Rhythmic gymnastics description of the sport. “Rhythmic gymnastics” report

Pozdysheva Anastasia

Report on the topic: Rhythmic gymnastics. Its history, development. Features of the sport, refereeing. All this is contained in the report of Pozdysheva Anastasia, a student of grade 7 "A".

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Abstract on the topic

"Gymnastics"

Prepared by: 7a grade student

Pozdysheva Anastasia

Teacher: Gumarova

Tatyana Vladimirovna

Saint Petersburg

2016

Gymnastics - kind of sport , performing various gymnastic and dance exercises to music without an object, as well as with an object (jump rope , hoop , ball , maces, ribbon ).

Recently, performances without an apparatus are not held at world-class competitions. During group performances, either one type of object is used (for example, five balls, five pairs of clubs), or two types at the same time (for example, hoops and balls). Winners are determined inall-around , V certain types and group exercises.

All exercises are accompanied by music. Previously performed underpiano or one instrument. Orchestral ones are now usedphonograms . The choice of music depends on the wishes of the gymnast and the coach. But each exercise should be no more than one and a half minutes. Competitions take place on a gymnastics mat measuring 13x13 meters. Classic all-around (4 exercises) is an Olympic discipline. In addition to the all-around competition, gymnasts performing in the individual championship traditionally compete for sets of awards in certain types of exercises (except for the Olympic Games). Performances are graded on a twenty-point system.

IN USSR rhythmic gymnastics as a sport arose and took shape in the 1940s. WITH1984 - Olympic sport. Until recently, it was an exclusively women's sport, but since the end of the 20th century, thanks to the efforts of Japanese gymnasts, competitions began to be held between men.

Story

Rhythmic gymnastics is a relatively young sport; he owes his appearance to the masters of the famous balletMariinsky Theater . In the short period of its existence, this sport has gained worldwide recognition and has numerous fans in all corners of the globe.

In 1913 at Higher courses of P. F. Lesgaft The Higher School of the Art Movement was opened. Her first teachers were Rosa Varshavskaya, Elena Gorlova, Anastasia Nevinskaya, Alexandra Semenova-Naypak. All of these teachers had their own experience in teaching before coming to VSHG: “aesthetic gymnastics » - Francois Delsarte , “rhythmic gymnastics” -Emile Jacques del Croz , “dance gymnastics” - Georges Demini and “free dance” -Isadora Duncan . The merging of all these areas of gymnastics contributed to the emergence of this elegant sport.

In April 1941 , was organized and held by graduates and teachers of the school, the first Leningrad championship in rhythmic gymnastics. In the 40s, the development of rhythmic gymnastics, like all Soviet sports, practically stopped due toGreat Patriotic War .

IN 1948 the first championship took placeUSSR in rhythmic gymnastics. IN- the All-Union section of rhythmic gymnastics was created, transformed intoto the federation of the USSR. In the late 1940s, a classification program and competition rules were developed. And then the development of this sport proceeded with extraordinary speed, covering an increasing number of young participants.

Since 1949, USSR championships have been held annually, since 1964 - competitions for the USSR Cup in rhythmic gymnastics, since- All-Union children's competitions. The first champion of the USSR in 1949 in Kyiv was Lyubov Denisova (coach Yu. Shishkarev). And in1954 appear firstmasters of sports . Gymnasts begin to travel outside the USSR with demonstration performances inBelgium , France , Germany , Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia .

After this, rhythmic gymnastics was recognizedInternational Gymnastics Federation kind of sport. IN 1960 V Sofia the first official international meeting is held: Bulgaria - USSR - Czechoslovakia, and after 3 years on December 7-81963 V Budapest The first official international competitions, called the European Cup, take place.

Summing up, it was discovered that gymnasts not only from Europe took part, and then it was decided to consider these competitions the first world championship, and its winner - a MuscoviteLyudmila Savinkova - the first world champion in rhythmic gymnastics. In Budapest, competitions were held according to the rules adopted in the USSR, but only in the free program.

In 1967, a fundamentally new team event appeared in world rhythmic gymnastics - group exercise competition. IN V Copenhagen The first world championship in group exercises took place. At the same time, the Soviet team won gold medals. WITH1978 European championships are held. INMadrid , Soviet gymnastGalima Shugurova , becomes the owner of the European crown. Since By The world championships were held every two years in odd years and in even years, starting from By , European Championships were held. Since 1992, the World and European Championships have been held annually.

Olympic history

1980 became a turning point for rhythmic gymnastics, after completionOlympic Games in Moscow, at the congress IOC it was decided to include this sport in the program of the Olympic Games. The Olympic history of rhythmic gymnastics begins in1984 , when the first Olympic gold was won inLos Angeles Canadian Laurie Fung .

Four years later, Olympic champion inSeoul became Marina Lobach , Alexandra Timoshenko won inBarcelona, V Atlanta - Ekaterina Serebryanskaya , V Sydney - Yulia Barsukova , V Athens - Alina Kabaeva , V Beijing - Evgenia Kanaeva , V London - Evgenia Kanaeva . Beginning with Olympic Games in Atlanta, rhythmic gymnastics was presented entirely in two sections: competitions in individual and group exercises.

Rating system

Until 2001, the rating was given on a 10-point scale, which was changed to a 30-point scale in 2003 and to a 20-point scale in 2005. Since 2009, a 30-point rating scale has been in effect. Since 2013, the assessment is again given on a 20-point scale.

The gymnasts' performance is evaluated by three teamsjudges :

• Difficulty (D) assessed by two subgroups of judges - D1 (2 judges, evaluate the technique of execution) and D2 (2 judges, evaluate the technique of working with the subject). When calculating the score, the arithmetic mean of teams D1 and D2 is taken into account: (D1+D2)/2.
• Artistry and choreography (A) judged by 4 judges;
• Execution (E) judged by 4 judges. They apply penalties for errors;
• At any competition, there must be a coordinating judge who monitors the formal side of the performance (for example, the number of objects on the site, exits from the site, etc.).

The final grade is calculated using the formula: Score = (D1+D2)/2+A+E

Rhythmic gymnastics in various countries

Throughout its existence, several countries have always taken leading positions in the development of this sport. At the beginning of its appearance on the world stage (with1960 ) it was the USSR, then Bulgaria (NRB ). Between 1960 and1991 the main competitive struggle took place between the gymnasts of these two countries, with dominant positions, with the exception of some periods (for example,- 1977 ), was occupied by Bulgarian gymnasts. Representatives of other countries could realistically only qualify for individual silver and, more often, bronze medals. The picture has changed a lot since the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the emergence of new independent states on the world map. The beginning of the 90s of the 20th century can be considered both the heyday of Ukrainian rhythmic gymnastics and the collapse of the Bulgarian and Russian schools. However, if Russian rhythmic gymnastics was revived by the beginning of the 21st century with new strength, then the Bulgarian athletes were never able to get out of the crisis. Currently (2011 ) almost undivided leadership belongs to Russian gymnasts. Female athletes also show significant resultsUkraine , Belarus , Azerbaijan .

It is impossible not to note the popularity of this sport in countries such asSpain , Canada , Italy , Japan , France , Israel . It is hardly possible to talk about the existence of their own schools and styles of rhythmic gymnastics in these countries, but individual talented athletes from time to time manage to push recognized leaders off the pedestal.

Rhythmic gymnastics in Russia

In Russia, rhythmic gymnastics is rightfully considered one of the most popular sports. There is no city or large urban settlement where this sport is practiced. It is not for nothing that at the Summer Olympic Games most of the champions in rhythmic gymnastics are Russians. Their names are familiar to us and the whole world: Alina Kabaeva, Yulia Barsukova, Irina Chashchina, Evgenia Kanaeva, Daria Dmitrieva, Daria Kondakova and other equally worthy athletes.

Features of the sport

Gymnasts training younger age limited to a few hours a day. Older adults - up to fourteen hours a day. The main qualities of a gymnast are willpower, endurance and plasticity. As a rule, already at the age of 14-16, many athletes have to part with gymnastics or switch to sports ballet. Only a few gymnasts continue their sports career until they are 20-23 years old, and only a few continue to compete at an older age.

Compared withgymnastics , then artistic is a more accessible and safe sport. However, very high demands are placed on appearance athletes. More recently, rhythmic gymnastics began to transform intoaerobics And fitness , so many girls can continue their lives in sports. In sports aerobics and fitness aerobics, the majority of participants are former gymnasts.

Judging

It should be noted that rhythmic gymnastics, or more precisely, evaluation of performance results, is an extremely subjective thing. Serious scandals arose more than once and evendisqualification judges due to unequal treatment of athletes.

One of the most notorious incidents occurred at the European Championships inZaragoza V 2000 With Elena Vitrichenko . Because of this, questions have been repeatedly raised about changing the judging procedure (similar to what is happening now infigure skating ) or the removal of this sport from the Olympic program.

Doping

Rhythmic gymnastics is not spared the problemdoping drugs. They are taken, of course, not to increase endurance or increase muscle mass. The main problem of gymnasts is excess weight. Therefore, the main drugs used are diuretics (diuretics ), which, in turn, are prohibitedWorld Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) .

The best gymnasts of Russia

Alina Kabaeva – Honored Master of Sports in rhythmic gymnastics, born in Tashkent in 1983. She is the winner of the Olympic Games in Athens, which took place in 2004. In 2000, Alina took part in the Olympic Games in Sydney and took 3rd place, receiving a bronze medal. On this moment Alina Kabaeva is a two-time absolute world champion, a five-time European champion and a six-time Russian champion. She received the Order of Friendship for services to her homeland, 4th class.
She won her first European Championship after 2 years of training in the Russian national team, at that time the girl was only 15 years old, and a year later in 1999 she became the World Champion.

Laysan Utyasheva Honored Master of Sports of Russia in rhythmic gymnastics. This athlete has won international competitions many times, showing excellent execution technique. Today she is a six-time European champion and world champion. In 2002, Utyasheva became the European champion in the team competition, as well as the winner of the World Cup.
The young athlete was born in the village of Raevsky, Alsheevsky district, in the family of a historian and a librarian in 1985. She began doing rhythmic gymnastics in 1994, and in 1999 she became a master of sports of Russia, after which her successful career began.

Irina Chashchina - silver medalist of the Olympic Games, as well as Honored Master of Sports. The girl started doing gymnastics at the age of 6, she was also very interested in music, but over time she completely switched to rhythmic gymnastics and began to participate in individual exercises. When Irina turned 12 years old, she began to join the Russian rhythmic gymnastics team and constantly participate in competitions and go to training camps that took place in Moscow. At the Athens Olympics, the athlete won a silver medal in the all-around section. During her sports career, Irina won a huge number of prestigious awards and medals in different categories rhythmic gymnastics.

Olga Kapranova – multiple European and world champion and has the title of Honored Master of the Port of Russia in rhythmic gymnastics. Olga came to the sport at the age of 7 and since then has achieved the highest results; the peak of her gymnast’s career began in 2003, at that time she was one of the best gymnasts in the team, claiming 1st place. Olga Karpanova is a ten-time world champion. The athlete experienced the most difficult period of her career in 2009, when she had excellent achievements, followed by serious failures and failures, this pushed her to end her career and switch to coaching.
The outstanding athlete was born on December 6, 1987 in Moscow. From the very beginning of her sports career, the girl simply fell in love with rhythmic gymnastics and set herself the most difficult goals to achieve leadership in this difficult sport.

Vera Sesina - Honored Master of Sports in rhythmic gymnastics, born in 1986 on February 23. Performing in individual exercises, the girl achieved very good results. In 2002, she won 3rd place at the World Cup. In 2005 and 2006, she took first place at the European Championships in various categories. In 2007 she became the world champion in the team event and silver medalist in the all-around. Her first acquaintance with rhythmic gymnastics occurred at the age of seven, when she began training in her native Sverdlovsk, but already in 2001 the athlete began to live and train in Moscow under the leadership of the famous coach I.A. Vener.

Men's rhythmic gymnastics

Despite its status as an unrecognized sport, men's rhythmic gymnastics exists in two versions. They are fighting for the title of pioneer in the development of this direction.Spain and Japan. But their versions of men's gymnastics are fundamentally different.

In the Spanish version, no one arranged anything specifically for boys; here boys adapt to the rules written for girls. The set of objects is the same - hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon - the evaluation criteria are the same. Since 2005, boys have been allowed to participate together with girls at the Spanish national championships. This was possible because there was no regulation prohibiting such competitions. According to the regulations, each autonomous community had the right to present 10 participants: 8 girls gymnasts + 2 open categories, which included boys or gymnasts from other countries. That is, discrimination occurred even then - both places in the open category could be taken by foreign girl gymnasts. When, in 2009, the International Gymnastics Federation officially declared that rhythmic gymnastics is a women’s sport, where there are no rules for the participation of men, Spanish gymnasts began to fight for equality and restoration of justice. The result was the decision of the Spanish Gymnastics Federation to hold the first national men's rhythmic gymnastics championship. At international competitions, gymnasts compete in the same category as girls. For example, at a tournament in Paris in 2011, Spanish gymnast Ruben Orihuela beat girls from Ukraine, Bulgaria, Russia...

Ruben Orihuela deserves special attention. He is the first champion of his country, the pride and “father” of Spanish men's rhythmic gymnastics. It was on his initiative and with his active participation that in 2009 the gymnasts achieved the holding of the first championship among men.

Unlike Spanish, Japanese gymnastics bears little resemblance to the rhythmic gymnastics we are used to. Here, athletes compete according to their own special rules, they are dressed not in leggings, but in trousers, and judging by their crazy performances, girls have no place here.

Japanese rhythmic gymnastics is presented in two disciplines - group and individual. Groups consist of six people and perform exercises without objects. Individual gymnasts perform with apparatus, but not the same as in rhythmic gymnastics. These are rings, a cane, clubs (heavier and larger than the girls') and a jump rope. In men's rhythmic gymnastics, the emphasis is on speed, strength, and coordination. In the individual program, all this looks like “severe” rhythmic gymnastics with elements of acrobatics - without a hint of elegance, grace, without beautiful rolls of the apparatus and elements of flexibility, but with a demonstration of incredible body control. Performances in the group program make a strong impression - the gymnasts do things that take your breath away and make you scared for their health. For example, for 30 seconds athletes carefully line up in a pyramid, and then within a second they fall from it onto the mat at an angle of 90 degrees.

Japanese rhythmic gymnastics was first demonstrated at the World Cup in 1986 as a demonstration performance. Over time, this sport became more and more popular in Japan and spread to other countries. In 2005, Irina Viner invited a Japanese coach to develop men's rhythmic gymnastics in Russia. Under his leadership I prepared for the World CupAlexander Buklov– the first Russian world champion in men's rhythmic gymnastics.

Rhythmic gymnastics is one of the youngest sports. The official year of registration of the sport is 1939. Until this time, rhythmic gymnastics was part of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) together with artistic gymnastics, and was “just gymnastics.” Rhythmic gymnastics truly deserved its independent status - and earned it thanks to Soviet gymnasts, who in the late 50s and early 60s of the twentieth century held a large series of demonstration performances in a number of countries around the world and so captivated the public with their performances that FIG recognized rhythmic gymnastics as autonomous, independent sport. People affectionately call the athletes of this sport “artists.”

Rhythmic gymnastics is the performance of combinations of dance, acrobatic and choreographic movements on a carpet measuring 13x13 meters accompanied by music. Which form fused bundles, the visual images of which form a complete artistic composition. Gymnasts compete only in compositions with objects - skipping rope, hoop, ball, ribbon, clubs.

Until the nineties of the last century, the competition program included a composition without a subject, with a mandatory set of elements. (Balance, turn, wave, etc.) At the dawn of the development of rhythmic gymnastics, exercises with a scarf and exercises with clubs were mandatory big size, wide ribbons, acrobatics (high jump). Mass exercises by “female artists” at sports festivals and parades were very popular.

It should be noted that previously compositions in rhythmic gymnastics were performed to music played by an accompanist on the piano. Nowadays all musical accompaniment is recorded on electronic disks.

Modern compositions are quite complex, including many acrobatic movements under an object, cascades of jumps, a series of various complex coordination sequences, from turns, jumps, balances. Performing movements, the gymnast works together with the apparatus. Sometimes gymnastic elements are combined with a series of throwing objects. Of course, such complexity, if executed flawlessly, is highly appreciated by the judges.

Rhythmic gymnastics competitions are held in individual championships (in individual events and all-around) and in group exercises, with one or more apparatus. Each exercise should last no more than one and a half minutes. Performances are graded on a 20-point system. The technique of execution is assessed first of all; there are bonuses for the complexity and uniqueness of the elements. Elegance, style, precision of lines, ease of performing exercises are also assessed...

Enormous demands are placed on the appearance of gymnasts. Hairstyle, makeup, color combinations of costume and item - everything matters and affects the final score for performances.

In rhythmic gymnastics - the most graceful and beautiful girls. Elegance and grace are achieved through hours of training, a strict regimen, and dietary restrictions.

Until recently, it was an exclusively women's sport, but since the end of the 20th century, thanks to the efforts of the Japanese, men have also come to rhythmic gymnastics. For almost 20 years, various rhythmic gymnastics championships have been held in the Land of the Rising Sun. Neighboring countries, China and other Asian countries also prepare their own gymnasts who come to Japanese tournaments. Moreover, male “rhythmic gymnasts” perform truly complex acrobatic elements under an apparatus, so we can confidently speak about the athleticism of male rhythmic gymnastics. Which takes its origins from the ancient national types of Japanese wrestling. The popularity of men's rhythmic gymnastics is quite high, in many European countries There are schools of men's rhythmic gymnastics. Russian athletes also engage in men's rhythmic gymnastics. It must be said that women's and men's gymnastics are very different from each other. Feminine – flexibility, plasticity and grace. Male athleticism and belligerence. But in general, men's and women's gymnastics are a complete, integral choreographic composition.

Rhythmic gymnastics departments are accepted into children's and youth sports schools from the age of 6, and into sports clubs from the age of 4.5. Competitions under the III youth category “Young Gymnast” program are held from the age of 6 years. But the famous Alina Kabaeva came to rhythmic gymnastics at the age of three, however, as she herself says, it was not a sports school, but a sports club, a section where they seemed to just play with children, but with an emphasis on developing flexibility and instilling a sense of rhythm .

Where did rhythmic gymnastics come from? 1913 Saint Petersburg. Opening of the Higher School of Art Movement. Her teachers united and merged “aesthetic”, “rhythmic”, “dance” gymnastics and “free dance” of Isadora Duncan. This is how rhythmic gymnastics was born. In the USSR, rhythmic gymnastics as a sport arose in the 1940s and owes its appearance to the ballet masters of the famous Mariinsky Theater. In April 1941, the first Leningrad rhythmic gymnastics championship was held. Then a long break in development due to the Great Patriotic War and in 1948 - the first USSR championship in rhythmic gymnastics. The gracefulness, elegance, slimness and beauty of the female athletes captivated the audience. All the girls wanted to do rhythmic gymnastics. More and more departments and schools of rhythmic gymnastics are opening. In 1960, the first official international meeting Bulgaria - USSR - Czechoslovakia was held in Sofia, and 3 years later in Budapest the first official international competition was held, in which 28 gymnasts from 10 countries took part. The first world champion was Muscovite Lyudmila Savinkova. 1967, Copenhagen - the first world championship in group exercises, where the Soviet team won gold medals.

Since 1992, the World and European Championships have been held annually - isn’t this an indicator of the enormous popularity of rhythmic gymnastics!

The first Olympic Games, where rhythmic gymnastics was presented, were held in 1984 in Los Angeles. The first Olympic champion in rhythmic gymnastics was Canadian athlete Laurie Fang. Team Soviet Union(like some other countries) did not take part in the Games due to political differences. Then (with the exception of Atlanta 1996, where Russia competed as an independent team for the first time after the collapse of the USSR and where the Ukrainian Ekaterina Serebryanskaya became the champion) - an unstoppable cascade of Olympic victories for our “artists”: Seoul 1988 - Marina Lobach, Barcelona 1992 (the united CIS team performs ) - Alexandra Timoshenko, Sydney 2000 - Yulia Barsukova, Athens 2004 - Alina Kabaeva, Beijing 2008 - Evgenia Kanaeva, London 2012 - Evgenia Kanaeva again.

Let us especially emphasize: since 2000, only students of Irina Viner-Usmanova, a great coach, without exaggeration, have won the Olympic Games. The coaching staff of the SDYUSSHOR in rhythmic gymnastics of the Moscow city physical culture and sports association Moskomsport under the leadership of Irina Aleksandrovna trained, in addition to the above-mentioned athletes, other world-famous “artists”. Excellent conditions have been created for gymnasts’ training. In addition to qualified coaching staff, the best doctors, massage therapists, and team psychologists work with the gymnasts.

Among them are Amina Zaripova - multiple world and European champion, Irina Chashchina - silver medalist of Athens 2004, world and European champion, Vera Sesina and Olga Kapranova - multiple world and European champions, Daria Kondakova - multiple world and European champion, winner and prize-winner of Cups World and Grand Prix, Daria Dmitrieva - silver medalist of the 2012 London Olympics, champion of the 2011 Universiade, world champion, European champion, Alexandra Merkulova - 17-year-old athlete, international master of sports, absolute champion of the 2010 Youth Olympic Games.

Rhythmic gymnastics is a favorite around the world. She conquers more and more new territories. And although the Russians are the best in this sport, literally on their heels (and sometimes pushing them off the pedestal) are talented athletes from Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, as well as Spain, Canada, Italy, Japan, France, and Israel. This is explained by the fact that many former champions work with teams from other countries, which compete with the Russian team.

It must be said that rhythmic gymnastics is a rather subjective sport. With the current 20-point rating scale, the struggle is literally for hundredths of shares. The International Gymnastics Federation has repeatedly changed the technical regulations and the point scale in favor of technical elements of performance to reduce the subjectivity of assessments. The coaches themselves admit that “before there was a slightly different gymnastics - more beauty and feelings...” But the changing rules of judging and high technical requirements for the qualifying program are developing rhythmic gymnastics as a whole. Increased difficulty elements of the composition and their impeccable execution looks very spectacular. Gymnasts sometimes come up with unique elements themselves, performing them in compositions and receiving bonuses to the main points.

A huge number of girls do rhythmic gymnastics. Gymnastics schools exist in 63 regions, territories and republics Russian Federation. This is a foundation for the future; a new galaxy of “starlet artists” is growing up. We can confidently hope for the championship of the rhythmic gymnastics team at the most prestigious world competitions.

The origins of gymnastics as a sport…………………………………… 2

The place and importance of gymnastics in the system of physical education......... 3

Gymnastics in the program of the Olympic Games……………………………… 21

The current state of gymnastics in the Tambov region……………………… 26

Literature……………………………………………………………………. 28

The origins of gymnastics as a sport

Rise and decline

Gymnastics (from the Greek “gymnazo” - I teach, train) is a system of bodily (physical) exercises that developed in Ancient Greece many centuries BC - served the purposes of a general comprehensive physical development and improvement. However, there is another, less convincing, version of the origin of this word from the Greek “gymnos” - naked, since the ancients engaged in bodily exercises naked.

The gymnastics of the ancients, in addition to general developmental and military exercises, exercises in horse riding, swimming, imitation and ritual dances, also contained exercises for which public competitions were held - running, jumping, throwing, wrestling, fist fighting, chariot riding, which were included in the programs of the Olympic Games of antiquity , held since 776 BC. to 392 AD for 1168 years.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, in the Middle Ages, when obscurantism and scholasticism reigned, asceticism, the achievements of ancient culture and art, including gymnastics, were forgotten.

With approval at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. humanism - a direction of social thought characterized by the protection of the dignity and freedom of the individual, its comprehensive, including physical, development by the struggle for the humanity of social relations - an appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity begins. Physical education - gymnastics - is gradually being introduced into the education system. A significant role in its revival was played by the essay of the Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530-1606) “On the Art of Gymnastics”, the views on the education of the French writer, author of the novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel” Francois Rabelais (1494-1553), and the Swiss teacher Pestalozzi (1746-1827). ), French philosopher-educator Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Czech teacher Jan Amos Kamensky (1592-1670).

The rebirth of gymnastics

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. In Germany, a movement of philanthropists developed in pedagogy under the influence of the ideas of humanists. In the philanthropic schools they created, an important place was occupied by the system of physical education - gymnastics, which was developed and taught by G. Fit (1763-1836), I. Guts-Muts (1759-1839). The creation of the system of German gymnastics was completed by F. L. Jahn (1778-1852), who developed a gymnastic system called “turnen”, which enriched German gymnastics with exercises on the crossbar (horizontal bar), rings, uneven bars and pommel horse.

Original gymnastics systems were created: in France by F. Amoros (1770-1847), in Sweden (Swedish) by P.-G. Ling (1776-1839), and in the Czech Republic (Sokol) - Miroslav Tyrsh (1832-1884).

It is not easy to establish when gymnastics, a system of physical education, became a sport. It is known that in 1817, 80 students of F. Amoros held public competitions in Paris, that in Greece, in Athens, starting from 1859, attempts were made more than once to revive the ancient Olympic Games, and competitions were held in many types physical exercise and gymnastics. It can be assumed that F. Yan’s students tried to measure their strength, compete in performing exercises, and M. Tyrsh’s students - “falcons” - held rallies at which gymnasts demonstrated their successes and, naturally, these successes were somehow compared. But these are all episodes. Gymnastics became a recognized sport in 1896, when it was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games. And since then it has remained their true decoration.

Since the first Olympic Games, the basis of gymnast competitions has been exercises on gymnastic apparatus: pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar and vault, and since 1932 (Los Angeles, USA) also in floor exercises. However, paying tribute to gymnastics - the system of physical education, and depending on the content of gymnastics in the country organizing the Olympic Games, the competition program included additional exercises that served as a versatile physical training - rope climbing, sprinting, high jump, long jump and pole vault , shot put. At the Olympic Games, team championships, all-around championships and championships in individual all-around events are played.

At first, only men competed on the Olympic gymnastics platform, but in 1928 (Amsterdam, Netherlands) women also competed for the first time. True, they missed the next X Games (1932, Los Angeles, USA), but from the XI Games (1936, Berlin, Germany), they constantly participated in all games. At first, women competed only in the team championship, but from the XV Games (1952, Helsinki, Finland) they also competed in individual all-around competition - vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise - and in individual events.

Since the XI Games, the men's competition program has stabilized and accepted modern look- hexathlon: floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar.

The place and importance of gymnastics in the system of physical education

Gymnastics as a sport and an integral system of physical education originated in Ancient Greece. Homer, Aristotle and Plato wrote and spoke about the beneficial effects of regular gymnastics on the harmonious development of the individual. In addition to the general developmental and special exercises that are familiar to us, the gymnastics of the ancient Greeks included swimming, running, wrestling, boxing, riding (horseback and chariot riding), etc. According to one version, the word “gymnastics” itself comes from the Greek “gumnos” (naked): as you know, ancient Greek athletes competed without clothes.

Early Christians considered gymnastics a “satanic invention,” opposing the carnal, i.e. its “sinful” beginning - which, first of all, meant the nakedness of athletes - - spiritual, sublime. In 393, gymnastics was officially banned.

In ancient times, not only the Greeks were familiar with gymnastics. For example, in China and India several thousand years ago, gymnastic exercises were also practiced - mainly for medicinal purposes. Even then, special devices were known, similar to some modern gymnastic apparatus. Thus, in ancient Rome, to teach the basics of horse riding, a certain semblance of the “horse” known to us was used.

With the beginning of the European Renaissance, interest in gymnastics of the ancient Greeks reawakened: Renaissance thinkers perceived it as a means of strengthening health and general physical development of a person. Gradually laid down theoretical basis systems of physical education (Rousseau, Pestalozzi, etc.). The immediate predecessor of modern artistic gymnastics in the 16th–17th centuries. Vaulting (exercises and jumps) on a table and a horse, climbing a pole and a wall, maintaining balance on a rope and trees became very popular at that time.

The origin and development of modern artistic gymnastics. In the XVIII - early XIX centuries. In Germany, a physical education system was being formed, which was based on gymnastics. The founder of the German gymnastics movement was F.L. Jan. He significantly expanded the “gymnastic field” and invented new exercises and apparatus (including the horizontal bar and parallel bars), thereby laying the foundations of modern artistic gymnastics. In 1811, Jan opened the first gymnastics ground (near Berlin), and five years later he published - together with one of his students E. Eiselen - a book German gymnastics: it contained descriptions of the basic exercises and the necessary guidelines. The first public performances of gymnasts date back to approximately this time.

Their own systems of physical education were developed in the Czech Republic, Sweden and France, and a little later - in Russia. During this period, exercises on apparatus and vaults were cultivated. Although floor exercises in one form or another were known several centuries ago (for example, from the performances of traveling circus troupes, which demonstrated, among other things, unusual acts on the floor or on the ground), they did not immediately gain recognition as one of the gymnastic disciplines.

In its development, artistic gymnastics went through several stages: over time, the requirements for it and, accordingly, its content changed. History of gymnastics in the 19th century. was largely determined by the confrontation between two fundamentally different systems: the Swedish one, in which the emphasis was primarily on floor exercises (in in a broad sense), and the German, who gravitated towards exercises on apparatus.

In the middle of the century, the first indoor gymnasiums appeared in Germany (before that, only open areas operated). Official competitions in artistic gymnastics begin. In the second half of the 19th century. Europe, and later America, are experiencing a real gymnastics boom.

And the next century can rightfully be called the “century of gymnastics.” Although the modern program of gymnastic competitions was not immediately determined. Moreover, they took place in an unusual way. Gymnast competitions were often held outdoors. At first, there were no uniform technical requirements for gymnastic equipment: often national teams came to international competitions with their own “props”.

Before World War II, gymnasts from Germany, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Switzerland, Finland, the USA, Yugoslavia, and Hungary performed more successfully than others. In the 50s, the world gymnastic elite included athletes from the USSR and Japan, later from Romania, China and Bulgaria, and with the collapse of the USSR - representatives from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

International Gymnastics Federation. In 1881, the European Gymnastics Federation (EGF) was created, which initially included only three countries: Belgium, France and Holland. The founder and first president of the Federation was the Belgian Nicholas Couperus. In 1921 - with the appearance of the first non-European countries in the FEG - it was reorganized into the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which now unites artistic gymnastics and related disciplines: general gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining, sports aerobics and acrobatics.

Lecture “History of the development of rhythmic gymnastics”

Perhaps, rhythmic gymnastics is rightfully considered one of the most spectacular sports. In the process of classes, vital motor skills and abilities (applied and sports) are formed, special knowledge is acquired, and moral and volitional qualities are cultivated.

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport for women in performing combinations of various plastic and dynamic gymnastic and dance exercises with and without an apparatus (ribbon, ball, hoop, jump rope, clubs) to music. The modern program of international competitions includes all-around and group apparatus exercises. The winners are determined in the all-around, individual events and group exercise.

Rhythmic gymnastics teaches you to observe the rules of aesthetic behavior, forms concepts about the beauty of the body, and develops taste and musicality.

An important place in rhythmic gymnastics is occupied by such art forms as dance and music. Musical accompaniment develops an ear for music, a sense of rhythm, and coordination of movements with the music. Elements of dance broaden their general horizons, introduce them to folk art, and develop their love for art. They contribute to the development of coordination of movements, danceability, rhythm, liberation, emotionality, and improvement of motor qualities. The richness, variety and accessibility of rhythmic gymnastics exercises, their effective effect on the body, and entertainment attract a different contingent of practitioners to the classes.

The means of rhythmic gymnastics correspond to the anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics female body. They are available at any age and body composition. Rhythmic gymnastics is divided into basic, applied and sports-oriented rhythmic gymnastics.

Basic rhythmic gymnastics is used for the purpose of comprehensive, harmonious physical development, strengthening health and improving motor functions and posture of those involved. Its means (dancing, games to music, exercises without and with objects) are used in kindergartens, secondary schools, secondary and higher educational institutions. Applied rhythmic gymnastics is used in the training of athletes in other sports (gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating, synchronized swimming), as well as in the training of ballet and circus performers. Its means are dance elements, relaxation exercises, waves, swings, jumps, turns, etc.

Rhythmic gymnastics with a sports orientation is very popular. The formation and development of this type of gymnastics is associated with the activities of teachers and coaches M. T. Okunev, A. N. Larionova, Yu. N. Shishkareva, V. S. Zinchenko, A. M. Semyonova-Naypak, athletes A. R. Bashnina , V.K. Sivokhina, L.B. Nazmutdinova, E.V. Biryuk and others. In the late 50s - early 60s, after demonstration performances of Soviet gymnasts in a number of countries, rhythmic gymnastics was recognized by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) sport. Since 1963, the FIG has held world championships in odd-numbered years, and since the early 70s. different countries major international tournaments are organized.

Also, a significant contribution to the scientific substantiation of the physical education of girls was made by the French physiologist and teacher Georges Demeny. He proved the advisability of using dynamic exercises, exercises for stretching and relaxing muscles, dance steps, exercises with objects (clubs, sticks, wreaths, etc.), which contribute to the acquisition of flexibility, dexterity, good posture, and the ability to move smoothly and gracefully.

Much credit for developing the theory of expressive motor skills belongs to the French teacher Francois Delsarte. While studying dramatic art, he came to the conclusion that every human experience is accompanied by certain body movements, and, therefore, by reproducing movements, the viewer can create the impression of experiences. The “Grammar of Artistic Gesture” created by Delsarte began to be used in physical education, especially in the preparation of mass gymnastic performances performed with musical accompaniment. The ideas and principles developed by Delsarte were embodied in the art of the famous dancer Isadora Duncan. Her dances and improvisations, built on free plastic movements, are in many ways reminiscent of modern rhythmic gymnastics.

Along with gymnastics of expressive movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Rhythmic gymnastics, one of the creators of which was Jacques Dalcroze, a professor at the Geneva Conservatory, became widespread. He developed three groups of exercises: rhythmic movements, exercises for ear training and improvised actions that cultivated musicality and hearing in students. At first, rhythmic gymnastics was a means of training musicians and artists, and later it began to be used in the field of physical education.

The systems of J. Demeny, F. Delsarte, J. Dalcrot and their successors had a significant influence on the emergence and development of rhythmoplastic schools " women's gymnastics"in pre-revolutionary Russia. In the USSR, women's rhythmic gymnastics immediately became widespread.

In 1923, the “Plastic Movement Studio” was created, led by Z. D. Verbova. The training program at the studio included rhythmic gymnastics and solfeggio according to J. Dalcroze, plastic arts, gymnastics, acrobatics, elements of choreography, floor exercise composition, and anatomy. The studio trained physical education teachers for secondary schools and technical schools. To train highly qualified specialists, the Department of Artistic Movement and Acrobatics, headed by M.T., was created at the Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow in 1934. Okunev. In the same year in Leningrad at the Institute of Physical Culture named after. Lesgaft created the first all-Union school of the artistic movement. The history of Soviet gymnastics as a full-fledged sport can be divided into two periods.

The first period (1947-1963) is characterized by the formation of rhythmic gymnastics as a means of physical education for women and the creation of the Soviet school of rhythmic gymnastics. The first competitions were held in the form of review competitions (Tallinn in 1947, Tbilisi in 1948), and in 1949 the first individual and team championship of the country took place. In 1950, a sports classification was published, which played a big role in the further development of rhythmic gymnastics. A unified program and regulatory requirements for gymnasts of various categories specified the content and organization academic work in places. The program for masters of sports, introduced in 1954, contributed to the development of rhythmic gymnastics and the growth of sports and technical achievements.

In 1963, the second period of development of rhythmic gymnastics in the USSR began. In the same year, a technical commission for rhythmic gymnastics was created under the women's technical committee of the International Gymnastics Federation. Since this period, Soviet gymnasts regularly participate in international competitions, including the World Championships (since 1963) and European Championships (since 1978), which predetermined the creation of another international organization, namely the European Gymnastics Federation (UEG). Rhythmic gymnastics is gaining increasing popularity all over the world. The logical result of this is the inclusion of rhythmic gymnastics in the program of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles (1984).

The program of the 1st competition (1947) consisted of free compositions. Judging was carried out by the competition jury. At the II competition (1948), gymnasts performed a compulsory exercise without an apparatus with elements of acrobatics and a free exercise with an apparatus. The competition was only team, without determining the individual championship.

The program of the first individual and team championship of the country (1949) was more progressive and consisted of a quadathlon. The introduction of the Unified Classification was essential for the development of the sport. For all categories, the program consisted of a mandatory exercise without an apparatus, with an apparatus (by lot), an exercise with elements of acrobatics, a gymnastic jump (in the junior categories - from the bridge, in the senior ones - from the springboard), in addition, in the 1st category and the category of masters of sports - voluntary exercise without an apparatus and with any apparatus.

The gymnastic jump in all categories and exercises with elements of acrobatics for masters of sports and candidates for master of sports were excluded from subsequent classification programs. More weight purchased exercises with objects in free interpretation. Since 1967, the program of masters of sports has come as close as possible to the international one: group exercises with objects were introduced, the types of objects were determined (jump rope, ball, hoop, ribbon, clubs).

At the same time as the program, the competition rules were improved. They determined the types and rules of competitions, the basic requirements for the composition and performance skills of gymnasts in individual and group exercises. In the rules of 1955, masters of sports provided for 4 elements of difficulty group I, in 1967 - 6 in the exercise without an apparatus and 5 with an apparatus, in 1977 there were already 8 of them, 3 of which had to be performed with the left hand. At the same time, the pricing table of elements and connections became more complex, deductions for possible errors were differentiated, and their gradation was clarified.

In 1941, the first city championship was held in Leningrad, where Yu. Shishkareva won, six years later the I was held in Tallinn All-Union competition, and in 1949 in Kyiv - the first USSR championship. The team championship was won by the Muscovites, and L. Denisova became the absolute champion of the USSR. Since 1955, the best Soviet gymnasts began to regularly travel abroad for demonstration performances. In 1960, the first official international meeting of the national teams of the USSR, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia took place in Sofia. In November 1963, the USSR Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation was created. That same year, the first World Championships took place in Budapest.

Gymnastics- one of the most spectacular and graceful sports, the essence of which is to perform gymnastic and dance exercises. Exercises can be performed both with the use of objects (hoop, ball, jump rope, ribbon, clubs) and without it. Rhythmic gymnastics is an Olympic sport.

Gymnasts must have good flexibility, stretching, a high push, a slender figure, and good coordination of movements. But even if a gymnast does not have all these qualities, almost everything can be achieved through regular training and under the supervision of a good coach.

History of the origin and development of rhythmic gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics is considered a young sport; it appeared thanks to the masters of the Mariinsky Theater. In 1913, at the St. Petersburg Institute of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft opened the Higher School of Art Movement. All teachers of this school, before joining it, had their own unique experience in teaching aesthetic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, dance gymnastics or free dance. The combination of all these styles into one gave a powerful impetus to the emergence of rhythmic gymnastics.

In 1941, the first Leningrad rhythmic gymnastics championship was held. Later, all Soviet sports and rhythmic gymnastics experienced stagnation in development due to the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. But already in 1945, the first rhythmic gymnastics section was created, later transformed into the USSR Federation. The further development of rhythmic gymnastics occurred at incredible speed, involving more and more participants.

In 1948, the first USSR rhythmic gymnastics championship was held. Since 1949, these championships have been held annually. Later, the USSR Cup (1965) and all-Union children's competitions (1966) appeared.

After gymnasts began to travel outside the USSR to perform, rhythmic gymnastics received recognition from the International Gymnastics Federation and officially became considered a sport.

In 1960, the first official meeting took place in Sofia: Bulgaria - USSR - Czechoslovakia, and 3 years later the first official international competition, called the European Cup, took place in Budapest.

In 1967, a fundamentally new team event appeared in world rhythmic gymnastics - group exercise competition. In the same year, the first World Group Exercise Championships took place in Copenhagen.

1980 was a turning point for rhythmic gymnastics; after the completion of the Olympic Games in Moscow, at the IOC Congress it was decided to include this sport in the program of the Olympic Games. The Olympic history of rhythmic gymnastics began in 1984.

Rules of rhythmic gymnastics

As mentioned above, performances can be performed with or without apparatus, but in recent years, performances without apparatus have not been performed at world-class competitions. In group exercises, one or two types of objects should be used simultaneously.

All exercises are accompanied by a soundtrack. The choice of music depends entirely on the wishes of the gymnast and coach. But each exercise should last between 75 and 90 seconds. Rhythmic gymnastics competitions take place on a gymnastics mat measuring 13x13 meters.

Rhythmic gymnastics performances are graded on a twenty-point system. Three teams of judges evaluate the performances:

• Difficulty (D) is assessed by two subgroups of judges - D1 (2 judges, evaluate the technique of execution) and D2 (2 judges, evaluate the technique of working with the subject). When calculating the score, the arithmetic average of teams D1 and D2 is taken into account.
• Artistry and choreography (A) are assessed by 4 judges.
• Execution (E) is assessed by 4 judges. They deduct points for mistakes.

At any competition there must be a coordinating judge who monitors the formal side of the performance.

The final grade is calculated using the formula: Grade = (D1+D2)/2+A+E

Apparatus for rhythmic gymnastics

Jump rope There are hemp or synthetic jump ropes. The rope should be proportional to the height of the gymnast and should not have any handles; instead, one or two knots are tied at the ends.

Hoop for rhythmic gymnastics. There are wooden or synthetic hoops. The internal diameter should be from 80 to 90 cm, and the minimum weight should be 300 g.

Ball for rhythmic gymnastics. There are rubber or synthetic balls. The diameter of the ball is approximately 18-20 cm. The weight should be at least 400 grams.

Maces for rhythmic gymnastics (chakot clubs). They are made of plastic or rubber (previously gymnasts used wooden clubs). Velvet handles are allowed on clubs. The length of the clubs should be between 40-50 cm.

Performance with tape in rhythmic gymnastics. The ribbon itself can be satin or another similar material. Length at least 6 m (made from one piece). Weight not less than 35 g. The stick can be made of wood or plastic. Its length should be from 50 to 60 cm, and its diameter should be 1 cm at its widest point.