Outrageous youth group. Section II
The youth - this is a socio-demographic group, distinguished on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 25 years 7), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.
Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.
Youth is a certain phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal.
Features of the social status of youth
- Transition of the position.
– High level of mobility.
– Development of new social roles(employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
- Active search for your place in life.
- Favorable professional and career prospects.
Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.
It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:
- emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;
– self-organization and independence from official structures;
- obligatory for the participants and different from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are unsatisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
- relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
- expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
- an attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.
Youth groups and movements can be classified depending on the characteristics of youth initiatives.
The acceleration of the pace of development of society causes an increase in the role of young people in public life. Including in social relations young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.
Job Sample
A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following statements about psychological characteristics youth?
A. For a teenager, first of all, external events, actions, friends are important.
B. In adolescence greater value acquires the inner world of a person, the discovery of one's own "I".
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Answer: 3.
Topic 13. Ethnic communities
Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, including several thousand ethnic communities (nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), differing both in numbers and in the level of development. All ethnic communities of the world are part of more than two hundred countries. Therefore, most modern states are polyethnic. For example, several hundred ethnic communities live in India, and there are 200 peoples in Nigeria. As part of Russian Federation currently more than a hundred ethnic groups, including about 30 nations.
ethnic community - it is a stable set of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people) that has historically developed in a certain territory, possessing common features and stable features of culture, language, mental make-up, self-awareness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity, difference from other similar entities.
There are different approaches to understanding the essence of ethnic groups.
Types of ethnic communities
Genus - a group of blood relatives leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal) 9 .
Tribe - a set of genera, interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, the unity of religious ideas, rituals.
Nationality - a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental warehouse, culture.
Nation - a historically established community of people, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory and a common language, culture, ethnic identity.
In sociology, the concept is widely used ethnic minorities , which includes more than just quantitative data.
The features of an ethnic minority are as follows:
- its representatives are in a disadvantageous position compared to other ethnic groups due to discrimination(belittling, belittling, infringement) on the part of other ethnic groups;
- its members experience a certain sense of group solidarity, "belonging to a single whole";
– it is usually to some extent physically and socially isolated from the rest of society.
The natural prerequisite for the formation of one or another ethnic group was community of territory because it created the necessary conditions for the joint activities of people. However, in the future, when the ethnos has formed, this feature loses its main significance and may be completely absent. So, some ethnic groups and in the conditions diaspora(from Gr. diaspora - dispersion) retained their identity, not having a single territory.
Another important condition for the formation of an ethnos is common language. But even this sign cannot be considered universal, since in a number of cases (for example, the USA), an ethnos is formed in the course of the development of economic, political and other ties, and common languages are the result of this process.
A more stable sign of an ethnic community is the unity of such components of spiritual culture as values , norms and patterns of behavior, as well as related socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness and behavior of people.
An integrative indicator of the existing socio-ethnic community is ethnic identity - a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, awareness of one's unity and difference from other ethnic groups.
An important role in the development of ethnic self-consciousness is played by ideas about a common origin, history, historical destinies, as well as traditions, customs, rituals, folklore, i.e. such elements of culture that are passed down from generation to generation and form a specific ethnic culture.
Thanks to ethnic self-awareness, a person keenly feels the interests of his people, compares them with the interests of other peoples, the world community. Awareness of ethnic interests induces a person to activities in the process of which they are realized.
Note two sides national interests:
– it is necessary to preserve its peculiarity, originality in the flow of human history, the uniqueness of its culture, language, strive for population growth, providing a sufficient level economic development;
- it is necessary not to psychologically isolate oneself from other nations and peoples, not to turn state borders into an "iron curtain", one should enrich one's culture with contacts, borrowings from other cultures.
Ethno-national communities develop from a clan, tribe, nation, reaching the level of a nation-state.
A derivative of the concept of "nation" is the term nationality, which is used in Russian as the name of a person's belonging to any ethnic group.
Many modern researchers consider an interethnic nation to be a classic, in which general civic qualities come to the fore and, at the same time, the features of its constituent ethnic groups are preserved - language, their own culture, traditions, and customs.
Interethnic, civil nation is a set (community) of citizens of a state. Some scientists believe that the formation of such a nation means the "end of the nation" in the ethnic dimension. Others, recognizing the nation-state, believe that it is necessary to talk not about the "end of the nation", but about its new qualitative state.
Job Sample
B6. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps. “The concepts of “__________” (1) and “ethnos” are similar, therefore their definitions are similar. Recently, the term “ethnos” (more precisely) has been increasingly used in ethnography, sociology and political science. There are three types of ethnos. For __________ (2) the main reason for uniting people into one __________ (3) is blood and family ties and a common ___________ (4) With the emergence of states, __________ (5) appear, consisting of people connected to each other not by blood relationship, but by economic and cultural relations territorially During the period of bourgeois socio-economic relations, __________ (6) is formed - an ethno-social organism, united by cultural, linguistic, historical, territorial-political ties and having, according to the English historian D. Hosking, "a common sense of fate" ".
The words in the list are given in the nominative case, singular. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
A) origin
B) community
E) nationality
G) nationality
I) diaspora
The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.
Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.
Answer: DBVAEG.
Aggressive amateur performance
It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.
Outrageous (fr. epater - to amaze, surprise) amateur performance
It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hair, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenge” aggression on yourself from other people so that you are “noticeable” (punk style, etc.)
Alternative amateur performance
It is based on the development of alternative behavioral patterns that are systemically contradictory to generally accepted models of behavior, which become an end in itself (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.)
Social initiative
Aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)
Political amateur performance
Aimed at change political system and the political situation in line with the ideas of a particular group
The acceleration of the pace of development of society leads to an increase in the role of youth in public life. Involving in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.
The problems of the Russian youth, in their essence, are problems not only of modern younger generation, but also of the whole society as a whole, on the solution of which depends not only today, but also tomorrow of our society. These problems, on the one hand, are interconnected and come from objective processes taking place in modern world- the processes of globalization, informatization, urbanization, etc. On the other hand, they have their own specifics, mediated by modern Russian reality and the youth policy pursued in relation to youth.
Most topical issues for modern Russian youth, in our opinion, are the problems associated with the spiritual and moral sphere of being. The process of formation of modern Russian youth took place and is taking place in the conditions of breaking the "old" values of the Soviet period and the formation new system values and new social relations. In the context of the systemic crisis of modern Russian society and its main institutions, which has affected all spheres of life, socialization institutions (family and family education, education and upbringing, labor and labor activity, army), the state itself. Active planting and substitution of the foundations of existence civil society consumer society standards, upbringing young man, not as a citizen, but as a simple consumer of certain goods and services. There is a tendency towards dehumanization and demoralization of the content of art (decrease, deformation, destruction of the image of a person), substitution of the norms of the value of high culture with average examples of mass consumer culture, reorientation of young people from collectivist spiritual values to selfish-individual values. This, as well as the lack of a clearly articulated national idea and unifying ideology, a development strategy consolidating society, insufficient attention to the cultural development of the population, the inconsistency of the state youth policy naturally leads us to extremely negative consequences.
Against the background of the ideological uncertainty of young people (their lack of ideological foundations of sense orientation and socio-cultural identification), commercialization and the negative influence of the media (forming the "image" of the subculture), the ongoing spiritual aggression of the West and the expansion of mass commercial culture, the imposition of standards and psychology of the consumer society, there is primitivization of the meaning of human existence, moral degradation of the individual and a decrease in the value of human life. There is an erosion of the value foundations and traditional forms of public morality, the weakening and destruction of the mechanisms of cultural continuity, the threat of preserving the originality of national culture, the decrease in youth interest in national culture, its history, traditions, and carriers of national identity.
Speaking about the youth sociocultural environment, of course, one cannot fail to note its certain positive features. Modern youth in general is very patriotic and believes in the future of Russia. He advocates the continuation of changes in the direction of increasing the socio-economic well-being of the country, the creation of civil society and the rule of law. She wants to live in a great country that provides decent life its citizens, respecting their rights and freedoms. “Young people are easier to adapt to new economic conditions, they have become more rational, pragmatic and realistic, focused on sustainable development and creative work.” . She has a much greater freedom of choice of profession, patterns of behavior, life companions, style of thinking, compared to her peers 20-30 years ago. But this, as they say, is one side of the coin.
Its other side shows that the ongoing "Time of Troubles" has most acutely affected the younger generation. Our society is rapidly aging, there is a reduction in the number of young people, the number of young families, the number of children born. Each new generation of young people turns out to be less healthy than the previous one, diseases have "moved" from old age to youth, jeopardizing the nation's gene pool. The socio-economic pressure on jobs has increased in order to ensure the life of all generations; the intellectual potential of young people, the innovative capabilities of society are rapidly declining. The youth turned out to be the most socially disadvantaged part of society. There is a clear conflict between the interests of young people and the real possibilities of social mobility. There was a sharp differentiation and social polarization of young people based on property stratification, social origin and their own social status of young people. Possessing social, age and subcultural characteristics of different communities, they differ in material capabilities, value orientations, image and lifestyle. The question arose about the life prospects of young people: their creative self-realization (education, profession, career), well-being, the ability to financially provide for their future family. There are obvious problems of youth employment, deterioration of their material and living conditions, accessibility of education. The youth environment has become a dangerous crime zone. There has been a sharp rejuvenation of crime, an increase in its group character, an increase in the number of "women's" crimes and crimes committed by minors. Each new generation of young people, in comparison with previous generations, according to the main indicators of social status and development: much less spiritually and culturally developed, more immoral and criminal, distant from knowledge and education, less professionally trained and work-oriented.
In a society where material well-being and enrichment become the priority goals of its existence, the culture and value orientations of young people are formed accordingly. Consumer orientations prevail in the socio-cultural values of today's youth. The cult of fashion and consumption gradually and gradually takes over the minds of young people, acquiring a universal character. The tendency to strengthen the processes of standardization of cultural consumption and leisure behavior, approved by a passive-consumer attitude towards culture, begins to prevail. It is impossible not to note the underlined apathy of the youth, which soberly and without false hopes assesses the attitude towards themselves on the part of the state and society as indifferent and frankly consumeristic. “77% of respondents believe that: - “When necessary, they remember us.” Maybe that's why today's young generation is closed in their own little world. Young people are absorbed in the internal problems of survival in difficult and cruel times. They seek the culture and the education that will help them endure and succeed.” .
According to the results of the Foundation's polls Public Opinion conducted in 2002, 53% of young Russians answered the question: “What life goals, in your opinion, most often puts before itself modern youth?”, first of all, noted her desire to achieve material well-being and enrichment; in the second place (19%) - education; in the third place (17%) - work and career. (See Table 1). Analysis of the data obtained indicates a clear pragmatic and rational position of young people, their desire to achieve material well-being and a successful career, interconnected with the possibility of obtaining a good vocational education.
Table 1. "Goals of modern youth"
For modern youth as a whole, a change in the direction of life orientations from the social (collectivist) component to the individual is characteristic. “The personal value position of young people does not correlate with the values political ideology which they prefer." Material well-being began to be valued much higher than freedom, the value of wages began to prevail over the value of interesting work. Among the social problems that most worry young people at the present time, in the first place are such problems as: rising crime, rising prices, inflation, increased levels of corruption in government structures, increasing income inequality and social inequality, division into rich and poor, environmental problems , passivity of citizens, their indifferent attitude to what is happening. Of the various problems experienced by young people, the problems of material security and health are brought to the fore, although the orientation towards healthy lifestyle life is formed insufficiently actively.
Dominant in the system of values of modern youth are money, education and profession, business career, the opportunity to live for pleasure (see Table 2).
Table 2. Distribution of core values of young people .
According to the results of an expert study conducted in 2007 by the Pitirim Sorokin Foundation, the hierarchy of the dominant values of young Russians is built as follows:
Material well-being.
The value of "I" (individualism).
Career (self-realization).
At the same time, analyzing the current state of Russian society, it was noted that the place of values in Russia is largely occupied by anti-values. Among the values that dominate today in Russian society Experts noted the following anti-values:
The cult of money;
Indifference and individualism.
Permissiveness.
Characterizing the youth consciousness and the value system of modern Russian youth, sociologists distinguish:
Predominantly entertaining and recreational orientation of its life values and interests;
Westernization of cultural needs and interests, the displacement of the values of national culture by Western patterns of behavior and symbols;
Priority of consumer orientations over creative, constructive ones;
Weak individualization and selectivity of culture associated with the dictates of group stereotypes;
Extra-institutional cultural self-realization;
Lack of ethno-cultural self-identification.
The dominance of consumer value orientations inevitably affects the life strategy of young people. Data from the analysis of the results carried out in 2006 - 2007 by the Department of Sociology of Youth of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov sociological research among students showed that: “At present, in the youth environment, in society, one can meet ambiguous life principles. The data obtained allow us to draw a conclusion about the dysfunction in the youth environment and require a more detailed study. Attention is drawn to the rather high degree of indifference of young people to such traditionally negative phenomena as opportunism, indifference, unscrupulousness, consumerism, an idle lifestyle and their positive assessment. (See Table 3).
Table 3. List of phenomena encountered in the youth environment
All of the above problematic features of the modern youth sociocultural environment unequivocally testify to the alarming trend of deep and systemic social degradation of a significant part of modern Russian youth, in particular, and our entire society as a whole. The youth environment clearly copies and mirrors in itself all the most significant processes taking place in our society. The systemic crisis in which our society and state are still living, which have not clearly and clearly formulated the national idea and have not defined their development strategy, has led to them losing the meaning of their own existence and immediately affected the youth environment. In it, as in modern Russian society, in general, there is definitely no single, well-established system and hierarchy of values. At the same time, one can observe the coexistence of two processes: both the continuity of traditional values historically inherent in our society, and the formation, mass dissemination of new liberal (consumer) interests, the triumph of anti-values. The improvement of the youth environment, which forms the value orientations of modern Russian youth, can, in our opinion, be carried out by improving the system, forms, methods of implementing youth policy in the Russian Federation.
social organization(from the French organization, from the late Latin organizo- I report a slender appearance, I arrange) - historically established orderly system of activity of society, people; historically established ordered system of social relations, for example, economic organization society, military organization society, political organization societies, etc.
Main difference social organization from social institution lies in the fact that the institutional form of social relations is fixed by the norms of law and morality, and the organizational form includes, in addition to institutional ones, also ordered relations, but which are not yet fixed by existing norms.
Similar information.
Reaches physical maturity at an average of 14 years. Around this age, in ancient societies, children underwent the rite initiation- initiations into the number of adult members of the tribe. However, as society became more advanced and complex, it took more than just physical maturity to be considered an adult. It is assumed that an accomplished person must acquire the necessary knowledge about the world and society, acquire professional skills, learn to provide for himself and his own, etc. Since the amount of knowledge and skills in the course of history has continuously increased, the moment of acquiring the status of an adult was gradually pushed back to a later age. Currently, this moment corresponds to about 30 years.
youth It is customary to call the period in a person's life from 14 to 30 years - between childhood and adulthood.
Accordingly, representatives of the demographic group whose age fits into these time frames are called youth. However, age is not the decisive criterion for defining youth: the temporal boundaries of youth age are mobile and determined by the social and cultural conditions of growing up. For correct understanding characteristics of young people, attention should be focused not on the demographic criterion, but on the socio-psychological one.
The youth is a generation of people going through the stage of growing up, i.e. the formation of the individual, the assimilation of knowledge, social values and norms necessary in order to take place as a full-fledged and full member of society.
Youth has a number of features that distinguish it from other ages. By its very nature, youth is transitional"suspended" state between childhood and adulthood. In some matters, young people are quite mature, serious and responsible, while in others they are naive, limited and infantile. This duality determines a number of contradictions and problems inherent in this age.
growing up- this is primarily the assimilation of knowledge and skills and the first attempts to apply them in practice.
If we consider youth from the point of view of leading activities, then this period coincides with the end of education (learning activities) and entry into working life ().
Youth policy system is made up of three components:
- legal conditions for the implementation of youth policy (ie the relevant legal framework);
- forms of regulation of youth policy;
- information and material and financial support of youth policy.
The main directions of youth policy are:
- involvement of young people in public life, informing them about potential development opportunities;
- development of creative activity of youth, support of talented youth;
- integration of young people who find themselves in difficult life situation to a fulfilling life.
These areas are implemented in a number of specific programs: legal advice, popularization of universal human values, propaganda, organization of international interaction between young people, support for volunteer initiatives, assistance in finding employment, strengthening young families, increasing civic engagement, helping young people in difficult situations, etc. If desired, every young person is able to find in the means mass media all the necessary information about ongoing projects and select those that can help in solving his specific problems.
Lecture:
Youth like social group
Youth is the most active and dynamic social group of maturing people. Throughout history, society's attitude towards youth has changed. There were times when children worked on a par with adults for 10-12 hours a day. Before the transition of society to the industrial stage of development, young people did not stand out as a separate social group. And in modern society it is a special demographic group, differing in age range from 14 to 30-35 years.
Adolescence is a very important period for a person, when the formation of personality takes place, the acquisition of one's "I", the assimilation of knowledge and values, the mastery of social roles. This is the period of the most important events in life. First, a young person completes schooling and enters a vocational educational institution. Secondly, he reaches the age of majority, which characterizes his civil formation - the achievement of full legal capacity. Thirdly, he acquires a profession and finds a job. And, finally, fourthly, creates a family.
Consider the features of the social status of the youth group:
Transitivity of the situation - the search for oneself, frequent changes in activities and hobbies, the formation of social status.
High level mobility - young people are not tied to a certain place by any obligations, for example, family ones, and actively move along social elevators.
Favorable prospects for choosing a profession and starting a family.
Active search his place in life, relentless experimentation, creative upsurge.
Mastering new roles, for example, student, worker, family man.
A special psychological warehouse, the desire to assert their individuality.
The value-oriented orientation of the personality, which is different for different people. For example, Andrei is interested in music, reading books, visiting museums, for him the value is art. Marat is a master of sports in freestyle wrestling, he never spends a day without training, for him the value is sport. Sasha is interested in banking, he knows how and at what price one can buy Sberbank shares, for him the value is money).
Own subculture, characterized by a special image, slang, behavior and often subject to criminalization.
Problems of youth and youth policy of the Russian Federation
The position of youth in modern society is quite contradictory. On the one hand, youth is the most favorable period for professional development and family formation. But on the other hand, during this period there are a number of problems. Firstly, unemployment and material insecurity of young people who are forced to live at the expense of their parents. Second, low wage employed young people and the inability to purchase their own housing. Thirdly, lack of confidence in the future and postponing the creation of a family "until better times." These problems reduce the living standards of young people and contribute to the growth of crime, alcoholism, and drug addiction. In addition, modern sociologists state the degradation of the spiritual values of young people. The reason for this is the impact mass culture and Westernization, as well as cultivating the consumer attitude of the younger generation to everything.
The solution of these problems is only within the power of the state. In our country, a Decree “On the main directions of youth policy in the Russian Federation” has been developed. Its goals are spiritual and physical development youth, the prohibition of discrimination based on age, the creation of conditions for the full inclusion of young people in all spheres of society, support for talented youth, etc.
Based on these goals, the directions of youth policy are:
ensuring the rights of young people (for example, parents are responsible for ensuring access and creating conditions for their children to receive school education);
guarantee of employment and employment (by the employment service, unemployed youth are temporarily involved in public paid work, so that the young person can try himself in something new and, possibly, find something of his own);
stimulation of entrepreneurial activity (a young person who wants to do business has the right to do so already at the age of 16, for this he needs the written consent of his parents);
support for a young family (in the Russian Federation there are social programs to improve the living conditions of young families);
support for talented youth (organization and holding of competitions of various content aimed at identifying and encouraging talented youth), etc.
Mind map in social studies No. 37
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Theme 12. Youth as a social group
The youth- this is a socio-demographic group, distinguished on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 25 years), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.
Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.
Youth is a certain phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal.
- Transition of the position.
– High level of mobility.
- Mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
- Active search for your place in life.
- Favorable professional and career prospects.
Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.
It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups , which are characterized by the following features:
- emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;
– self-organization and independence from official structures;
- obligatory for participants and different from typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
- relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
- expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
- an attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.
Youth groups and movements can be classified depending on the characteristics of youth initiatives.
The acceleration of the pace of development of society causes an increase in the role of young people in public life. Involving in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.
Job Sample
A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following judgments about the psychological characteristics of young people correct?
A. For a teenager, first of all, external events, actions, friends are important.
B. In adolescence, the inner world of a person, the discovery of one's own "I", becomes more important.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
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