Climatic conditions of the Far East. Far East of Russia The climate of the Far East in spring

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East determined by its position in eastern outskirts Asia, directly affected by the Pacific Ocean and related seas. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in places and directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their impact inland is rapidly weakening, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4,500 km. In addition to the mainland, it includes Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc, and the Karaginsky and Commander Islands located next to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions Magadan region) to the monsoon (southeast), which is due to the huge extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from west to east (2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally harsh. Winter with little snow, lasts up to 9 months. The southern part has a monsoon climate with cold winter and wet summers.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between Pacific Ocean and dry land of North Asia. The influence of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The complex, predominantly mountainous terrain has a great influence on the climate.

In winter, currents of cold air rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. In the northeast, along the outskirts of the Aleutian Low, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, blizzards are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can sometimes reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Maritime air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur, and its tributaries flood not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, maritime and monsoonal climate, the border geographical areas on the plains of the Far East are strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59°N. sh., i.e., much to the south than anywhere else on the mainland of Eurasia; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further are a characteristic feature of the entire margin of the mainland in the middle latitudes, while the steppe and semi-desert landscapes, which are widespread at these latitudes in the more western interior parts of the mainland, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex relief, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only plain, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest, as well as bald landscapes.

In connection with the history of development and the position in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse areas, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.

Introduction

2. Climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

4. The climate of the northern region

5. Climate of Kamchatka

6. The climate of Sakhalin Island

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Qualitatively and quantitatively physical state atmosphere and the processes taking place in it are expressed using certain quantities, the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. most important for life and economic activity human are the following ones: air pressure, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fog, blizzards, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. These elements are often referred to as weather elements. They are closely interconnected with each other and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and variable combinations. The state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, determined by the physical processes that take place in it when interacting with the underlying surface, is called weather.

Observations over the weather for a lot summer period determine the climate of a given area. Climate is a natural sequence of atmospheric processes that is created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and which determines the weather regime characteristic of this area.

In addition to these factors, human activity also has a certain influence on the climate, since it can change physical properties underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

The terms "weather" and "climate" are often confused. There is a big difference between these concepts. Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, characterized by a certain combination of weather regimes, and the long-term weather regime is understood to mean not only prevailing, but generally possible weather conditions in a given area.

The science that studies the conditions for the formation of climate and the climatic regime various countries and areas is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. She is engaged in the study of patterns in the distribution on the surface the globe various meteorological phenomena and types of climate, as well as the resolution of issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. general characteristics climate of the Far East

The Far East region captures the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. Subzone mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having a northern border line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° N. sh.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental one, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to high pressure monsoonal circulation dominates over the mainland in winter and low in summer.

In summer, when the monsoon is blowing, the baric relief over this territory is of such a nature that it can be considered as a trough. reduced pressure, which runs along the sea coast, at some varying distance, with cyclones passing along it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoonal as a consequence of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activity.

O. G. Sarochan believes that the monsoon, as a complex phenomenon, consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most simply found in the example of the general summer monsoon.

Primary monsoon, a smaller scale monsoon occurring between the land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local baric systems occurring in late spring and early summer (maximums in the seas of temperate latitudes and minimum in the coastal region, due mainly to thermal causes), air the currents of the primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to the land and have a southern component; however, they do not give precipitation, being dry and cold, which is determined by the region of their formation.

The secondary monsoon is a macroscale phenomenon. It is due to the interaction of the greatest of the continents - Asia and the greatest of the oceans - the Pacific, manifesting itself as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Associated with high-order baric systems such as the Pacific High and the Asian depression (in summer).

A study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, which represent the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of increased near-tropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west to the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with the low pressure zone gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, the rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoons. At Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of elevations. Here their maximum is late, since the Sea of ​​Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoons, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Point names Station height (in m) Air temperature Relative air humidity Average annual cloudiness (in %)Precipitation (in mm) Number of days with precipitation Humidification coefficient of the coldest month of the warmest month ,9---43124717-1.09Blagoveshchensk134-2421-0.17056485233465490.82Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky10-18170.4---54618078-1.68Klyuchevskoye30-1815-1.677--45915ol-1-1.2-1-1.2-1.4 525209511313.10

In general, the monsoonal climate of the Far East region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winters, cool and humid summers, stable circulation, frequent fogs and the passage of typhoons. The average annual temperature ranges from -10° in the north to +6° in the south, annual precipitation ranges from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (up to 1000 mm in Kamchatka), relative humidity year-round above 65% (Table 1).

The Far East region receives less heat than it should geographic location. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in relatively cold eastern seas, taking away a lot of heat in summer, secondly, in the influence of the huge Asian continent with its harsh winters, and thirdly, in the action of summer winds from the seas, causing great cloudiness (60 - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the baric gradient is high), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptionally dry and clear atmosphere along the path of the air currents. In summer, temperate sea air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ranges receive a lot of precipitation. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, being characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although temperate sea air prevails (summer monsoon), but as soon as it crosses the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather with this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. The southern regions are characterized by the passage of typhoons, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 - 1919)

IIIIIIIVVVIVIIIIIXXXIXII1,20,60,70,51,31,33,53,54,23,62,01,3

The region of typhoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of ​​Japan, reaching the line Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriysk. In terms of their magnitude, these precipitations in July, August and September are significant: sometimes 70 - 90% of the total monthly amount falls in 5 - 6 days. In May and June, precipitation from typhoons is low, especially in Primorye, compared with the areas of Port Arthur and Dalny, where the influence of cyclones on the climate is more pronounced. The climate of these areas with non-freezing ports is milder and warmer. Tropical air can be observed here at any time of the year.

The winter regime is generally established in October, the summer regime - in May, in the north - in September and June, respectively. A characteristic of the Far Eastern monsoons is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast goes inland. In winter, the wind from the northwest and north prevails, in summer - from the southeast or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind and precipitation directions, but also in the annual course of relative humidity with two maxima (summer and winter) and two minima (spring and autumn). In summer there are more cloudy and less clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region has the most pronounced monsoonal character. In Voroshilov, in summer, the winds of the southern quarter are 53%, in winter only 8%, the winds of the northern quarter are 6% in summer, and 20% in winter.

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, that is, 65% of the annual amount, while in winter it is only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December it is maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90-95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are less than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to the large cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

For every 100 m of elevation in the Sikhote-Alin, the annual precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350 - 450 m high, are covered with clouds and fogs on clear days. The coast, with the greatest amount of precipitation, has fewer days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

Such a distribution of days with precipitation over the year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are steeper, less wooded, air masses leave almost all precipitation here, and the whole process proceeds intensively; and the remaining moisture on the western slope is cooled by a cold current and falls in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter is higher on the uplands, so the snow cover is thicker than in the neighboring plains.

The climate of the Okhotsk coast

The climate of the Okhotsk coast is peculiar. The high latitudes and the cooling influence of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with its ice for 10-11 months a year make the local climate very cold. For example, average temperature January in Okhotsk - 25.2 ° (in Leningrad, which lies almost at the same latitude, -7.6 °).

The monsoonal climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by high continentality in winter, cool maritime summers, and frequent fogs. Coniferous forests grow here.

In summer, south and southeast winds dominate, in winter - northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in summer, the highest in winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwest winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6°), summer (from +12 to +18°) and winter (from -20 to -24°) ​​along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk is +12.5°C, in Ayan +17.0°C. The high temperature of Ayan, due to the good protection of the city from sea influences, was also noticed by A.I. Voeikov.

In general, the differences in the thermal regime of the Okhotsk coast are highly dependent on the degree of protrusion of the coast into the sea, the direction coastline, the proximity of mountains, etc. Autumn cooling sets in early: frosts are noted from mid-October, snow falls, rivers and lakes freeze. Snow has been falling in the mountains since September. Cold, snowy, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although frosts continue into May. Summers are also cool (due to sea ice melting), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent calms. Autumn lasts only 1 1/2 - 2 months.

The climate of the northern region

The climate of the northern region (from Shelikhov Bay to the Chukchi Peninsula) is characterized by less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. In the coastal strip, northeast winds prevail, inside the region - northerly winds blowing with great constancy. The average wind speed decreases in the direction inland. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan region is 5.5 - 6.0° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the southeastern part of the region (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the area of ​​the Aleutian Low, there is more precipitation on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trough, there is more precipitation in the mainland part of the region than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, which is why the mountain ranges of the Far East do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to humid east winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy and windy: often fogs cover the sun; inside the region on such days it is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the uplands remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only a low-growing shrub, turning in some places into a real tundra. However, such summer landscape does not take place for long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzard) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so nothing can be seen at 10 - 12 m. Blizzards continue sometimes 11/2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind encounters even a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow accumulates, and near rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "slaughter". In open places, the snow, tightly beaten by the wind, freely bears the weight of a person, representing an ideal path. The southern snowstorm prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This, in all likelihood, is due to the supercooling of moist air brought north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50 - 60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the faces. On the mountains, the snow stays for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all before new snow.

Climate of Kamchatka

The moderately cold monsoon climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumns. snowy winter with snowstorms, but a clear and quiet spring. The climate here is much more severe than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50°N. sh. Cold sea currents, mountainous terrain, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, a sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and the interior, protected by mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the peninsula, the climate is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of ​​Okhotsk freezes, is like a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up slightly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less rainfall, but more fog, cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the eastern coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, keeps the temperature above 0° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian Low. In summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. Interestingly, in winter, a Beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula, and in summer, a minimum, as a result of which local monsoon circulation is observed, on which the general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weakens and variable winds often occur. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the interior of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn) are noted.

In the middle of winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February), the barometer drops noticeably off the coast (which should be associated with the release of a large number latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by a higher wind speed and big amount storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the northwest and west winds predominate in the year. The predominance of southeast and south winds (summer monsoon) is June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m/s, the summer monsoon is 4.2 m/s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5°) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except the north) to -1.0°, at coastal stations - up to 2.2° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3 - 4°. The annual 0° isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has warmer winters and a more humid climate, frosts are not lower than -30 °, thaws occur in all months, and snowstorms are observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour drive from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, one gets the impression of a transition to a completely different climate. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast differs slightly from the interior of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil), Climatically optimal for Agriculture(according to Koloskov) are: the region of the river valley. Kamchatka, narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

Annual precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest (from 1000 to 300 mm). Their minimum is in the region of the central valley (Klyuchevskoye - about 400 mm). Southeast receives the largest number rainfall, as moist winds blow from the sea both in summer and in winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, even winter precipitation prevails.

IN warm winters the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 - 200 cm. In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. Due to heavy snow in the southern half of Kamchatka, soil freezing only slightly exceeds 10 cm , and then for a short time.

Blizzards are observed in the northern part of Kamchatka. The origin of blizzards is twofold: some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and occur with a sharp drop in pressure, accompanied by heavy precipitation and an increase in temperature; others are not accompanied by snowfall, are observed in clear skies, caused by a cooling monsoon or wind from a high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

Most best time in Kamchatka - March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air heat up quickly, winds / weak, clear weather prevails.

Due to the action of volcanoes, Kamchatka is less covered with glaciers than one would expect in its climate. During volcanic eruptions, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firn glaciers. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

Characteristic features of the monsoon climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), high cloudiness, and frequent fogs.

These features are associated mainly with thermal differences in the surrounding seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its insular position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in summer and continental winds in winter. Being in the region of the East Asian monsoon, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the winter East Asian monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and at the top, already at an altitude of 500 - 800 m, it is replaced by general winds of a western or northwestern direction.

The summer monsoon is more pronounced in terms of the stability of the winds. But along with this, summer is the quietest time of the year. In winter and autumn, storms occur more often when cyclones come from the Aleutian Islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient arises in the Sakhalin region. Typhoons reach Sakhalin only to a small extent.

The climate of Sakhalin is abnormally severe for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores of the White Sea. The winter cold is brought by the northwest monsoon and intra-island winds, and the summer coolness depends mainly on the cold Sakhalin Current, which flows from the north along the eastern coast of the island and brings ice to the shores until August.

Of decisive importance for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin are not so much the cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to heavy cloud cover. Cloudiness on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. Snow cover of 50 - 60 cm completely provides sled communication everywhere. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather- inside the island.

In spring, the monsoons change, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. On South Sakhalin, summer lasts 2 - 21/2 months and is characterized by calm and humid weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunshine is rare, fogs, thick clouds and light rains are frequent, thunderstorms are intensifying. The average air temperature is +10, +12°, but at night it can be +4°. In autumn, the speed of the winds increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October. climate far east monsoon

The mountain ranges that run through the middle of the island divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west coast. Most Favorable climatic conditions are noted in the middle lowland, protected by ridges from monsoons.

On the west coast of sunshine less in winter and more in summer, as in summer the winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come to it saturated with moisture and thereby increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast in spring and summer there are dense fogs that do not contribute to the heating of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the western coast. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July reaches +32°, winter frosts - up to -48°. There are days when the temperature is -33° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Precipitation for the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here, calm weather is more common, fogs are less common; when there is fog over the coasts, rarefied gray clouds rush through the mountains.

Snow cover is established on the coasts at the end of November, in the center - from the second decade of November, reaching its maximum thickness in February and March (50 - 70 cm). Snow melts quickly in the first days of May on the coast and by the second decade of May in the central region. Permafrost is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

Conclusion

Thus, we considered the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of temperate latitudes. She takes over the plains European territory Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Monsoon air circulation is created in the Far East. In winter, this region is captured by the monsoon, which brings cold masses of continental air from North-Eastern Siberia. In summer, the summer monsoon dominates the Far East, bringing moist masses of sea air from the south and southeast. Pacific tropical air can also penetrate into Primorye in summer.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance of AW in winter and HC in summer. During most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summer is humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of Sakhalin is cool, inside the island the climate is more continental. In its interior regions, winters are colder than on the shores, and summers are warmer. Permafrost is widespread on the island.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the winter monsoon is very weak due to the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and partly the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula is more continental than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is severe. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summers are short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

Literature

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.

Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.

Pogosyan Kh.P. General circulation atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.

Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.

The Far East occupies more than one third of Russia and includes three regions - Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk, three regions - Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

Due to its remoteness from the European part of Russia, it is often called the end of the world. Indeed, these places are very different from other regions of the country and have a special flavor, unique flora and fauna, peculiar relief and specific climate.

Climate of the Far East (Khabarovsk) by months:

The main feature of the Far Eastern climate is its diversity. The impressive extent of the territory causes its change from a sharply continental type in the central and Kolyma regions of the Magadan region to a monsoon type in the south. The average annual temperature in the Far East varies from -10°С in the north to +6°С in the southern territories.

Precipitation is also characterized by a large spread - from 200 mm. per year in the north and up to 1000 mm. on South. Far Eastern air is humid throughout the territory: relative humidity here is never less than 65%, in some areas its value exceeds 95%.

Spring

Spring in the southern part of the Far East begins in mid-April, and in the northern part closer to May. Usually it is arid in nature, this is due to low rainfall and poor snow cover.

River floods and floods are observed only in the northern regions, where the snow melts quickly and intensively. Daytime temperature varies from +5°С to +15°С. In the northern part, daylight hours are significantly lengthened.

Summer

In the Far East, summer comes slowly, gradually. The first warm days fall at the end of May-beginning of June. The Pacific Ocean has a significant influence on coastal areas - sea and continental air masses form a warm summer monsoon. The average temperature in July here is +19°C.

In areas far from the sea, summer is hotter - the thermometer rises to +25..30°С. The coldest summer is on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Kuril Islands, where the temperature does not rise above + 15 ° C, rain and fog prevail. Often, strong downpours with winds, hurricanes and typhoons fall on coastal areas.

In the Magadan region, the time of white nights begins, when the duration of daylight hours can be more than 18 hours.

Autumn

August is the month of transition from summer to autumn. The average daily temperature during the month ranges from +8°С to +16°С. September in the Far East is characterized by rainy but moderately warm weather.

At the same time, the first snow falls in the continental regions. At the end of October-November, a permanent snow cover forms in most of the Far Eastern territory, rivers and lakes freeze.

Winter

Winter comes to the Far East at the end of November. The average temperature in January is about -22 °С.. -24 °С. The warmest and short winter in Primorye, on Kamchatka and on Sakhalin Island, the most severe - in the Magadan region and on the Amur. In these places, January frosts can reach up to -50°C.

In Primorye, the snow cover is poor, while in Kamchatka and the Magadan region it can reach up to 3 meters in height.

The climate of the Far East cannot but surprise with its uniqueness not only the guests of our country, but also many of its inhabitants, who, it would seem, could already get used to its inconstancy, temperature extremes, whims and unpredictability.

In fact, one can talk about this phenomenon for an infinitely long time, analyzing the regions separately and dwelling on each of them in detail, in the smallest details.

However, the purpose of this article is precisely to describe the climate of the Far East as a whole, while compiling a general picture of the natural phenomena occurring there. It's no secret that it is the weather conditions in most cases that become a prerequisite for the formation of one or another flora and fauna, and therefore, in general, predetermine one or another of the entire region.

What determines the weather in the Far East?

Geographically, the Far East is the most distant part of Russia from the capital. It includes Yakutia, Sakhalin, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Amur and Primorsky Territories.

It is impossible to talk about the climate in the Far East without mentioning a number of its geological features. So, approximately 75% of the above-mentioned territory is occupied by plateaus and low uplands (up to 2000 m). In addition, there are many geysers in Kamchatka, more than 150 volcanoes, of which about 30, by the way, are fully active.

Possessing this kind of information, it is unlikely that anyone will be surprised to learn that the Kuriles and Kamchatka belong to the dangerous seismic belt of the Russian Federation.

The Far East, whose climate has been the subject of close attention of many scientists for several decades, stretches for 4,500 thousand km along the Pacific coast. Here passes the line of collision of the Eurasian and which contributes to the formation of mountain systems, which, by the way, continues to this day, sometimes creating significant problems and troubles.

Very often, weather conditions in this region are created under the influence of processes occurring at the junction, as well as the interaction of warm and cold air currents.

General characteristics of the observed phenomena

As you know from school geography lessons, the Far East is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so the snow cover here does not completely disappear even in summer.

The northern part of this territory is particularly severe, namely permafrost and tundra. In its turn, South part represented by a riot of spruce groves and subtropical plants.

It should be noted that the climatic conditions throughout the territory are very different from each other, although one common feature nevertheless there is: everywhere there is increased humidity. By the way, not everyone knows that the Pacific Ocean has a huge impact on the Far Eastern climate.

In general, three climatic arctic and subarctic ones dominate here. In summer there is a lot of precipitation, and in winter the snow cover can reach 3 meters in thickness.

Climatic zoning

In general, the climate of the Far East belongs to one of five types:

• Chukotka's weather is immediately determined by two types of climate: arctic and subarctic;
• The Kamchatka Territory and the coast of the Magadan Region are located in the temperate climate zone;
• Khabarovsk Territory - in a temperate zone with sharply continental and monsoon climate types;
• Jewish Autonomous Region and Amur region belong to the monsoon climate zone.

Far Eastern precipitation and air masses

In the cold season, westerly winds bring Siberian dry and at the same time very frosty air (the so-called anticyclones) to the territory of the Far East, and in warm weather the wind blows from the ocean, bringing cyclones, i.e. very torrential downpours and cloudy weather.

It should be noted that precipitation falls unevenly throughout the territory, even in the same region.

Features of the temperature regime

The Far East, whose climate is very diverse, has a number of characteristic features in respect of

Why? The thing is that as we move away from the shores of the Pacific Ocean deep into the continent in the cold season, there is a significant increase in frost. But in the warm season, the average monthly temperature of the entire territory does not differ much, as a result of which the climate of the Far East is very similar to the weather conditions that form on the coastal territory.

An exception, perhaps, is the north of Chukotka, where in July the average air temperature can sometimes reach as low as -2°C.

In almost the entire remaining territory of the Far East, the average July temperature varies in the range of + 10 ... + 15 ° C. In the southern part of the region - at the level of +17… +21°C.

Climate and its influence on local flora and fauna

The variety of vegetation in this region is a direct consequence of the presence of a complex relief system and closed basins, as well as the impact of air masses of different temperatures.

In general, the flora is represented here various types plants characteristic of both frozen Siberia and sultry and stuffy Asia. How does it manifest itself? Judge for yourself, isn't it amazing when creepers, lemongrass and grapes grow very close to the fir trees, pines and nuts?

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that the climate of the Far East has led to the presence of many varieties of animals, the most common of which are reindeer, squirrels and elks, which, by the way, coexist perfectly with Amur tigers, rare today black deer and raccoon dogs.

Economic activity of the region

The favorable climate of the Far East of Russia was the reason for the intensive development of agriculture and industry.

For example, potatoes, rice, soybeans, wheat, beans and various vegetables are grown in the center and south. Horticulture is also developed here. The north is mainly engaged in the preparation of furs, and fishing dominates on the coast.

In the Far East, there are also various valuable iron and non-ferrous ore, graphite, copper, gold, natural gas, oil, etc.

Climate

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoonal (southeast), which is due to the huge extent of the territory from north to south (almost 4500 km.) And from west to east ( at 2500-3000 km.). It looks good on climate map Russia (Fig. 3.) This contrast is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes.

Fig.3.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a sharply monsoonal climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the cold Primorsky Current along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan have a significant impact on the climate. The mountainous terrain also influences the climate.

In the cold season, mainly in winter, westerly winds prevail in the Far East, carrying dry frosty air from Siberia in the form of anticyclones. In the warm season, the wind begins to blow from the ocean, bringing cyclones and, consequently, cloudy weather and precipitation. It is this principle of circulation of air masses (in winter the wind blows from the mainland, and in summer from the ocean) that is the monsoon climate.

Based on the above features of the movement of air flows, one can guess that the bulk of the precipitation will fall precisely on summer time. which systematically causes river floods, flooding of buildings and agricultural land. For example, in Khabarovsk, from June to September, about 470-490 mm of precipitation falls, and from December to March, only 50-60 mm. In general, precipitation in the territory of the Far East is unevenly distributed even on the territory of the same subject. For example, on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, from 150 to 600 mm of precipitation falls annually, in the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region annual amount precipitation ranges from 400 to 800 mm. In other regions, precipitation is comparatively higher - on average, from 500 to 1000 mm per year.

On the coast, both in winter and in summer, cyclones, prolonged heavy rains, typhoons and fogs are frequent. Also, the closer to the south, the greater the humidity. In the south of Primorye, weather with humidity over 90% is often established.

In contrast to the European part of the country, in the Far East in winter there is almost no "dullness", and there are long periods of settled clear and sunny weather, as well as continuous rain for several days in a row in summer - a common occurrence.

Also in the southern and central parts of the Far East, dust storms are sometimes observed coming from the deserts of Mongolia and northern China.

Main feature temperature regime Far East - a sharp increase in frost in the cold season as you move away from the coast deep into the continent. For example, on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the average January temperature is about -4...-6 °C, while in the center of the peninsula it drops to -16...-22 °C. Similarly, on the coast of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region and Khabarovsk Territory the average January temperature reaches -16...-20 °C, and on the border with Yakutia it drops to -30...-35 °C. In Primorsky Krai, the average temperature winter months on the coast it is also relatively high - -6 ... -8 ° C, and on the border with China it drops to -20 ... -24 ° C. In the Amur and Jewish autonomous regions the average January temperature is around -20...-26 °C.

As for the warm season, the spread of the average monthly temperature is greatly reduced. This, again, is one of the features of the monsoon climate. Only in the extreme north of Chukotka autonomous region the average July temperature is only +3...+8 °C, and in places -2...-1 °C. Almost throughout the rest of the Far East, the average July temperature is about +10...+15 °C. Only in the southern part of the region, on the border with China, the average temperature of the summer months reaches +17...+21 °C.