Root top dressing of wheat. Liquid fertilizers for cereals, instructions for feeding with carbamide, saltpeter

Today, such a product as winter wheat is gaining more and more popularity.

It gives a large practical advantage in the form of the amount of the crop, since from one site you can get 30-45% of the product, rather than grow ordinary wheat, that is, spring wheat.

But the care process itself, including the application of top dressing for winter wheat, is slightly different from similar procedures that are done with ordinary wheat.

But if you follow all the instructions, you can get the result in the form of a product of excellent quality.

The quality and quantity of grain that can be obtained when cultivating a winter wheat crop directly depends on the amount of fertilizer that is applied during the growth and development of plants.

After all, if a certain mineral component is not enough, then it will not work out to get a good enough result.

To get a lot of quality product, you need to provide winter wheat with all the necessary trace elements.

Only then will it be possible to count on the justification of hopes in the matter of the expected harvest.

A characteristic feature of winter wheat is the fact that it is very depleting of soil resources. Therefore, every year more and more fertilizers are required, because otherwise it will not work to grow a worthy product on poor land.

To form a crop in the amount of 10 centners per 1 hectare of the field, 28-37 kg of nitrogen, 11-13 kg of phosphorus, 20-21 kg of potassium must be given to the ground. It is important to remember that the more you try to grow and the more chemicals you apply, the more the land becomes depleted.

If 50-60 centners of winter wheat are harvested from 1 hectare of land, then 160-190 kg of nitrogen, 55-70 kg of phosphorus and 80-100 kg of potassium "volatilize" from the soil.

The results of the analyzes indicate that there is not so much nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in an easily accessible form in the earth, therefore, in order to get a decent harvest, mineral supplements need to be added.

The best effect will be only if you give winter wheat all the nutrients it needs. The limiting factor plays the most important role, that is, on the amount of the missing element in the soil, which the plant can receive freely.

If the ratio between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is wrong, then the productivity of plants will be reduced, and the wheat itself will be affected by diseases, which will lead to a decrease in grain quality.

Initially, a ratio of 1:1:1 was considered ideal, but after a while, after receiving several crops, it was concluded that it is best to provide plants with large amounts of nitrogen under conditions of top dressing, since it is this substance that “leaves” the soil most actively.

The “golden” ratio is considered to be 1.5:1:1.

You can apply top dressing in the fall to the base of the beds during their cultivation, during the sowing itself, or simply fertilize the planting during the growing season.

The required amount of potassium and phosphorus must be applied during the formation of ridges. If this is not done in time, then the effectiveness of fertilizers decreases along with the effect that they can give.

by the most the best option is fertilization under arable land, since in this case they are microelements deepened to a level of 22-25 cm.

Such a demolition depth is considered the most optimal, as it will have a very good effect on the rate of development of the root system, will contribute to the penetration of roots to a greater depth, and will also increase the overall winter hardiness of plants.

The most difficult thing is to correctly provide winter wheat with nitrogen. Those nitrogen fertilizers that were introduced in the fall will not give much effect, since in the process of development the plants will require more and more of this chemical element.

If you apply a little nitrogen before the grain is poured, then everything will go to the formation of a vegetative mass, and also part of the fertilizer will simply wash out of the ground in spring and autumn.

If you overdo it with a dose of nitrogen, then the plants simply will not survive the winter precisely because of the strong decrease in winter hardiness. Excess nitrogen will also be used by weeds, which will prevent wheat from growing in the spring.

Because of this, it will be necessary to treat the planting with special herbicides. Nitrogen should be applied during the period from flowering to waxy ripeness, since in conditions of a lack of nitrogen at this time, the amount available will go from green to grain.

If you feed winter wheat at this time, then its reproductive organs (ear) will form correctly, and the wheat itself will come out of excellent quality.

To provide winter wheat with nitrogen for the entire growing season, you need to apply those fertilizers that dissolve slowly, or you can feed the plants in several sittings.

Nitrogen fertilizers dissolve quite quickly, so it is advisable to apply a small part of them in the fall, and the rest in the spring and summer, when plants especially need this element.

Summing up, we can draw a number of conclusions regarding the feeding of winter wheat in general. As a result, it may happen that fertilizers will have to be applied 3-4 times.

The first feeding should be in the fall. In the case of poor soils and subject to poor predecessors, 30 g of nitrogen per 1 sq. meter. Top dressing at this time will have a good effect on plant growth in the fall., and also increase their winter hardiness.

The second feeding should be done in early spring. It is aimed at the development of the stem and will contribute to the increase in the spike rod. The third top dressing is called productive, as it has the greatest impact on the level of yield. This time, fertilizers must be applied at the beginning of the plants' exit into the tube.

With timely sowing, a sufficient amount of moisture and mobile connecting nutrients in the soil, the tillering phase of winter wheat begins 15 days after germination. Under favorable conditions, the tillering process usually occurs in autumn. Favorable water and nutrient regimes of the soil determine the appearance of friendly and normal seedlings and the formation of a developed root system.

• germination and shoots - 8%;
• tillering-28%;
• access to the phone - 36%;
• heading and flowering - 2%;
• grain filling -16%.

Phosphorus

The nutrition of plants with phosphorus at the beginning of their growth occurs mainly due to the nutrients of the seeds. The root system of young plants poorly absorbs sparingly soluble phosphorus compounds from the soil, therefore, at the beginning of the growing season, it is necessary to have a reserve of highly soluble compounds of this element. If we take into account the mass of the arable layer of soil (C thousand tons / ha) and assume that its moisture content is 25% (although these reserves are not all accessible to plants), then in terms of concentration G.0 - 0.05 mg / l of soil solution, the total the amount of the element will be only 0.4 kg/ha.

Under statistical conditions, the transition of H2PO4 ions almost does not occur. Therefore, due to the low solubility of fertilizers and significant distances between their granules in the soil, there is a possibility of positional inaccessibility of phosphorus uptake by plants, since this process occurs only due to diffusion in a small area around the root. Therefore, the line application of phosphorus fertilizers is 4-5 times more effective than spreading, since the utilization rate of phosphorus from them reaches 40-60%.

Potassium

Ratio and interaction

trace elements

Boron promotes the synthesis of chlorophyll, affects the formation of generative organs, the development of the root system, especially young roots. It almost does not move from the bottom of the plants to the point of growth, that is, it is not reused. The lack of boron in plant nutrition appears on calcareous soils and after the introduction of high rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers.

Among cereal crops, winter wheat is the most demanding in terms of nutrition. In the development of winter wheat, there are two critical periods for the supply of plants with nutrients:

• the first - from the emergence of seedlings to the cessation of the autumn vegetation, when plants are very sensitive to a lack of nitrogen and phosphorus;
• the second - from the beginning of the resumption of spring vegetation and until the release of the tube, when the plants are very sensitive to a lack of nitrogen.

With timely sowing, a sufficient amount of moisture and mobile connecting nutrients in the soil, the tillering phase of winter wheat begins 15 days after germination. Under favorable conditions, the tillering process usually occurs in autumn.

Favorable water and nutrient regimes of the soil determine the appearance of friendly and normal seedlings and the formation of a developed root system.

In autumn, the bulk of the roots are concentrated in a 0–30 cm soil layer, and by winter, especially on chernozems, some primary roots penetrate to a depth of up to 1 m, and secondary roots to a depth of 0.6 m, and sometimes deeper than 1 m.

Despite the small mass of winter wheat plants in the autumn period, an important role in creating optimal conditions for their development currently belongs to the presence and correct ratio between the mobile compounds of nutrients in the soil. In the early stages of growth and development (when the ear is laid, differentiated and spikelets are formed), the ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus should be optimal.

Nitrogen

The size of the grain yield and its quality primarily depend on the supply of plants with nitrogen. Typically, crops absorb nitrogen in the following dynamics:

• germination and shoots - 8%;
• tillering-28%;
• access to the phone - 36%;
• heading and flowering - 2%;
• grain filling -16%.

During the sowing of wheat after pure fallow, a significant amount of nitrogen of mineral compounds accumulates in the soil due to microbiological processes. In this case, the fertilizer system should be aimed at neutralizing the excess nitrogen supply of plants, that is, at enhancing phosphorus and potassium nutrition. Therefore, when compiling a winter wheat fertilization system, it is important to take into account the content of mobile nutrients in the soil and the characteristics of predecessors.

Enhanced nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat in the early stages of growth and development reduces the yield, since during germination nitrogen retards root growth and predetermines some depression in the initial growth of plants. Increased doses of nitrogen fertilizers during this period contribute to the formation of a loose tissue structure, which accumulates a lot of water in the pre-winter period.

And because root system develops mainly in the upper soil layer, this reduces the resistance of plants to adverse winter conditions. In addition, plants can be damaged in autumn by powdery mildew, root rot, and in warm autumn conditions also by brown leaf rust. Such plants are unstable against lodging. Therefore, in the autumn period, winter wheat needs a small but sufficient amount of nitrogen.

On the other hand, in the case of wheat sowing without application of nitrogen fertilizers after occupied fallows and non-fallow predecessors, seedlings have a pale green color, which indicates a low content of chlorophyll in plants. The tillering process is reduced or completely stopped with a strong nutritional deficiency of wheat.

Everything is vital important processes plants are weakened, they do not overwinter well and often die. Therefore, on poor soils or after non-steam predecessors, special attention should be paid to plant nutrition with nitrogen in autumn. The lack of nitrogen in other periods of the growing season has less effect on the yield.

Nitrogen significantly affects the formation of elements of plant productivity. So, in the tillering phase, a lack or excess of nitrogen, the timing of its introduction and meteorological conditions can significantly affect the laying and formation of tillering shoots.

One of the essential features of winter wheat, like other plants, is the continuity of nitrogen and sulfur nutrition. Sulfur, like nitrogen, is a component of protein in plants. In case of its deficiency in the nutrient medium, the restoration and assimilation of nitrogen by plants stops. For diagnostics, sulfur deficiency is considered critical when the content of its mobile compounds in the soil is less than 12 mg/kg. Symptoms of sulfur deficiency are almost the same as nitrogen deficiency, but more pronounced. Plants are weakly bushy, stunted, from light green to completely yellow color.

Phosphorus

To determine the norm and composition of the main fertilizer, it is important to take into account the effect of nutrients on the winter hardiness of plants. It depends on the accumulation since autumn of protective substances, primarily sugars, biochemical and physiological factors of metabolism (the state of protoplasm, the content of free amino acids, protein hydrolysis, etc.).

Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers contribute to a greater accumulation of these substances and significantly improve other physiological and biochemical indicators of plant winter hardiness. This explains their high role in the main fertilizer, phosphate fertilizers work very well on soddy-podzolic soils with their optimal combination of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. Their effectiveness is reduced on gray and dark gray forest soils due to the sufficient content of mobile phosphates in them and the deficiency of mineral nitrogen.

In the Forest-Steppe and especially in the Steppe, the high efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers is considered a condition for insufficient moisture. This is due to the fact that the southern ordinary and especially carbonate chernozems have a low content of mobile phosphorus compounds.

Under these conditions, phosphorus nutrition of plants improves, which contributes to the intensive development of the root system and generative organs of plants and improves the graininess of the ear, while a lack of phosphorus leads to a delay in the development and formation of spikelets, the stem is formed thin, the root system is weak, the leaves are smaller and darker than ordinary. Reddish or purple leaves are one of the symptoms of plant phosphorus deficiency. A good supply of phosphorus stimulates the formation of the root system.

Under conditions of unstable and insufficient moisture, the effectiveness of fertilizers depends significantly on the depth of their incorporation into moist soil. Phosphorus from fertilizers is best absorbed when they are wrapped in a 10-20 cm layer of soil. Due to the low mobility of phosphates in the soil, the transfer of part of the phosphorus from the main fertilizer to top dressing or the replacement of the main fertilizer with it is impractical even when readily available forms of phosphorus are used.

However, even with sufficiently high reserves of mobile phosphorus compounds in the soil, the concentration of phosphate ions in the soil solution may be insufficient to fully provide young plants at the first stages of growth and development. Therefore, an obligatory agrotechnological measure on all types of soils is the starting (row) application of phosphorus fertilizers at a dose of 7-20 kg/ha P20. various forms phosphate fertilizers - superphosphates, superphosphate, etc.

The use of other forms of mineral fertilizers - ammophos, nitrophoska, nitroammophoska, fertilizer mixtures - is also effective, especially when fertilizers were not applied or applied to the main fertilizer in insufficient quantities, during wheat sowing after stubble predecessors and crops that are harvested late when in the soil contains few mineral nitrogen compounds. It should be noted that the introduction of more than 300 kg/ha of physical mass of mineral fertilizers into rows reduces the germination of winter wheat seeds. This is due to an increase in the concentration of the soil solution.

The nutrition of plants with phosphorus at the beginning of their growth occurs mainly due to the nutrients of the seeds. The root system of young plants poorly absorbs sparingly soluble phosphorus compounds from the soil, therefore, at the beginning of the growing season, it is necessary to have a reserve of highly soluble compounds of this element.

If we take into account the mass of the arable layer of soil (C thousand tons / ha) and assume that its moisture content is 25% (although these reserves are not all accessible to plants), then in terms of concentration G.0 - 0.05 mg / l of soil solution, the total the amount of the element will be only 0.4 kg/ha. Under statistical conditions, the transition of H2PO4 ions almost does not occur.

Therefore, due to the low solubility of fertilizers and significant distances between their granules in the soil, there is a possibility of positional inaccessibility of phosphorus uptake by plants, since this process occurs only due to diffusion in a small area around the root. Therefore, the line application of phosphorus fertilizers is 4-5 times more effective than spreading, since the utilization rate of phosphorus from them reaches 40-60%.

So, line fertilizers are used to improve the nutritional conditions of plants with phosphorus at the beginning of the growing season, and most importantly, to provide them with this element throughout the growing season.

Potassium

Potassium increases the cold resistance of plants, enhances tillering, and the optimal nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium nutrition early stages development of wheat stimulates the growth and deepening of its roots, contributes to the accumulation of a significant amount of sugars, which increases the resistance of plants to low temperatures and spring drought, and reduces the risk of lodging.

The role of potash fertilizers is best manifested on light soils. In general, the areas of effectiveness of potash fertilizers coincide with the areas of action of nitrogen fertilizers. Winter wheat reacts least of all to them on ordinary and southern chernozems. However, potash fertilizers, albeit in small amounts, must be applied on all types of soils, since potassium helps to increase the winter hardiness of plants, the strength of the stems, which is especially important for varieties prone to lodging.

Ratio and interaction

Nitrogen fertilizers work best on soils with low potential fertility and sufficient moisture, where precipitation does not limit the yield level (soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils), and the period between the collection of the predecessor and sowing is insufficient for the accumulation of mineral nitrogen compounds in the soil due to microbiological processes .

In the southern regions, where the period between the collection of the predecessor and the sowing of winter wheat lasts 2-3 months, the semi-fallow content of the soil contributes to the accumulation of mobile forms of nutrients in it, including nitrogen. In addition, mineral nitrogen can accumulate an excess amount. This may lead to adverse conditions overwintering of the plant, and further vegetation. To soften negative impact excessive unilateral nutrition of wheat with nitrogen, which is especially observed after bare fallow, only phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied before sowing.

When sowing winter wheat after corn for silage, stubble and other non-fallow predecessors, nitrogen fertilizers should also be applied next to phosphorus and potash. This is due to the fact that the soil contains a small amount of mineral nitrogen compounds for the initial growth of plants. In autumn, low doses of nitrogen should also be applied in case of late sowing dates and on poor soils after worse predecessors.

Nitrogen has a positive effect on the winter hardiness of winter wheat only for the optimal ratio with other nutrients, primarily phosphorus and potassium. Both excessive one-sided nutrition of plants with nitrogen and its deficiency negatively affect the accumulation of sugars in plants in autumn. In the first case, this is due to their consumption for the synthesis of more complex organic compounds during the period of plant growth, and in the other - with a weakening of the process of photosynthesis and with a violation of the general processes of growth and development of winter wheat in the autumn period. In the latter case, the application of nitrogen fertilizers optimizes the development conditions and improves the winter hardiness of plants.

So, when assembling a winter wheat fertilization system, it is important to take into account the conditions of its cultivation. In all cases, the advantages of nitrogen nutrition over phosphorus and potassium should not be allowed. To address the issue of introducing nitrogen into the main fertilizer, there is only one thought: on soils with a low content of its mineral forms (less than 20 mg / kg of arable soil layer), 20-30 kg / ha of nitrogen mineral fertilizers are applied.

trace elements

Winter wheat responds effectively to the application of microfertilizers. The most important trace elements for it are manganese, molybdenum, copper, zinc and boron. They are introduced into the soil along with basic mineral fertilizers, as well as foliar top dressing and pre-sowing seed treatment with micronutrient fertilizers.

Manganese contributes to an increase in the sugar content in plants, thereby providing higher frost resistance and winter hardiness, and increases yield. Most of all, plants absorb it from the tillering phase to earing. So, to prevent a significant reduction in yield, it is important to apply manganese to the seeds. The lack of manganese is observed on soils with neutral and alkaline reactions.

Copper significantly affects the formation of generative organs, the development and structure of plant cells, increases resistance to diseases, lodging, drought resistance, heat resistance and winter hardiness of plants, and contributes to better absorption of nitrogen. Its deficiency is found on calcareous soils, with high temperature, increased application rates of nitrogen fertilizers (more than 100 kg/ha per year).

Boron promotes the synthesis of chlorophyll, affects the formation of generative organs, the development of the root system, especially young roots. It almost does not move from the bottom of the plants to the point of growth, that is, it is not reused.

The lack of boron in plant nutrition appears on calcareous soils and after the introduction of high rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers.

Zinc is involved in many physiological processes, promotes the growth of internodes, increases heat resistance, drought resistance and frost resistance of plants, protein content in grain, plant resistance to disease. Particular attention should be paid to the provision of winter wheat with zinc when applying high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, liming, and low temperatures.

Optimal nutrition of plants with microelements increases the physiological resistance of plants to diseases and pests. So, boron, copper increase the resistance of grain crops to brown, and manganese - to stem rust and cut. Boron, cobalt and manganese powdery mildew. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with manganese, copper and boron increases the resistance of grain crops to the Hessian fly.

Top dressing of cereals is a procedure designed to increase the yield and resistance of these crops to diseases. To get the desired result, it is worth studying the features of the procedure. Feeding winter wheat in spring has some differences, which must also be taken into account.

The composition of the soil determines the basis of future crops. For nutritional deficiencies:

1. few seeds are formed, poor vegetative mass;
2. immunity falls;
3. increased risk of disease and lodging.

The introduction of mineral fertilizers at the right time and in the right dosage helps to prevent possible problems.

The macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) play a major role in plant life. Additionally, they are provided with trace elements:

• gray;
• manganese;
• iron;
• copper;
• zinc;
• boron;
• calcium;
• magnesium.

The optimal NPK ratio is 1.5:1:1.

When calculating, they take into account which crops were cultivated in this area before. Legumes saturate the earth with nitrogen - its amount is reduced. The type of soil also affects the concentration of the substance:

• clayey - water moves slowly, the dosage is reduced;
• sandy - quickly passes liquid, increase the level.

Application deadlines:

1. during autumn plowing - potassium and phosphorus, which increase winter hardiness;
2. during the growing season - it is necessary to feed the plantings with nitrogen.
   The accessible form of this element is extremely mobile. It quickly goes deep into the water, so it is not advisable to bring it in advance.

When fertilizing winter wheat, it should be taken into account that it requires more nitrogen and phosphorus during the period from tillering to heading, potassium - at the beginning of the growing season.

Characteristics of liquid organo-mineral fertilizers

With the systematic use of mineral preparations, the composition of the soil deteriorates. It is estimated that plants absorb only a third of the elements. The unused part remains in the ground, polluting it and groundwater.

Organo-mineral fertilizers are a worthy alternative. They:

• environmentally friendly;
• do not contain fluorine and chlorine;
• do not have a negative impact;
• improve the air and moisture capacity of the soil;
• activate the activity of beneficial bacteria.

The composition includes macro- and microelements in chelated form, humates, organic compounds.

Concentrates are suitable for processing large farms. They are economically consumed, exclude oversaturation, accelerate the decomposition of pesticides, and are stored for a long time.

Organics are essential when the amount of humus drops to a critical level - 2%.

Manure is brought in in the fall so that microorganisms have time to ferment it. On chernozems - 20-25 t / ha, on podzolic lands - 30-35 t / ha. If the fertility level is high, it is better to lay organic matter under wheat precursors.

Liquid fertilizers for various crops

Liquid forms of preparations have several advantages:

1. easily digestible;
2. quickly penetrate the soil, even with insufficient moisture;
3. increase yield by at least 30%;
4. increase resistance to adverse factors.

Each type of cereal has individual needs. The exact dosage is selected based on the variety, climate, agrochemical indicators.

Corn

Nutritional requirements increase from panicle formation to flowering.

Application time:

1. Potassium and phosphorus - for autumn digging.
2. Nitrogen fertilizers - in preparation for sowing, close up directly in the nests. So that there is no harmful effect on the sprouts, they are placed 5 cm to the side and 3 cm deeper than the seeds. Further contribute during the period of active vegetation.

The norms for chernozems of the forest-steppe zone are given in the table. Here and below, the amount is given at the rate of kg per ha.

Wheat

Nitrogen preparations are used in the spring, phosphorus and potash preparations are used during autumn plowing. One of the most effective fertilizers for wheat is carbamide (urea), a product of protein metabolism in humans and animals. It is applied by the root and leaf method.

The need for top dressing increases if the predecessors of the crop in question were potatoes, beets, and other cereals.

Feeding winter wheat with urea

The substance is synthesized from gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide by heating and exposure high pressure. Contains a lot of nitrogen - 46.2%, turning into an accessible form in 2-3 days after incorporation. Appearance- Odorless crystals.

Fertilizing winter wheat with carbamide is carried out several times to prevent leaching:

1. Before sowing in small quantities.
2. Before active growing season.
3. At the beginning of the call.

When using carbamide, the reaction of the soil does not change.

Foliar application of winter wheat

Leaf plates are covered with many small stomata through which elements are exchanged with environment. Absorption of substances is more productive in comparison with root treatment.

Foliar application of winter wheat - simple and effective way the introduction of nitrogen. Thanks to them, respiratory, metabolic, photosynthetic processes are improved.

The method is indispensable for saving fading wheat - it is absolutely painless, without burning the roots.

• The concentration depends on the growing season: 10% - when 2-3 internodes are formed; 25% - during heading; 30% - at the stage of milky ripeness. If the dosage is exceeded, leaf burn is possible.
• Wheat is irrigated evenly, spraying the solution from a height of not more than 7 m.
• The best time is morning or evening, cloudy weather.
• Humidity is above 30%.

Foliar treatment does not replace root dressings. The correct approach is alternation.

Barley

The culture needs to be fed at the beginning of the growing season. By the flowering period, barley almost does not absorb nutrients.

1. phosphorus and potassium - placed in deep layers during autumn plowing;
2. nitrogen - before sowing;
3. superphosphate or ammophos - in rows when planting.

When the soil is enriched with nitrogen after flowering, the proportion of protein in the grains increases.

oats

Less whimsical, takes root well in areas with high acidity, is not afraid of short-term cold snaps. Fertilizers are applied during presowing preparation.

Rice

Most often cultivated on depleted lands with a deficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. There is usually enough potassium in such areas, so top dressing is carried out in a different way.

Rice fields are a kind of flowing reservoirs of shallow depth. They are divided into checks - areas surrounded by an earthen rampart.

Under rice, it is better to add ammonia forms, because they are washed out more slowly:

• ammonium sulphate;
• ammonium chloride;
• urea.

Most of the nitrogen - about 2/3 - is used during seedbed preparation along with phosphorus. The rest - from the moment of germination until the formation of 8-9 sheets. Excess leads to a delay in the growing season, loss of the upright position of the stems, disease damage, and a decrease in crop quality. Potassium is applied only when cultivated in one place for several years.

Millet

Drought-resistant, but demanding on soil fertility. Peak nutritional requirements occur during the period from tillering to grain filling.

Processing time:

• P and K - during autumn plowing;
• N - immediately before sowing.

Rye

At the beginning of the growing season, there is a low need for minerals, but their lack is detrimental to the culture. Winter rye responds well to liquid top dressing.

Distinctive features:

1. increased tillering in autumn;
2. early resumption of development in spring;
3. active consumption of elements from the phase of entry into the tube to heading.

In autumn, they are fed with potassium and phosphorus to increase winter hardiness and sugar reserves. In the spring, they make up for the lack of nitrogen washed out during thawing. Subsequent treatments are aimed at improving the quality of the crop and do not affect its volume.

Top dressing of winter crops with ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrate contains:

• 26 to 34.4% nitrogen;
• up to 14% sulfur, which improves the absorption of the previous element;
• potassium;
• calcium;
• magnesium.

Used for spring feeding of wheat for:

1. accelerating growth;
2. quick set of green mass;
3. increasing the level of protein and gluten in grains.

Ammonium nitrate is no longer used 2 weeks before harvest, so that nitrates that are harmful to health do not accumulate in the grains.

Common Mistakes When Fertilizing Cereals

Many agrarians are in captivity of delusions - they are limited exclusively to root processing, losing sight of leaf processing. This approach is wrong:

1. When the grain grows, it becomes impossible to process the aisles.
2. The root system is sometimes not able to absorb substances well. This trend is observed with decreasing temperature.
3. The elements are quickly absorbed through the leaves, thereby reducing the consumption of fertilizers.

It is also impossible to limit yourself to foliar dressings. Root treatment provides crops with a complex of substances that cannot be transferred in any other way. This is especially important for winter wheat: at the beginning of the growing season, it receives nutrition exclusively from the soil.

Most popular mistakes:

1. Incorrect dosage - when calculating, the area of ​​​​the entire field is taken into account, and not landings. An excess of fertilizers is no less harmful than their lack.
2. Wrong timing - needs change depending on the growing season.
3. Too much concentration saturated solution burns leaves and roots.
4. Uneven distribution - when foliar feeding, the solution should cover the entire above-ground part.
5. Mixing incompatible drugs - due to chemical reactions toxic compounds are formed. When choosing on your own, you need to carefully study the instructions given by the manufacturers.

To improve efficiency, it is useful to periodically analyze the soil. It will allow you to understand which elements are not enough, and which are present in excess.

Liquid fertilizers improve yield, grain quality, winter hardiness of wheat. When drawing up a nutrition plan, they are guided by the specifics of the soil and the needs of a particular crop. In order not to cause harm, strictly observe the frequency and application rates.

Foreword

In some cases, the traditional way of fertilizing is not possible or effective, then you can "feed" the plant through the leaves.

What is the meaning of foliar feeding?

The soil does not have the required amount of nutrients, and therefore top dressing is a mandatory procedure that cannot be ignored. The method of fertilizing plants by leaf is also called foliar, and all because useful material and minerals do not come through the root system, as is usually the case, but through the leaves. It is carried out by the method of spraying.

Previously, there was an opinion that there was no point in this method of fertilizing plants, since it best absorbs all the nutrients exclusively through the root system. But then this point of view was revised. The fact is that all the useful components that are sprayed on the surface of the leaf are absorbed by the plant much faster than through the root. So, when it is necessary to quickly rehabilitate a plant, there is no better way than foliar feeding.

Advantages and disadvantages of foliar fertilizer

Now let's talk about all the advantages and disadvantages of foliar feeding for cereals. As already mentioned, only in this way can a fading plant be saved, and here it is not only a matter of speed. The condition of the roots of such representatives of the flora is rather deplorable, and therefore watering them with the necessary composition is not only pointless, but can even aggravate the situation, since nutrient solutions can simply burn an already weak root. But foliar recharges in such a situation perform the function, so to speak, of resuscitation, and all the necessary elements quickly enter inside.

Also, plants need similar feeding under adverse weather conditions, and it can be both a drought and a rainy season. During this period, all cultures significantly reduce the metabolic rate. And far from always, fertilizers introduced into the soil are fully absorbed by the plant. Some of them are washed out, weathered, etc. However, you should not think that everything is very simple with foliar top dressing, this process is rather painstaking, and it will also not be possible to achieve results at a time.

Grain feeding technology by sheet

What is the technology of such top dressing and what should you pay special attention to? Of course, this process is quite painstaking and requires patience, there are some pitfalls. The essence is quite simple and consists in finely dispersed application of the fertilizer used for foliar feeding on the crown of the plant in such a way that both surfaces of the leaves are covered with a uniform layer of solution.

Keep in mind that the sheet has thinner tissues on the underside, and this contributes to better absorption of the solution.

In addition, it is forbidden to carry out such feeding in extreme heat, since in this case there is a high probability of burning the leaves. Also, the longer the fertilizer stays on the surface of the plant, the large quantity will be assimilated. Therefore, this procedure is recommended only in the evening or in cloudy weather. The frequency of foliar feeding depends on many factors, ranging from soil quality, weather conditions and ending with the condition and variety of the plant itself.

It is advisable to carry out at least two sprayings, but 3-4 runs will give a much more effective result.. Avoid getting the solution on inflorescences and fruit that has set in order to reduce the amount of chemicals in them. And be sure to monitor the concentration of the solution, otherwise it can cause foliage burns, and then all efforts will be detrimental.

Features of winter wheat fertilizer

Now let's move on to more specific examples and consider the features of leaf, and a little lower, barley. So, the fertility of grain crops largely depends on a number of nutritional supplements. One of the elements that determine grain quality is nitrogen. Moreover, its level during the formation of the spikelet is especially important, since then this chemical element almost in its entirety is used for the accumulation of protein in winter wheat grains. Its dosage largely depends on the period of spraying. For example, if the procedure is carried out during the formation of 2–3 internodes, then about 45 kg/ha of nitrogen is needed. During the heading period, its dosage will decrease to 30–45 kg/ha, but it will be minimal at the beginning of the milky state and will be 15–30 kg/ha.

The next element to pay attention to is phosphorus. It plays a major role in ensuring normal photosynthesis. With a lack of sulfur, photosynthesis will also slow down, which will lead to insufficient development and, as a result, will negatively affect yields. But magnesium is responsible for the transfer of phosphorus and the conversion of nitrogen into protein, so its amount should be at the required level.

In addition, the proper absorption of nitrogen by the plant, the transport of carbohydrates and good development ground part depends on calcium. And immunity to fungal diseases, cold resistance, as well as good development of the root system and stem provide a sufficient amount of potassium. But it is not enough to know what elements are necessary for cereals, it is also very important to maintain their correct proportion. For example, due to the large removal of nitrogen from the soil, its amount should be at least 1.5 times more than phosphorus and potassium, that is, their dosage will be 1.5–2: 1: 1, respectively.

Features of winter barley fertilizer

The technology of foliar feeding of winter barley is in many ways similar to foliar fertilizer for wheat. If we talk about doses, then one ton of grain accounts for up to 36 kg of nitrogen, about 12 kg of phosphorus and 24 kg of potassium. In general, this grain crop is quite responsive to all additives, but there are some subtleties. For example, in addition to all the above elements, the barley plant also needs copper, the lack of which negatively affects the synthesis of the plant and contributes to the accumulation of amino acids, soluble carbohydrates and other decomposition products.

Boron is responsible for the course of biochemical processes in the plant, including protein and carbohydrate metabolism. But if there is not enough molybdenum, then the correct course of nitrogen metabolism will be disrupted, and a large accumulation of nitrates will also occur in barley tissues, and the process of their recovery will be delayed. From this we can conclude that this element is especially important to introduce after nitrate feeding. This concludes the basic principles of fertilizing winter barley and leaf wheat, but there are many more nuances that it makes sense to study only for agricultural organizations.

Growing wheat is a rather laborious process. To achieve maximum efficiency, it requires competent integrated approach and knowledge. One of the important stages of complex crop care is the timely and properly selected feeding of wheat.

Wheat nutrition is an important agronomic practice that maximizes crop yields.

1 Differences in top dressing depending on various factors

Wheat needs to be fed in different ways, depending on many factors, which differ as follows.

Type of wheat:

By timing:

from sowing to heading (during the first three months) - September, October, November;

in the phase of active growth (in the spring, 6-7 months after sowing);

at the stage of formation, filling and ripening of grain.

According to the fertilizer application method:

root;

foliar;

sheet.

According to the composition and acidity of the soil:

• urea;

  ammonium nitrate;

  Now, having surveyed the scope of work, let's start studying the details.

  1.1 Feeding winter wheat

  For the most efficient use of nutrients, it is important to correctly determine the timing and rate of fertilizer application. Calculations are based on the period of maximum nutrient requirements at various stages.

  Even though top dressing is required in micro doses, the wrong time can lead to loss of nutrients due to leaching or evaporation. In addition, fertilizer can simply be washed out by groundwater.

  Feeding winter wheat in various phases of development is vital: magnesium, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and sulfur.

  

  At the time of germination and germination (the first three months), depending on the condition of the soil, sprouts may need nitrogen, potassium and potassium for health and strength. They are either applied directly to the soil (for root feeding), or scattered over the surface after sowing. In addition, constant monitoring of the amount of zinc and manganese is necessary.

  Particular attention should be paid to wheat crops on acidic soils. The main problem may be a lack of phosphorus and calcium, as a result of which the root system will develop poorly, and the sprouts themselves may gradually acquire a purple or purple hue, or even turn black.

  1.2 Autumn feeding of winter wheat

  Phosphoric

  The highest percentage of phosphorus uptake is observed in winter wheat. in the germination and heading phases. Please note that the lack of phosphorus nutrition in the initial period of the plant's life cannot be corrected by enhanced feeding "later". This will only lead to a significant crop shortage.

  Phosphorus levels are critical for normal development and growth. Timely application of phosphorus will prevent twisting and premature drying of the leaves. The lack of phosphate fertilizers delays the ripening of the crop.

  

  However, excessive use of phosphorus supplements can lead to accelerated development stems, with early death of leaves and accelerated ripening, which may not always be favorable.

  Approximate fertilizer costs are 23-37 kg per ton, depending on the condition of the soil.

  potash

  The entire dose of potash fertilizers (14-23 kg / ton) is applied before sowing grain at the time of the main tillage. It can be applied in parallel with phosphorus, because the main absorption of potassium by wheat sprouts goes before flowering.

  With the participation of potassium, protein is synthesized and sugar accumulates, a stronger culm is formed and the grain is enlarged. With its deficiency, reduced cold resistance and susceptibility to root rot occur. Rust may appear, ears may lie down.

  In addition, a sufficient dose of potassium can neutralize Negative consequences an excess of phosphorus or nitrogen in the soil.

  1.3 Feeding winter wheat in the late phases with tubes (video)

  
  

  1.4 Spring feeding of winter wheat

  6-7 months after sowing winter crops, with the onset of spring, wheat enters the phase of active growth and earing, the so-called "exit to the tube" and gradually enters the stage of grain formation and filling. During this period, you need to constantly control the level of zinc, magnesium, manganese and copper, not forgetting the main elements: sulfur, phosphorus, boron, potassium and nitrogen.

  Therefore, in accordance with emerging needs, root or foliar fertilizing of winter wheat with nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate and is carried out.

  2 Top dressing with urea

  Foliar feeding of winter wheat with urea is considered the easiest and most convenient way to supply plants. the right amount nitrogen fertilizers. The norm of urea, even if the concentration is accidentally exceeded, has a neutral reaction and is perfectly absorbed without negative consequences.

  2.1 Top dressing with ammonium nitrate

  Another available and simple ways introducing nitrogen into the soil - root dressing or. Remember that the difference between top dressing and fertilizer is primarily in the amount of the substance that you apply.

  

  Early spring top dressing of winter crops with ammonium nitrate works well on soils of any type, is well absorbed by plants due to high solubility, and increases the level of protein in grain. In addition, it significantly increases the growth rate and density of the green mass of plants at the time of active vegetation.

  2.2 Feeding with urea

  As foliar top dressing for winter wheat in the spring. It is easily soluble in water, but, unlike saltpeter, does not burn the leaves. Top dressing with urea significantly increases the level of protein and gluten content in the grains.

  The main thing is to follow a few rules:

  the concentration of the solution should not be more than 10% during the formation of 2-3 internodes, 25% at the time of heading and 30% at the stage of milky grain formation;

  air humidity should be above 30%;

  the solution should evenly settle on the plants;

  spraying should be carried out before 10 am or after 4 pm in non-sunny weather.

  However, it is worth remembering that foliar feeding should be considered only as an addition to the mandatory root feeding, since not all elements absorb nutrients well through the leaves. The main nutrition of winter wheat is carried out with the help of the root system. And the key to good harvests has always been properly prepared soil before sowing.