What kind of weapons are issued by the police? Eight of the best pistols for the army and police
For a long time there has been talk about the need to replace the obsolete PM pistol. Back in the 80s, the development of a promising pistol based on the theme “Rook” began. Samples of weapons were created that met the requirements of the military. These were the SPS, GSh-18, PYa pistols and the modernized Makarov PMM pistol.
The PMM pistol used 9x18 mm PMM cartridges with a lightweight conical bullet and an increased powder charge, the SPS pistol used powerful cartridges with a 9x21 mm armor-piercing bullet (the cartridge is made on the basis of the standard 9x18 mm cartridge case), the GSh-18 and PYA cartridges use 9x19 mm Para cartridges, more precisely, their Russian analogues 7N21 and 7N31 with increased bullet penetration. Let's delve into history to understand the tasks assigned to Russian gunsmiths.
First, let's return to the post-war competition for a new pistol for the army and police of the USSR.
The Nagan revolver was put into service back in Tsarist Russia and by the beginning of the Second World War it was considered an obsolete model. The Nagan used cartridges with a cylindrical bullet recessed into the sleeve with low penetration and stopping effect. The advantages of the revolver were the simplicity and reliability of the design, subsonic bullet speed and the ability to use a silencer, the absence of breakthrough of powder gases between the drum and the barrel due to pushing the drum onto the barrel, fairly high accuracy and accuracy of fire at a distance of up to 50 m. The disadvantages include a weak cartridge and inconvenience of reloading a 7-charge drum.
ON FIRE TRAINING
Theoretical foundations of fire training
employees of the internal affairs bodies of Russia)
(for 2nd year cadets)
Cadet __________________________________________________________
Full Name.
Study group ___________ Speciality __________________________
East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Workshop on fire training / Irkutsk: “East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, 2014 - 30 p.
The workshop was prepared by the team of the department of tactical-special and fire training of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, consisting of:
Associate Professor of the Department of Police Colonel P.A. Sankov;
Lecturer of the department, police lieutenant colonel D.B. Kavetsky.
The workshop was discussed and approved
at the department meeting ____________ protocol No.___________
Topic 1. Firearms, which is in service with units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Topic 2. Safety measures when handling weapons and ammunition.
Topic 3. Basics of ballistics.
Topic 4. Makarov pistol.
INTRODUCTION
The workshop is prepared in accordance with the requirements of workers curricula in the discipline “Fire training” for cadets and students of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, studying in all specialties.
The workshop promotes deep and effective assimilation and consolidation of educational material in the theoretical section of the discipline “Fire training”.
The ability to wield a weapon is a fairly comprehensive concept and includes knowledge of the material part of the weapon, safety measures when handling it, theoretical foundations the production of a well-aimed shot, shooting techniques and rules, the legal basis for the use of weapons, as well as the ability to confidently perform actions with weapons.
For each topic in the workshop, a supporting summary is offered that allows you to study educational material in sufficient quantities. The basic outline includes a list of educational questions, a list of basic literature and a brief summary of the material being studied. In addition, at the end of each topic there are self-test questions and self-preparation tasks so that the student can test his knowledge in preparation for the lesson. The blank part of the notes must be completed under the guidance of the teacher in class, or independently during self-study.
SCHEDULE
Performance accounting practical tasks workshop
| Topic number and name | List of tasks | Review date and completion date | Teacher's signature |
Topic 1. Firearms in service with units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs
Lesson objectives:
1. To develop students’ knowledge about small arms, their tactical and technical characteristics(TTX) and main types small arms, which is in service with the Russian Internal Affairs Directorate.
2. Study the basic concepts characterizing firearms.
1.1. Basic concepts and definitions:
Federal Law "On Weapons" dated December 13, 1996 N 150-FZ gives the following definitions:
weapon- _____________________________________________________________ __________
firearms - _______________________________________ _______________
steel arms - ________________________________________________ _______________
throwing weapon - __________________________________________ _______________
Airguns - ________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
gas weapon - _______________________________________________ __________
ammunition- ________________________________________________________ __________
cartridge - _____________________________________________________________ _____
signal weapon - _____________________________________________ _____
GOST 28653-90 “Small arms. Terms and Definitions” establishes terms and definitions in the field of characteristics of small arms.
Design characteristics:
Caliber of small arms. Caliber - _______________________________ _______________
Rate of fire from small arms - (T pp. per minute) - _____ __________
Rate of fire of small arms - __________________________ _____
Small arms store - _______________________________ _____
Practical rate of fire of small arms - _________________
Capacity (capacity) of a small arms magazine - __________ _____
Sighting device for small arms - ___________________ __________
Weight characteristics of the weapon include:
· ____________________________________
· ____________________________________
· ____________________________________
· ____________________________________
Ballistic characteristics of weapons - __________________________ _______________
Delay in firing small arms. Delay - ______________
Firearms in service with the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, their purpose and main characteristics.
Write a definition of the listed types of weapons, their main characteristics and names of weapons in service with the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs:
Gun
Revolvers
Submachine gun __________
____________________
Automatic _____
Rifle (Sniper Rifle) _____
_________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Grenade launcher
__________________________________________________
Special weapons
________________________________________________________________
3. Complete the workshop.
Questions for self-control
For a long time there has been talk about the need to replace the obsolete PM pistol. Back in the 80s, the development of a promising pistol based on the theme “Rook” began. Samples were created that met the requirements of the military. These were the SPS, GSh-18, PYa pistols and the modernized Makarov PMM pistol. The PMM pistol used 9x18 mm PMM cartridges with a lightweight conical bullet and an increased powder charge, the SPS pistol used powerful cartridges with a 9x21 mm armor-piercing bullet (the cartridge is made on the basis of the standard 9x18 mm cartridge case), the GSh-18 and PYA cartridges use 9x19 mm Para cartridges, more precisely, their Russian analogues 7N21 and 7N31 with increased bullet penetration. Let's delve into to understand the tasks assigned to Russian gunsmiths.
First, let's return to the post-war competition for a new pistol for the army and police of the USSR.
The Nagan revolver was adopted for service in Tsarist Russia and by the beginning of the Second World War it was considered an obsolete model. The Nagan used cartridges with a cylindrical bullet recessed into the sleeve with low penetration and stopping effect. The advantages of the revolver were the simplicity and reliability of the design, subsonic bullet speed and the ability to use a silencer, the absence of breakthrough of powder gases between the drum and the barrel due to pushing the drum onto the barrel, fairly high accuracy and accuracy of fire at a distance of up to 50 m. The disadvantages include a weak cartridge and inconvenience of reloading a 7-charge drum.
The TT pistol was created in 1930 by the famous gunsmith Fedor Tokarev and adopted for service under the name TT-33. The weapon uses an automatic recoil system with a barrel coupled to the bolt. The design is reminiscent of the Colt M1911 and Browning 1903 pistols. For firing, 7.62x25 mm cartridges are used, based on the German Mauser cartridge. A 7.62 mm caliber bullet carries an energy of about 500 J and has a high penetration effect (capable of penetrating a Kevlar body armor without rigid elements). The pistol has a single-action trigger trigger in the form of a single block; instead of a safety lock, the hammer is set to safety cock; the pistol uses a single-row magazine with 8 rounds. The advantages of the TT include high accuracy and shooting accuracy at a distance of up to 50 m, a powerful cartridge with high bullet penetration, simplicity of design and the possibility of minor repairs. The disadvantages include insufficient stopping power of the bullet, rather low survivability of the structure, danger in handling due to the lack of a full-fledged fuse, the possibility of the magazine spontaneously falling out when the latch tooth is worn, the inability to effectively use a silencer due to the supersonic speed of the bullet, and the lack of self-cocking.
The Makarov pistol was developed in accordance with the requirements of the military in the 1947-1948 competition to replace the TT pistol and Nagan revolver.
Pistol PM
The weapon was adopted as a pistol-cartridge complex. For shooting, 9x18 mm cartridges are used with a round-nosed bullet of 9.25 mm caliber, which is slightly more powerful than the foreign 9x17 K cartridge. A bullet weighing 6.1 grams leaves the PM barrel at a speed of 315 m/s and carries an energy of about 300 J. Standard army ammunition has a bullet with a mushroom-shaped steel core to increase penetration on non-solid objects. The stopping effect of a blunt-nosed bullet is quite high on an unprotected target, but its penetrating effect leaves much to be desired. In the 2000s, a 9x18 mm PBM cartridge was created with an armor-piercing bullet weighing only 3.7 g and a speed of 519 m/s. The armor penetration of the new cartridge is 5 mm at a distance of 10 m, while the recoil impulse has increased by only 4%. A slight increase in the recoil impulse allows the use of new ammunition in old PM pistols.
9x18mm PBM cartridges
The pistol looks like a Walter PP, but this is only a superficial resemblance. The internal structure is significantly different from the German one. There are 32 parts in the pistol, many of the design elements perform multiple functions. The PM has a double-action trigger trigger with a convenient and reliable safety (blocks the trigger, hammer and bolt), uses simple diagram automatic operation with a blowback, the pistol uses a single-row magazine with 8 rounds. This is one of the most powerful pistols with a similar automatic operating principle. The accuracy of fire for a pistol of this class is quite normal and is not inferior to other compact models. On the basis of the PM, a silent pistol was created for the special forces of the PB.
The advantages of the pistol include: the highest operational reliability and long service life, simplicity of design, self-cocking, compactness and absence of sharp corners, sufficient stopping effect of a bullet on an unprotected target. The disadvantages include: low penetrating power of the bullet, inconvenient trigger (a matter of skill), inconvenient location of the magazine latch, insufficiently high accuracy of fire compared to full-size military pistols, insufficient magazine capacity by modern standards.
Despite the obsolescence of the design, the PM will be in service with many CIS countries and satellite states of the USSR for many years to come. The pistol was produced under license in the GDR, China, Bulgaria, Poland and a number of other countries.
To eliminate the shortcomings of the PM, a modernized pistol was created within the framework of the Grach program, called the PMM.
PMM pistol
In terms of design, the unification with the PM is about 70%. The pistol has modifications with a magazine for 8 or 12 rounds (double-row with rearrangement into one row). The design difference from the PM is the presence of Revelli grooves in the chamber to slow down the opening of the bolt when fired. For firing, high-impulse 9x18 mm PMM cartridges are used with an initial conical bullet speed of about 420 m/s and a recoil impulse 15% greater than the standard one. It is prohibited to use new cartridges in a conventional PM due to the risk of structural destruction during prolonged firing with more powerful ammunition.
9x18mm PMM cartridge with a conical bullet weighing 5.8 g.
Although one of the PM's shortcomings was eliminated - the insufficient penetrating effect of the bullet, the modernization was not able to correct all the shortcomings of the old design. The issue of increasing the accuracy of fire was not resolved, the magazine capacity was still inferior to foreign analogues of similar dimensions and weight, the magazine spring worked with overvoltage. In addition to all this, the quality of weapons manufacturing dropped sharply after the collapse of the USSR. Formally, the pistol was adopted by some services. The task of completely replacing PM in the army and police has not been solved.
Another pistol developed as part of the Grach program was the Yarygin PYa pistol. Adopted by the army in 2003.
Yarygin pistol
The pistol uses a widely used automatic mechanism with a locked bolt. The frame of the pistol is made of steel, although a version with a polymer frame was also created. The trigger trigger of the pistol is double action, the double-row magazine holds 18 rounds. For firing, 9x19 mm 7N21 cartridges are used with a bullet speed of 5.4 g and about 450 m/s. These cartridges are somewhat more powerful than their Western counterparts and have an increased penetrating effect of a bullet with an exposed armor-piercing core.
The advantages of the pistol include: high accuracy of fire, good stopping and penetrating effect of the bullet, good balance, large magazine capacity. The disadvantages include: poor workmanship (especially the first batches), low service life when firing 7N21 cartridges, insufficient reliability of automatic operation, angular design and the presence of sharp corners, a very tight magazine spring with sharp jaws.
Despite all its advantages, the PM turned out to be crude and could not fully replace the outdated PM. Many law enforcement officers preferred the old, reliable PM. According to some experts, the level of technology of the Yarygin pistol is the mid-70s and in this moment the pistol is inferior in many respects to its foreign analogues. Based on the PYa, a sports pistol with a polymer frame "Viking" is produced, which has a weakened design and a magazine for 10 rounds.
The next candidate for an army pistol was the Tula GSh-18. The pistol was created at KBP under the supervision of two outstanding missile and gun designers Vasily Gryazev and Arkady Shipunov. Entered service in 2003. Produced in limited quantities since 2001.
Pistol GSh-18
The pistol has an automatic mechanism based on a linked bolt with barrel rotation, a striker-type trigger with two automatic safeties, and a magazine capacity of 18 rounds. The pistol frame is made of polymer, the bolt-casing is stamped from 3-mm steel using welding, the barrel has polygonal rifling. The weapon turned out to be compact and light. For shooting, very powerful 9x19 mm PBP cartridges (index 7N31) are used with a bullet weighing 4.1 g, a speed of 600 m/s and a muzzle energy of about 800 J. The bullet is capable of penetrating a sheet of steel 8 mm thick at a distance of 15 m or a bulletproof vest 3- th protection class.
Cartridges from left to right: regular 9x19 mm, 7N21, 7N31
Advantages of the pistol: small dimensions and weight, good grip, high accuracy of fire, powerful cartridge with high penetration and stopping effect, large magazine capacity, high safety in handling. Disadvantages: strong recoil due to the powerful cartridge and the low mass of the weapon itself, the front part of the bolt casing open to dust and dirt, a tight magazine spring, low quality workmanship and finishing.
The pistol has been adopted by the prosecutor's office and is a reward weapon. Based on the GSh-18, sports pistols "Sport-1" and "Sport-2" are produced, which have minor differences from the combat model.
The SPS pistol was developed in Klimovsk by Pyotr Serdyukov in 1996. It is in service with the FSO and FSB.
Pistol SR-1MP
The weapon was created for shooting at an enemy protected by body armor or an enemy in transport. The pistol has an automatic mechanism with a locked bolt and a swinging cylinder (like the Beretta 92). Thanks to this, the barrel always moves parallel to the bolt-casing when fired, which increases the accuracy of fire. The frame is made of polymer, the trigger trigger is double-action with two automatic fuses, the magazine has a capacity of 18 rounds, sights are designed for a range of 100 m. Powerful 9x21 mm cartridges are used for shooting. Ammunition SP-10 (armor-piercing), SP-11 (low-ricochet), SP-12 (expansive) and SP-13 (armor-piercing tracer) were created. The SP-10 cartridge has a bullet weighing 6.7 g with an initial speed of 410 m/s. The bullet has an exposed armor-piercing core and is capable of penetrating 5mm steel plate at a distance of 50m or standard US police body armor.
Armor-piercing cartridges 9x21 mm SP-10
The disadvantages of the pistol include its large dimensions and weight, the use of rare ammunition, and the inconvenience of the automatic safety on the handle for people with short fingers.
Based on the SPS, the SR-1MP pistol was created with an enlarged safety button, a Picatinny rail, a mount for a silencer and an improved bolt stop. Currently, a “Boa constrictor” pistol has been created and is being tested on the basis of the SPS.
There were attempts to adopt foreign-made weapons, for example, the Austrian Glock or the Russian-Italian Swift. But these pistols did not pass Russian state tests for reliability in harsh conditions. The developers of the Strizh pistol announced the possibility of using Russian armor-piercing cartridges 9x19 mm 7N21 and 7N31 in their pistol.
At the Army-2015 forum, a prototype of the Kalashnikov concern pistol designed by Lebedev PL-14 was presented. The pistol has an automatic mechanism with a locked bolt, a striker-type trigger, an aluminum frame and a 15-round magazine. The ergonomics of the pistol were created taking into account human anatomy; the pistol is very practical and easy to handle. When creating it, the developers consulted with IPSC athletes. When shooting, 9x19 mm cartridges, widely used in the world, are used. In the future, it is planned to produce a version of the PL-14 with a polymer frame and barrels of various lengths.
Prototype of the Kalashnikov concern pistol PL-14
The most promising, it seems to me, is the development from scratch of a completely new pistol-cartridge complex for a small-caliber pistol cartridge. An example of the successful introduction of pistols chambered for a powerful small-caliber cartridge into law enforcement agencies is the Belgian FN Five-Seven pistol of 5.7 mm caliber and the Chinese QSZ-92 of 5.8 mm caliber. The Belgian uses a 5.7x28 mm cartridge with an SS190 armor-piercing bullet. A powder charge accelerates a light bullet weighing 2 g to a speed of 650 m/s. The bullet is capable of penetrating a body armor with a titanium plate 1.6 mm thick and a package of 20 layers of Kevlar fabric. Cartridges with hollow-point and tracer bullets were created. The pistol's automatic system uses the semi-blowback principle, the trigger is double-action only, and the magazine capacity is 20 rounds. The pistol frame is made of polymer, and the steel casing-bolt is covered with a polymer shell.
The gun was widely used among Mexican drug cartels for its ability to penetrate standard police vests, and is also used by the US Secret Service.
FN Five-Seven pistol
Not much is known about the Chinese pistol. It uses 5.8x21 mm cartridges with a bullet weighing 3 g and an initial speed of 500 m/s. The bullet is capable of penetrating body armor that protects against standard military 9x19 mm NATO. There is a version chambered for 9x19 mm. Otherwise, the pistol is unremarkable and is inferior to its Belgian competitor in cartridge power and magazine capacity.
Chinese pistol QSZ-92
The USSR had already created a PSM pistol chambered for a small-caliber 5.45 mm cartridge. The pistol was created for concealed carry by the leadership of the KGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The bullet weighing 2.6 g had an energy of about 130 J, but due to its shape it pierced dozens of layers of Kevlar.
As you can see, pistols chambered for a powerful small-caliber cartridge have enormous advantages over their larger-caliber counterparts. The argument of critics of small-caliber weapons is the supposedly low stopping effect, but there are hollow-point bullets. And besides, even an ordinary high-velocity bullet creates a vast pulsating cavity around itself. The main advantages seem to be a large BC, high trajectory flatness due to the high initial velocity of the bullet, low recoil and barrel kick, good armor penetration and high lethality. So what prevents Russian gunsmiths from creating a worthy analogue, using, for example, a standard 5.45x39 mm low-impulse ammunition bullet as a basis?
In the near future it is planned to change the type of standard weapons for all internal affairs officers. In particular, Makarov pistols will be replaced by Yarygin pistols, and Kalashnikov assault rifles by PP-2000 or Vityaz submachine guns,” said M. Sukhodolsky.
According to him, the new weapon is different in that the bullet used in it has less rebound ability. “This is important for use in urban environments,” he noted.
Also, stun devices, including remote ones, will appear in the arsenal of Russian police officers, reports NEWSru.com. “The rearmament will proceed as planned and will take several years,” Sukhodolsky noted.
Submachine gun PP-2000
The PP-2000 submachine gun was developed at the Instrument Design Bureau in Tula. A patent for its design was registered in 2001. The ability to use high-power armor-piercing ammunition allows the PP-2000 to be used to combat opponents wearing personal protective equipment (helmets, body armor), as well as to effectively hit targets located inside vehicles.
Moreover, in comparison with small-caliber analogues produced in Western countries, such as the Belgian 5.7mm FN P90 or the German 4.6mm HK MP-7, the PP-2000, thanks to the use of 9mm bullets, provides greater effectiveness against targets not protected by body armor. Currently he is already in serial production.
Caliber: 9x19mm Luger/Para and 9x19 7Н31
Weight: about 1.4 kg
Length (stock folded/opened): 340/582 mm
Rate of fire: 600 rounds per minute
Magazine capacity: 20 or 30 rounds
Effective range: up to 100 meters.
Yarygin pistol
The Yarygin pistol (PYa “Grach”, GRAU Index - 6P35) is intended to replace the PM. Adopted by the Russian Army in 2003. Used by Russian special forces. The design is reminiscent of the Italian Beretta 92 pistol.
Caliber - 9 mm
Initial bullet speed - 465 m/s
Weight with magazine without cartridges - 0.95 kg
Total length - 210 mm
Magazine capacity, number of rounds - 18
Combat rate of fire - 35 v/m
Chuck length ~ 29.7 mm.
Submachine gun "Vityaz"
The PP-19-01 "Vityaz" submachine gun is a further development of the PP-19 "Bison" submachine gun. "Vityaz" was developed by the IZHMASH concern specifically for the requirements of the special forces detachment of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs "Vityaz", which is where it got its name. Currently, the PP-19-01 "Vityaz" submachine gun is in serial production and is already entering service with units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Caliber: 9x19mm (Luger/Parabellum/7H21)
Weight: ~3 kg without cartridges
Length (stock folded/opened): 460/698 mm
Barrel length: 230 mm
Rate of fire: 750 rounds per minute
Magazine capacity: 30 rounds
Effective range: 100-200 meters.
In progress law enforcement military weapon not the main tool. However, over the past few decades, police and security forces have increasingly armed themselves. IN different countries one can see the formation and increase in the number of armed response groups (UK) and special weapons and tactics (SWAT, USA), mobile special forces units, special units rapid response (Russia). This trend is a reaction to the growth of armed crime and the spread of terrorism. The modern police arsenal is extremely diverse. In addition to pistols of various modifications, it can include automatic and smooth-bore weapons and even grenade launchers.
Faithful companion - pistol
It is difficult to imagine a police officer on duty without a personal weapon, although in real life police officers do not carry weapons with them as often as in cinema. In the police small arms system, a revolver or pistol is not an auxiliary weapon, as in the army, but one of the main and most widely used types of weapons available to most services and units. It is interesting that combat pistols were divided into police use and military (army) almost from the very appearance of self-loading pistols.
Since then, police services have received a large number of samples varied in system, caliber and size. These are such compact models as the German “Walter” PP and PPK (old models that are still copied around the world), and the “full-size” American “Smith & Wesson” models 539 or 5946, “Ruger” P-89 - P series -94, German-Swiss SIG-Sauer of the P-220 family, and Austrian Glocks, and such powerful models used in special forces as the Russian SR-1 Vector (systems of P.I. Serdyukov, in the army version - SPS) or the American "Springfield Armory Operator".
In a number of countries, including Russia, police forces are armed with essentially the same models as the army. At the same time, the police requirements for a pistol in terms of reliability and unification are somewhat lower - the city police, for example, are of little interest in the ability of a weapon to shoot after it has been wet for a day in a swamp. Requirements such as safety of handling and speed of firing the first shot also become very important, since shootouts often occur suddenly and at a distance of less than 25 m. Weight and dimensions are important - the pistol should not overly burden the owner. Looking, say, at the belt of a policeman on guard duty, in addition to a holster for a pistol and a pocket for a spare magazine, we will see on it a loop for a baton, holders for a flashlight and a gas cartridge, covers for handcuffs and a working folding knife. In addition, the ratio of cost and required functionality is important. This, for example, is the ability to fire with both hands, the presence of mounts for devices such as laser designators or visible and infrared light illuminators. It is not surprising, therefore, that Austrian Glock pistols are especially popular in the world of police models.
The first pistol of the Glock-17 family, which appeared in the early 1980s, did not have a bright military career, but in various calibers and modifications it came into service with the security forces and police of about 60 countries, including countries with their own developed weapons industry. For example, US FBI agents were armed with Glocks. Russia is also included in this list - 9-mm Glock pistols of modifications 17 (17T), 19 (19T) and 26 are included in the number of foreign weapons that the internal affairs bodies adopted in 2007 in addition to domestically developed weapons. The Glock owes its success not only to its relatively moderate weight and size characteristics with a large-capacity magazine and the ergonomics of the weapon, but also to its relative cheapness - plastics are widely used in its design. Simply put, Glocks have a good balance between price and quality, so many companies began producing pistols with plastic parts in various versions, primarily counting on the police weapons market: armies arm themselves with such pistols more carefully.
The variety of police tasks requires a wide selection of bullets and cartridges. These include bullets with increased penetration (since criminals use different personal protective equipment, and sometimes they have to shoot at cars), and bullets with increased stopping power, which quickly lose their destructive effect and are therefore necessary when shooting in crowded places. In addition, the police arsenal contains non-lethal cartridges - gas, traumatic.
From "exotic"
Among police weapons systems, there are the most unexpected ones. Automatic pistols "Mauser" models 711 or 712, it would seem, have long found a place in museum collections. Meanwhile, on the streets of Rio de Janeiro, not so long ago one could meet military police soldiers with a slightly modernized automatic Mauser - the old pistol was equipped with a stock with an additional holding handle and a shoulder rest. The Brazilian police used other unusual samples. Its special forces used light machine gun"Madsen" Danish production in the version with a shortened barrel. Once upon a time, these long-outdated machine guns were handed over to the police by the Brazilian army, where they peacefully coexisted with much more modern models. In addition to the main one, police officers often have to carry with them a spare pistol, usually a small one, designed for concealed carry. The supply of ammunition and high rate of fire for such weapons is a secondary issue, the main thing is small dimensions, ease of carrying, speed of extraction and the first shot. It is not surprising that such an old type of personal weapon as the “derringer” - non-automatic pocket pistols with one, two or even four barrels - is also used. True, they remain popular mainly on their own historical homeland- in USA.
Submachine gun
Submachine guns played a huge role in World War II. But with the advent of intermediate-power cartridges, the scope of use of automatic weapons chambered for a pistol cartridge began to sharply narrow. In the arsenal of armies, submachine guns gradually replaced machine guns, assault rifles and carbines. The main consumers of submachine guns were various police services and formations special purpose.
Whatever tasks law enforcement officers solve - whether they are patrolling roads and populated areas, guarding an object or freeing hostages - they, as a rule, have to conduct a quick fire battle at short distances. Factors such as the compactness of the weapon, the speed of opening and transferring fire, and the stopping effect of the bullet become decisive. The relatively low power of the pistol cartridge makes it possible to make the weapon small and light without compromising reliability and controllability during automatic shooting. Weapons and ammunition occupy a smaller share in a fighter’s overall equipment. The low initial velocity of the bullet reduces the range of its lethal effect (for comparison, for a 9-mm pistol cartridge it reaches 350 m, and for a 5.45-mm machine gun - 1350 m), and the likelihood of ricochets is reduced. Finally, the parameters of the pistol cartridge make it possible to create “silent” weapon modifications.
One of the most popular police models of automatic weapons is the German MP5 submachine gun, or rather, a whole family created by the German company Heckler und Koch based on it. After this weapon was adopted by the German police, border guards and customs service in 1966, it quickly gained popularity and has maintained it for more than 40 years. The excellent qualities of the MP5 have been confirmed in many police and counter-terrorism operations. MP5 submachine guns of various modifications - with a permanent and retractable butt, "silent", small-sized - in native or licensed versions, in 9 or 10 mm caliber - are used in more than 30 countries, from the USA and Great Britain to Sudan and Zambia. Heckler und Koch MP5, MP5K and MP5SD submachine guns of 9 mm caliber are included in the list of weapons and Russian law enforcement agencies. Although Russia, of course, has created its own models. It is characteristic that the revival of submachine guns in our country occurred in the early 1990s. Weapons design bureaus proposed a number of developments to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, both new and based on previously created prototypes. Among the latter was, for example, the 9-mm Kedr submachine gun (designed by Evgeny Dragunov), developed by E.F. Dragunov and modified by M.E. Dragunov. In 1994, this small-sized submachine gun was adopted by the authorities under the designation PP-91 “Kedr” and has since been purchased in quite a large quantities. On the other hand, at the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant V.M. Kalashnikov and A.E. Dragunov developed a larger Bison-2 submachine gun with a high-capacity auger magazine for the same 9×18 PM cartridge, which was put into service under the designation PP-19. Over time, the samples were modernized, for example, after the appearance of the domestic 7N21 pistol cartridge of the 9×19 type, modifications were created for this cartridge.
The experience of using submachine guns by the Ministry of Internal Affairs formations helped formulate in 2003 the tactical and technical specifications for a new 9-mm model, designated “Vityaz” (officers of the special forces detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs “Vityaz” participated in the formation of requirements for the new weapon). This is how the PP-19-01 “Vityaz” submachine gun chambered for the 9x19 cartridge appeared, which also entered service with police forces.
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1. Loading option for a 12-gauge cartridge for a combat shotgun - a bunch of feathered arrow-shaped elements (USA) |
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Submachine gun in a holster
Of considerable interest to law enforcement agencies are small-sized submachine guns, adapted to be worn in a holster and to be fired both with two hands and with one. An example of a weapon of Russian design is the 9-mm PP-2000, created for the 9x19 type cartridge by the Tula Instrument Design Bureau and entered into service with the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The magazine of this weapon is located in the handle; plastic is used in the manufacture of body parts. Features of the weapon include a tilting pistol grip, a trigger guard that forms an additional holding handle, a detachable folding stock, a reloading handle that allows right- or left-handed operation, and a mount for collimator sight- this type of sight can become the main one in close combat.
Weapons and equipment
Compactness is not the last issue for police weapons. It has to be operated in cramped conditions; sometimes it is also necessary to carry various devices: means for opening doors (sledgehammer, hand ram, safe detonation charge), assault ladders, surveillance devices. The equipment itself should make it easier to operate the weapon, providing the ability to quickly use it.
Police machine gun
Police and counter-terrorism forces also have in their arsenals such typical army weapons as machine guns and assault rifles. Yet the specific requirements of police weapons require specific solutions. An example of such a solution is domestic small-sized assault rifles created for special cartridges of the 9×39 type - SP5 and SP6 and their analogues 7N9 and 7N12. The SP5 and SP6 cartridges were developed for use in “silent” weapon systems and combine the low (less than sound) initial velocity of heavy bullets with their trajectory stability at distances up to 400 m, high penetration and stopping effect. In addition, such cartridges have a low recoil impulse, bullets are less prone to ricochets and therefore make it possible to create a compact weapon that is convenient for use in populated areas and cramped spaces. Armor-piercing cartridges allow you to hit an enemy wearing a body armor of the 3rd protection class at distances of up to 200 m.
Very popular in the system Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs uses the 9-mm small-sized assault rifle 9A-91, created by the Tula Instrument Design Bureau. Moreover, the developers tried to make it as simple and cheap as possible to produce. It is worth mentioning the Klimov SR3 and SR3M “Whirlwind” assault rifles and the Izhevsk AK-9. These “noisy” samples went through their own evolution and formed the basis for new “silent” machine guns and sniper rifles. Thus, on the basis of the 9A-91, a “silent” sniper rifle VSK-94 was created, a set of accessories for the SR3M allows you to get both a “silent” machine gun and a sniper rifle. True, the same special cartridges make the ammunition of machine guns more expensive than that of submachine guns.
A smooth trunk brings order
One of the original features of police weapons is the rather wide niche reserved for smooth-bore models, which are sometimes called shotguns for simplicity. Many experts believe that for short-range combat, hand-held smoothbore weapons of 20 and 12 “hunting” calibers are preferable to rifled ones. It can fire various types charges, from shotgun to bullet, having the necessary damaging characteristics depending on the task. At the same time, the rapid loss of damaging effect of shot and bullet ejected from a smooth barrel significantly reduces the risk of injury to random people.
Traditionally, to create combat smooth-bore samples, commercial samples of the magazine circuit, proven in production, were used - just recall the popular American “pump-action” (recharged by the movement of the fore-end) models “Remington-870” or “Mossberg-500” and “Mossberg-590”. Over time, self-loading models began to attract more and more attention: a large number of such models have appeared in the last 25–30 years. During police and counter-terrorism operations, they arm not only fighters, but also remote-controlled vehicles - for destroying explosive devices or opening locked premises.
In our country in the 1990s, smooth-bore guns began to be widely used by security structures, at the same time, weapons factories began producing the corresponding guns and “smooth-bore carbines.” They also aroused the interest of law enforcement agencies. In 2006, the internal affairs bodies received a whole complex of smoothbore weapons SSK-18.5, which included self-loading “special carbines” 18.5 KS-K and 18.5 KS-P and a number of 12-gauge ammunition. The number 18.5 in the designation of the weapon corresponds to the diameter of the 12-gauge bore (about 18.5 millimeters), the indices “K” and “P” correspond to the box and under-barrel magazines. The 18.5 KS-K carbine with a detachable box magazine was made by designers of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant based on the Kalashnikov assault rifle system, or more precisely, the Saiga carbine. It is curious that the muzzle device of the KS-K carbine is designed for shooting with the barrel resting on an obstacle, for example, when a door bolt is destroyed by a shot. The 18.5 KS-P carbine with a permanent under-barrel magazine was created at the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant on the basis of the MP-153 self-loading smoothbore shotgun.
From “small things” to DShK
The range of calibers and power of cartridges that sniper rifles can be chambered for is demonstrated by two Russian models. At one extreme is the SV-99 rifle, created by Izhevsk designers on the basis of a biathlon rifle chambered for a 5.6 mm rimfire cartridge - a well-known “small gun”. The use of a low-power cartridge results in a reduction in the size and weight of the weapon, a small recoil impulse, a low level of muzzle pressure and an insignificant shot flame. A shellless bullet has a sufficient stopping effect at short ranges, but requires hitting unprotected areas of the body. The result is a special weapon designed to operate at short ranges, for example in populated areas, where targeted shooting is often carried out across the width of the street. Since the requirements required the ability to work in tight spaces, the stock was made removable, and a pistol grip could be installed instead. The other pole is sniper rifles chambered for powerful large-caliber cartridges for hitting targets at long ranges in personal armor, vehicles, and counter-sniper warfare. This type of weapon is popular in special forces, but with the growing role of police special forces, it also came into service. The internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB, for example, use the OSV-96 self-loading 12.7-mm rifle, created by the Tula Instrument Design Bureau chambered for 12.7×108. TO characteristic features This rifle has a folding design that allows you to reduce the size of the weapon.
For the police sniper
The growth of terrorism and armed crime throughout the world has forced special attention to be paid to snipers in the police and counter-terrorism forces. The variety of tasks that a sniper may face, and, accordingly, the variety of tools for solving them can be judged by the samples received by Russian law enforcement agencies.
First of all, these are, of course, sniper rifles of normal caliber and increased accuracy. It is worth noting the differences in requirements for military and police rifles. The military must always be with its owner when marching on foot, in a transport-combat vehicle, and withstand the ingress of dust, snow, and moisture. Police officers tend to operate under less harsh conditions. At the same time, if a mistake by an army sniper may not have fatal consequences, then the price of a mistake by a policeman may be the death of a hostage or the injury of a random person.
Magazine rifles have long taken first place here. Izhevsk gunsmiths offered a 7.62-mm SV-98 rifle, complementing the “cartridge-weapon-” complex optical sight» a number of devices: this is a low-noise shooting device, an anti-mirage tape stretched over the barrel to protect the field of view of the sight from distortion by heated air. At the same time, snipers of Russian law enforcement agencies are armed with 7.62 mm AW and AWP rifles, created by the British company Accuracy International. The list of models accepted for service in the Russian Federation also includes the Austrian SSG Steyr rifle and the Finnish TRG-22. Also, such an original type entered service with the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs sniper weapons, like SVU-AS (short, automatic sniper rifle, with a bipod). Made by TsKIB SOO specialists based on a self-loading sniper rifle Dragunov, it differs from it in a shortened barrel, the ability to fire in bursts, the installation of a low-noise firing device and a folding bipod and a number of other changes.
Combat and special
Already in the “roaring nineties”, the Tula Instrument Engineering Design Bureau created the GM-94 magazine 43-mm grenade launcher - a multi-purpose weapon for firing special (non-lethal) and military ammunition. The design of the grenade launcher is based on the design of a pump-action shotgun with the magazine located above the barrel and reloading by longitudinal movement of the barrel back and forth. VGM-93 rounds of several types are used for firing - gas, equipped with an irritant formulation, shock-shock with an elastic striking element, thermobaric. The thermobaric grenade is capable of hitting manpower within a radius of 3 m from the point of detonation, as well as equipment with armor thickness up to 8 mm.
Shotgun-revolvers
The revolver design has found its original application in police and special-purpose weapons. An example of this is the South African 12-gauge smoothbore shotguns Stryker and Protecta. In addition to the revolving circuit, they also differ in the way the drum rotates. In the Stryker, this was done by a spring wound using a special key; in the Protect, the shooter turns the drum before firing, pumping the front handle of the weapon. Note that the Russian 6G30 hand grenade launcher also has a revolver design, but it has a spring that rotates a 40-mm block rifled barrels, starts when the shooter turns the block, loading the weapon.
Grenade launchers for police
Police sometimes have to use special and even live grenades. Hand grenades are not widely used, but law enforcement agencies have hand grenade launchers. They can have different schemes and principles of grenade stabilization (rifled or smooth-bore with stabilization of the grenade by the empennage), have a single-shot and magazine type. Throwing is usually done using an active scheme, since it is necessary to shoot in conditions where a rocket weapon would be too dangerous. As a rule, grenade launchers are designed for non-lethal ammunition, which are used in riot control, in operations to capture armed criminals, and to free hostages.
An example is the evolution of the domestic special 50-mm grenade launcher system, created in the late 1980s and including a single-shot breech-loading smooth-bore hand-held special grenade launcher RGS-50 and non-lethal shots - with grenades GS-50 irritant, GSZ-50 light-sound, EG-50 and EG-50M shock action. Subsequently, not only was the grenade launcher itself modernized (RGS-50M, produced by the V.A. Degtyarev Plant), but the ammunition was also replenished with shots for knocking out GV-50 locks, breaking window glass BK-50, smoke GD-50, as well as combat - with a fragmentation grenade GO-50, cumulative GK-50.
Illustrations by Rostom Chichyants, Oksana Alekseevskaya
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