Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. Literary and historical notes of a young technician
Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna
Assistant to the revolutionary, political figure, founder of the Bolshevik Party Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (b. 1869–1939) – wife, friend and ally of V.I. Lenin, outstanding figure Communist Party, organizer of Soviet education, leading Marxist teacher. She made a huge contribution to the construction of the Soviet school and to the development of Soviet pedagogical theory. IN practical activities and in the pedagogical works of N.K. Krupskaya, the Leninist program of educating a new person - an active builder of socialism and communism - is embodied.
Nadezhda Krupskaya born on February 26 (new style) 1869 in St. Petersburg into a poor noble family. Father Konstantin Ignatievich, after graduating from the Cadet Corps, received the position of head of the district in the Polish Groets, and mother Elizaveta Vasilievna worked as a governess. His father died when Nadya Krupskaya was 14 years old, since her father was considered “unreliable” due to his connection with the populists, the family received a small pension for him.
Krupskaya studied in St. Petersburg at the private gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya, and was friends with A. Tyrkova-Williams, the future wife of P. B. Struve. She graduated from high school with a gold medal, was fond of L.N. Tolstoy, and was a “sweatshirt.” After graduating from the eighth pedagogical class, Krupskaya received a diploma as a home tutor and successfully teaches, preparing students of Princess Obolenskaya’s gymnasium for exams. Then she studied at the Bestuzhev courses. In the fall of 1890, Nadya abandoned the prestigious women's Bestuzhev courses. She studies the books of Marx and Engels and teaches classes in social democratic circles. I memorized German specifically for studying Marxism.
In January 1894, the young revolutionary Vladimir Ulyanov arrived in St. Petersburg.
Behind the back of the modest, twenty-four-year-old provincial, however, there were many experiences: the sudden death of his father, the execution of his older brother Alexander, the death of his beloved sister Olga from a serious illness. He went through surveillance, arrest, and easy exile to his mother’s estate.
In February 1894, at a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists, among others, Vladimir met activists - Apollinaria Yakubova and Nadezhda Krupskaya, and begins to care for both, but on Sundays he usually pays visits to the Krupsky family. According to the version widespread under the Soviet regime, Vladimir Ilyich married the ugly Nadezhda Konstantinovna in order to completely devote his life to the fight for the rights of the proletarians. And he was not mistaken: it was difficult to find a woman more devoted to the cause of the revolution than Krupskaya. By the time she met Lenin, Nadezhda already had affairs with like-minded people in the struggle, but the leader of the world proletariat was not very worried about this. Lenin began to often visit the St. Petersburg house of the Krupskys, where everything exuded comfort. He liked that Nadya silently listened to his speeches with admiration, and her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna cooked deliciously.
Vladimir Ilyich immediately impressed Nadezhda Krupskaya with his leadership abilities. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother’s cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not predict happiness for her in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw a pleasant person in her house. young man from a good family! On the other hand, having become Ulyanov’s bride, Nadya did not cause much delight among his family: they found that she had very "herring look" This statement meant, first of all, that Krupskaya’s eyes were bulging, like a fish’s - one of the signs of Graves’ disease discovered later, because of which, it is assumed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself "herring" Nadyusha treated with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish And Lamprey. In 1895 V.I. Lenin and other leaders "Union of Struggle" were arrested and imprisoned, and a year later Nadezhda Konstantinovna was also arrested. Already in prison, he invited Nadenka to become his wife.
“Well, a wife is a wife,”- she answered. Having been exiled for three years to Ufa for her revolutionary activity, Nadya decided that serving exile with Ulyanov would be more fun. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already located, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she and her mother followed her chosen one.
The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin when they met: “Oh, you got blown away!”
Indeed, Ilyich ate well in Shushenskoye, led healthy image life: he hunted regularly, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of his bride he began to look for another place to live - with a room for his mother-in-law.
Vladimir Ilyich and Nadezhda Konstantinovna did not want to enter into a church marriage - they were for "free" love, Elizaveta Vasilievna insisted on the wedding, and “in full Orthodox form.”
Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long bureaucratic red tape began with a marriage license: without this, Nadya and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for a wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage. Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The last word in this matter was with the Yenisei Governor-General, who decided that if Krupskaya wanted to live with Lenin in exile, then she must have a legal basis for this, and only marriage could be considered such.
The wedding took place in the local Peter and Paul Church, the bride wore a white blouse and a black skirt, and the groom wore an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next suit only in Europe. Interesting story came out with wedding rings. In one of his last pre-wedding letters, Vladimir Ilyich asked the bride to purchase and bring a box of jewelry tools to Shushinskoye. The fact is that along with Lenin, the Baltic worker Enberg languished in exile with his wife and numerous young offspring. The problem of feeding his family forced Ernberg to master the profession of a jeweler in order to somehow make ends meet. Having received the much-needed instrument from the bride and groom, he immediately thanked the newlyweds by melting two copper coins and making wedding rings from them. The witnesses were local peasants Zavertkin and Ermolaev - on the groom's side, and Zhuravlev - on the bride's side, and the guests were political exiles. The modest wedding “banquet” with tea was so fun, and the singing was so loud that the owners of the hut, surprised to find no alcohol on the table, nevertheless asked to be quieter. “We were newlyweds - Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, – and this brightened up the link. “The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives.”
Vladimir Ilyich turned out to be a caring husband. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old girl-assistant for Nadya: Krupskaya never learned how to operate a Russian stove and grip. And the culinary skills of the young wife even took away the appetite of close people. When mother-in-law Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until their return to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother “Our family life has become even more student-like.”
During his exile, Krupskaya was Lenin's only assistant in his enormous theoretical work. However, some from Lenin’s entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets it from his wife. This is what Lenin had as an assistant! G.I. Petrovsky, one of his associates, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues, did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult to object to Vladimir Ilyich, since everything was thought out and logical for him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna noticed “errors” in his speech, too, excessive enthusiasm for something. When Nadezhda Konstantinovna made her comments, Vladimir Ilyich chuckled and scratched the back of his head. His whole appearance said that sometimes he gets it too.”
In 1899, N.K. Krupskaya wrote her first book - "Woman worker." In it, she exceptionally clearly revealed the living conditions of working women in Russia and, from a Marxist position, highlighted the issues of raising proletarian children.
This was the first book about the situation of working women in Russia, based on Marxist positions.
Returning from V.I. Lenin in 1905 to Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, carried out enormous party work, which she then continued abroad, where she emigrated again with V.I. Lenin in 1907.
At the end of 1909, the couple, after much hesitation, moved to Paris, where Ulyanov was destined to meet Inessa Armand . There was a joke about the beautiful Armand among the revolutionaries: she should have been included in a textbook on diamatography as an example of unity of form and content. A lovely Frenchwoman, the charming wife of the rich man Armand, a lonely exile, a fiery revolutionary, a true Bolshevik, a faithful student of Lenin, mother of many children. Judging by the correspondence between Vladimir and Inessa (a significant part of which has been preserved), we can conclude that the relationship between these people was illuminated not only by bright feelings, but by something O greater. As I told you A. Kollontai, “In general, Krupskaya was aware. She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. But Lenin kept her.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed that the most difficult years of emigration had to be spent in Paris. But she did not create scenes of jealousy and was able to establish an outwardly even relationship with the beautiful Frenchwoman, even friendly relations. She answered Krupskaya in the same way. The couple maintained a warm relationship with each other. Nadezhda Konstantinovna is worried about her husband: “From the very beginning of the congress, Ilyich’s nerves were tense to the extreme. The Belgian worker with whom we settled in Brussels was very upset that Vladimir Ilyich did not eat the wonderful radishes and Dutch cheese that she served him in the morning, and even then he had no time for food. In London, he reached the point where he stopped sleeping completely and was terribly worried.”
They returned in February 1917 to Russia, which they lived in thoughts about every day and which they had not visited for many years. In a sealed carriage, Vladimir Ulyanov, Nadezhda Krupskaya and Inessa Armand were traveling in the same compartment. In Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya meets with her husband in fits and starts, but keeps him informed of all matters. And he, seeing her abilities, burdens Krupskaya more and more with affairs.
In the autumn of 1917, events rapidly escalate.
On the afternoon of October 24, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is found in the Vyborg District Duma and given a note. She opens it. Lenin writes to the Bolshevik Central Committee: “Delay in an uprising is like death.” Krupskaya understands that the time has come. She runs to Smolny. From that moment on, she was inseparable from Lenin, but the euphoria of happiness and success passed quickly. Cruel everyday life ate away the joy. In the summer of 1918, Krupskaya settled in the Kremlin in a modest small apartment specially equipped for her and Lenin. And then there was Civil War. The fight against counter-revolution. Diseases of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Shot by Socialist-Revolutionary Fani Kaplan at Lenin. Death from typhus of Inessa Armand, which was a harbinger of a serious brain disease in Lenin. The disease progressed so quickly that Krupskaya not only forgot all the old grievances against her husband, but also carried out his will: in 1922, the children of Inessa Armand were brought to Gorki from France. However, they were not allowed to see the leader.
Lenin began to experience deteriorating health and pronounced signs of illness in the spring of 1922. At first, the symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, memory loss, insomnia, irritability, increased sensitivity to noise. However, doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer considered the main cause of headaches to be poisoning of the body with lead bullets, which were not removed from the leader’s body after being wounded in 1918. In April 1922, he underwent surgery under local anesthesia and one of the bullets in the neck was finally removed. But Ilyich’s health did not improve. And so Lenin was struck down by the first attack of illness. Krupskaya, by duty and right of wife, is on duty at Vladimir Ilyich’s bedside. The best doctors bend over the patient and pronounce a verdict: complete rest. But bad feelings did not leave Lenin, and he made a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that he suddenly suffered a stroke. Vladimir Ilyich feared paralysis, which doomed him to complete, humiliating helplessness, more than anything else. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) entrusts its Secretary General, Comrade Stalin, with responsibility for observing the regime established by doctors. In December 1922, Lenin asked, and Krupskaya wrote under his dictation, a letter to Trotsky regarding the monopoly of foreign trade. Having learned about this, Stalin did not spare swear words for Nadezhda Konstantinovna on the phone. And in conclusion he said: she violated the doctors’ ban, and he will transfer the case about her to the Central Control Commission of the Party. Krupskaya's quarrel with Stalin occurred a few days after the onset of Lenin's illness, in December 1922. Lenin found out about this only on March 5, 1923, and dictated to his secretary a letter to Stalin, similar to an ultimatum: “You were rude to call my wife to the phone and curse her. Although she expressed her consent to forget what she said, nevertheless this fact became known through her to Zinoviev and Kamenev. I do not intend to forget so easily what was done against me, and there is no need to say that I consider what was done against my wife to have been done against me. Therefore, I ask you to weigh whether you agree to take back what was said and apologize or whether you prefer to break off relations between us.”
After the dictation, Lenin was very excited. Both the secretaries and Dr. Kozhevnikov noticed this. The next morning, he asked the secretary to re-read the letter, hand it over personally to Stalin and receive an answer. Soon after she left, his condition deteriorated sharply. The temperature has risen. On left side paralysis spread. Ilyich had already lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood almost everything that was happening to him. These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to stop her husband’s suffering. From Stalin’s secret note dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she “arch-conspiratorially” asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin promised again "show humanism" and again did not keep his word. Vladimir Ilyich lived for almost another whole year. Breathed. Krupskaya did not leave his side. On January 21, 1924 at 6:50 pm Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich, 54 years old, died. People didn’t see a single tear in Krupskaya’s eyes during the funeral days. Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke at the memorial service, addressing the people and the party: “Don’t build monuments to him, palaces named after him, magnificent celebrations in his memory - during his lifetime he attached such little importance to all this, he was so burdened by it. Remember that much has not yet been settled in our country.”
The last noble gesture of Krupskaya, who recognized the great love of Lenin and Armand, was her proposal in February 1924 to bury the remains of her husband along with the ashes of Inessa Armand. Stalin rejected the offer. Instead, his body was turned into a mummy and placed in the likeness of an Egyptian pyramid in the main square of the country.
Krupskaya survived her husband by fifteen years. A long-standing illness tormented and exhausted her. But she didn't give up. I worked every day, wrote reviews, gave instructions, taught how to live. I wrote a book of memories. The People's Commissariat for Education, where she worked, surrounded her with love and reverence, appreciating Krupskaya's natural spiritual kindness, which coexisted quite peacefully with harsh ideas. Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone.
“Let her not think that if she was Lenin’s wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism”- said the faithful Stalinist L. Kaganovich in the summer of 1930 at the regional party conference.
In 1938, the writer Marietta Shahinyan approached Krupskaya about reviewing and supporting her novel about Lenin "Ticket to History" Nadezhda Konstantinovna responded to her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin’s terrible indignation. A scandal broke out and became the subject of discussion by the Party Central Committee.
As a result, it was decided to “condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the birth of the novel, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave information about the manuscript positive reviews and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the Ulyanovs’ life and thus bore full responsibility for this book. Consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless because Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-party matter of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family matter and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal life and work of Lenin and his family, which the Central Committee never gave anyone the right to do.”
Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate her hostess’s approaching seventieth birthday. The table was set, Stalin sent a cake. Everyone ate it together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very animated. In the evening she suddenly felt ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours. The diagnosis was made immediately: "acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis". For some reason the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy. However, Stalin personally carried the urn with Krupskaya’s ashes to the Kremlin wall, where she was buried.
Biography:
Krupskaya (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna, participant in the revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders of the Soviet public education system, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (1936), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Member of the Communist Party since 1898. Born into the family of a democratically minded officer. As a student at the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg, from 1890 she was a member of Marxist student circles. In 1891-96 she taught in the evening Sunday school behind the Nevskaya Zastava, conducted revolutionary propaganda among the workers. In 1894 she met with V.I. Lenin. In 1895 she participated in the organization and work of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” In August 1896 she was arrested. In 1898 she was sentenced to exile for 3 years in the Ufa province, which, at her request, was replaced by the village. Shushenskoye, Yenisei province, where Lenin served his exile; here K. became his wife. In 1900 she ended her period of exile in Ufa; She taught classes in a workers’ circle and trained future Iskra correspondents. After liberation, she came (1901) to Lenin in Munich; worked as secretary of the editorial office of the newspaper Iskra, from December 1904 - the newspaper Vpered, from May 1905 secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In November 1905, she returned to Russia with Lenin; first in St. Petersburg, and from the end of 1906 in Kuokkala (Finland) she worked as secretary of the party Central Committee. At the end of 1907, Lenin and K. emigrated again; in Geneva, K. was secretary of the newspaper Proletary, then the newspaper Social Democrat. In 1911 he became a teacher at the party school in Longjumeau. From 1912 in Krakow, she helped Lenin maintain connections with Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma. At the end of 1913 – beginning of 1914, she participated in organizing the publication of the legal Bolshevik magazine “Rabotnitsa”. Delegate to the 2nd-4th congresses of the RSDLP, participant in party conferences [including the 6th (Prague)] and responsible party meetings (including the Meeting of 22 Bolsheviks) held before 1917. On April 3 (16), 1917, she returned with Lenin in Russia. Delegate to the 7th April Conference and 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Participated in the creation of socialist youth unions. Took an active part in October revolution 1917; through K. Lenin transmitted leadership letters to the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Party Committee, to the Military Revolutionary Committee; being a member of the Vyborg district committee of the RSDLP (b), she worked in it during the days of the October armed uprising. According to M.N. Pokrovsky, K., before the October Revolution of 1917, being Lenin’s closest collaborator, “... did the same thing that real good “deputies” do now,” she relieved Lenin of all current work, saving his time for such big things as "What should I do?" (Memoirs of N.K. Krupskaya, 1966, p. 16).
After establishing Soviet power K. – member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; together with A.V. Lunacharsky and M.N. Pokrovsky, she prepared the first decrees on public education, one of the organizers of political and educational work. In 1918 she was elected a full member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. In 1919, on the ship "Red Star" she took part in a propaganda campaign through the Volga region regions that had just been liberated from the White Guards. Since November 1920, Chairman of the Glavpolitprosvet under the People's Commissariat for Education. Since 1921, chairman of the scientific and methodological section of the State Academic Council (GUS) of the People's Commissariat for Education. She taught at the Academy of Communist Education. She was the organizer of a number of voluntary societies: “Down with Illiteracy”, “Friend of Children”, chairman of the Society of Marxist Teachers. Since 1929, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. She made a major contribution to the development of the most important problems of Marxist pedagogy - determining the goals and objectives of communist education; connection between the school and the practice of socialist construction; labor and polytechnic education; determination of the content of education; issues of age-related pedagogy; basics of organizational forms of children's communist movement, fostering collectivism, etc. Great importance K. emphasized the fight against child homelessness and neglect, the work of orphanages, and preschool education. She edited the magazine "People's Education", "People's Teacher", "On the Ways to new school", "About our children", "Help to self-education", "Red Librarian", "School for adults", "Communist education", "Izba-reading room", etc. Delegate of the 7th-17th party congresses. Since 1924 member of the Central Control Commission, since 1927, member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations, deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Participant in all congresses of the Komsomol (except the 3rd). Active figure in the international communist movement, delegate of the 2nd , 4th, 6th, 7th Congresses of the Comintern. K. is a prominent publicist and speaker. She spoke at numerous party, Komsomol, trade union congresses and conferences, meetings of workers, peasants, teachers. Author of many works about Lenin and the party, on issues of public education and communist upbringing. K.'s memories of Lenin are a valuable historical source covering the life and work of Lenin and many important events in the history of the Communist Party. She was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. She was buried on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.
Main works:
Memories of Lenin (1957)
About Lenin. Collection of articles (1965)
Lenin and the Party (1963)
Pedagogical writings (1957–1963)
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Krupskaya N.K.
(1869-1939;autobiography) - genus. In Petersburg. The parents, although noble by birth, were both orphaned early and were raised at government expense - the mother at the institute, the father in the corps. After graduation, my mother became a governess, my father graduated from the Military Academy and served military service. The parents did not have any movable or immovable property. Both were early captured by revolutionary ideas, and in the house of K.’s parents from the very early years saw revolutionaries various directions. My father put his revolutionary ideas into practice, for which he was put on trial, although he was later acquitted. All his life, K.’s parents had to move from city to city, depending on the change in his father’s service. His father died when K. was 14 years old, and since then he and his mother have been doing odd jobs: correspondence, lessons, renting out rooms to tenants. K. studied at the Obolenskaya gymnasium, from which she graduated with a gold medal. After graduating from high school, I was a sweatshirt for some time. From 1891 to 1896 she studied in Sunday school and evening classes in Smolensk for workers (behind the Nevskaya Zastava). At the same time, she becomes a Marxist, conducts propaganda among workers, and participates in the creation of the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” During the strikes of 1890, she was arrested and imprisoned for 6 months, and then sent for 3 years to the Minusinsk district, to the village of Shushenskoye, where she married Vl. Ilyich Ulyanov, with whom I previously worked in St. Petersburg, in the Union of Wrestling.
He spends the last year of exile in Ufa, where he also conducts revolutionary underground work. In 1901 she was issued a foreign passport. Arriving in Munich in the spring of 1901, she became secretary of Iskra, then a member of the Foreign League of Russian Social Democrats, then, after the 3rd Party Congress, secretary of the foreign part of the Central Committee and Central Organ. At the end of 1905 he returned to Russia, where he worked full-time as secretary of the Central Committee. At the very beginning of 1908 he left again abroad. Zaglazno is involved in three cases under Article 102. Abroad, he again works as a secretary of Bolshevik organizations, while at the same time studying pedagogical foreign literature and foreign schools. He writes articles from abroad for Free Education and is working on a book " Public education and workers' democracy." Upon arrival in Russia, he first worked in the secretariat of the Central Committee, but was soon elected to the Vyborg District Duma, worked there in the council, in charge of public education, and took part in the revolutionary movement. After the October Revolution, he became a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education, where he led first, extracurricular work, then he also works as the chairman of the scientific and political section of Hus. At the same time, he helps in the work of the women's department, the Komsomol, the pioneers, writes in newspapers and magazines. All my life, starting from 1894, I helped Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in any way I could. in his work.
[Since 1929, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. From 1924 a member of the Central Control Commission, from 1927 a member of the Party Central Committee.]
Kr at Pskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna
Genus. 1869, d. 1939. Revolutionary, politician, wife of V.I. Lenin (see). In her youth she was a follower of L.N. Tolstoy. One of the founders of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. She spent several years in exile, from 1901-1905. and 1908-1917 in exile (secretary of party publications, assistant to V.I. Lenin). After the October Revolution - government commissioner, member of the State Education Commission, head of the extracurricular department of the People's Commissariat of Education and deputy commissar of education. The initiator of the creation and the head of Glavpolitprosvet. In the 20s head of the scientific and pedagogical section of the State Academic Council, chairman of the society of Marxist teachers at the Communist Academy. She was also a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) (from 1924), the Central Control Commission (1927), the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council for Cultural Construction under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In the 30s headed the Library Department of the People's Commissariat for Education. Author of the book "Public Education and Democracy" (1917), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931).
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Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna- Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. KRUPSKAYA Nadezhda Konstantinovna (1869 1939), public figure. Wife of V.I. Lenin. Since 1917, member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education, since 1920, chairman of the Glavpolitprosvet, since 1929, deputy people's commissar of education of the RSFSR. Member... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1869 1939) politician, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Wife of V.I. Lenin. Member of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. Since 1917, member of the board, since 1929, deputy people's commissar of education of the RSFSR. Since 1920 chairman... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1869 1939), party and statesman, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931), Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (1936); wife and closest assistant of V.I. Lenin. Member of the Communist Party since 1898. Born. In Petersburg. Studied at the Women's Foundry... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
The request for "Krupskaya" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya ... Wikipedia
"Krupskaya" request is redirected here. See also other meanings. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya N.K. Krupskaya. 1895 ... Wikipedia
- (1869 1939), politician, honorary member USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Wife of V.I. Lenin. Member of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” Since 1917, member of the board, since 1929, deputy people's commissar of education of the RSFSR. Since 1920 chairman... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Krupskaya (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna, participant in the revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders of the Soviet public education system, doctor... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna- (1869 1939) Lifelong wife and employee of Lenin. Born into a family of intellectuals in 1869 in St. Petersburg. In the house of her parents, imbued with revolutionary ideas, N.K. saw revolutionaries of various directions from her earliest years. After death... ... Historical reference book of Russian Marxist
KRUPSKAYA Nadezhda Konstantinovna- , state and part, activist, theorist and organizer of the Soviet Union. pedagogy and systems of people. education, doctor of ped. Sciences (1936), honor. Part of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Graduated from wives. gymnasium book A. A. Obolenskaya with a gold medal... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna- (1869 1939) statesman and party leader, theorist and organizer of Soviet pedagogy and the public education system, doctor of pedagogical sciences (1936), honor. Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Wife of V.I. Lenin. In exile (since 1901) she studied issues... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869–1939) - a prominent party and statesman, professional revolutionary, comrade-in-arms, wife and friend of the great Lenin.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s entire life was devoted to the party, the struggle for the victory of the working class, the struggle for the construction of socialism, for the victory of communism.
Youth
Nadezhda Konstantinovna was born and studied in St. Petersburg. As a very young girl, she began to think about the injustice that reigned around, about the arbitrariness of the royal power that oppressed the working people, about the poverty and suffering of the people.
What to do?- this question worried Nadezhda Konstantinovna and did not give her peace. Only after joining a Marxist circle and becoming acquainted with Marx’s teachings did she understand what needed to be done, which path to follow.
“Marxism,” she later wrote, “gave me the greatest happiness that a person can wish for: knowledge of where to go, calm confidence in the final outcome of the matter with which I connected my life.” This unshakable confidence in the correctness of Marxism, in the victory of communism, distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna all her life. Neither arrests, nor exile, nor long years of emigration could break her.
Nadezhda Krupskaya in her youth. 1890s.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna goes to the workers, works for free as a teacher at an evening and Sunday school for workers behind the Nevskaya Zastava in St. Petersburg. She combines teaching writing and arithmetic with the propaganda of Marxism, actively participates in the work of the Marxist organization created after the arrival of V.I. Lenin in St. Petersburg, who united disparate Marxist circles into a single coherent organization, which later received the name "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". Nadezhda Konstantinovna is part of the central core of this organization.
Arrest and exile
In the case of the Union of Struggle, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was arrested in 1897 and then expelled from St. Petersburg for three years. She first served her exile in the village of Shushenskoye, in Siberia, where at that time V.I. Lenin was in exile, whom she married in July 1898. “From then on,” she later wrote, “my life followed his life, I helped him in his work in whatever way I could.”
And, indeed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was V.I. Lenin’s most faithful friend and ally. Together with him, under his leadership, she participated in the creation and organization of the party. Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote her first book in exile "Woman Worker". This was the first Marxist work on the situation of female workers and peasants in Russia. In it, Nadezhda Konstantinovna showed that a working woman can achieve liberation only in a joint struggle with the working class for the overthrow of the autocracy, for the victory of the proletariat. This book was published illegally abroad. Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not put her last name on it, and she went under a pseudonym "Sablina".
Nadezhda Konstantinovna served her last year of exile in Ufa. At the end of her exile in the spring of 1901, she went abroad to visit V.I. Lenin. By this time he had already organized the publication of a party newspaper "Spark", and Nadezhda Konstantinovna becomes the secretary of the Iskra editorial board.
Emigration
Abroad, Nadezhda Konstantinovna always carried out enormous party work, being the editorial secretary of Bolshevik newspapers "Forward" And "Proletarian", the foreign bureau of the Central Committee and other central organizations of our party. During the years of the first Russian revolution (1905-1907), she and Lenin returned to Russia, to St. Petersburg, and worked as secretary of the party's Central Committee. In December 1907, Nadezhda Konstantinovna again had to go abroad. She actively participates in the party’s struggle on two fronts - with liquidators And otzovists, establishes connections with Russia, with the newspaper Pravda and the Bolshevik factions of the III and IV State Duma.
Correspondence with Bolshevik party organizations and with party comrades who were underground about Russia, sending party literature, sending comrades to illegal work, assistance in case of failures and escapes - all this lay with Nadezhda Konstantinovna.
During the years of emigration, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, along with enormous party work, was very passionate about pedagogical issues: she studied the statements of Marx and Engels on issues of education, became acquainted with the organization of school affairs in France and Switzerland, and studied the works of the great educators of the past.
The result of this work was the book she wrote in 1915 "Public education and democracy", which was highly valued by V.I. Lenin. This work was the first Marxist work in the field of pedagogy. Nadezhda Konstantinovna raised the question of the need for polytechnic education, the creation of a labor school, and the connection between school and life. (For this work, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences in 1936).
Return to Russia
In April 1917, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, together with V.I. Lenin, returned to Russia, to Petrograd, and immediately plunged headlong into mass propaganda work. She often spoke in factories in front of workers, at rallies in front of soldiers, at meetings of female soldiers, explaining to them the party's policies, promoting Lenin's slogan of the transfer of all power to the Soviets, explaining the Bolshevik Party's course towards a socialist revolution.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna, recalling this time, said that before she was very shy, “but I had to defend the party’s policy, I forgot that I didn’t know how to speak.” She had an extraordinary gift for simple, heartfelt conversations with workers. No matter what audience she spoke to - a small one, where there were 15-20 people, or a large one - 1000 people - it seemed to everyone that she was talking to him so intimately.
During that difficult time, when Vladimir Ilyich was forced to hide in Finland from persecution by the Provisional Government, Nadezhda Konstantinovna disguised herself as a worker Agafya Atamanova I went to see him in Finland, in Helsingfors. She conveyed to him instructions from the Party Central Committee, informed him about the state of affairs, and received the necessary instructions for transmission to the Central Committee.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna took an active part in the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution, working in the Vyborg region and Smolny.
People's Commissar of Education
After the victory of October, the party entrusted Nadezhda Konstantinovna with the work of public education. The largest Marxist teacher, the founder of Marxist pedagogy, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is fighting for the creation of a labor polytechnic school. The connection between school and life, the communist education of the younger generation and the broad masses of the people is constantly at the center of her concerns and attention.
Krupskaya among the pioneers, 1936. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was the “soul of Narkompros,” as she was called then. Deep knowledge theoretical and practical issues of pedagogy, closeness to the workers, knowledge of their interests and demands, vast experience in party work helped her immediately outline the path to follow.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna devoted a lot of effort and attention to working among young people, fighting for the education and real emancipation of women, for their participation in all areas of socialist construction.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna loved children very much and did a lot to make their lives happy. “Children have the right to happiness,” she said.
She was one of the founders of the pioneer organization, monitored the work of the pioneers, and helped them in everything. In his biography "My life", written for the pioneers, she wrote:
“I always really regretted that I didn’t have guys. Now I don't regret it. Now I have a lot of them - Komsomol members and young pioneers. They are all Leninists, they want to be Leninists. This autobiography was written at the request of young pioneers. I dedicate it to them, my dear, dear children.”
And the guys paid Nadezhda Konstantinovna with passionate love. They wrote letters to her, told her how they were studying, wrote that they wanted to be like Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. They sent Nadezhda Konstantinovna works they had done themselves.
Proceedings
Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote many articles and books on issues of party and Soviet work, communist education, work among women, youth, and everyday life issues.
A special place is occupied by the works of Nadezhda Konstantinovna about V.I. Lenin, recreating the living image of our great leader.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna was a passionate propagandist of Leninist ideas and Leninist traditions in the party.
The character of Krupskaya
Basic distinctive feature Nadezhda Konstantinovna was her integrity, party spirit, and determination. Having become a Marxist in her young years, devoting all her thoughts to the cause of the victory of the working class, to serving the party, she is always with the party in joy and in sorrow.
Krupskaya with her husband Vladimir Lenin in Gorki. 1922 Extraordinary courage distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna. In those difficult, difficult days when she lost her closest friend, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, she, despite the greatest grief, found the strength to speak at the funeral meeting of the Second All-Union Congress of Soviets with such a wonderful, heartfelt speech that everyone was shocked. She talked about Lenin, about his behests, called on the working people to rally under the banner of Lenin, under the banner of the party. In order to make such a speech in days of great personal grief, extraordinary courage was needed. Only the one whom the great Lenin chose as his life partner could do this, the one who for many years fought hand in hand with him for the victory of the working class, the one who went with him through all the storms and hardships, who was his comrade-in-arms, his faithful friend.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna, both at home and at work, was a simple, warm-hearted, modest, sympathetic person. Extremely efficient, organized, demanding of herself and others, she worked tirelessly.
The pure, bright and courageous image of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is always kept in the hearts of our people. It is extremely unfortunate that this image has not yet been sufficiently reflected in the works of our artists.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is perceived by many as the wife and faithful ally of the leader of the revolution, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Meanwhile, she herself was a rather extraordinary person, and her biography contains many facts that may surprise.
A girl with ideals
Nadezhda was born on February 14 (26), 1869 in St. Petersburg. Her father, an impoverished nobleman and former lieutenant Konstantin Ignatievich Krupsky, was one of the ideologists of the Polish uprising of 1863. He died in 1883, leaving the family no funds. Despite this, the mother, Elizaveta Vasilievna, managed to give her daughter an education at the prestigious gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya. After graduating from the pedagogical class with a gold medal, Nadya entered the Bestuzhev Women's Courses, but studied there for only a year.
From her youth, the girl was interested in the ideas of Tolstoyism, and then Marxism and revolution. To earn money, she gave private lessons and at the same time taught classes for free at the St. Petersburg Sunday evening school for adults behind the Nevskaya Zastava, participated in a Marxist circle, and joined the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
Wedding with copper rings
The acquaintance with young Vladimir Ulyanov took place in February 1894. At first, Volodya was interested in another girl, Apollinaria Yakubova, and even proposed to her, but was refused.
Soon Ulyanov became truly close to Nadya Krupskaya, although she was a year older than him. But their romance was prevented by the arrest of Nadezhda. In 1897, along with several other members of the union, she was expelled from St. Petersburg for three years. In the end, both Vladimir and Nadezhda ended up in exile in the Siberian village of Shushenskoye. There, in July 1898, they had a modest wedding. Despite their atheistic views, the newlyweds got married in church, exchanging rings made from melted down copper coins - Krupskaya’s mother insisted on the wedding.
At first, Ulyanov’s relatives did not treat their daughter-in-law too warmly. She seemed to them ugly and too dry, “insensitive.” Moreover, her health was undermined by the damp St. Petersburg weather and prisons, as well as Graves’ disease, which at that time could not be treated and which, apparently, deprived her of the opportunity to become a mother. But Krupskaya loved Lenin very much and took care of him in every possible way, so relations with his family gradually began to improve. True, Nadenka was not particularly thrifty, culinary skills did not shine, and all the housekeeping was done by Elizaveta Vasilievna, to help whom a 15-year-old teenage girl was hired.
Was Lenin the only man in Krupskaya's life? They say that in her youth she was courted by a member of the revolutionary circle that she led, Ivan Babushkin. And in exile, when Lenin was not around, she became interested in another revolutionary - the handsome Viktor Kurnatovsky...
Krupskaya and the Armand family
In 1909, in France, Lenin first met Inessa Armand, who not only shared revolutionary views, but was also a real beauty. And Krupskaya, due to Graves’ disease, looked unattractive; because of her bulging eyes, Lenin jokingly called her a “herring”...
It is known that in 1911 Krupskaya even offered Vladimir Ilyich a divorce - apparently, the reason was his love affair with Armand. But instead, Lenin decided to break with Inessa.
The death of Armand in 1920 was a real blow for Lenin. He asked his wife to take care of the younger children ex-lover who remained in France. Nadezhda Konstantinovna kept her word, younger daughters Armand even lived in Gorki for some time, but then were sent abroad again. All her life Krupskaya corresponded with them, and even called the son of one of them, Inessa, “granddaughter.”
After Lenin
Krupskaya's career did not end with the death of her husband. She worked on the People's Education Committee, was at the forefront of the creation of the pioneer organization, and wrote many books and articles, including on literature and pedagogy. Despite the fact that she herself never had children, Nadezhda Konstantinovna devoted the rest of her life to the problems of the younger generation and fought against child homelessness and neglect. But at the same time, she criticized Makarenko’s pedagogical methods and believed that Chukovsky’s fairy tales were harmful to children... As a result, the poet had to publicly renounce his “ideologically harmful” works for some time.
Cake from Stalin
The relationship between Lenin's widow and Stalin was not easy. Nadezhda Konstantinovna did not approve of the policy of terror being pursued in the country, she even spoke out in defense of the “new opposition” - Kamenev, Bukharin, Trotsky and Zinoviev, and protested against the persecution of children of “enemies of the people.” There were rumors that at the 18th Party Congress she was going to publish Lenin’s suicide letter, in which he proposed a candidate for the role of leader other than Stalin.
On February 26, 1939, Nadezhda Konstantinovna celebrated her 70th birthday in Arkhangelskoye and invited guests. Stalin sent a cake for the anniversary - everyone knew that Lenin’s widow was partial to sweets. And in the evening she felt bad. The doctor arrived only three and a half hours later and diagnosed “acute peritonitis.” Krupskaya was taken to the hospital too late. On the night of February 27, 1939, she passed away.
Already today, a version has been put forward that Stalin’s cake was poisoned. They say that Joseph Vissarionovich often did this to people he disliked - he sent poisoned treats as a gift. But, on the other hand, the rest of us also ate the delicacy! Maybe it’s just that a large feast provoked appendicitis, and health care was not provided on time?
One way or another, the urn with Krupskaya’s ashes was buried in a place of honor - in a niche of the Kremlin wall. Although she herself, of course, would prefer to lie next to her husband, who still rests in the Mausoleum...
(1869-1939) Russian politician
Nadezhda Krupskaya’s mother was a graduate of the Pavlovsk Institute for Noble Maidens and worked as a governess in the family of the landowner Rusanov, who lived in the Vilna province. My father was an officer in a regiment stationed nearby. Soon after the wedding, Konstantin Krupsky became a student at the Military Law Academy and moved to St. Petersburg with his wife.
There his daughter Nadezhda was born. Her childhood was quite ordinary. Having received a good education at home, she entered the Kyiv women's gymnasium. But soon the family moved to St. Petersburg again, and Nadezhda was sent to study at the privileged gymnasium of Princess A. Obolenskaya. Having graduated with a gold medal, the girl entered the Higher Women's Courses, and upon completion of her studies she received a diploma as a home tutor. In 1890, she began attending Marxist circles and gradually became interested in revolutionary ideas.
After graduating from high school, Nadezhda Krupskaya began giving lessons, and then got a job as a teacher at an evening Sunday school. At the same time, she conducted propaganda among the workers. In February 1894, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya met Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), who was the leader of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
In 1896, Krupskaya was arrested and, after a seven-month prison sentence, exiled for three years to the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where on July 10, 1898 she married Lenin. During the last year of exile, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was in Ufa, since Lenin had already served his exile.
After the end of her exile, she left Russia with Lenin. They settled first in Munich, where Nadezhda Konstantinovna became secretary of the Iskra newspaper published by Lenin, and then moved to London to prepare for the Second Congress of the RSDLP. Then they lived for several years in Geneva, from where it was convenient to transport the Iskra newspaper.
In November 1905, Krupskaya returned to St. Petersburg again, now as a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. She was responsible for safe houses and communication with local party committees. After the defeat of the 1905 revolution, Nadezhda Krupskaya again left Russia and settled in Geneva with Lenin. There she was the secretary of the newspapers “Proletary” and “Social Democrat” that he published.
On Lenin’s advice, Nadezhda Krupskaya began studying the public education system in European countries. She wrote several articles and published them in the magazine “Free Education”, and then published the book “Public Education and Democracy”.
In 1911, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya moved with Lenin to Paris, where she taught at the party school in Longjumeau, located in the house of I. Armand. In June 1912, they moved to Krakow, and there Krupskaya became the head of the Bolshevik magazine for women, Rabotnitsa.
In April 1917, Krupskaya and Lenin, having traveled across Germany in a sealed carriage, returned to Russia to participate in the revolutionary process. After the July events of the same year, Krupskaya carried out orders from Lenin, who was in an illegal situation. At the same time, she became a member of the Vyborg District Duma.
After the October Revolution, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya began working in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR as a government commissioner for extracurricular activities. Together with A. Lunacharsky and M. Pokrovsky, she was the author of decrees of the Soviet government on public education.
It was Krupskaya who developed the concept of the so-called unified labor school, the model for which was the English “workhouses”. For many years, Soviet schoolchildren were forced to wear dull dark gray uniforms.
After the government moved to Moscow, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya became the de facto head of the People's Commissariat for Education, since A.V. Lunacharsky was now involved in issues of cultural policy. On Krupskaya’s initiative, the removal of books from bookstores, first by religious and theological books, and then by “bourgeois” authors, soon began. Then they will disappear from all libraries, since special circulars with a list of books that were subject to confiscation and destruction were sent to all remote corners of the country.
In the twenties, Nadezhda Krupskaya actively promoted the labor polytechnic school, which led to a sharp reduction in the number of humanities disciplines. At the same time, teachers stopped taking into account the individual specifics of a child’s development, giving preference to the so-called comprehensive mass education. Therefore, an abbreviated course of almost all basic technical and scientific disciplines has appeared in schools.
At the same time, Krupskaya also carried out significant cultural reform. On her initiative, libraries, reading rooms, and schools for adults were opened. Let us note that the initial goals were indeed to achieve universal literacy in Russia. At that time, the country occupied one of the first places in the world in terms of the number of illiterate people.
But the dominance of the executors, the so-called pedologists, gradually turned the initial initiative into dogma. Nadezhda Krupskaya was romantically focused on the future and did not understand that when giving this or that order, it was necessary not only to take care of the education of passionate comrades-in-arms, but also to establish a system of control over the correct, rational and, most importantly, humane implementation of the assigned tasks.
Krupskaya’s role in creating a reading circle is also known. From a vulgar sociological position, she not only opposed the use of fairy tales in the educational process, but was also the initiator of the introduction of so-called educational books. It is known that in 1928 Krupskaya was the inspirer of the printed persecution of many humanities scientists, in particular K. Chukovsky.
After Lenin's death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya's position changed. Stalin hated her fiercely and even once remarked: “We can make another widow of Lenin.” Krupskaya spoke in Pravda against placing Lenin’s body in the Mausoleum.
In 1925, she joined the “new opposition,” as the group of Bolsheviks who advocated the democratization of internal party life was called. At the XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Stalin called Krupskaya’s speech “sheer nonsense.” The old revolutionary was forced to apologize and publicly dissociate herself from any opposition to Stalin.
IN last years In her life, she held the post of Deputy People's Commissar of Education and was a kind of symbol of Lenin's best times and a magnet for people who were looking for help and advice. According to one version, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was poisoned with sweets sent to her by Stalin for her birthday. According to unconfirmed sources, she wanted to make refutations of Stalin's policies. She had every reason to do this, since by that time the society of political prisoners, the best representatives of the Leninist guard, had ceased to exist. Many of them were excommunicated from government and subsequently died in camps.
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