The communicative component of the political system includes. The communicative component of the political system The communicative component of the political system includes
Thinking about the political realm public life, we usually imagine a set of certain phenomena, objects and actors that are associated with the concept of "politics". These are parties, the state, political norms, institutions (such as suffrage or monarchy), symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem), values of political culture, etc. All these structural elements of policy do not exist in isolation, independently of each other, but constitute system - a set, all parts of which are interconnected so that a change in at least one part leads to changes in the entire system. Elements political system ordered, interdependent and form a certain systemic integrity.
The political system can name the ordered set of norms, institutions, organizations, ideas, as well as the relationships and interactions between them, during which political power is exercised.
A complex of state and non-state institutions that carry out political functions, that is, activities related to the functioning of state power.
The concept of a political system is more capacious than the concept of " public administration”, since it covers all persons and all institutions participating in the political process, as well as informal and non-governmental factors and phenomena that affect the mechanism for identifying and posing problems, the development and implementation of solutions in the field of state-power relations. In the broadest interpretation, the concept of "political system" includes everything that is related to politics.
The political system is characterized:
- , traditions and customs.
The political system carries out the following functions:
- conversion, that is, the transformation of social demands into political decisions;
- adaptation, that is, the adaptation of the political system to the changing conditions of social life;
- mobilization of human and material resources (Money, voters, etc.) to achieve political goals.
- protective function - protection of the socio-political system, its original basic values and principles;
- foreign policy - the establishment and development of mutually beneficial relations with other states;
- consolidating - harmonization of collective interests and requirements of various social groups;
- distribution - the creation and distribution of material and spiritual values;
Classification of political systems
There are various classifications of political systems.
Under political culture understand an integral part of the spiritual culture of mankind, which includes a set of political knowledge, values and behaviors, as well as the political language, symbols and traditions of statehood.
All elements of the political system, being in constant interaction, contribute to the performance of important social functions:
- identification of promising directions social development;
- optimization of society's movement towards its goals;
- allocation of resources;
- coordination of interests of various subjects; involvement of citizens in active participation in politics;
- development of norms and rules of conduct for members of society;
- control over the implementation of norms, laws and regulations;
- ensuring stability and security in society.
The political system includes the following institutions:
- and his ;
- socio-political movements;
- pressure groups, or .
State
In relation to the political system, parties are divided into systemic and non-systemic. Systemic form part of a given political system and act according to those rules, guided by its laws. The system party fights for power by legal methods, that is, accepted in this system, in elections. Non-system parties do not recognize this political system, fight for its change or elimination - as a rule, by force. They are usually illegal or semi-legal.
The role of the party in the political system determined by its authority and the trust of voters. It is the parties that formulate the one that the state implements when this party becomes the ruling one. In democratic systems, as a rule, there is a rotation of the party: they move from the ruling to the opposition, and from the opposition - back to the ruling. According to the number of parties, political systems are classified as follows: one-party - authoritarian or totalitarian; two-party; multi-party (the latter prevail). The Russian political system is multi-party.
Socio-political movements
Socio-political movements occupy an insignificant place in political systems. In terms of their goals, the movements are similar to political parties, but they do not have a charter and registered membership. In Russia socio-political movements are not allowed to participate in elections: they cannot nominate their own candidates for deputies; an organization that sets itself political goals, but does not have 50 thousand members, is transferred to public organizations.
Pressure groups or interest groups
Pressure groups, or interest groups - trade unions, industrial organizations, large monopolies(especially transnational), church, means mass media and other institutions - organizations that do not have the goal of coming to power. Their goal is to exert such pressure on the government that it satisfies their specific interest - for example, lower taxes.
All of the listed structural elements, state and non-state institutions act, as a rule, in accordance with certain political norms and traditions that have been developed as a result of extensive experience. , shall we say, should be an election, not a parody. For example, it is normal for each ballot to have at least two candidates. Among the political traditions, one can note the holding of rallies, demonstrations with political slogans, meetings of candidates and deputies with voters.
Means of political influence
State power is only the power of the state, but the power of the entire political system. Political power functions through a whole range of institutions and appears to be rather impersonal.
Means of political influence- is a set of political institutions, relationships and ideas that personifies a certain. The mechanism of such influence is the system of government, or the system of organs political power.
The functions of the system of political authorities are reactions to the influence of subjects entering this system: demands and support.
Requirements The most frequently encountered by representatives of the authorities are related to:
- with the distribution of benefits (for example, requirements regarding wages and working hours, improving the work of transport);
- ensuring public safety;
- improvement of sanitary conditions, conditions of education, health care, etc.;
- processes in the field of communication and information (information about policy goals and decisions made by rulers, demonstration of available resources, etc.).
Support community strengthens the position of officials and the system of government itself. It is grouped in the following areas:
- material support (payment of taxes and other charges, provision of services to the system, such as volunteer work or military service);
- compliance with laws and directives;
- participation in political life (voting, demonstrations and other forms);
- attention to official information, loyalty, respect for official symbols and ceremonies.
The response of the system of government to the impact of various actors is grouped into three main functions:
- rule-making (development of laws that actually determine the legal forms of behavior of individual groups and people in society);
- enforcement of laws;
- control over compliance with laws.
A more detailed list of the functions of a government system might look like this: The distribution function is expressed in the organization of the creation and distribution of material and spiritual values, honors, status positions in accordance with the "table of ranks" in a given political system. The foreign policy function implies the establishment and development of mutually beneficial relations with foreign organizations. The program-strategic function means the definition of goals, objectives, ways of development of society, the development of specific programs for its activities. The mobilization function implies the attraction and organization of human, material and other resources to perform various social tasks. The function of political socialization is the ideological integration of social groups and individuals into the political community, the formation of a collective political consciousness. The protective function is the protection of this form of political relations in the community, its original basic values and principles, ensuring external and internal security.
Thus, in response to the influence of various political actors, the system of government brings about changes in the community and at the same time maintains stability in it. The ability to quickly and adequately respond to requirements, achieve goals, keep political relations within the recognized norms ensures the effectiveness of the government system.
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1. social movements
2. political consulting centers
3. Interactions between parties and state bodies
4. media
On the eve of the parliamentary and presidential elections in the country of N. sociologists conducted a survey of the population. Citizens were asked to answer several questions of the same type. : "To what extent, in your opinion, is trustworthy ...?"
The results obtained are given as a percentage in the summary table.
What conclusion can be drawn from the data presented in the table?
1. The interviewed citizens believe that
2. The most trustworthy are the executive authorities of the region
3. parliament is more trustworthy than the president
4. government is less trustworthy than municipal authorities
5. most trustworthy is the judiciary
In the country of T. in the fall of 2005, after the last presidential elections, a survey was conducted public opinion on the question: “Are there now significant opposition parties, movements in the country of T.?”
The distribution of responses is given in percentage along with data from similar surveys conducted in October 2002, 2004. What conclusion about the development of the political system of the country of T. can be drawn on the basis of the data given in the table?
1. The presidential elections had no effect on the presence of opposition sentiments among the population.
2. The number of citizens who found it difficult to determine their attitude to the presence of opposition has decreased.
3. The number of citizens who point out the presence of opposition parties and movements has decreased.
4. Almost a third of the respondents acknowledged the decline in the role of the opposition in society.
Are the judgments correct?
A. Politicians often find themselves in a dilemma: either take unpopular measures or, by doing so, further worsen the situation in the country.
B. The state is one of the main subjects of politics.
Are the judgments correct?
A. Public organizations are not elements of the political system
B. The core of the political system is the state
1. only A is true 3. only B is true
2. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are wrong
Are the judgments correct?
A. The political system of society includes political, legal, moral norms and values
B. The political system of society includes political ideology and political culture.
1. only A is true 3. only B is true
2. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are wrong
Are the following statements correct?
A. Public organizations cannot be part of the political system
B. The political system includes state authorities
1. only A is true 3. only B is true
2. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are wrong
The communicative component of the political system includes: 1) Value orientations and attitudes of people in the political field 2) connections betweensubjects of politics 3) programs of political parties 4) Traditions and norms watered. behavior
1. The state, political parties, socio-political movements form:1) the normative component of the political system
2)communicative component political system
3) the cultural component of the political system
4) organizational component of the political system
1. A citizen participates in politics when:
a) expresses his opinion
referendum B) receives higher education
B) pay government
taxes D)
discovers something new in the physical picture of the world
2. Are the following statements correct?
On an ideological basis
parties are divided into:
A. Mass and personnel
B. Conservative,
liberal, social democratic.
A) right A b)
right B c) both are right d) both are wrong.
3. Democratic political
personality culture implies a willingness to perform the following roles:
A)
voter b)
worker c) family man d)
friend.
4. In a presidential republic, popularly
the elected president is the head of state, and:
A) chief executive
power b)
head of the judiciary
B) head
parliament D)
leader of the majority faction in parliament
5. The communicative component of the political system includes:
B4. Characterization of the political system of society requires consideration of its individual components. Which of the following is a normativesubsystem of the political system of society?
1) political traditions
2) party charter
3) political ideals
4) party program
6) political culture
A16. Are the following judgments about the political system of society correct?
A. The composition of the political system of society may include public organizations.
B. The political system of society includes state authorities.
1. only A is true
2. only B is correct
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong
A12. Are the following statements about socialization correct?
A. In the process of socialization, the process of assimilation by the individual of the sociocultural experience necessary for life in a given society takes place.
B. The process of socialization does not depend on social status individual.
1. only A is true
2. only B is correct
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong
A17. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is a legal document of direct action. It means that
1) its main goal is the recognition and protection of human and civil rights
2) it is based on international documents ratified by the state
3) in case of violation of their rights, a person can apply to the court, referring to its articles
4) under no circumstances may it be amended or supplemented.
A20. Are the following judgments about branches of law correct?
A. Civil law governs property and related personal non-property relations.
B. The subject of regulation of financial law is public relations in the field of taxation.
1. only A is true
2. only B is correct
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong
A16. Are the following judgments about the institutions of civil society correct?
A. One of the directions for the development of civil society in modern Russia is the creation of boards of trustees at schools.
B. Citizens can defend their interests through such institutions of civil society as the court and the prosecutor's office.
1. only A is true
2. only B is correct
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong
TO communicative component The political system of a society includes relations, connections, forms of interaction and communication that are formed during the course of political activity.
In order to achieve their political goals, participants in political activity (institutions, organizations, large social communities, individuals) must build various relationships between themselves and the social environment. Connections, forms of interaction and communication that develop in this process represent a communicative subsystem of the political system of society. For example, this is the interaction of parliamentary committees; ties that arise between parties and state bodies; relations between executive, legislative and judicial branches of government; communication between the state and the population, etc.
Channels of connection play an important role in the communicative subsystem, through which information about the needs of the population is transmitted from the population to the state (this can be open hearings, commissions of inquiry, opinion polls, election results) and vice versa - from the state to the population (the media play an important role here, which acquaint the population with political decisions, adopted laws, etc.).
Norms of political interaction include political, legal and moral norms, as well as customs and traditions.
Cultural and ideological subsystem
In cultural and ideological component of the political system included political ideas, attitudes, ideas, beliefs and feelings of political participants. Conventionally, in the cultural and ideological component, a political and psychological level can be distinguished, which deals mainly with the behavioral aspects of politics, and a political and ideological level, focused on political theory.
Political psychology focuses on the behavior of individuals, groups and entire societies, as well as their motivations, moods, opinions, feelings, emotions, beliefs, delusions, etc. Of particular importance here are the psychology of the crowd, the charisma of leaders, the manipulation of mass consciousness, etc.
Political ideology represents more high level and includes political ideas, concepts, theories, teachings. The political culture is the center of the political-ideological level.
Under political culture understand an integral part of the spiritual culture of mankind, which includes a set of political knowledge, values and behaviors, as well as the political language, symbols and traditions of statehood.
All elements of the political system, being in constant interaction, contribute to the performance of important social functions:
§ identification of promising areas of social development;
§ optimization of society's movement towards its goals;
§ allocation of resources;
§ coordination of interests of various subjects; involvement of citizens in active participation in politics;
§ development of norms and rules of conduct for members of society;
§ control over the implementation of norms, laws and regulations;
§ Ensuring stability and security in society.
The political system includes the following institutions:
§ the state and its bodies;
§ political parties;
§ social and political movements;
§ pressure groups, or interest groups.
State
State - the main backbone element, it unites all other elements of the political system into a single whole. The state is the most powerful subject of politics, because it imposes power and the ability to coerce. At the same time, the state and the object of political struggle, the "prize" for various political forces in the struggle for the possession of the state machine. It's not always functions in the political system as a whole. In the course of the political struggle, individual organs of the state may acquire independent significance (as a result of the confrontation of political forces): for example, an army that carries out a coup d'état. In the conflict between the president of Russia and the Supreme Soviet (parliament) in 1993, the president represented one political force, while the parliament represented another. Such a situation cannot exist for a long time, since it destabilizes the political system.
The state and state power are a reward for the party that won the elections. In such political systems, there are developed parties and fairly effective control over power.
The relatively important role of the state and the bureaucracy as independent entities in the exercise of power, along with the parties, whose role is also quite significant.
Political parties
Party - an organization that unites citizens of the same political views to fight for power or to implement in the suit of their program.
The party is an ideological organization. The ideology (philosophy) of a party is the totality of ideas by which it is guided in its activities.
According to ideological principles, parties are divided into:
§ conservative;
§ liberal;
§ democratic;
§ social democratic;
§ socialist;
§ communist;
§ Nationalist.
The party has a permanent organizational structure and leading personnel, must have a charter and registered membership. According to Russian legislation, a party is an organization with at least 50,000 members. The party has a program with specific proposals that it intends to implement when it comes to power, or implements it as the ruling party.
Party goal- win and hold state power. If an organization does not set such a goal, then it is not a political party. Political parties usually represent the interests of certain social groups.
In relation to the political system, parties are divided into systemic and non-systemic. Systemic form part of a given political system and act according to those rules, guided by its laws. The system party fights for power by legal methods, that is, accepted in this system, in elections. Non-system parties do not recognize this political system, fight for its change or elimination - as a rule, by force. They are usually illegal or semi-legal.
The role of the party in the political system determined by its authority and the trust of voters. It is the parties that formulate the policy that the state implements when a given party becomes the ruling one. In democratic systems, as a rule, there is a rotation of the party: they move from the ruling to the opposition, and from the opposition - again to the ruling. According to the number of parties, political systems are classified as follows: one-party - authoritarian or totalitarian: two-party; multi-party (the latter prevail). The Russian political system is multi-party.
The concept and functions of the political system
When discussing the political sphere of public life, we usually imagine a set of certain phenomena, objects and actors that are associated with the concept of "politics". These are parties, the state, political norms, institutions (such as suffrage or monarchy), symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem), values of political culture, etc. All these structural elements of the policy do not exist separately, independently of each other, but constitute a system - a set, all parts of which are interconnected so that a change in at least one part leads to changes in the entire system. The elements of the political system are ordered, interdependent and form a certain systemic integrity.
The political system can be called an ordered set of norms, institutions, organizations, ideas, as well as relationships and interactions between them, during which political power is exercised.
The political system is a complex of state and non-state institutions that perform political functions, that is, activities related to the functioning of state power.
The concept of a political system is more capacious than the concept of "public administration", since it covers all persons and all institutions involved in the political process, as well as informal and non-governmental factors and phenomena that affect the mechanism for identifying and posing problems, the development and implementation of solutions in the field of state-power relations. In the broadest interpretation, the concept of "political system" includes everything that is related to politics.
The political system is characterized by:
political culture;
political norms, traditions and customs.
The political system performs the following functions:
conversions, that is, the transformation of social demands into political decisions;
adaptation, that is, the adaptation of the political system to the changing conditions of social life;
mobilization human and material resources (money, voters, etc.) to achieve political goals.
protective function- protection of the socio-political system, its original basic values and principles;
foreign policy- establishment and development of mutually beneficial relations with other states;
consolidating- coordination of collective interests and requirements of various social groups;
distribution- creation and distribution of material and spiritual values;
Classification of political systems
There are various classifications of political systems.
The political regime is a set of principles of organization and functioning of the institutions of political power.
The principles by which the functioning of political systems is divided are:
way of making power decisions;
the limits of government interference in the regulation of social relations.
According to the method of making power decisions, one can distinguish between democratic and authoritarian political systems.
Another sign of the division of political systems is the limits of the intervention of the authorities in the regulation of social relations. Liberal and totalitarian political regimes are distinguished by this criterion.
According to the socio-economic basis, they are divided into the following types.
Totalitarian distribution. They are based on a state-owned economy and state distribution wealth. The political regime in such a system is totalitarian.
Liberal Democratic. Their basis is market economy, they are characterized by a democratic political regime.
Convergence and mobilization. They are based on a combination of state intervention in the economy with the market. Such systems usually correspond to a regime of varying degrees of authoritarianism.
Elements of the political system
It is obvious that in each specific society its own specific political system is formed, since its constituent elements - traditions, institutions, political values, etc. are different in different societies. Note that politics is an open system, i.e. it actively interacts with other spheres of society's life - economic, spiritual, social, influencing them and experiencing a reciprocal influence.
There are various reasons for highlighting the main elements of the political system. Consider the first of the classifications, in which subsystems are distinguished:
organizational-institutional - these are organizations ( social groups, revolutionary movements, etc.) and institutions - parliamentarism, parties, civil service, judiciary, citizenship, presidency, etc.;
normative-regulatory - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
communicative - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
cultural and ideological - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.
Organizational and institutional subsystem
Political organization - organized group people acting together to achieve a specific political goal, for example: a political party; socio-political movement; an initiative group of citizens nominating a candidate for deputies; public association influencing public policy; a cell of revolutionaries, etc. You can also single out organizations that have political goals, but these goals are not the main ones for them (for example, trade unions or the church). Finally, some organizations do not have explicit political goals (for example, a club of mushroom pickers), but under certain conditions they can act as political organizations.
political institution- more complex element political system, which is a stable form social interaction regulating a specific area political sphere the life of society. Institute performs important function(or several functions), significant for the whole society, while forming an orderly system social roles and interaction rules.
Examples of political institutions are parliamentarism, the institution public service, institutions of executive power, the institution of the head of state, presidency, monarchy, judiciary, citizenship, suffrage, political parties, etc.. The main institution in the political system is the state.
Communication subsystem
The communicative component of the political system of society includes relations, connections, forms of interaction and communication that develop in the course of political activity.
In order to achieve their political goals, participants in political activity (institutions, organizations, large social communities, individuals) must build various relationships between themselves and the social environment. Connections, forms of interaction and communication that develop in this process represent a communicative subsystem of the political system of society. For example, this is the interaction of parliamentary committees; ties that arise between parties and state bodies; relations between executive, legislative and judicial branches of government; communication between the state and the population, etc.
Communication channels play an important role in the communication subsystem, through which information about the needs of the population is transmitted from the population to the state (this can be open hearings, commissions of inquiry, opinion polls, election results) and vice versa - from the state to the population (the media play an important role here which acquaint the population with political decisions, adopted laws, etc.).
The norms of political interaction include political, legal and moral norms, as well as customs and traditions.
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