Analysis of positive social consequences from the activities of enterprises. Having paranormal abilities
1. A social institution is understood as:
a) an association of people created by them to satisfy a certain set of personal and social needs;
b) the organizational form of a particular social system, which organizes the totality of relations between the people who form it;
c) an educational organization in which members of society undergo a process of secondary socialization and become involved in future activities within the framework of formal organizations;
d) a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, norms, guidelines that regulate the interaction of people in a certain sphere of social life and organize it into a system of roles and statuses.
2. The concept of “social institution” was introduced into scientific circulation...
a) O. Comte;
b) G. Spencer;
c) E. Durkheim;
d) K. Marx.
3. The process of arranging statuses and roles into a system to meet social needs is called...
a) urbanization;
b) stratification;
c) institutionalization;
d) resocialization.
4. If the consequences of the activities of a social institution interfere with the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
a) an explicit function;
b) latent function;
c) deviation;
d) dysfunction.
5. The transfer of social experience to new people coming to a social institution occurs with the help of the ________ function.
a) broadcasting;
b) integrative;
c) regulatory;
d) communicative.
6. A social institution in which the scope of functions, means and methods of action are regulated by laws or other legal acts is called ...
a) political;
b) formal;
c) religious;
d) informal.
7. Reproductive functions in society are carried out by:
a) political institutions;
b) economic institutions;
c) legal institutions;
d) marriage and family institutions.
8. The basis for identifying a nuclear family is the criterion...
a) forms of marriage relations;
b) family composition;
c) well-being in the family;
d) family functions.
Which form of marriage predominates in modern societies?
a) polyandry;
b) polygyny;
c) monogamy;
d) group marriage.
10. The type of family in which power is distributed unevenly in favor of the eldest man is called ...
a) egalitarian;
b) matriarchal;
c) patrilineal;
d) patriarchal.
Topic 8. Sociology of organization and management
1. The activity of the bureaucracy as a management mechanism and a special social layer serves as an expression of:
a) goal-oriented type of social action;
b) value-rational type of social action;
c) traditional type of social action;
d) affective type of social action.
2. According to management style, social movements are distinguished...
a) totalitarian;
b) democratic;
c) conservative;
d) liberal.
3. The most pronounced negative consequence of bureaucracy in an organization and society is that...
a) resources are used rationally;
b) the productivity of managerial labor increases;
c) the goals of the society or organization are ignored;
d) service culture improves.
4. The component of the organization that is considered the most important and on which all components of the organization depend is ...
a) social benefits;
b) social technologies;
c) the goals of the organization;
d) staff.
5. The lack of remuneration for participation and work in the organization is typical for...
a) forced organizations;
b) utilitarian organizations;
c) associations;
d) total institutions.
a) the position of a leader outside the group;
b) group members are not informed about long-term goals;
c) personal initiatives of group members are ignored;
d) the decision is made by the leader alone.
7. If a manager does not interfere in the actions of subordinates, allowing them to make decisions and act independently, then he uses a ___________ management style.
a) democratic;
d) conniving.
8. The democratic management style in a group is most effective when...
a) low qualifications of workers;
b) a large number of group members;
c) performing urgent work;
d) solving creative problems.
9. In cooperative organizations, relations prevail...
a) fight;
b) rivalry;
c) enmity;
d) cooperation.
The table shows definitions of some economic statuses. Indicate in the right column the numbers of those occupations that, in your opinion, are relevant to them.
Social consequences- these are expected, planned or unexpected, spontaneously arising, unforeseen results of transformations in society, any innovations in a limited territorial social system(region, city) or social organization (enterprise, firm, institution), which affect the social relations of groups, communities, individuals. Social consequences can be positive and negative, immediate and remote (in terms of time of occurrence), direct or indirect (in connection with the main direction of transformation), etc. Social impact generally relates to social goals and issues and is an important concept social management.
Responsibility- this is an obligation placed on someone or taken by someone to account for some of their actions and accept blame for possible consequences. From a psychological point of view, responsibility is a more complex concept, appearing in various psychological phenomena. Responsibility– This is, first of all, the individual’s awareness of the requirements and norms of the organization labor activity, the consequences of their implementation and non-fulfillment, which exist in the team, labor organization, society. But awareness alone is not enough; an active, effective desire to realize these requirements in conditions of joint work is necessary, to translate these norms into specific actions and deeds. Thus, when we talk about responsibility, we are not talking about simply doing what we should, but about an active life position, the desire to achieve what we should. It is important that a person is responsible for his actions, first of all, to himself, to his conscience.
On the other hand, responsibility can be considered as a psychological trait of an individual, consistently manifested in his attitude to work, to the team, and to himself. Along with this, the concept of responsibility also includes an emotional and sensory component, expressed in a person’s sense of responsibility, duty and conscience.
Thus, responsibility as a psychological phenomenon is the result of many mental functions of the individual: cognitive, emotional and behavioral. Essential signs of responsibility manifested in behavior are accuracy, punctuality, commitment to fulfilling one’s duties, and willingness to be responsible for the consequences of one’s actions. Responsible behavior presupposes professionalism, knowledge of one's business, and the desire to understand complex issues. It cannot be implemented successfully if a person does not have developed emotional qualities: the ability to empathize, sensitivity to the condition of another person. Carrying out responsible behavior requires strong-willed qualities: perseverance, patience, endurance, perseverance.
Responsibility is directly related to the fulfillment of obligations, which are understood as “a promise or contract that requires unconditional fulfillment by the person accepting it.
Responsibility always referred to a specific subject and reflected the scope of tasks and responsibilities of the individual, i.e. debt limits.
Duty there is a person’s duty to someone or to his conscience.
Conscience it represents an awareness and experience of responsibility based on self-assessments of the performance of duties.
The subject of liability may be:
· individual personality;
· group as a certain community of people;
· the state as a kind of macrostructure.
The presence of an authority before which the subject can and must be held accountable for his actions is an important regulator public life. Such authorities may be:
1) a socially significant person (for example, president, head of a company, etc.);
2) social group (political party, organization, society, etc.);
3) historically established ethical, moral, religious and other requirements.
Types of responsibility: legal, moral, professional, social and others. Role responsibilities and the social relationships that determine them are taken as one of the criteria for social responsibility. It is also possible to select more specific criteria for the classification of responsibility, on the basis of which its types such as criminal, administrative, material, and moral are determined.
Psychological prerequisite responsibility is the ability to choose, i.e. conscious preference for a certain line of behavior. The choice can be made in complicated conditions, for example, in conflict situations, where the interests of an individual, a group of people or society collide.
Responsibility is considered the most important personality trait. If we are talking about the adoption of social norms of behavior, then we usually talk about the social responsibility of the individual. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that its object is social norms and role functions. The subject of control can be both the person himself and his social environment.
Awareness of responsibility– first of all, a reflection in the subject of existence of social necessity, i.e. understanding the meaning of the actions taken and the consequences. As a result, attribution of responsibility is generated by the vital need to evaluate the results of activities, as well as determine the level of success or failure, impose penalties, etc.
The concept of responsibility directly interacts with the concept of “independence”. When the decision is made personally by the subject of the action, then all responsibility falls on him. Responsibility is devalued in the group.
In an enterprise, the very nature of its activities gives rise to industrial conflicts. Let us give a conflict example of such a management situation. One employee works on an imported, expensive machine that requires careful handling and fine adjustments during operation. But the employee is not responsible for its safety. Therefore, in the event of an accident, a person blames the technician or engineer responsible for it. technical condition. A conflict arises - who is to blame? This situation might not have arisen if the same department had been responsible for the operation and maintenance of the machine, in which the necessary training of personnel in the use of the equipment would have been carried out.
One of the forms of legal and moral support for the social activity of an individual is responsibility for inaction. A person should feel responsible not only for what he has done, but also for what he did not do, although he was obliged to do it.
Professional responsibility requires constant psychological readiness to perform specific actions. In some positions, including management ones, responsibility is the main source of mental stress over time.
Performing basic management functions, the manager solves complex problems that are not of the same order in content and structure. Their constituent elements are economic, legal, technological, socio-psychological, educational and other tasks. The manager is obliged to comply with state laws, legal norms and at the same time be responsible for his own work and the work of his subordinates.
There is a distinction between legal and social responsibility.
Legal liability means following specific laws and norms of state regulation that determine what an organization, a group as a separate element of an organization, an individual as an object of management can and cannot do.
Unlike legal Social responsibility is a certain degree of voluntary response to social problems in accordance with social norms, values, subculture characteristics and moral obligations.
Social responsibility lies outside of statutory or regulatory requirements. Example: donations to help sick children, disabled people, etc. Such behavior is not regulated by legal laws and is voluntary. Another example: donor activity to provide emergency care to a patient. This is an example of an altruistic act associated with an awareness of duty.
Social responsibility is related to the implementation general rules, norms that are acquired by a person. Social norms of behavior are formed gradually in the process of growing up, starting with childhood. Gradually, from external requirements they become internal, psychological formations.
Social responsibility serves as a means of internal control of the individual (it is called self-control), i.e. activities that are carried out consciously and voluntarily.
A person’s awareness of the need for social responsibility is associated with the action of various factors: cognitive, motivational, situational, characterological, personal and others.
Social responsibility is directly related to the fulfillment of group norms of behavior. When a worker is said to violate the norms of a group of which he is a member, it means that such norms exist and that the person must follow them.
Group norms are understood as a set of requirements and rules developed within a group as a specific community and playing the role of the most important means of regulating the behavior of members of this group.
The practice of forming and functioning of groups (in social psychology they are called “small” or “working” groups) indicates that these norms are not set by anyone from the outside, but are formed in the process joint activities of people. We can say that group norms are created spontaneously and become standards of behavior for all group members.
In a close-knit group, norms of relationships towards other people also develop. The value-orientation unity of a group is one of the complex socio-psychological phenomena, since it is systemic in nature. To date, it has not been sufficiently studied. Group norms promote the performance of certain actions by people performing a common job. The existence of group norms makes it possible to predict the behavior of not only individual group members, but also the entire group as a whole. If there are group norms, the group itself becomes a collective organizer and coordinator of the performers’ activities. The system of group norms is controlled by the group itself. Therefore, not only the leader, but also the group itself becomes the subjects of management of all its participants.
In any organization that has a developed structure, there are formal and informal groups.
The leader is responsible not only for the present, but also for the future, for fulfilling his duties and anticipating the consequences of his own actions. As an example, we can take any management decision, without which an organizational problem cannot be solved. Thus, without solving the problems of personnel management, without selecting the necessary personnel and management personnel, it is impossible to solve a single management problem.
For any decision the leader is responsible. But situations are possible when the manager does not make specific decisions. Failure to make decisions may be a violation of the manager's social responsibility. For example, no decision has been made to conduct safety inspections by managers directly involved. The result is the death of people due to the fire.
A leader must foresee the consequences of his inaction and be prepared to bear responsibility for it. The social responsibility of managers may conflict with legal responsibility. For example, contrary to the laws, the manager seeks funds by renting out premises located on the territory of the enterprise to pay off wages owed to employees. From a purely human perspective, such behavior of a leader can be regarded as socially responsible.
Social responsibility should be considered as a stable personal characteristic. When making life plans, a person usually weighs whether this goal is feasible for him or whether he needs to hope for external forces, on other people. According to researchers, one person can act as the master of his own destiny, while another “floats at the will of the waves,” i.e. one person takes responsibility, and the other moves away from it.
In this regard, two different strategies of human behavior should be noted:
1) see the source of control of your life in the external environment;
2) in oneself.
In accordance with the views of J. Rotter, if a person takes responsibility for the events of his life, then this means that the individual has "internal" control. The internality of the individual is positively correlated with social responsibility, with an awareness of the meaning and goals of life. Individuals with an internal locus of control (locus of control- the ability of a person to determine the degree of responsibility for his actions to himself or to external circumstances) take responsibility for the course of life events, guided by a sense of duty, morality and a clear understanding of the meaning.
Socially responsible individuals are characterized by the presence of positive qualities, ranging from punctuality, accuracy, obedience to moral and civic traits such as honesty, justice, integrity, etc.
If responsibility is attributed by circumstances to other people or to chance, then this characterizes the presence of an external, i.e. "external" control. Internality and externality of the locus of control are stable personality properties formed in the process of socialization (according to J. Rotter). Socialization- this is the result of a person’s inclusion in social relationships, thanks to which social experience is acquired and then reproduced in activity. In contrast to interval, external personalities are characterized by suspicion, anxiety, depression, aggressiveness, conformism, dogmatism, authoritarianism, etc.
Questions for Review and Discussion
1. What causes the need for management?
2. What is the essence of managerial interaction?
3. What is meant by a social management system?
4. What are management resources?
5. What does the concept of social system include?
6. What elements does the control system consist of?
7. What is responsibility?
8. What characterizes social responsibility?
9. What is the connection between personality and responsibility?
3. Ownership of the means of production
4. Availability of higher education vocational education
93. K characteristic features traditional society not applicable …
1. Syncretism 2. Manual labor
3. Collective ownership 4. Individualism
94. “A collection of people who find themselves in one place at the same time, but who do not have any specific connections with each other” (E. Giddens) is...
1. Unit 2. Crowd 3. Group 4. Team
95.The main feature of ____ is isolation from the institutions of a large society.
1. Bottom layer 2. Middle layer 3. Base layer 4. Underclass
96. The basic element of regulation of public life is social...
1. Groups 2. Organizations 3. Institutions 4. Processes
97. In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of material-energy interaction with the external environment, which is one of the functional conditions for the existence and equilibrium of a social system, is called ...
1. Adaptation 2. Institutionalization 3. Consensus 4. Economics
98. In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of formation and maintenance of social interactions and relationships between actors is called
1. Adaptation 2. Institutionalization 3. Consensus 4. Achievement of goals
99. A group of people united by common work or common interests is called..
1. Team 2. Commune 3. Association 4. Brigade
100. A group of people with a certain legal status passed on by inheritance is called...
1. Team 2. Estate 3. Association 4. Class
101. A group of people connected by direct family relationships, the adult members of which assume responsibility for caring for children, is called ...
1. Family 2. Collective 3. Association 4. Commune
102. The set of criteria that is usually chosen to determine the equality or inequality of members of a community is ...
1. Following moral ideals 2. Self-esteem of the individual
3. Income, education, prestige, power
4. Intelligence, property size, professionalism
103. A group whose behavior is regulated by normative documents is called...
1. Regulatory 2. Formal 3. Documentary 4. Creative
104. An association that declares a common origin for all its members, a common history, and is also characterized by a sense of solidarity is a ____ community.
1. Mass 2. Nominal 3. Territorial 4. Ethnic
105. This social community: Laks, Chechens, Dargins is distinguished by the characteristic
1. Demographic 2. Ethnic 3. Territorial 4. Functional
106. This social community: Muscovites, Yaroslavl, Tverech, Permians is identified according to the characteristic
1. Demographic 2. Ethnic
3. Territorial 4. Functional
107. This social community: men and women are distinguished by
1. Demographic 2. Ethnic 3. Territorial 4. Functional
108. If a social institution is ineffective and its prestige in society declines, then they speak of ______________ social institution.
1. Conflict 2. Dysfunctions 3. Crisis 4. Stagnation
109. The institutionalization of relations between husband and wife as citizens of the state is called
1. Marriage 2. Family 3. Union 4. Agreement
110. A methodological approach to the analysis of society that explains social processes and human behavior by the influence of values, norms, and rules is called _____ determinism
1. Cultural 2. Economic 3. Technological 4. Social
111. A methodological approach to the analysis of society, which attaches decisive importance to the explanation of social processes to the level of development of production and the nature of property relations is called _______ determinism
1. Cultural 2.Economic 3. Technological 4. Social
112. The methodological approach to the analysis of society, according to which the level of development of science and technology determines social processes in all spheres of society, is called ________ determinism
1. Cultural 2. Economic 3. Technological 4. Social
113. M. Weber considered the most effective form of organization...
1. Linear 2. Rational bureaucracy
3. Functional 4. Pyramidal
114. An association within the framework of sociology, in which members engage in joint activities, live in the same territory and own property in accordance with their ideology, is called..
1. Team 2. Group 3. Commune 4. Party
115. Main resource information society is…
1. Knowledge 2. People 3. Television 4. Institutions
116. In its social essence, post-industrial society should be considered as an analogue of ______ society
1. Informational 2. Social 3. Legal 4. Socialist
117. Priority development of the service sector and its prevalence over industrial and agricultural production are characteristic of ___________ society
1. Capitalist 2. Post-industrial
3. New 4. Feudal
118. The process and result of the emergence of a social institution in society is called...
1. Institutionalization 2. Formations 3. Developments 4. Stagnation
119. The process of legal and organizational consolidation of the forms of behavior that have developed in society in society is
1. Institutionalization 2. Formation 3. Development 4. Stagnation
120. A number of persons who occupy the same status in society and lead a similar lifestyle, but do not form separate groups is a _____ group
1. Reference 2. Status 3. Formal 4. Informal
121. A family structure consisting of several generations of relatives living together is called a family….
1. Patriarchal 2. Egalitarian 3. Matrilocal 4. Extended
122. Families in which the husband makes decisions are called
1. Patriarchal
123. Families in which spouses maintain equality in making important decisions are called
1. Patriarchal 2. Egalitarian 3. Matrilocal 4. Extended
124. A group of people united by the solution of certain social problems, characterized by common interests and goals, a sense of solidarity and self-determination, is called ...
1. Team 2. Community 3. Crowd 4. Organization
125. A family, when the newlyweds live together with the wife’s parents, belongs to the type
1. Patriarchal 2. Egalitarian 3. Matrilocal 4. Extended
126. A family, when the newlyweds live together with the husband’s parents, belongs to the type
1. Patrilocal 2. Egalitarian 3. Matrilocal 4. Extended
127. Type of society characterized by: standardization of production, distribution of funds mass media And popular culture, atomization of social relations, is called
1. Mass society 2. Socialist society
3. Modern society 4. Capitalist society
128. The function of the family, thanks to which population reproduction occurs, is called
1. Reproductive 2. Recreational 3. Educational 4. Household
129. The function of the family, thanks to which the physical and spiritual strength of family members is restored, is called
1. Reproductive 2. Recreational 3. Educational 4. Household
130. The function of the family, through which the transfer of social experience occurs, is called
1. Reproductive 2. Recreational 3. Educational 4. Household
131. The group with which an individual identifies himself and to which he belongs is called ...
1. Nominal 2. Primary 3. Internal 4. Small
132. The function of the family, thanks to which the needs of the individual are satisfied and the life support of family members is called
1. Reproductive 2. Recreational 3. Educational 4. Household
133. Number of individuals who moved up the social ladder per unit of time: 1. Migration 2. Volume of mobility 3. Stage of mobility 4. Dimension of mobility134. Social stratification is based on the idea... 1. Differentiation of labor 2. Social inequality 3. Income differences 4. Egalitarianism135. Within the framework of vertical mobility, it is customary to distinguish _____________ mobility.
1. Horizontal and vertical 2. Ascending and descending
3. Individual and group 4. Horizontal and social
136. The theory of convergence states that there is a convergence of two types of society... 1. Socialist and communist 2. Totalitarian and democratic 3. Capitalist and socialist 4. Monarchical and anarchic
137. Stratification of society is...
1. The process of increasing the heterogeneity of society
2. The process of individuals mastering social norms 3. The process of socialization of individuals in society
146. Polarization of society is...
1. Social division of labor 2. Politicization of society
4.Increasing differences in the socialization of individuals
147.Structural dependence relationships are based on...
1.
Differences between the motives of power and submission 2
.Differences in status
3. Differences in the needs of individuals 4. Differences in social roles
148.Form social interaction between members of a group that excludes relationships of subordination is called...
1. Subordination 2. Reordination 3. Conflict 4. Coordination
149.According to the concept of T. Parsons, the subsystem of society that performs the function of achieving goals is the subsystem ...
1.Economic 2.Regulatory 3.Cultural 4. Political
150.According to the concept of T. Parsons, the subsystem of society that performs the function of integration is the subsystem ...
1.Economic 2. Regulatory 3.Political 4.Cultural
151.According to the concept of T. Parsons, the subsystem of society that performs the function of “retaining the pattern is a subsystem ...
1.Cultural 2.Economic 3.Political 4.Regulatory
152. If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
1. Dysfunction 2. Deviation 3. Explicit function 4. Latent function
153. The specificity of the caste stratification system of society is expressed in the fact that...
1. Castes are open social groups
2. The caste system lacks mechanisms for vertical social mobility
3. Castes are interpenetrating social groups
4. Castes are formed on the basis of horizontal differentiation of society
154. A set of people scattered in space who have similar interests in relation to a certain object is...
1. Class 2. Strata 3. Crowd 4. Public
155. In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of determining the tasks to which social activity is directed, which is one of the functional conditions for the existence and equilibrium of the social system, is called ...
1.Isolation 2.Integration 3. Achievement of goals 4.Adaptation
156. In the concept of T. Parsons, the process of preserving value patterns and regulating tension, which is one of the functional conditions for the existence and equilibrium of a social system, is called ...
1.Isolation 2.Integration 3.Adaptation 4
.Latency
157.The state differs from society in that...
1. There must be an element of violence
2.Has territorial boundaries and public authority
3. In any state there are capitals, while there are village communities
4.Private interests predominate in society, general interests predominate in the state
158.The characteristic features of an industrial society include...
1.Concentration of production and population
2.
Slow development of technology and technology
3. Communal ownership of land 4. Predominance of the service sector
159.The characteristic features of an industrial society include...
1.
A value system focused on accumulating treasures
2.Value system, marriage and family oriented system
3.Value system focused on efficiency and rationality
4.Value system focused on direct consumption
160.The characteristic features of a traditional society include …
1.Value system focused on efficiency and rationality 2.Urbanism
3.Mass consumption 4. Prevalence of subsistence farming
161.The characteristic features of a traditional society are (are) ...
1.Value system focused on efficiency and rationality
2.Individualism 3.The predominance of small-scale production
4.Relationships of personal dependence
162. The division of society into classes is an example...
1. Horizontal differentiation 2. Social segmentation
3.Social stratification 4.Cultural assimilation
163.The characteristic features of a post-industrial society include...
1. Dominance in the economy Agriculture
2. Predominance of heavy industry in the economy
3. The predominance of the service sector in the economy
4. Predominance of light industry in the economy
164.The characteristic features of a post-industrial society include...
1. Development of state bureaucracy 2. Development of totalitarian institutions
3.Development and improvement of democratic institutions
4.Deindividuation of personality
165. The difference between an industrial society and a traditional one is that...
1.
Trade between city and countryside is developing
2.Communal principles of social life dominate
3.The centers of socio-economic life are industrial enterprises
4.Production is focused not on volume, but on product quality
166.Types of societies based on ancient, Asian, feudal and capitalist modes of production were distinguished...
1M. Weber 2. K. Marx 3.
G. Simmel 4.J. Galbraith
167. Legal assignment of rights and responsibilities to each group is characteristic of the _____ stratification system.
1. Slaveholding 2. Class 3. Caste 4. Estate
168.What influence does each of the social institutions have on the individual -...
1.Increases the level of individuality of the individual
2.Tries to subordinate individual behavior to institutional norms
3.Creates reference personalities 4.Increases the level of activity of the individual
169.Which function of a social institution is based on the transfer of social experience −…
1.Integrative 2.Status 3.Regulatory 4.Broadcasting
170.The fundamental structural feature of social organization is...
1.Mobility 2.Dominance 3.Equality 4. Hierarchy
171. Social organization most often takes on the structural form ...
1.Ball 2.Cube 3.Parallelogram 4.Pyramids
172. A characteristic feature of the theoretical model of bureaucracy, according to the concept of M. Weber, is …
1. Interpersonal relationships 2. Moral and psychological unity
3. Functional readiness to act
4.Availability of full-time employees who are constantly occupied with the affairs of the organization throughout the working day
173.Which of the following elements is necessary for the formation of a social organization...
1.
Unfavorable factors external environment
2.Ethnic identity of community members
3 .Common goals 4.Common area
174. Sociologists call the process of changes in the patterns of interaction of individuals in small groups and the relationships between them...
1.Group statics 2. Group dynamics
3.Group discreteness 4.Group dispersion
175.A family structure consisting of adult parents and their dependent children is called....
1.Nuclear family 2.Extended family
3.Punulual family 4.Polygamous family
176.Marriage between one woman and several men is called...
1.Monogamy 2
.Polyandry 3.Polygamy 4.Polygyny
177 The reference group performs a function in relation to the individual that …
1. Performs control functions 2. Performs disintegration functions
3.Is the basis for the formation of social attitudes
4. Performs the function of social mobility
178.The type of marriage to which the harem of the 16th century Turkish sultan can be classified is...
1.Polygyny 2.Polyandry
3.Monogamy 4.Serial monogamy
179.The function of the social institution of education associated with the selection of the most gifted individuals is called ...
1.Selection function 2.Mobility function
3.Socialization function 4.Integration function
180.The function of the social institution of education associated with the transfer of social experience, social norms and values is called ...
1.Integration function 2. Socialization function
3.
Selection function 4.Mobility function
181.The function of the social institution of education related to professional training and the formation of social and professional groups is called ...
1. Socialization function 2. Selection function
3.Integration function 4.Mobility function
182.Specific feature primary group thing is…
1. A common goal is important for group members
2. Relations between group members are informal
3. Primary groups are based on both formal and informal relationships
4. There is a clear division in the group into social statuses and roles
183.A social group is...
1.Social community of interacting individuals
2.
Social community united on a territorial basis
3. Social community united by one or more characteristics
4. People with similar psychological characteristics
184. Characteristics of the secondary group are not...
1. Specialized goals 2. Indirect social contacts
3.Personal emotional relationships
4. Formalized relations of social organization
185.In the characteristics of the primary group not included(-it) ...
1. Direct emotional contacts 2. Special Purposes
3. Socializing influence on the individual 4. Informal social organization
186.The reference group performs a function in relation to the individual that …
1.
Performs control functions 2. Performs punishment functions
3. Performs the function of social mobility
E. Durkheim, followed by R. Merton, argued that the functions of social institutions should be judged not by the intentions and goals of people interacting, but by the social consequences (beneficial or harmful) that arise as a result of institutional interactions. Robert Merton proposed dividing the consequences of the activities of a social institution into functions And dysfunction.
A crisis Russian Institute family, which has been actively discussed since the late 1980s, is associated precisely with the increasing dysfunction of this institution: a significant increase in the number of divorces, serious problems with raising children, ineffective distribution of family roles, etc. The increase in dysfunction in the activities of social institutions is shaking public order and can give rise to disorganization of the entire social system. If a social institution works normally, as it should, then it has many more advantages (functions) than disadvantages (dysfunctions).
The activities of social institutions give rise to many different functions (and dysfunctions) or, in other words, institutions are multifunctional. In the sociological literature it is customary to distinguish universal And specific functions.
Versatile Features are common to all social institutions. These include:
- 1. The function of consolidating and reproducing social relations. It is carried out through a system of norms, regulations, and rules of behavior characteristic of a particular social institution, which makes it possible to standardize and formalize people’s behavior, setting the framework for their activities. As a result, people's behavior becomes predictable, and social relations become stable and orderly.
- 2. Regulatory function. The general task of joint activity of a large number of people has not one, but many possible solutions, and this circumstance raises the need to regulate human activity in the direction that is most useful to society. The regulatory function consists of coordinating relationships between members of society using norms, samples, standards of behavior and monitoring their compliance.
- 3. Integrative function. In a complex social system, the need inevitably arises for associations of members of society that would ensure its stability and integrity. Through norms, role complexes, rules and sanctions, social institutions unite members of social groups and organizations and bind them through relationships of interdependence and mutual responsibility. Integrative processes within the framework of social institutions streamline the system of interactions, coordinate the activities of people, and allow the creation of complex organizations.
- 4. Translating function. Society could not develop if it did not have a mechanism for transmitting social experience. Social institutions broadcast both social relations and different kinds activities. Broadcasting occurs both in time (i.e. from generation to generation) and in space, when new groups of people are involved in a certain activity.
- 5. Communication function. Through social institutions, certain information is transmitted and conditions are created for communication between individuals. Communication in social institutions has its own specifics: it is formal, role-based communication. Institutions largely predetermine the nature of communication, setting the occasion and its main methods. Social institutions differ in their communication capabilities.
For example, there are institutions created to transmit information (newspapers, radio, television). In a number of institutes, the ability to disseminate information is difficult (conveyor-type production). In some institutions, an active way of obtaining information is possible (science, education), in others - a passive way (radio, television).
Specific functions exist alongside the universal ones. These are functions that are characteristic not of all, but only of some social institutions. For example, the state is engaged in establishing order in society, training and preparation for professional activity– Institute of Education; discoveries in various fields of knowledge are related to science, and the health of citizens is monitored by the Institute of Health.
In addition to the universal and specific, sociologists distinguish obvious And latent functions of social institutions.
Explicit functions- these are the consequences of activity for the sake of which a certain social institution was created as a system of self-renewing interactions. These are necessary, conscious, expected, intentional and obvious functions. Explicit functions are officially declared, they are written down in codes and charters, enshrined in a system of statuses and roles, accepted by the community of people involved and controlled by society. Since explicit functions are always proclaimed and associated with rather strict traditions or procedures (presidential oath, orders of voters, adoption of special laws on social security, education, prosecutor's office, etc.), they are more formalized and controlled by society. Members of society, for example, can ask deputies about the reasons for not fulfilling election promises, and ask the authorities about the use of collected taxes.
Latent functions- these are the results of the actions of social institutions that were not planned in advance, since they are unconscious for some time or are not realized at all. These are, as it were, “not its own” functions that are performed by an institution secretly or unintentionally (for example, an educational institution may perform a function of political socialization that is not “native” to it).
For example, the obvious functions of higher education are the training of highly qualified specialists in various professions, the assimilation of prevailing standards in society - value, moral, ideological, and the preparation of young people for various social roles. Implicit, latent consequences are the reproduction of social stratification or the consolidation of social inequality, which is directly related to obtaining higher education.
Another example: a law prohibiting gambling, as an explicit function, involves stopping the widespread distribution of gambling, and as a latent function can lead to the creation of underground gambling establishments.
Thus, latent functions can be considered as a by-product of the activities of a social institution; they can be both positive (functions) and negative (dysfunctions). The importance of latent functions in the life of society is great. Only by studying the hidden consequences of the activities of social institutions can a complete and true picture of social life be obtained. Without an analysis of latent functions, the idea of the role of a particular institution in social processes will be limited and straightforward, and therefore inaccurate.
Each social institution performs not just one function, but a whole complex, which may include functions (positive consequences) and dysfunctions ( Negative consequences); universal and specific; explicit and latent functions. In addition, several institutions can perform the same function at once. For example, in addition to the family, upbringing is carried out by institutions of education, religion, the army, the media, and the state. The multifunctionality of institutions leads to the fact that the functions of various social institutions intersect or are implemented in parallel. Production, government, education, religion, family, consumption, trade - all these institutions are in interaction and mutual influence.
For example, the needs of the economy led in industrial countries to widespread increases in literacy and then to an increase in skilled workers; efficient production through taxes forms a budget, from which the state allocates funds for free general education and maintaining higher education. And vice versa, the higher the quality of education, the higher the qualifications of specialists and workers, the more complex technologies they will be able to master, which will affect the efficiency of the economy.
The functions that social institutions perform are not immutable. Over time, some functions may disappear and new ones may appear, some functions may move to other institutions, and the scope of functions may change (increase or decrease). Thus, when the state emerged, it performed a rather narrow range of functions related to security. Modern state solves a significant amount of problems. In addition to security issues, it deals with social security for various categories of citizens, collecting taxes, regulating various spheres of society: economics, healthcare, education, etc.
The state of social institutions is a significant indicator (indicator) of the social stability of society. In a stable society, social institutions have clear, understandable, unchanging functions. In an unstable society, on the contrary, the functions of social institutions are ambiguous, unclear, and changeable.
The development of the real sector of the national economy is limited by many macroeconomic factors, including the deterioration of fixed production assets and the urgent need for investment resources for their modernization.
The economic effect is understood as a useful result from economic activity, measured as the difference between monetary income from such activity and cash expenses on its implementation, and the manifestation of the economic effect for the company, which tends to increase capitalization, is an increase in its market value, competitiveness, profitability, innovative attractiveness, credit rating, etc.
The social effect is associated with:
- with a decrease in the incidence of the population;
— improving recreational conditions;
- preservation natural resources;
- the possibility of taking it into account in economic indicators - saving treatment costs, carrying out necessary expensive medical procedures, such as correcting malocclusion in children, etc.;
— payments for sick leave;
— creating favorable conditions for the comprehensive development of the individual;
— realization by citizens of their creative powers and abilities, which is expressed in a reduction in heavy physical labor;
- increasing free time;
- increasing material and cultural level life of the population, in healthcare;
— increasing the material and cultural standard of living of the population, more fully satisfying their needs for goods and services;
— improving working conditions and safety precautions, reducing the share of heavy manual labor;
- a useful result of any economic activity, reflected in the creation of conditions for meeting the basic social needs and goals of society.
Researchers of social effects divide them into personal and public. The personal social effect is individual in nature and manifests itself in improving the standard of living of an individual. The public social effect is not individual in nature and extends to a wide range of people. In addition, a distinction is made between the social effect at the micro and macro levels of the economy.
The growth of the enterprise's capitalization ensures the attraction of additional investment resources, the expansion of production activities, and income growth, from which both the company's employees, the regions and the national economy receive social benefits.
For the company’s personnel, this means an increase in wages, additional social benefits and guarantees, an increase in safety and working conditions, qualifications and professional skills at the expense of the enterprise, a change in the nature of work from heavy physical to intellectual, creative, etc. Due to the growth in income, high capitalized companies receive increased contributions to the state budget, the funds of which are allocated to finance the development of social infrastructure and social programs.
In addition, the social effect at the macro level is manifested in the growth of employment and income of the population, improving the level of satisfaction of social needs through product innovations that contribute to improving the quality of goods and services, reducing the environmental load on environment, rational use of safe resources, as a result - increasing the level and quality of life of the population. The growth of company profits presupposes their partial reinvestment, which ensures an increase in profits and capitalization, and therefore a further increase in social benefits due to the multiplier effect.
The positive social consequences of company activities contribute to the development of human capital, which, at the same time, serves as the main competitive advantage domestic enterprises and a powerful reserve for capitalization growth in the context of the emergence of a knowledge-based economy.
So, the social effects arising from the growth of capitalization of business entities, occupying an important place along with economic ones, providing positive social changes, the main of which are increasing the level, quality, safety and life expectancy of the population.
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