Materials accepted at landfills:

• Household waste from residential buildings, institutions, enterprises engaged in the trade of industrial and food products.
• Waste from construction organizations that can be equated to municipal solid waste.
• Industrial waste of the 4th hazard class can be accepted if their amount does not exceed one third of the accepted waste.

Waste, the import of which is prohibited to the landfill:

• Construction garbage Hazard class 4, which contains asbestos, ash, slag.
• Industrial waste 1, 2, 3 hazard class.
• radioactive waste.
• Polygons are arranged according to strict sanitary standards and only in those areas where the risk of human infection with bacteria through air or water is minimized. The occupied area is designed for approximately 20 years.

Composting

This processing method is familiar to gardeners who use decayed organic materials to fertilize plants. Waste composting is a disposal method based on the natural decomposition of organic materials.

Today, a method is known for composting even an unsorted stream of household waste.

It is quite possible to get compost from garbage, which could later be used in agriculture. Many factories were built in the USSR, but they stopped functioning due to a large number heavy metals in garbage.

Today, composting technologies in Russia are reduced to the fermentation of unsorted waste in bioreactors.

The resulting product cannot be used in agriculture, so it finds application right there, in landfills - they are covered with waste.

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, and plastics are first removed from the waste.

Advantages of incineration:

• less unpleasant odors;
• the number of harmful bacteria, emissions decreases;
• the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
• it is possible to obtain energy (thermal and electrical) during combustion.

Flaws:

• expensive construction and operation of waste incineration plants;
• construction takes at least 5 years;
• when waste is burned, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
• incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills. This requires special storage.

Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established in Russia.

Pyrolysis, its types and advantages

Pyrolysis is the burning of garbage in special chambers that prevent the access of oxygen.. There are two kinds:

• High temperature - combustion temperature in the furnace over 900°C.
• Low temperature - from 450 to 900°C.

When comparing conventional incineration as a waste disposal method and low-temperature pyrolysis, the following advantages of the second method can be distinguished:

• obtaining pyrolysis oils, which are subsequently used in the production of plastics;
• the release of pyrolysis gas, which is obtained in sufficient quantities to ensure the production of energy carriers;
• the minimum amount of harmful substances is released;
• pyrolysis plants process almost all types of household waste, but the waste must first be sorted.

High-temperature pyrolysis, in turn, has advantages over low-temperature pyrolysis:

• no need to sort waste;
• the mass of the ash residue is much less, and it can be used for industrial and construction purposes;
• at a combustion temperature above 900 ° C, hazardous substances decompose without getting into the environment;
• the resulting pyrolysis oils do not require purification, as they have a sufficient degree of purity.

Each of the waste recycling methods has advantages, but everything depends on the cost of installations: the more efficient and profitable the disposal method, the more expensive its installation and the longer the payback period. Despite these shortcomings, the state is striving to implement projects for efficient and safe waste processing, realizing that these technologies are the future.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

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Already today, the problem of household waste is not only pollution environment. Every year it becomes more and more expensive to “bury” garbage at landfills, and MSW recycling is a way out of this problem. Many countries of the world have been looking for optimal technologies for a solution for decades. Every day, 5 billion tons of garbage are generated in the world, and in less than 100 years, according to scientists, the figure will double. It is for this reason that the issue of MSW recycling should be resolved as soon as possible.

Main processing methods:

• burial
• burning
• bracketing

Garbage in the ground: a traditional method of processing MSW

The most common recycling method is still the disposal of garbage in landfills and special landfills. Its main disadvantage is the high costs that do not pay off in any way. But the main thing is pollution by consumption waste of nearby territories, surface and waste water, and air space.

The search for a solution to the problem of disposal of consumer waste was one of the first to be started by the United States of America. Since 1930, they began to study the possibilities of collecting and using biogas. It has been established that 150 - 200 m³ of biogas can be extracted from a ton of municipal solid waste. True, this is for the entire period of decomposition of garbage. In the first year, about 7.5 m³ of biogas is released from each ton of MSW, and in the future this figure decreases.

By 1985, more than 30 biogas plants were commissioned in the United States using methane produced from MSW. At one of the American landfills with an area of ​​14 hectares, where 1 million tons of household waste were placed mixed with 500 thousand tons industrial waste, received 60 million m³ of biogas during the year. Every hour - about 7000 m³, this was enough to generate 13.1 MW / hour of electricity.

According to environmentalists, in Russia, about 1.1 billion m³ of biogas = 788,000 tons are generated annually at landfills and landfills. True, most of it is not used in any way.

Burial Disadvantages:

• Large area of ​​occupied territories.
• Landfill areas cannot be used for other purposes.

What doesn't rot, burns: waste incinerators

more radical and fast method solution to the problem is the burning of consumption waste in special furnaces. The main pluses: the output is slag, which is practically odorless, and its mass is three to ten times less than the mass of incinerated garbage. However, incinerators require powerful smoke purification systems, since the burning of MSW releases toxic substances that contribute to environmental pollution.

The slag itself may also contain hazardous compounds and heavy metals that contribute to natural pollution. However, methods of high-temperature plasma incineration of garbage have recently been developed, in which harmful substances are completely neutralized.

The largest percentage of household waste is subjected to this type of disposal in Japan. In 2011, 64% of the collected municipal solid waste was disposed of in this way. More than half of the waste sent to incinerators is from the Danes, Swedes, residents of Luxembourg and Switzerland.

Of the approximately 2,500 incinerators built worldwide, 400 are located in Europe. During the year they produce about 130 billion kWh of electricity - 4.5 times more than is generated at the Leningrad NPP.

Advantages of incineration:

• Waste reduction.
• Using steam to generate heat and power.

Flaws:

• The threat of environmental pollution.
• Requires more impressive financial costs.

Recycled materials in briquettes: garbage briquetting

One of the most advanced ways of recycling household waste is its briquetting. Separation of waste by nature is preliminarily required.

The composition of municipal solid waste contains various components:

• food waste
• paper and cardboard
• textile
• glass
• metals
• polymers
• dangerous substances

Recycling in this case is also possible, therefore, in the process of additional sorting, all materials suitable for this procedure are removed. In no case, after sorting, there should be no toxic and hazardous waste that catalyzes the process of environmental pollution.

The Swedish Experience

In Sweden, more than 50% of recycled materials are recovered from garbage, in addition to metal and glass. Processing through waste sorting plants built according to Swedish technology in the city of Wiisters (Holland), passes ⅕ of this country's household waste - 125 thousand tons = 600 thousand m³ annually.

This produces:

• Paper - 16,000 tons.
• Plastics - 4500 tons.
• Iron and alloys - 3500 tons.
• Organic basis for composting - 39,000 tons.

47,000 tons of ballast fractions are taken to the landfill, which is less than 10% of the original amount. This is the main problem of recycling household waste. Efficient recycling of household waste has been established in Sweden - it imports garbage from other countries. Every year, the Swedes are ready to accept up to 800,000 tons of solid waste from their neighbors. Mainly from Norway. Meanwhile, only 4% of the generated waste is sent to their landfills - almost ten times less than the European average. Here, it is especially important to build a plant for the mechanized processing of household waste and receive stable income. Equipment for MPBO has a high cost, but it pays off quite quickly - within 1-3 years.

As for Switzerland, the inhabitants of this country begin to solve the problem from the moment of its formation. That is, garbage sorting. They carefully follow this rule, dividing consumption waste into several types.

Be sure to separate from the general garbage:

• clean plastic container
• lamps
• sealed batteries
• cans
• electrical engineering

These are far from all types of municipal solid waste subject to separation. This sorting method prevents environmental pollution. Ejection of unsorted garbage is of course possible, but for an additional fee. This motivates citizens to sort their own garbage.

German experience

Germany, like other European countries, is dealing with the issue of household waste disposal. They also practice sorting of consumer waste. In German houses and yards, you can see five or six containers for different types of garbage. All containers are color-coded to help simplify the sorting process. Most of the inhabitants of this country are involved in sorting household waste. And they do it on a voluntary basis, seriously approaching the problem of environmental pollution. As a rule, municipal companies are engaged in the removal of unsorted garbage, since it is extremely unprofitable to process this type of garbage. They make a profit from people paying for garbage collection.

Further, the garbage is sent to the plant for the processing of municipal solid waste, as a result of the incineration of waste, slag and steam are formed. The slag is sent for further processing, and the steam is sent to a power plant to produce electricity or heat. Organic waste after sorting is sent to biogas stations. With the help of microorganisms, waste is processed into biogas. This gas can also be converted into energy and used as fuel.

But there are also those countries in Europe where, just like in Russia, they will not soon abandon the maintenance of landfills for the disposal of household waste. This applies to Greece, Croatia. The record holder is Romania - 99% of consumer waste is sent to landfills. Recycling in this country is practically not used.

Disposal of household waste in Russia

With such volumes of garbage that are generated annually in Russia, it is important to use effective methods disposal to avoid contamination of neighboring areas. Recycled garbage can be the salvation of the ever-deteriorating environmental situation in the country.

The burial method prevails, such processing is the simplest and cheapest, but, unfortunately, it greatly affects the state of the ecological sphere. In addition, unauthorized landfills are often used for burial. It is extremely important to use suitable and prepared areas for this that meet all environmental requirements.

Processing methods are constantly being improved, new ones are emerging that are more economical and do not allow pollution. To change the current situation, it is important to find effective ways, such as reducing the amount of waste for disposal. This can be achieved by processing into raw materials for new products.

Recycling saves Natural resources, some of which are non-renewable. However, the improvement of the processing of household waste is constrained by the fact that it is necessary to correctly develop a business plan and have a substantial amount for initial investments in the construction of engineering structures and the infrastructure of the waste processing industry. Exploring foreign experience, one can emphasize the benefits and high efficiency of investing in enterprises that process MSW waste.

Waste disposal is perhaps the main problem of modern mankind. Every day we produce so much garbage that would be enough for the whole city of the past.

The ecological situation is so acute that scientists are literally screaming about the need to take control of this sphere of human life.

Unfortunately, the current methods of waste disposal are often inefficient and do not result in the expected effect - the cleanliness of the environment.

Nevertheless, according to experts, improvements in this area are observed. At the same time, today, ordinary people are beginning to comprehend the need for sorting and recycling waste so that in the future their descendants do not drown in garbage.

Residents of civilized European countries are accustomed from childhood to sort and throw away garbage exclusively in the places designated for this.

A significant plus of this behavior is regular processing and recycling rubbish that has already been used once.

Unfortunately, in our country, such benefits of civilization are just emerging. Waste sorting and its further processing is the exception rather than the norm.

If you live in a suburban village and it is customary for you to sort your garbage by type and throw it into separate bins, you are a happy person.

You can also organize the recycling of existing garbage with your own hands by putting into use several garbage cans for waste of a different nature.

By organizing the removal of food waste and other garbage, you are helping to prevent an environmental disaster that has been looming for a long time.

Try to start small. On average, one house in a medium-budget cottage village produces a large bag of garbage per day.

All garbage ends up in a landfill, where, at best, it is recycled, and at worst, it is left for further independent decomposition.

Waste disposal methods today

There are several ways to dispose of waste, which are successfully used in Russia.

• Waste disposal.
• Garbage burning.
• Composting.
• Low and high temperature pyrolysis.

Around each of the listed methods there are disputes about its effectiveness, efficiency and speed of work.

The oldest method of getting rid of household and food waste is its burial. It is also the most dangerous and ineffective.

Even food waste buried in a quarry or pit can accumulate a huge amount of decomposition and decay products, which can cause groundwater or air poisoning.

What can we say about solid waste, the disposal of which in other ways leads to the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere. Special landfills are equipped for the disposal of hazardous waste.

They, as people believe, are able to protect against the release of toxic substances into the soil, water and air that can poison all living things within a radius of several kilometers.

However, time proves the inefficiency of this method of disposal and even its danger.

Another recycling method that is not widely used in our country is composting. It is found in private households when disposing of food waste, but is much less commonly used in mass waste processing.

However, composting is effective method processing, resulting in compost that can be used in agriculture.

Compost can be created both from purely food waste and from a stream of unseparated garbage. If you do this processing centrally, you can get good results.

If we talk about the effective reduction of waste, then heat treatment shows itself most effectively. It allows you to neutralize most of the waste, while reducing their volume at times.

Modern disposal by incineration also involves the use of combustion energy. This trend is spreading more and more, giving new opportunities in the future.

Waste incineration in order to obtain heat and electricity is a method that can turn landfills into an energy source for the operation of central heating systems and various industries.

One step up this method Plasma processing of garbage is worth it - a phenomenon in our country is so rare that it is hard to believe in it.

Plasma recycling is the disposal of waste, which results in gas from organic compounds and solid waste slag.

When processed in this way, energy can be used for peaceful purposes, which is what happens in more developed countries in this regard.

If the disposal of your own waste is important to you, try to find an organization in your area that sorts and recycles waste.

In this case, the most that is required of you is to independently sort the waste into separate containers and order the waste collection regularly.

Recycling and disposal of household waste - actual problem modern world. There are more and more landfills on earth, extensive littering threatens an ecological catastrophe. The solution to the problem is the processing of solid waste at specialized waste processing plants. Following the conditions of objective reality, humanity needs to improve the methods of waste disposal in order to achieve the most efficient processing of solid waste at minimal cost.

3 Reasons Why Good Solid Waste Recycling Is Necessary

Waste can be divided into the following kinds:

• Household waste. This group includes human waste. The garbage that is thrown out of residential buildings and office buildings. Plastic products, food leftovers, paper, glass and other items. Many wastes are assigned to IV and V hazard classes.

Question about plastic waste should be solved as follows: the garbage is subject to mechanical grinding, followed by chemical treatment with solutions, as a result of such manipulations, a mass is formed from which polymer products can be made again. Paper and food leftovers can turn into compost, rot and benefit the agricultural sector of the economy.

• biological waste. This type of waste is produced by biological species (humans and animals). A large number of such materials are produced by veterinary clinics, hospitals, sanitary and hygienic organizations, catering enterprises and other similar institutions. Biological waste is destroyed by incineration. All materials of organic origin can be disposed of in this way.
• Industrial waste. Such wastes are the result of manufacturing processes. Construction, operation of industrial equipment, installation and finishing works - all this leaves behind a huge amount of wood, paints and varnishes, heat-insulating materials, some of which can also be burned. For example, wood releases energy during combustion, which can also be used for social purposes.
• radioactive waste. It is not uncommon for biomaterials and other wastes to contain radioactive substances that pose a hazard. This group also includes gases and solutions - that is, those wastes that cannot be used in the future. Some of this garbage can be destroyed by burning, but the rest can only be buried.
• Medical waste. This is the garbage of medical institutions, 80% of which is non-hazardous household waste, and the remaining 20% ​​poses a risk to the human body. Like the processing of radioactive waste, the destruction of this type of waste has many restrictions and prohibitions in Russian legislation. The methods of its burning and burial are described in detail. For medical waste, as well as for radioactive waste, special burial grounds are created. Some destroy medical waste like this: they put them in bags and burn them. But many drugs belong to hazard classes I and II, so this disposal method is clearly not for them.

All wastes are classified according to the degree of their danger to the environment. There are four hazard classes in total. The first class is garbage, which poses the most serious threat to the planet and all organisms living on it. If you do not process first class MSW in the manner prescribed by law, the damage to the ecological system may be irreparable. Waste of the first hazard class: mercury, lead salts, plutonium, polonium, etc.

Waste of the second hazard class can also greatly harm the environment. The consequences of such damage will continue to impact for a long time. The planet will recover within 30 years of being polluted by such waste. These include arsenic, selenium, chlorine, phosphates, etc.

After waste of the third class of danger, the ecosystem is able to recover in a decade. Of course, recovery is possible only after the processing of MSW, otherwise the waste will not stop harming the environment. The third class includes zinc, ethyl alcohol, chromium, etc.

The fourth hazard class is low-hazard waste (simazine, sulfates, chlorides). After they are removed from the infected object, the ecosystem needs to recover for three years.

But waste of the fifth class is completely safe.

Consider, why is it necessary correct processing of solid waste:

1. Waste pollutes the environment, which is already oversaturated with emissions from factories and vehicle emissions.
2. Resources that are extracted from nature or created industrially are seriously limited, so it is advisable to recycle and reuse them.
3. It turns out to be cheaper to use recycled raw materials, so the processing of MSW is economically beneficial.

The most common methods of processing MSW

Method 1Waste disposal.

Landfills are created specifically in order to carry out the processing of solid waste on their territory. The flow of garbage enters these areas (up to 95%), and then the organic part decomposes spontaneously. In the area of ​​the landfill, special conditions are formed for an intensive biochemical process of dissociation. The resulting anaerobic environment promotes recycling enhanced by methanogenic microorganisms that form biogas (otherwise called "landfill gas"). What is the disadvantage of such polygons? Landfill gas toxins enter the atmospheric air and spread in the direction of the wind over long distances. And if they are mixed with industrial emissions, then the environment is even more dangerous.

Given the accumulation of microorganisms that increase the flow chemical reactions, fires may occur locally due to excessive overheating. At the same time, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are released into the environment, causing oncological diseases. Such emissions are thousands of times higher than the permissible concentrations of such substances in the air. Aqueous solutions formed in the air fall out in the form of precipitation, during the evaporation of which, as in the combustion of polymeric substances, dioxins are released. So through precipitation harmful chemical elements enter the ground and surface waters.

Since it is impossible to arrange such landfills within the city, plots outside large settlements are allocated for them. If we calculate the cost of allocating territories, their arrangement in accordance with all the rules, transportation costs for transporting waste to such a landfill for processing solid waste, we get a rather impressive figure. Add to that pollution atmospheric air associated with the release of products of combustion of motor fuel, wear and tear of suburban roads. The picture is not rosy.

Due to the fact that the qualified arrangement of landfills for the processing of solid waste is associated with high costs, some people prefer to organize unauthorized dumps. In such places of unauthorized storage, there is no sealing, liquid waste directly enters the environment without passing through the neutralization stage, creating a high danger to the population. And these dumps only multiply and grow.

Thus, it is very dangerous to store unrecycled waste at landfills, and therefore this method of disposal should be prohibited at the legislative level. And there are many reasons for this:

• lack of bacteriological and epidemiological safety;
• rapid spread of dangerous human body substances on large territories(penetration into air, water, soil);
• release of dioxins during fire;
• the high cost of land and landfill facilities, as well as the need for subsequent reclamation of the site;
• contradiction to the Fundamentals of State Policy in the Field of Environmental Development Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”.

Method 2Garbage composting.

This method of MSW recycling is based on the fact that part of the garbage can be disposed of independently - through biodegradation. So, organic waste is able to be composted. Nowadays, there are special technologies for composting food waste and unseparated garbage.

Mass composting is not widespread in our country, but is used by that part of the population that has private houses or summer cottages. However, in general, it is possible to organize the process of garbage composting centrally, by allocating special sites for this. The resulting compost can later be successfully used in the agricultural industry.

Method 3Thermal processing of waste (MSW).

Organics can also be easily destroyed thermally. Thermal processing of MSW is a consistent procedure for the effect of heat on waste in order to reduce their mass and volume, as well as neutralization. Such processing of MSW can be accompanied by the production of inert materials and energy carriers.

Advantages of thermal processing:

• Effectiveness in terms of neutralization (destroys pathogenic microflora).
• Significantly reduces the volume of garbage (up to ten times).
• Use of the energy potential of waste of organic origin.

The most common method of thermal processing of MSW is incineration. This easy way there are many advantages:

• It has been tested many times.
• Combustion equipment is available and commercially available, has a long service life.
• Automated process, does not require the involvement of labor resources.

If earlier garbage was simply burned, then modern technologies make it possible to use this process more efficiently, simultaneously extracting the fuel fraction from it. As a result of such techniques, the incineration procedure turns not only into the elimination of garbage, but also into the production of additional energy - electrical or thermal. The most promising this moment is a plasma combustion technology that provides more high temperature burning. As a result, useful energy is released, and the result is a completely harmless vitrified product.

Method 4Plasma recycling of waste (MSW).

Processing of MSW by the plasma method is a process of turning garbage into gas. This gas is subsequently used to generate steam and electricity. Non-pyrolyzable residues solid waste are one of the elements of plasma processing.

The advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is that this process destroys a wide variety of wastes without any preliminary preparation, without harming the environment. From an economic point of view, this is a very profitable technology, since no additional costs are required for drying, sorting and other procedures for preparing waste for disposal.

The output is slag, which does not harm the environment and can even be reused.

What equipment is used for the processing of solid waste

The industrial world does not stand still, more and more equipment and waste disposal plants are becoming. The most common types of equipment for such enterprises include:

1. Presses.

Without pressing waste, it is impossible to imagine any plant for the disposal and processing of solid waste. After pressing, the waste is more convenient to store and transport. The presses can have different dimensions: from the most gigantic to relatively small ones that can fit in the territory of an ordinary store. In Russia, two types of presses are used:

• Packing presses.
• Briquetting presses.

According to the method of loading the press are:

• Vertical (front loading).
• Horizontal (capable of compressing debris more tightly).

While vertical presses are compact enough, horizontal presses are usually installed only in large factories, since they are difficult to fit in a normal room.

According to the purpose of the press, there are universal (for all types of waste) and specialized (for only one type).

2. Compactors.

Compactors are considered very close to presses. From the name it is clear that they also make the garbage more compressed. Basically, this type of equipment compacts PET bottles, polyethylene films, aluminum cans as well as paper and cardboard. For shopping malls, this type of equipment is indispensable, because there is always a need to compress a large amount of garbage.

Waste transportation companies unanimously claim that transportation and storage costs are significantly reduced by compacting waste with compactors. At the same time, it does not matter at all whether this compactor is mobile or stationary.

Fixed and mobile equipment have their pros and cons. If mobile compactors are monoblocks, then stationary compactors contain a press and a replaceable container, which allows you to load much more waste than in a single monoblock. The continuous cycle of work also significantly distinguishes the stationary compactor from other waste equipment. Just have time to change containers.

But the mobile compactor can be used in different places, while it does not need to be mounted and dismantled again every time. This is a hermetically sealed design, which allows it to work even with wet waste.

3. Shredders.

Shredders have a completely different type of work than presses and compactors. They help in the disposal of garbage by crushing it or crushing it. That is why Russian-speaking users call shredders crushers. Not a single solid waste processing plant can do without them. Shredders are designed for grinding:

• glass;
• tree;
• plastics;
• paper;
• rubber;
• metal;
• organic and mixed waste;
• dangerous substances.

Some shredders only handle one type of waste, such as glass. But there are many models that are designed to grind a wide variety of garbage.

4. Containers.

We deal with this type of equipment every day. These are our usual waste containers, which we regularly use. The material from which the containers are made is usually plastic, although sometimes metal is also found. Containers can be used for separate storage of garbage or for mixed waste. Not so long ago, containers were stationary, now more and more often we see containers on wheels. From containers equipped with wheels, it is more convenient to transfer garbage to garbage trucks.

5. Sorting lines.

It is much easier and more efficient to process MSW in sorted form. As we have already said, for different kind garbage has its own ways of disposal, and therefore it is so important to first separate one type of waste from others. To this end, waste sorting lines are now mandatory installed at waste processing plants. Sorting lines are designed to separate municipal solid waste into fractions for the purpose of their subsequent pressing, compaction and transformation into secondary raw materials, which can then be sold. Sorting lines have become an integral part of the waste recycling process.

How a solid waste processing plant is completed

A set of equipment for any plant is selected taking into account its specialization. There are enterprises of a wide profile that carry out the processing of various types of solid waste. But small plants usually deal only with a specific type of waste. It can be construction waste, tires and other rubber products, household waste, etc.

It is most reliable to invest in functional and powerful equipment that can serve a large area, working without interruptions and breakdowns.

An example of such a complex is the waste incineration mini-plant MPZ-5000 (manufactured by Sifania (Russia)). It is designed to process a huge amount of municipal solid waste, for example, it will perfectly cope with five thousand tons of garbage per year. A mini-factory implies a set of equipment for burning garbage. The example we are considering is suitable for serving a small area with a population of about 25 thousand people. The set of equipment includes not only a waste incinerator, but also units for:

• waste sorting;
• shredding plastic bottles;
• waste paper seals;
• pyrolization of non-decomposable materials.

The cost of the equipment is quite high. Its simplest standard equipment will cost the company ten million rubles.

But this example is suitable for a small scale organization. For larger production, you can purchase a sorting station capable of passing through itself up to ten tons per hour. The productivity of such equipment is much higher than that of a mini-factory. This station is capable of separating 16 types of MSW from a mixed flow. Station maintenance requires at least 40 people. A good option for such equipment is the JSSORT complex. It has impressive dimensions. To install the entire station, you will need an area 40 meters wide and 80 meters long. Such equipment is capable of serving about 15 garbage trucks in one eight-hour working day.

Such a set of equipment will cost three times more than a mini-factory. Its cost is about 30 million rubles. This includes the cost of building a suitable space for the station.

A very profitable option for making money on waste disposal is a rubber products processing plant ( car tires) into fine crumbs. After the operation of specialized equipment, only rubber powder remains, crushed into granules, which is perfectly suitable for recycling.

It is in demand in the production of:

• asphalt;
• road speed limiters;
• materials for soundproofing;
• mastic with anti-corrosion properties and other products of the construction industry.

A set of equipment for rubber processing is capable of processing up to three tons of waste per hour. An imported mini-factory of this type costs about 25 million rubles.

It should be noted that all processing enterprises have approximately the same set of components. The differences are mainly in the degree of their power and the level of process automation. The MSW processing plant includes the following equipment:

• receiving conveyor;
• inclined belt conveyor;
• sorting line;
• press machine for packing;
• pyrolysis plant;
• shredder for plastic;
• glass container.

Sometimes this set is complemented by a receiving shop with magnetic equipment for separating scrap metal.

Consider the scheme of operation of a mini-plant for the processing of solid waste:

• first of all, the waste stream goes through a magnetic receiver to sort the metal;
• the vertical conveyor transports raw materials to the sorting line;
• sorting complexes can be automated and separate waste using optical devices or semi-automated and use manual labor;
• all waste paper is sorted and sent to packaging;
• plastic products enter the grinding device;
• glass waste is sent to a collection container;
• all other waste goes to the receiving hopper, from where it subsequently enters the press for compaction. The further fate of such garbage is burial.

If recyclables are packaged, they can be sold or recycled, depending on which direction is provided by the plant itself. For example, one of the divisions of the enterprise may be a workshop for the production of toilet paper.

The main problems of MSW processing

Problem 1.Lack of funds.

Currently, waste is removed mainly at the expense of the population. But established regulations household waste disposal rates are prohibitively low. So much so that they are not able to compensate even for the transportation of garbage, not to mention its processing and disposal.

Of course, the funds collected from the population are not enough, so the rest of the resources are allocated by the state. But for unknown reasons, the housing and communal services never have the opportunity to develop and modernize the waste disposal system. We still do not have separate collection as is customary throughout Europe. Yes, and on the material level there is no incentive to sort. If you throw out all the garbage in one container or separate the waste by type, you still pay the same tariff for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 2Secondary importance.

MSW recycling is currently carried out by organizations whose main activity is the provision of various utilities.

Only if specialized enterprises take over the collection and processing of waste, they will be able to carry out planning for more efficient waste collection, improve the equipment used, optimize income and costs for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 3.The absence of responsible persons.

All activities related to the disposal of household waste are dispersed among various departments. A single structure of hierarchy and responsibility in this matter has not been built. In European countries, things are different. There, the issue of household waste management is controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency. In our country, there is a similar authority - the Ministry of Natural Resources, however, the issue of MSW processing has not been transferred to the jurisdiction of this body.

As a result, the existing ministries and departments deal with this area to varying degrees, but shift responsibility to each other, and the process of issuing draft laws in this area is delayed due to the lengthy approval procedure.

Problem 4.Concentration in the hands of state bodies.

Government agencies zealously hold on to the recycling of solid waste, although, as we have seen, they do not have enough funds, desire and understanding to organize the process at the proper level. European states show the effectiveness of involving private companies in this issue. In Europe, organizations have long collaborated with municipalities on waste collection and disposal. Perhaps, sometime in the future, our authorities will reach a similar level of cooperation, but for now, landfills are accumulating and continue to poison the environment.

Foreign experience shows that private companies are very enthusiastic about solving this problem, as it is directly related to commercial benefits. So, they are looking for the most efficient and cost-effective ways to process MSW. By building large factories and attracting foreign investment, commercial organizations work with great returns, and the result of their activities is evident.

Problem 5.No community outreach.

The fact that the population practically does not understand the benefits of separate waste collection is a sad flaw in the domestic management of this issue. After all, if citizens are informed about the problems of MSW processing, they may increase their awareness and desire to correct the situation, including on their own. After all, this planet is our home, where we live and plan to inhabit it for a long time to come.

Problem 6.Lack of fixtures.

The abundance of data in the public domain allows many conscious citizens, despite the lack of centralized information, to come to an understanding of the problem of waste disposal. But even if people have a desire to throw garbage into separate containers, they are not given such an opportunity. The only equipment for collecting waste is an ordinary garbage chute. There is only one way out of the situation: weld all existing garbage chutes and establish a waste sorting system.

It is more expedient to design new houses without garbage chutes, since in general this will not only provide the possibility of separate waste collection, but also increase cleanliness in the entrances.

Problem 7.Recycling has not been arranged.

In Russia, there are organizations that are engaged in the processing of solid waste. There are not as many of them as we would like, but even these units often experience problems with the disposal of secondary raw materials. And this is sad, because in fact, the use of scrap allows you to get significant economic benefits.

To motivate the use of recycled materials in production is, again, state task. Moreover, we are talking not only about establishing obligations for enterprises, but also about developing a system of incentives, benefits, and incentives that could encourage business representatives to establish markets for the sale of waste and its use.

Thus, in the implementation of public procurement in European countries, benefits are often provided for organizations that manufacture products from recycled materials.

Problem 8.Lack of planning.

In order for the processing of solid waste and the use of recyclable materials not to become local and episodic phenomena, it is necessary to draw up detailed plans aimed at achieving the desired results. Thus, this plan for the use of waste should cover a long period during which the necessary measures are provided, as well as the timing of their implementation, sources of funding, goals and persons responsible for the implementation of such actions.

All of the above problems actually arise due to the same factor: the task of competent processing of solid waste is not among the priorities at the state level. In addition, we still have not come to realize the most rational use of available resources. Therefore, environmental protection issues have not yet been resolved, and an effective waste disposal system has not been built.

What are the prospects for the processing of solid waste in Russia

In Russia, the idea of ​​rational use of waste has not yet been developed. Recently, this area has received a little more attention. But only the smallest. A number of waste processing enterprises have been created in our country, but their functioning has not yet been put on a grand scale. The process is not adjusted, there is no competent interaction of such organizations with the state. In general, while such companies operate mainly in the central regions of the country - Moscow, St. Petersburg. But ideally, such activities should be carried out everywhere.

The fact is that in large cities there are much more earning opportunities for waste processing enterprises. The waste disposal business is very profitable where there is an abundance of it, and there are sorely lacking areas for storage and slow destruction of waste. Not so on the periphery. Most often, garbage is taken out to lands that are located on the outskirts of cities and towns. This method harms the environment and is also economically unprofitable. While the processing of ordinary household waste is a profitable business, and at a given time in the domestic economy, this niche is free.

It should be noted that until the municipalities begin to perceive this problem as an urgent one, it is unlikely that anything will change dramatically. Foreign experience shows that a significant part of waste disposal issues can be solved by a simple action - the installation of containers for separate waste collection. This step will greatly simplify the processing of MSW.

The criticism of this assumption is the judgment about the inertia and laziness of Russians who do not want to sort their waste at home. But polls public opinion this idea is not supported. For example, half of Moscow residents are already ready for separate waste collection. And this is without any propaganda and work with the population on the part of those in power. It is not difficult to guess that, subject to the actions of the state in this direction, a quick and effective transition to modern technologies recycling and use of secondary raw materials.

Expert opinion

Solving the problems of MSW processing with the help of integrated management

L.Ya. Shubov,

Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, member of the community of Russian experts on environmental management

HE. Borisova,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

I.G. Doronkin,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

MSW recycling management consists of the following elements:

• garbage collection;
• export;
• processing (preliminary preparation);
• actual processing;
• disposal;
• burial.

All these components are connected in single system and are connected to each other.

To ensure the solution of the problems of MSW processing, it is necessary to be guided by modern requirements resource conservation and nature management:

• recycling of waste as sources of raw materials and energy;
• reducing the cost of cleaning settlements;
• transition from the method of MSW disposal to industrial utilization;
• ensuring environmental safety.

Changes are not so easy to achieve, because they are associated not only with the establishment of an effective system of garbage collection and processing, but also with the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic state of the city, and this is already a matter of reforming the housing and communal services. At the moment there are a number of tasks, among which are not last place occupy the creation of a market for services and the development of competition in the field of MSW processing. Implementing all these innovations is not easy.

At the moment, there is a serious shortage of specialists in the processing of solid waste. Universities annually issue diplomas to broad-profile environmentalists who do not yet own the technologies for the efficient processing of technogenic raw materials, it is difficult for them to find a solution to the problem with solid waste overnight.

Some foreign organizations are eager for Russian market, offering a way out of a difficult situation with MSW with the help of advanced technologies. But often it is only about burning garbage. A well-thought-out waste disposal system still does not arise. At best, industrial facilities appear chaotically, dealing with only one technology in the complex of measures necessary for the systematic destruction of waste. This is the road to nowhere.

It is impossible to solve the problem of MSW recycling by building waste incineration plants. While one is being built, the other is completing its life cycle. Therefore, unsystematic construction has already proved its inefficiency. In this direction, one cannot rely on one single method of processing - incineration.

Practice shows that such a policy does not lead to a solution to the problem, but only contributes to increased environmental pollution.

An example must be taken from European states. Here is what they have achieved so far in terms of MSW management:

• Developed a recycling industry based on separate waste collection with the selection of usable elements.
• We organized and continue to develop a system of specialized sorting facilities, enterprises for thermal and biothermal waste processing.
• Developed a recycling system.

Burning all garbage is simply unacceptable. The waste fraction that has already been freed from both hazardous and resource-valuable components is used for thermal processing. Such production can be called environmentally friendly.

In our country, all MSW processing points are built haphazardly, out of touch with each other. The entire waste stream is sent there without prior sorting. Such actions create the threat of an emergency situation.

If the issue of solid waste is resolved, then the problem of environmental security of the country as a whole will be partially resolved.

There is an urgent need to build a system for processing solid waste for the Moscow region and the cities of the resort area. Until government policy on this issue is normalized, crime and corruption will continue to flourish. That is why the development of a science-based strategy for the processing of MSW is task No. 1.

The strategy for optimizing the integrated management of solid waste is needed, first of all, to create an advanced efficient waste management system and the use of secondary raw materials. The task of such a program is to develop ways to introduce waste into industrial processing, plan a sequence of actions to massively reduce the flow of garbage that is currently being disposed of, reduce environmental risks and waste disposal costs. The strategy should look like a single document with understandable and clear terminology, containing a real model for optimizing the use of waste.

The current system for handling them in our country was formed back in Soviet times. The main method by which the disposal of municipal solid waste is currently taking place is landfill. At first glance, it is the cheapest, but in the calculations it is very often forgotten to take into account that, in addition to the costs of maintaining the site, the costs of decommissioning, compensation for damage to nature and irretrievable loss of resources are necessary.

As an alternative, in some megacities, solid waste is disposed of by burning it in specialized facilities. However, this method has a number of disadvantages, one of which is that the incinerator is also a source of the surrounding area. True, to be fair, it should be noted that there are combustion technologies that minimize the formation of dioxins. In addition, as a result of this method, the amount of waste is reduced tenfold and it is possible to produce heat or electricity, and the resulting slag to be recycled to industry.

Also disposed of through aerobic biothermal composting. Before that, they are sorted. Everything that is formed as a result of consumption can be divided into three main groups. The first is (MSW), which can be processed into useful materials and receive a certain income through their sale, which allows compensating for costs. The second is biodegradable waste, they can be turned into compost, however, the costs associated with this are difficult to compensate. The third is non-recyclable MSW, the disposal of solid waste of this group is carried out different ways depending on their specific composition.

Aerobic biothermal composting is currently considered the most promising technology. With the help of it, solid waste is transferred to a harmless state and becomes compost, which is a fertilizer that contains trace elements, phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium. Such disposal of solid waste allows you to return them back to natural in nature.

The use of mass processing of MSW using the latter method is difficult today for a number of reasons: the imperfection of legislation, the lack of a unified information base for all types of MSW, poor control over compliance with regulations, insufficient funding. If we turn to the experience of developed countries, it becomes clear that it is possible to properly arrange it only if we approach this issue systematically. All processes related to garbage disposal should be set up and debugged. It is necessary to cover everything in a complex, including sources of waste generation (organizations and people), transportation, storage, sorting, processing, final disposal. The public and each individual citizen should be actively involved in solving this problem. And most importantly, we need an effective mechanism for economic stimulation of a rational and careful attitude to what nature has given us.