulic press, sluices, fountains, artesian well, etc.

Conclusion

Atmospheric pressure is measured in order to more likely predict possible weather changes. There is a direct connection between pressure changes and weather changes. An increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure with some probability can serve as a sign of weather changes. You need to know: if the pressure drops, then cloudy, rainy weather is expected, but if it rises, dry weather is expected, with cold weather in winter. If the pressure drops very sharply, serious bad weather is possible: a storm, severe thunderstorm or storm.

Even in ancient times, doctors wrote about the influence of weather on the human body. In Tibetan medicine there is a mention: “joint pain increases in rainy times and during periods of high winds.” The famous alchemist and physician Paracelsus noted: “He who has studied the winds, lightning and weather knows the origin of diseases.”

In order for a person to be comfortable, the atmospheric pressure must be equal to 760 mm. rt. Art. If the atmospheric pressure deviates even by 10 mm in one direction or another, a person feels uncomfortable and this can affect his health. Adverse phenomena are observed during the period of changes in atmospheric pressure - increase (compression) and especially its decrease (decompression) to normal. The slower the change in pressure occurs, the better and without adverse consequences the human body adapts to it.

Atmospheric pressure research. Study of natural phenomena: changes in atmospheric pressure, approaching rain

Monitoring indicators

What to do

Folk remedies for treating pressure surges

Oat decoction

Garlic

Mumiyo

Why does the blood pressure regulation mechanism become unbalanced?

Congenital or acquired heart disease

The most common causes of floating blood pressure

Elderly people are predisposed to morning high blood pressure

How does a person's blood pressure change over a 24-hour period?

How to measure blood pressure correctly

ABPM method - daily monitoring

How is blood pressure measured?

High blood pressure in the morning and low in the evening

Do you still think that it is difficult to cure hypertension?

Other physiological pressure changes

Arterial hypertension

What is atmosphere

History of the discovery of atmospheric pressure

Why and as a result of which atmospheric pressure is created

Influence on weather

Standard indicators

Low atmospheric pressure

Increased atmospheric pressure

Impact on humans

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Introduction

Relevance of the work

Research methods

Work plan

History of atmospheric pressure measurement

Relationship between weather and atmospheric pressure

Instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure

Dependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column in liquid barometers

Conclusion

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