Meaning of relative pronouns. Categories of pronouns in Russian

A pronoun is a special class of significant words that point to a subject without naming it. To avoid tautology in speech, the speaker may use a pronoun. Examples: I, yours, who, this, everyone, the most, the whole, myself, mine, another, another, that, somehow, someone, something, etc.

As can be seen from the examples, pronouns are most often used instead of a noun, and also instead of an adjective, numeral or adverb.

Pronouns tend to be divided into categories according to their meaning. This part of speech focuses on names. In other words, pronouns replace nouns, adjectives, numerals. However, the peculiarity of pronouns is that, replacing names, they do not acquire their meaning. According to the established tradition, only inflected words belong to pronouns. All invariable words are treated as pronominal adverbs.

This article will present the meaning and grammatical features, as well as examples of sentences in which certain pronouns are used.

Table of pronouns by category

Pronouns are divided into three categories:

1. Pronominal nouns.
2. Pronoun adjectives.
3. Pronominal numerals.

Personal pronouns

Words that indicate persons and objects that are participants in a speech act are called "personal pronouns". Examples: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they. I, you, we, you denote participants in speech communication. The pronouns he, she, they do not participate in the speech act, they are reported by the speaker as non-participants in the speech act.

• I know what you want to tell me. (Participant in a speech act, object.)
• You must read all fiction from the list. (The subject to which the action is directed.)
• We have had a wonderful holiday this year! (Participants of the speech act, subjects.)
• You played your part perfectly! (The addressee, the object to which the appeal is directed in the speech act.)
• He prefers a quiet pastime. (Non-participant in the speech act.)
• Is she definitely going to America this summer? (Non-participant in the speech act.)
• They jumped with a parachute for the first time in their lives and were very pleased. (Non-participant in the speech act.)

Attention! The pronouns his, her, their, depending on the context, can be used both in the category of possessive and in the category of personal pronouns.

Compare:

• He was not at school today, neither at the first nor at the last lesson. - His performance at school depends on how often he attends classes. (In the first sentence, his is a personal pronoun in the genitive; in the second sentence, his is a possessive pronoun.)
• I asked her to keep this conversation between us. She ran, her hair flowing in the wind, and the silhouette was lost and lost with every second, moving away and dissolving in the light of day.
• They should always be asked to turn the music down. - Their dog very often howls at night, as if yearning for some unbearable grief of his.

reflexive pronoun

This category includes the pronoun itself - indicates the person of the object or addressee, which are identified with the actor. This function is performed by reflexive pronouns. Suggestion examples:

• I have always considered myself the happiest person in the whole wide world.
• She constantly admires herself.
• He does not like to make mistakes and trusts only himself.

May I keep this kitten?

Possessive pronouns

A word that indicates the belonging of a person or object to another person or object is called a "possessive pronoun". Example: mine, yours, ours, yours, yours. Possessive pronouns indicate belonging to the speaker, interlocutor or non-participant in the act of speech.

• My The decision is always the correct one.
• Your wishes will surely come true.
• Our the dog behaves very aggressively towards passers-by.
• Is yours the choice will be yours.
• Finally I got mine present!
• Their keep your thoughts to yourself.
• My the city misses me and I feel like I miss it.

Words like her, him, them can act as a personal pronoun in or as possessive pronoun. Suggestion examples:

• Their the car is at the entrance. - They haven't been in the city for 20 years.
• His the bag is on the chair. - He was asked to bring tea.
• Her the house is located in the city center. - They made her the queen of the evening.

The belonging of a person (object) to a group of objects also indicates a possessive pronoun. Example:

• Our Joint trips will be remembered to me for a long time!

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative is the second name of the demonstrative pronoun. Examples: this, that, such, so much. These words distinguish one or another object (person) from a number of other similar objects, persons or signs. This function is performed by the demonstrative pronoun. Examples:

• This the novel is much more interesting and informative than all those that I have read before. (Pronoun this distinguishes one object from a number of similar ones, indicates the peculiarity of this object.)

Pronoun This also performs this function.

• This sea, these mountains, This the sun will forever remain in my memory the brightest memory.

However, you should be careful with the definition of the part of speech and not confuse the demonstrative pronoun with the particle!

Compare examples of demonstrative pronouns:

• This it was excellent! - Did you play the part of the fox in the school play? (In the first case, This is a pronoun and fulfills the predicate. In the second case This- the particle has no syntactic role in the sentence.)
• That the house is much older and more beautiful than this one. (Pronoun That selects an object, points to it.)
• Neither such, no other option suited him. (Pronoun such helps to focus on one of the many subjects.)
• So many once he stepped on the same rake, and again he repeats everything anew. (Pronoun so many emphasizes repetition.

Definitive pronouns

Examples of pronouns: himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, other. This category is divided into sub-categories, each of which includes the following pronouns:

1.Himself, the most- pronouns that have a distinguishing function. They elevate the object in question, individualize it.

• Myself director - Alexander Yaroslavovich - was present at the party.
• He was offered most a highly paid and prestigious job in our city.
• Most The greatest happiness in life is to love and be loved.
• Samo Her Majesty condescended to praise me.

2.Whole- a pronoun that has the meaning of the breadth of coverage of a characteristic of a person, object or feature.

• Whole the city came to watch him perform.
• All the road passed in remorse and the desire to return home.
• All The sky was covered with clouds, and not a single gap was visible.

3. Anyone, everyone, anyone- pronouns denoting the freedom to choose from several objects, persons or features (provided that they exist at all).

• Semen Semenovich Laptev - a master of his craft - this is for you any will say.
• Any a person is able to achieve what he wants, the main thing is to make an effort and not be lazy.
• Each blade of grass, every petal breathed life, and this desire for happiness was transmitted to me more and more.
• Anything the word he said turned against him, but he did not seek to correct it.

4.Other, other- pronouns that have the meaning of non-identity with what was said earlier.

• I chose different a path that was more accessible to me.
• Imagine another Would you have done the same in my place?
• IN different once he comes home, silently, eats and goes to bed, today everything was different ...
• The medal has two sides - another I did not notice.

Interrogative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, which, which, whose, how much, which.

Interrogative pronouns include a question about persons, objects or phenomena, quantities. A sentence that contains an interrogative pronoun usually ends with a question mark.

• Who Was that the man who came to us this morning?
• What what will you do when the summer exams are over?
• What there should be a portrait of an ideal person, and how do you imagine him?
• Which of these three people could know what really happened?
• Whose is it a briefcase?
• How much is the red dress which did you come to school yesterday?
• Which your favorite season?
• whose I saw a child in the yard yesterday?
• How Do you think I need to enter the Faculty of International Relations?

Relative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, how, which, which, whose, how much, which.

Attention! These pronouns can act as both relative and interrogative pronouns, depending on whether they are used in a particular context. In a complex sentence (CSP), only a relative pronoun is used. Examples:

• How are you making a biscuit pie with cherry filling? - She told how she makes a cherry pie.

In the first case How - the pronoun has an interrogative function, i.e. the subject concludes a question about a certain object and about the method of obtaining it. In the second case, the pronoun How is used as a relative pronoun and acts as a connecting word between the first and second simple sentences.

• Who knows in which the sea flows into the Volga river? - He did not know who this man was to him, and what could be expected from him.
• What do you need to do to get hired Good work? - He knew what to do in order to get a well-paid job.

What- pronoun - is used both as a relative and as an interrogative pronoun, depending on the context.

• What shall we do tonight? - You said that today we should visit grandma.

To accurately determine the category of pronouns, choosing between relative and interrogative, you need to remember that the interrogative pronoun in a sentence can be replaced by a verb, a noun, a numeral, depending on the context. The relative pronoun cannot be replaced.

• What do you want to have dinner tonight? - I would like vermicelli for dinner.
• Which do you like the color? - Purple do you like it?
• Whose is this a house? - Is this your mother's house?
• Which are you in line? Are you eleventh in line?
• How many do you have candy? - Do you have six sweets?

A similar situation with the pronoun than. Compare examples of relative pronouns:

• What would you like to do for the weekend? He completely forgot what wanted to do it for the weekend. (As we can see, in the second version the pronoun how enters the category of relative and performs a connecting function between the two parts of a complex sentence.)
• How did you get into my house yesterday? - Anna Sergeevna looked at the boy inquiringly and did not understand how he got into her house.
• How does it feel to know that you are in trouble? - I know for myself what it's like to realize that your plans are collapsing rapidly and irrevocably.
• How many times do I ask you not to do this again? - She has already lost count, which time her son brought his class teacher to tears.
• Whose car is parked at the gate of my house? - He was at a loss, so he could not figure out whose idea it was to provoke a fight.
• How much is this Persian kitten worth? - He was told how much a red Persian kitten costs.
• Who knows what year the Battle of Borodino took place? - Three students raised their hands: they knew in what year the Battle of Borodino took place.

Some scholars propose to combine relative and interrogative pronouns into one category and call them "interrogative-relative pronouns". Examples:

• Who is there? He didn't see who was here.

However, at present, it has not yet been possible to reach a common agreement, and the categories of interrogative and relative pronouns continue to exist separately from each other.

Negative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing. Negative pronouns have the meaning of the absence of persons, objects, and also to indicate their negative characteristics.

• Nobody didn't know what to expect from him.
• Nothing he was not so interested that he could devote his whole life to this cause.
• No debt and none money could not keep him from running away.
• A lonely dog ​​ran along the road, and it seemed that she had never had a master, a home and tasty food in the morning; She was draw.
• He tried to find excuses for himself, but it turned out that everything happened precisely on his initiative, and no one was to blame.
• He was completely nothing to do, so he walked slowly through the rain past the glowing shop windows and watched the oncoming cars passing by.

Indefinite pronouns

From interrogative or relative pronouns, an indefinite pronoun is formed. Examples: someone, something, some, some, several Indefinite pronouns contain the meaning of an unknown, indefinite person or object. Also, indefinite pronouns have the meaning of deliberately concealed information that the speaker specifically does not want to communicate.

Such properties have Examples for comparison:

• someone's the voice was heard in the darkness, and I did not quite understand to whom it belonged: a man or a beast. (Lack of information from the speaker.) - This letter was from my no one an acquaintance who had been absent from our city for a long time and was now about to come. (Intentionally withheld information from listeners.)
• Something an incredible thing happened that night: the wind tore and threw leaves from the trees, lightning flashed and pierced the sky through and through. (Instead of something you can substitute indefinite pronouns similar in meaning: something, something.)
• Some of my friends consider me a strange and wonderful person: I do not strive to earn a lot of money and live in a small old house on the edge of the village . (Pronoun some can be replaced by the following pronouns: someone, a few.)
• Some a pair of shoes, a backpack and a tent were already packed and waiting for us to pack up and leave far, far from the city. (The subject does not specify the number of items, generalizes their number.)
• someone informed me that you received a letter, but do not want to acknowledge in e volume.(The speaker deliberately hides any information about the face.)
• If anyone saw this person, please report it to the police!
• anyone knows what Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky were talking about at the ball?
• When you see anything interesting, do not forget to write down your observations in a notebook.
• some moments in learning in English remained incomprehensible to me, then I returned to the last lesson and tried to go through it again. (Deliberate concealment by the speaker of information.)
• how much I still had money in my purse, but I didn't remember how much. (Lack of information about the subject from the speaker.)

Grammar categories of pronouns

Grammatically, pronouns are divided into three categories:

1. Pronoun noun.
2. Pronoun adjective.
3. Pronominal numeral.

TO pronominal noun include such categories of pronouns as: personal, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinite. All these digits are likened to nouns in their grammatical properties. However, pronominal nouns have certain features that a pronoun does not have. Examples:

• I came to you . (In this case it is masculine, which we determined by the past tense verb with a zero ending). - You came to me. (The gender is determined by the end of the verb "came" - feminine,

As you can see from the example, some pronouns are devoid of the category of gender. In this case, the genus can be restored logically, based on the situation.

Other pronouns of the listed categories have the category of gender, but it does not reflect the real relationship between persons and objects. For example, the pronoun Who always combined with a past tense masculine verb.

• Who was the first woman in space?
• Ready or not, here I come.
• She knew who would be the next contender for her hand and heart.

The pronoun what is used with past tense neuter nouns.

• What enabled you to do this?
• He did not suspect that something similar to his story could be happening somewhere.

Pronoun He has generic forms, but the gender here acts as a classification form, and not as a nominative.

TO pronominal adjective demonstrative, definitive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite pronouns. They all answer the question Which? and are likened to adjectives in their properties. They have dependent forms of number and case.

• This tiger cub is the most playful in the zoo.

Pronouns are pronouns as many as, several. They are likened in their meaning in combination with nouns.

• How many books did you read this summer?
• So many opportunities now I had!
• Grandma left a few hot pies for me.

Attention! However, in combination with pronoun verbs how many, how many, several are used as adverbs.

• How much is this orange blouse?
• So much can be spent on vacation.
• I thought a little about how to live and what to do next.

Relative pronouns, along with personal, possessive and pronouns of other categories, do not name objects and signs, like others, but point to them. Therefore, basically, only by context can we determine the specific semantic meaning of the pronoun. For example, the word "which" in the sentence: "Which house?" is an interrogative pronoun, and in the sentence: “I saw a dream that I remembered for a long time” - relative.

The semantic and properties of pronouns allow them to correlate with adjectives, numerals, nouns, and adverbs. The so-called impersonal pronouns stand apart:

• noun pronouns: who, someone, someone, you, me, others;
• pronouns-adjectives: such, another, someone else, others;
• pronouns-adverbs: once, always, why, here, etc.;
• pronouns comparable to impersonal predicative words, i.e. impersonal pronouns: such, what;
• pronouns-numerals: how much, so much (indicate a generalized amount).

Relative pronouns in Russian have a number of features. They are characterized by semantic and grammatical diversity, because the words included in this group - which, whose, which, how much - can also express interrogative relations, and can act in a sentence as In the first meaning they contain a question about an object, sign, and do not indicate it, and in the second they connect main and subordinate parts complex sentence.

Grammar Subtleties of Relative Pronouns

• Relative pronouns who what do not have the category of number and gender. But they can be used to determine whether an animate or inanimate object is being discussed. At the same time, the pronoun who has a combination possibility with words that are both in the singular and in the plural: But those who had been arguing with him yesterday were nodding their heads approvingly today. I don't remember who laughed at you!
• In a sentence with a pronoun Who, to achieve agreement with the feminine, often use the pronoun such: I was wondering who this girl is. This is due to the fact that the words that are associated with the pronoun who are used in the masculine form.
• If the pronoun What in a sentence is a union word, its gender is determined by the gender of the noun with which it is associated: The dream that my father had had haunted us for a long time. Usually, the words that are associated with this pronoun are used in the form of the middle gender.
• Pronoun What traditionally used only in the form singular: No matter how much we listened to the motor, it remained unclear to us what was making noise there.
• Relative pronouns who what they decline as follows: who, as pronouns, this, that, and what - like the whole: Who is this, whom is this, by whom are these, about whom is about this, etc. What - everything, what - everything, what - everything, what - everything, about what - about everything, etc.
• Performing in compound allied words, relative pronouns are members of the sentence and are underlined in accordance with this: Tell me, what is your score on the test?(the word “what” is underlined with a wavy line, because it is a pronoun)

Controversial points in morphology

Not all linguists, authors of textbooks and teaching aids in Russian, agree with the allocation of relative and interrogative pronouns into independent categories. Some consider them to be the same words that just perform different tasks in sentences:

• serve to express a question in interrogative sentences;
• play the role of allied words.

Thus, according to their calculations, pronouns have not 9, but 8 digits by value.

According to other linguists, and they are the majority, these are words of different categories, but coinciding in form, i.e. being homonyms.

Pronoun — independent part speech, combining words that indicate persons, objects, signs, events, quantities, but do not name them.

A list of pronouns and their classification by meaning and grammatical features is given.

Classes by grammatical features.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on what part of speech the pronoun replaces in the text.

In a sentence, pronouns are usually subjects and objects (as nouns), attributions (as adjectives), circumstances (as adverbs).

1. Noun pronouns (pronominal nouns):

   I, you; we you; he, she, it, they (personal); myself(returnable); who what(interrogative-relative); nobody, nothing(negative); someone, something, someone, something, anyone(undefined).

   • They point to a person, object, event and perform the functions of nouns in a sentence.
   • Change by cases (there are features).
   • Associated with other words in a sentence as nouns.
   • In a sentence, there are subject, object, nominal part of the predicate.
2. Pronouns-adjectives (pronoun adjectives):

   mine, yours, mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs (possessive ); himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, all, everyone(defining) ; that, this, such, such, this, this(indicative) ; which, which, whose; uncertain none, nobody, some, some, some(interrogative-relative), etc.

   • They point to a sign of an object, perform the functions of adjectives in a sentence.
   • They change in gender, number and case, in which they agree with the noun to which they refer.
   • declined like adjectives.
   • In a sentence, they are usually definitions, they can be subjects and objects if they replace nouns, rarely the nominal part of the predicate.
3. Pronouns-numerals (pronouns):

   as much as and formed from them a few, some.

   • Indicate the number of items.
   • Usually change by case.
   • In a sentence, they are associated with nouns as cardinal numbers.
4. *** In Russian there are pronouns-adverbs (pronominal adverbs), which in some sources refer to pronouns, tk. do not name signs, circumstances, but point to them. But, more often than not refer to adverbs because pronominal words are used "instead of a name", i.e. instead of a noun, adjective and them. numeral. They are also called adverbs of pronominal origin, because. they do not change and are formed from pronominal roots.
   • Indicates an action sign.
   • They behave like adverbs: they do not change by gender, number, or case.
   • In a sentence, they are associated with verbs.
   • everywhere, always - definitive;
   • so, there, there, here, then, here, from here, here, everywhere - index;
   • where, where, when, why, why, how - interrogative-relative;
   • somewhere, sometime, once - indefinite,
   • nowhere, never, nowhere - negative.

Ranks by value

1. Personal (pronouns-nouns):
   • 1st person: me, we- indicate the speaker of the dialogue. Answer the question Who?;
   • 2nd person: you you- point to the interlocutor. Answer the question Who?;
   • 3rd person: he, she, it, they - indicate the person they are talking about, or what they are talking about. Answer the question Who?,What? depending on value .
   • They have a sign of a face: 1st, 2nd and 3rd.
   • There are units. ( I, you, he, she, it) and many others. numbers ( we you they).
   • 3rd person singular pronoun changes by gender.
   • Change in cases; the whole word is changed, not just .
   • In a sentence, there are usually subjects and objects.
2. returnable (noun pronouns): yourself.
   • Indicates that the action "returns" to the actor. Indicates one or more persons.
   • Has no gender, refers to any person (not indicated during morphological analysis).
   • Changes by case, but has no form nominative case.
   • It plays the role of an addendum in a sentence.
3. Interrogative (used in the question (question words), indicate persons, objects, signs and quantity):
   • who what?- local nouns, change in cases;
   • what?, whose?, which?, what? - local adjectives, change by gender, number and case;
   • How many?- place-numeral , varies by case.
   • where?, where?, from where?, when?, why?, why?, how?, why?
4. relative : the same as interrogative, but used to connect sentences as allied words in complex sentences:
   • who what- local nouns;
   • which, whose, which, what - place-adjectives;
   • How many- place-numeral;
   • where, where, from where, when, why, why, how, why - place-adverbs, do not change.
   • What, how, when can be not only allied words, but also unions.

     The union can be omitted, the union word is not; the union can be replaced by another union, the allied word can only be replaced by the word from the main clause that it replaces in the subordinate clause: In the bushes, Where(the allied word, circumstance, replaces the word in the bushes) the sparrows gathered, it was noisy.

   • It is necessary to distinguish between an interrogative-relative pronoun and a preposition + pronoun.
5. Possessive :

   mine, yours, ours, yours, yours; him, her, them.

   • Indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object.
   • Relate to adjectives.
   • Answer questions whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?.
   • They vary by gender, number and case.
   • His, her, them - personal pronouns he, it, she, they in R.p. are used in the meaning of possessive pronouns. Do not bow.
   • In a sentence are usually definitions.
6. pointing :
   • that (that, that, those), this (this, this, these), such (such, such, such), such (such, such, such); this one - m.-adjectives, change by gender, number, cases;
   • so much - m.-numeral, changes in cases;
   • there, there, here, here, then, therefore, therefore, from there, from here, here- m.-adverbs, do not change.

   Indicate a sign or number of objects.

7. Determinants indicate the attribute of the object:
   • all, everyone, each, any, other, other, himself, most - m.-adjectives, change by gender, number, cases, in a sentence - a definition;
   • everywhere, always, everywhere - m.-adverb, do not change, in the sentence - circumstances.
8. indefinite :
   • someone, something - m.-nouns, someone has the form only of the Im. and V. cases;
   • someone, something, someone, something, anyone, anything, anyone, anything - m.-nouns, change in cases;
   • some, some; some; some, someone; anyone, anybody, anyone, anybody - m.-adj. , change by gender, number, cases;
   • some; any, how much- m-numerals, change in cases.
   • somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, sometime, sometime, somehow, somehow where, somewhere, somehow and others - m.-adverbs, do not change.
   • The category includes all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of not, which turns into ( not always shock!), prefixes something or suffixes -something, -either, -something.
   • They change in the same way as interrogative pronouns (except someone, something)
   • M.-nouns in a sentence are subject or object.
   • M.-adverbs in a sentence are usually circumstances.
   • something, something, something, something are written through hyphen. If there is something between the particle and the pronoun , then the whole phrase is written apart: + someone -> someone, with + something-> something.
9. Negative :
   • no one, nothing, no one, nothing (no one, nothing, nothing) - m.-nouns; nobody, nothing change in cases; nobody, nothing do not have the form Im.p.
   • none, nobody. - m.-adjectives, change by gender, number, cases.
   • nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never, not at all - m.-adverbs, do not change.
   • They express the absence of persons, objects, signs, quantities.
   • Formed from interrogative pronouns by adding particles Not And neither , which turn into prefixes.
   • M.-nouns in a sentence are subject (no one, nothing) or object.
   • M.-adjectives in a sentence are usually definitions.
   • M.-adverbs in a sentence are circumstances.
   • under stress - Not , without stress - neither.
   • Not And neither (as prefixes) are written together with pronouns, but with a preposition Not And neither (as negative particles) are written apart :with + nothing -> nothing, + no one -> no one.

List of used literature.
• Arbatova E.A. Rules of the Russian language in tables and diagrams. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Litera", 2012, ISBN 978-5-94455-713-1
• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x.
• Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials in Russian to prepare for exams. - M .: - LLC Astrel Publishing House, 2004.-462 p.
• Pavlova S.A. Methods of preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language: reasoning algorithms when choosing the right answer. - M .: Education, 2009.- 192s - ISBN 978-5-09-017011-6.
• Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011 — ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.

Pronoun - this is an independent part of speech that indicates an object, sign, quantity, but does not name them.

Depending on the expressed value and grammatical features nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.

initial form for most pronouns, it is the nominative singular form.

All pronouns change in cases (me, me, (about) me), some by birth (such, such) and numbers (this, these).

syntax function pronouns depends on what part of speech the given word corresponds to. Pronouns pointing to an object, are correlative with nouns and perform the functions of nouns in a sentence (me, you, he, who, what etc.), and pronouns, indicating a sign, are correlative with adjectives and perform the functions of adjectives in a sentence (mine, yours, whose, what, such etc.), for example:

You - All!

You sky and water... (D. Merezhkovsky)

What do they smell They, then they take into themselves,

They have space in themselves. (I. Kanevsky)

In my dreams - your minutes:

Your Memphis eyes. (V. Bryusov)

Lexico-semantic categories of pronouns

Taking into account lexico-semantic features are the following ranks of pronouns:

In some manuals, interrogative and relative pronouns are considered in the same group of interrogative-relative pronouns.

Pronouns can also include words both, both since they express to a greater extent not the quantitative meaning of “two” or “two”, “two”, but the pronominal demonstrative “both one and the other”, “both one and the other”. Wed Both received an award.- Both of them received an award. Both girls were injured in the accident.- Both were injured in the accident.

Personal pronouns

group personal pronouns make up the words: I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they.

Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicate persons, participants in the dialogue - the speaker and the interlocutor: I, you, we, you.

Pronouns of the 3rd person singular and plural indicate the one or those who are not participating in the dialogue, or the subject that is being spoken about, was said or will be said in the future: he, she, it, they.

Grammar signs personal pronouns: 1) have face shapes; 2) have the form of a number; 3) pronouns of the 3rd person singular have gender forms; 4) forms of indirect cases are formed from different stems, that is, in a suppletive way (i - me, me; You- you, you; He- him, him; she- her, her; They- them, them etc.).

Personal pronouns 3rd person, if used with prepositions, may have a form beginning with and: at him, to him, behind him, with them, with him. No initial n these pronouns are not used with some derived prepositions: thanks to him, her, them; against him, her, them.

Personal pronouns him, her, them should be distinguished from homonymous possessive pronouns him, her, them. In offers personal pronouns most often refer to verbs and act as complements, for example: The watchman saw him at once. It is impossible not to love her. They have a lot of work. Possessive pronouns him, her, them, as a rule, refer to nouns, act as definitions, for example: Her eyes shone with happiness. His brother has many friends. This is a gift for their daughter. Possessive pronouns, used with prepositions, do not have an initial k. Compare: for him- for his friend; for her- for her friend; for them- for their friends.

2nd person plural pronoun You can be used when referring to one person as polite form. In this case, the pronoun is most often written with capital letter, For example: I heartily congratulate you on the holiday. I wish you all the best.

Reflexive pronoun "myself"

Group reflexive pronouns represented by the word myself. There are no other words in this group.

grammatical meaning reflexive pronoun myself - an indication of the person in question.

Grammar signs reflexive pronoun: 1) has no nominative form; 2) has no form of person, number, gender.

reflexive pronoun myself has no initial form, it changes only in oblique cases. Can refer to any of the personal pronouns of all three persons: He bought himself a book. She bought herself a book. They bought themselves books.

In a sentence reflexive pronoun myself performs the complement function: I would love to treat myself to a small gift.

reflexive pronoun myself in the form of the dative case should be distinguished from a pronoun that is close in meaning to a particle. Wed: He found himself a job.- He goes to himself and does not think about anything. Help yourself.- The performance was not very, so-so. In this case the word myself does not stand out as an independent member of the sentence, but is underlined along with the word to which it refers.

Possessive pronouns

group possessive pronouns make up the words: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, yours.

grammatical meaning possessive pronouns- this is an indication that the object belongs to the person in question (this person can be the speaker, the interlocutor or some third person).

Grammar signs possessive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms; 2) have gender forms; 3) change in cases according to the type of adjectives (except for pronouns him, her, them).

Pronouns him, her, them by origin are a form of the genitive case of personal pronouns he she, They; have gender and number, but do not change by case, although they can be combined with a noun in any case, for example: He saw her father. He met with her father. He was proud of her father. He talked about her father.

Interrogative and relative pronouns

group interrogative pronouns make up the words: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much.

Interrogative pronouns express a question about an object, attribute or quantity in interrogative sentences.

The same pronouns used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one make up a group relative pronouns . Wed: Who come? (interrogative) - I don't know Who came (relative).

Grammar signs interrogative and relative pronouns: 1) pronouns who, what, how much do not have a form of gender and number, they change by cases; 2) pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and gender, decline according to the type of adjectives, for example: whose\\, h- j- eGo, whose-j-him, whose-j-Andm, (o) ch-j-eat.

Indefinite pronouns

group indefinite pronouns make up the words: someone, something, some, some, someone, something, some, someone, someone anyone, anyone, something, anyone, someone, several and under.

grammatical meaning indefinite pronouns- an indication of an indefinite object, sign, quantity.

Indefinite pronouns formed from interrogative questions with prefixes Not- And something and suffixes something, something, something.

Grammar signs indefinite pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed. The only difference is the pronouns. someone And something, which do not change.

Negative pronouns

group negative pronouns make up the words: no one, nothing, no one, no one, not at all, no one, nothing.

grammatical meaning negative pronouns: 1) denial of the presence of any object, sign, quantity; 2) strengthening the negative meaning of the whole sentence.

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogatives by the addition of particles-prefixes Not And neither and have the same features as interrogative pronouns.

Grammar signs negative pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed.

Pronouns no one And nothing do not have a nominative form and are used only in impersonal sentences: You have no one to blame for what happened. He had nothing to do.

Pronouns nobody, nothing, nobody, no one usually used in a sentence with a negative verb: no one believed, nothing foretold etc.

From pronoun nothing The accusative form is formed only with a preposition: for nothing.

Demonstrative pronouns

group demonstrative pronouns make up the words: that, this, such, such, so much, such (obsolete), such (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete).

grammatical meaning demonstrative pronouns- selection among others of any object, attribute, quantity.

In a complex sentence, they can act as demonstrative words.

Grammar signs demonstrative pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (except for the pronoun so many); 2) have gender forms (except for the pronoun so many); 3) change in cases according to the type of full and short adjectives, according to the type of numerals (pronoun so many).

Some linguists classify demonstrative pronouns words both And both in the meaning of "the one and the other", "the one and the other": Both students successfully passed their exams.- Both of them successfully passed the exams. Both girls received gifts.- Both of them received gifts.

Definitive pronouns

group definitive pronouns make up the words: himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, everyone, everyone.

grammatical meaning definitive pronouns- definition of an object in a number of other objects.

Grammar signs definitive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (all, all); 2) have gender forms (all, all, all); 3) change in cases (all, everything, everything etc.).

Pronouns myself And most in declension, they differ only in the form of the nominative case and stress: (the) same house, the house itself- (of) the very house, the very house.

With the help of a pronoun most a complex shape superlatives quality adjectives: Beautiful- the most beautiful, kindest- kindest, freshest- the freshest.

Pronoun myself can have two meanings: 1) the meaning of an intensifying word with a noun or personal pronoun: It was the director of the school himself; 2) the meaning of "independently, without outside help": He solved the problem himself.

Declension of pronouns

IN pronoun declension individual discharges there is a wide variety of types and forms, as well as cases of the formation of forms from different bases.

1. Declension of personal pronouns I, you; we you; he (it, she), they.

Forms of indirect cases of personal pronouns have a different basis, different from the form of the nominative case.

Pronouns I, you can represent either a male or female person. Wed: I'm almost happy.- I'm almost happy. You got angry.- You got angry.

Pronouns he, it, she, they, used with prepositions, can get the initial n (from him, to her, with them, with him, But: thanks to him, towards her, in spite of them).

2. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form; it only changes in oblique cases, following the model of a pronoun You:

3. Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours, yours, index that one, this one, interrogative and relative which, which, whose, defining most, himself, all, everyone, other have generic and plural forms and are declined according to separate patterns of adjective declension.

It is necessary to distinguish between the declension of pronouns most And myself.

Pronoun all (all, all, all) has special forms in the instrumental singular masculine and neuter and in all plural forms:

4. Interrogative and relative pronouns Who And What and negative pronouns nobody, nothing form when declining the form from other bases:

5. Negative pronouns nobody, nothing do not have nominative case forms, and in oblique cases they are declined according to the given pattern:

6. Indefinite pronouns someone (someone, anyone), something (something, anything), some (any, some), someone (someone, someone) ) and others are declined according to the pattern of the corresponding interrogative pronouns.

7. Indefinite pronoun some in some cases it has variant forms.

8. Pronouns such as, someone, something do not bow.

Morphological analysis of the pronoun includes the selection of two permanent signs (rank by value and features of declension) and three non-permanent ones (gender, case and number). For personal pronouns, the person is also indicated as a constant feature. Fulfilling morphological analysis of the pronoun, you should remember about its specificity as a part of speech: pronoun indicates on objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. This is important when formulating the general meaning of the pronoun. It should also be noted that only a change in cases is characteristic of all categories of pronouns (this is a common non-permanent feature).