The influence of social institutions. The consequences of the deformation of the social institution

As a result of mastering this chapter, the student must:

know

• the essence of the social efficiency of innovative development of entrepreneurial organizations;
• indicators characterizing the social efficiency of innovative development of enterprises;

be able to

• determine the integral indicator of the social effect from the introduction of innovations;
• calculate generalizing indicators characterizing the social effect of the organizational and technical development of enterprises;

own

• the skills of speaking to an audience with informational messages, reports on topical issues Russian innovative entrepreneurship;
• methods for assessing the social effect as a result of entrepreneurial activity.

Social sphere in the conditions of market relations

In the context of the transition to market economy social aspects in the sphere of production are clearly underestimated. Already at the beginning of economic reforms, the course towards the abolition of the social sector of enterprises was clearly manifested: preschool institutions, sports and recreation complexes were closed. At the same time, the question of ensuring their break-even functioning was not raised, but with the tacit consent of the federal services and local self-government, social facilities were sold, closed, and taken away.

Unemployment led to a cheap labor market, which dramatically changed the attitude of entrepreneurs towards personnel. In turn, this generates a negative response from workers. Collective agreements at enterprises have lost their significance, the role of trade union organizations has been reduced to a minimum, untimely payment of wages- all this negatively affects the level of organization of labor and production. However, underestimation of personnel policy is an unacceptable mistake that has economic and social consequences.

In the world practice of highly developed countries, investment priorities are focused on meeting a number of social needs - the development of the housing industry, the improvement of infrastructure and the service sector. A new development model is being formed, the main priority in which is to improve the quality of life, including the improvement of health and improvement of working conditions and the environment, improving the quality of medical services, the production of environmentally friendly food, ensuring social and personal security and conditions for the development and self-realization of the individual.

It is extremely difficult for the Russian economy, at this stage of development, to combine ensuring economic growth and improving the quality of life. But this is a paramount problem and it needs to be solved, for this purpose it is necessary to develop concepts and programs (at the federal and regional levels) of scientific and economic development.

It is innovative activity that provides the conditions for improving production relations, changes the forms of organization, conditions, nature and content of labor.

As a result of social consequences innovation activities conditions are created for the revitalization of human activity, which ultimately directly or indirectly affects the recovery of the economy. Social Consequences innovative activities are ambiguous, and therefore they should be evaluated depending on the achievement of the goal of scientific and technological development. Thus, the introduction of computer equipment and information technologies determines the use of the highest stage of production automation. But at the same time, the complexity of production processes increases, the functions of the worker, his role in production, change. Automation and robotization facilitate work, but also increase the responsibility of the worker, require a special production culture and intelligence, and a constant increase in the level of knowledge.

The impact of innovations on the structure of intensive work of workers is quite complex and contradictory. Under conditions of technical improvement of production, along with a reduction in the expenditure of physical energy and lightening of labor, mental and nervous stress increases. Thus, contradictions arise between the acceleration of the transformation of production processes, the increase in the flow of information and the limited physical and psycho-physiological abilities of a person.

Different social consequences have a different impact on economic efficiency, increasing or decreasing it. However social impacts innovation activities, as a rule, are amenable to regulation, as a result of which negative impacts are reduced and positive ones are enhanced. This is one of the features of management social development individual enterprises and industries.

Targeted impacts on the social consequences of innovation activities should ensure an increase in the social effect.

1. Functionalism is characterized by the analysis of education as

· filtering device

· Socially significant activities

· Spheres of self-realization

When moving to post-industrial society there is a process of population increase - this phenomenon is called

· urbanization

· suburbanization

· social mobility

A factor influencing the speed of adoption of innovations is the possibility of ... characteristics

· Demonstrations

· visual inspection

· Descriptions

The process of mutual cultural penetration, as a result of which a common culture is affirmed, is called

· Assimilation

· Segregation

· Compromise

The essence of contacts of interest is that they

· Forced to pay attention to others

· Make others pay attention to us

· Allows you to choose a social object

6. The emergence of new social movements is explained by the mass reaction to

· Westernization

· globalization

· Modernization

7. Spengler's theory is called "life cycle theory ..."

· Societies

· Civilizations

· cultures

8. Ideology of politics as social institution based on the trace. ideas

· Freedom, progress, equality

· Democracy, law, nationalism

· Constitution, law, state

A stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, norms, attitudes that regulate various spheres of human activity and organize them into a system of roles and statuses is called ...

· social institution

· Social system

· social structure

A necessary condition for successful acculturation is

· Tolerance

· Avoidance

· Conflict

A form of social interaction in which actors seek to fulfill their interests to the detriment of the interests of other people

· Cooperation

· Conflict

· Compromise

An example of an evolutionary process is ..

· Agricultural life

· The development of the division of labor

· Development of information System

World inform. Giddens order -

· Creation international system news

· Creation of an international system for the production of information and its dissemination

· Job advertisement

· Buying a newspaper

· Crossing the street at a pedestrian intersection

It does not belong to the general features of social institutions

· Motivation

· Codes

· Ideology

Social changes in societies develop through ..

· Selection

· Diffusion

· segregation

New social movements include .. Movement

· Trade union

· ecological

· Farm

Globalization ... migration processes in the world

· Stimulates

· calls

An example of a counterculture in modern society can be a subculture ...

· Entrepreneurs

· bohemia

· deaf and mute

The role of the media in the modern world

· Construction of social reality

· Assessment of social reality

· Reflection of social reality

The theory ... states that the crowd contributes to the manifestation of the behavior of people to which they are predisposed

· Convergence

· Emergence of norms

· Incremental value

A form of social interaction that involves rewards and costs is called

· Competition

· Compromise

· Exchange

23. The overthrow of the state and class structures of society and replacing them with a new order is

· class conflict

· Political coup

· social revolution

24. Not related to factors affecting globalization

· Electronic media

· Ecologist. Movement

· ethnocentrism

25. Economic basis of traditions. Total..

· Services sector

· Industry

Which of the Western sociologists argued that modern schools do not develop the cognitive abilities of students, their common sense and the teaching to think independently

· S.D. Hern

· I.Illich

· R. Collins

An action performed by a person automatically, out of habit, according to Weber's classification, is called

· purposeful rational

· Traditional

· affective

Who considered the cause of conflicts in society unequal roles

· J. G. Mead

· L. Koser

· R. Dahrendorf

29. The negative effects of globalization include

· Internalization of the institutions of civil society

· International division of labor

· Restriction of national autonomy. civil institutions

30. What aspect is not typical in the analysis of education

· institutional

· Systemic

· Structural

31. Which of the sociologists singles out the core of the global society, consisting of world leaders in production

· I. Wallernstein

· E. Giddens

· N. Smelser

Who created a two-term scheme for the development of society, consisting of the stages of the community and society

· F. Tennis

· G. Simmel

· V.Paretto

Crowd behavior is...

· collective behavior

· Mass action

· social movement

It does not apply to the elements of the structure of social actions.

· The need for activation

· Action result

· Participant Interests

35. An essential sign of mass action is the absence of ..

· Institutional contacts

· personal contacts

· personal activity

What is the name of a special type of fleeting short-term connections of an individual in society

· Contacts

· Interactions

Giddens believes that globalization is inextricably linked to...

· Modernization

· Transformation

· Discrimination

Which of the following sociologists believed that education is an investment in the future that brings profit

· Durkheim

· harne

· Jaster

39. The formation of the alphabets of European languages ​​​​based on the Latin alphabet is an example of a cultural

· Anomie

· relativism

· Diffusion

40. The system of interdependent social actions is called

· Mutual reproaches

· Interactions

· Relationships

The attitudes and patterns of behavior of religion as a social institution include

· Love

· Faith

· Respectfulness

42. The globalization of education means it..

· Internationalization

· Unification

· G.Lebon

· G.Tard

· N.Smelzer

According to the theory .. all societies go through the same stages of development from traditionalism to the industrial stage

· cultural dynamics

· Evolution

· Modernizations

45 Does not apply to spatial contacts..

· Supposed

· Visual

· Public

46 The system of methods of ideological and social - psychological. Influences with the aim of changing the opinions, thinking, consciousness and behavior of people contrary to their interests are called

· Propaganda

· Suggestion

· Manipulation

47 The media, according to Giddens, has no influence on

· Everyday existence

· Predisposition to crime and violence

· Religious affiliation

48 Globalization of the ability of the national state to really manage the internal processes in the country

· Does not affect

· Reduces

· Raises

Any action of an individual, focused on the motives of the behavior of other people, is called

· cultural

· psychological

· Social

50 Does not apply to the types of social actions according to Weber

· Pragmatic

· Traditional

· affective

Value-oriented movements are characterized by the following features

· The presence of leaders, programs and developed ideologies

· The presence of leaders, promising programs and developed ideologies

· The presence of charismatic leaders, promising programs and developed ideologies

52 Musicals and blockbusters in the science fiction and detective genres are an example of .. culture

· Elite

· Bulk

· People's

Social movements are a set of efforts and actions aimed at..

· Change support

· Against innovation

· Support or resistance to change

· Conflict

· disagreement

· Mobilization

55 Which of the listed theoretical directions considers that the structure of society is based on unity, social harmony and functional compliance

· evolutionaryism

· Conflictology

· Functionalism

The criterion for progress in the concept of post-industrial society is the level of development.

· Technical

· scientific

· cultural

Marriage between one woman and several men called

· Polygyny

· Polygamy

· polyandry

58 According to Smelser, a consequence of the spread of industry. Technology has become

· Strengthening social mobility

· The emergence of closed social groups

· Strengthening relationships. connections

· W. Rostow

· A. Toffler

· L. White

Institute ... provides management in various areas of society, security and social order

· Religions

· Politicians

· Economy

This type of movement is aimed at improving working conditions and increasing wages.

· value-oriented

· Norm-oriented

· reformist

All charismatic movements can be called

· norm-oriented

· value oriented

· religious

According to F. Tönnies, the community is an image of ... society

· Mass

· Traditional

· Industrial

N. Smelser considers collective behavior as

The development of the real sector of the national economy is limited by many macroeconomic factors, among which are the depreciation of fixed production assets and the urgent need for investment resources for their modernization.

The economic effect is understood as a useful result from economic activity, measured as the difference between monetary income from such activity and monetary expenses on its implementation, and a manifestation of the economic effect for the company, tends to increase capitalization, is an increase in its market value, competitiveness, profitability, innovative attractiveness, credit rating, etc..

The social effect is associated with:

- with a decrease in the incidence of the population;

— improvement of recreation conditions;

— preservation natural resources;

- the possibility of taking it into account in economic indicators - saving the cost of treatment, carrying out the necessary expensive medical procedures, such as correcting a bite in children, etc.;

- sick leave payments;

- creating favorable conditions for the comprehensive development of the individual;

- the realization by citizens of their creative forces and abilities, which is expressed in the reduction of hard physical labor;

- increase in free time;

- increase in material and cultural level life of the population, in health care;

- an increase in the material and cultural standard of living of the population, a more complete satisfaction of its needs for goods and services;

- improving the conditions and safety precautions, reducing the share of heavy manual labor;

- a useful result of any economic activity, reflected in the creation of conditions for meeting the basic social needs and goals of society.

Researchers of social effects divide them into personal and public ones. The personal social effect has an individual character and is manifested in the improvement of the standard of living of an individual. The public social effect does not have an individual character and extends to a wide range of people. In addition, there is a social effect at the micro and macro levels of the economy.

The growth of the capitalization of the enterprise ensures the attraction of additional investment resources, the expansion of production activities, the growth of income, from which both the company's employees and the regions and the national economy receive social benefits.

For the personnel of the enterprise, this is an increase in wages, additional social benefits and guarantees, an increase in safety and working conditions, qualifications and professional skills at the expense of the enterprise, a change in the nature of work from hard physical to intellectual, creative, etc. For capitalized companies, deductions to the state budget are increasing, the funds of which are directed to finance the development of social infrastructure and social programs.

In addition, the social effect at the macro level is manifested in the growth of employment and incomes of the population, improving the level of satisfaction of social needs through product innovations that improve the quality of goods and services, reduce the environmental burden on environment, rational use of safe resources, as a result - an increase in the level and quality of life of the population. The growth of company profits implies their partial reinvestment, which ensures an increase in profits and capitalization, and therefore a further increase in social benefits due to the multiplier effect.

The positive social consequences of the activities of companies contribute to the development of human capital, which, at the same time, serves as the main competitive advantage domestic enterprises and a powerful reserve for the growth of capitalization in the context of the formation of a knowledge-based economy.

So, the social effects arising from the growth of capitalization of economic entities, which occupy an important place along with economic ones, provide positive social changes, the main of which is to increase the level, quality, safety and life expectancy of the population.

E. Durkheim and after him R. Merton argued that the functions of social institutions should be judged not by the intentions and goals of people interacting, but by the social consequences (beneficial or harmful) that arise as a result of institutional interactions. Robert Merton proposed to divide the consequences of the activities of a social institution into functions And dysfunction.

A crisis Russian Institute The family, which has been actively discussed since the late 1980s, is connected precisely with the increase in the dysfunctions of this institution: a significant increase in the number of divorces, serious problems with raising children, inefficient distribution of intra-family roles, etc. The growth of dysfunctions in the activities of social institutions undermines public order and can give rise to disorganization of the entire social system. If a social institution works normally, as it should, then it has much more pluses (functions) than minuses (dysfunctions).

The activities of social institutions give rise to many different functions (and dysfunctions) or, in other words, institutions are polyfunctional. In the sociological literature, it is customary to single out universal And specific functions.

Universal Functions are common to all social institutions. These include:

• 1. The function of consolidation and reproduction of social relations. It is carried out through a system of norms, regulations, rules of conduct specific to a particular social institution, which allows you to standardize and formalize the behavior of people, setting the framework for their activities. As a result, people's behavior becomes predictable, and social relations become stable and orderly.
• 2. regulatory function. General task joint activities a large number of people have not one, but many options for decisions, and this circumstance makes it necessary to regulate human activity in the direction that is most useful to society. The regulatory function is to coordinate the relationship between members of society with the help of norms, patterns, standards of behavior and control over their observance.
• 3. integrative function. In a complex social system, there inevitably arises a need for associations of members of society that would ensure its stability and integrity. With norms, role complexes, rules and sanctions, social institutions unite members of social groups, organizations, connect them with relationships of interdependence and mutual responsibility. Integrative processes within the framework of social institutions streamline the system of interactions, coordinate the activities of people, and allow the creation of complex organizations.
• 4. broadcasting function. Society could not develop if it did not have a mechanism for the transfer of social experience. Social institutions broadcast both social relations and different kinds activities. Broadcasting is carried out both in time (i.e. from generation to generation) and in space, when new groups of people are connected to a certain activity.
• 5. communicative function. Certain information is transmitted through social institutions and conditions are created for communication between individuals. Communication in social institutions has its own specifics: it is a formal, role-playing communication. Institutions largely predetermine the nature of communication, set the occasion and its main methods. Social institutions differ in their communication capabilities.

For example, there are institutions created for the transmission of information (newspapers, radio, television). In a number of institutes, the possibility of disseminating information is difficult (conveyor-type production). In some institutions, an active way of obtaining information is possible (science, education), in others - a passive way (radio, television).

Specific Functions exist alongside the universal ones. These are functions that are not characteristic of all, but only of some social institutions. For example, the establishment of order in society is the responsibility of the state, education and preparation for professional activity– Institute of Education; discoveries in various fields of knowledge are connected with science, and the Institute of Public Health monitors the health of citizens.

In addition to universal and specific, sociologists distinguish explicit And latent functions of social institutions.

Explicit Functions- these are the consequences of activity for the sake of which a certain social institution was created as a system of self-renewable interactions. These are necessary, conscious, expected, intentional and obvious functions. Explicit functions are officially declared, they are written in codes and charters, fixed in the system of statuses and roles, accepted by the community of involved people and controlled by society. Since explicit functions are always proclaimed and associated with rather strict traditions or procedures (presidential oath, voter mandates, adoption of special laws on social security, education, prosecutors, etc.), they are more formalized and controlled by society. Members of society, for example, can ask deputies about the reasons for not fulfilling election promises, and the authorities about spending the collected taxes.

Latent Functions- these are the results of the actions of social institutions that were not planned in advance, because they are unconscious for some time or are not realized at all. These are, as it were, “not their own” functions that are performed by the institution covertly or unintentionally (for example, the institution of education can perform the function of political socialization, which is not “native” to it).

For example, the explicit functions of higher education are the training of highly qualified specialists in various professions, the assimilation of the standards prevailing in society - value, moral, ideological, and the preparation of young people for various social roles. Implicit, latent consequences are the reproduction of social stratification or the consolidation of social inequality, which is directly related to higher education.

Another example: the law on the prohibition of gambling, as an explicit function, involves the cessation of widespread gambling, and as a latent function, it can lead to the creation of underground gambling establishments.

Thus, latent functions can be considered as a by-product of the activity of a social institution; they can be both positive (functions) and negative (dysfunctions). The significance of latent functions in the life of society is great. Only by studying the hidden consequences of the activities of social institutions can a complete and true picture be obtained. public life. Without an analysis of latent functions, the idea of ​​the role of a particular institution in social processes will be limited and straightforward, and therefore inaccurate.

Each social institution performs not a single function, but a whole complex, which may include functions (positive consequences) and dysfunctions (negative consequences); universal and specific; explicit and latent functions. In addition, several institutions can perform the same function at once. For example, education, in addition to the family, is carried out by institutions of education, religion, the army, the media, and the state. The multifunctionality of institutions leads to the fact that the functions of various social institutions intersect or are implemented in parallel. Production, government, education, religion, family, consumption, trade - all these institutions are in interaction and mutual influence.

For example, the needs of the economy led in industrialized countries to a massive increase in literacy and then to an increase in skilled workers; efficient production through taxes forms a budget, from which the state allocates funds for free general education and maintenance of higher education. And vice versa, the higher the quality of education, the higher the qualifications of specialists and workers will be, the more complex technologies they will be able to master, which will affect the efficiency of the economy.

The functions that social institutions perform are not immutable. Over time, some functions may disappear and new ones appear, some functions may be transferred to other institutions, the scope of functions may change (increase or decrease). Thus, the state at its inception performed a rather narrow range of functions related to security. modern state solves a large number of problems. In addition to security issues, it is engaged in social security for various categories of citizens, tax collection, regulation of various areas of society: the economy, health care, education, etc.

The state of social institutions is a significant indicator (indicator) of the social stability of society. In a stable society, social institutions have clear, understandable, invariable functions. In an unstable society, on the contrary, the functions of social institutions are multi-valued, fuzzy, and changeable.

Social Consequences- these are expected, planned or unexpected, spontaneously arising, unforeseen results of transformations in society, any innovations in a limited territorial social system (region, city) or social organization (enterprise, firm, institution) that affect the social relations of groups, communities , individuals. Social consequences can be positive and negative, immediate and remote (in terms of the time of occurrence), direct or indirect (in connection with the main direction of transformations), etc. Social impacts are generally related to social goals and concerns and are an important concept social management.

Responsibility is an obligation placed on or undertaken by someone to account for any of their actions and accept the blame for possible consequences. From a psychological point of view, responsibility is a more complex concept, appearing in various psychological phenomena. Responsibility– it is, first of all, the individual's awareness of those requirements and norms of the organization labor activity, the consequences of their implementation and non-fulfillment that exist in the team, labor organization, society. But awareness alone is not enough; an active, effective desire is needed to realize these requirements in the conditions of joint work, to embody these norms in concrete actions and deeds. Thus, when we talk about responsibility, we are not talking about a simple performance of what is due, but about an active life position, the desire to achieve what is due. At the same time, it is important that a person is responsible for his actions, first of all, to himself, to his conscience.

On the other hand, responsibility can be considered as a psychological trait of a person, which is steadily manifested in his attitude to work, to the team, to himself. Along with this, the concept of responsibility also includes an emotional-sensory component, expressed in a person's sense of responsibility, duty and conscience.

Thus, responsibility as a psychological phenomenon is the result of many mental functions of a person: cognitive, emotional and behavioral. The essential signs of responsibility, manifested in behavior, are accuracy, punctuality, commitment to the performance of one's duties, readiness to be responsible for the consequences of one's actions. Responsible behavior presupposes professionalism, knowledge of one's business, and the desire to understand complex issues. It cannot be implemented successfully if a person does not have developed emotional qualities: the ability to empathize, sensitivity to the state of another person. The implementation of responsible behavior requires strong-willed qualities: perseverance, patience, endurance, perseverance.

Responsibility is directly related to the fulfillment of obligations, which is understood as “a promise or contract that requires unconditional fulfillment from the one who accepted them.

Responsibility has always been related to a certain subject and reflects the scope of the tasks and duties of the individual, i.e. debt limits.

Duty there is a duty of a person to someone or to his conscience.

Conscience is the awareness and experience of responsibility, based on self-assessments of the performance of duties.

The subject of responsibility may be:

individual personality;

a group as a certain community of people;

the state as a kind of macrostructure.

The presence of an instance before which the subject can and must be held accountable for his actions is an important regulator of social life. These authorities may be:

1) a publicly significant person (for example, a president, head of a company, etc.);

2) social group(political party, organization, society, etc.);

3) historically established ethical, moral, religious and other requirements.

Types of responsibility: legal, moral, professional, social and others. Role duties and social relations that determine them are taken as one of the criteria of social responsibility. It is also possible to choose more particular criteria for classifying liability, on the basis of which such types of liability are determined, such as criminal, administrative, material, moral.

Psychological background responsibility is the ability to choose, ie. conscious preference for a certain line of behavior. The choice can be made in complicated conditions, for example, in conflict situations, where the interests of a single individual, group of people or society collide.

Responsibility is considered the most important property of a person. If we are talking about the adoption of social norms of behavior, then we usually talk about the social responsibility of the individual. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that its object is social norms and role functions. The subject of control can be both the person himself and his social environment.

Awareness of responsibility- first of all, the reflection in the subject of being of social necessity, i.e. understanding the meaning of the actions taken and the consequences. As a result, the attribution of responsibility is generated by the vital need to evaluate the results of activities, as well as to determine the level of success or failure, impose penalties, etc.

The concept of responsibility directly interacts with the concept of "independence". When the decision is made personally by the subject of the action, then all responsibility falls on him. Responsibility is devalued in the group.

At the enterprise, the very nature of the activity gives rise to industrial conflicts. Let us give a conflict example of such a managerial situation. One employee works on an expensive imported machine, which requires careful handling and fine tuning during operation. But the employee is not responsible for its safety. Therefore, in the event of an accident, a person blames the technician or engineer responsible for it. technical condition. There is a conflict - who is to blame? This situation could not arise if the operation and maintenance of the machine were the responsibility of the same department, in which the necessary training of personnel in the use of equipment would be carried out.

One of the forms of legal and moral support for the social activity of the individual is responsibility for inaction. A person should feel responsible not only for what he did, but also for what he did not do, although he had to do it.

Professional Responsibility requires constant psychological readiness to perform specific actions. In some positions, including leadership, responsibility is the main source of mental stress over time.

Performing the basic functions of management, the manager solves complex tasks that are not of the same order in content and structure. Their constituent elements are economic, legal, technological, socio-psychological, educational and other tasks. The head is obliged to comply with state laws, legal norms and at the same time be responsible for his work and the work of his subordinates.

Distinguish legal and social responsibility.

Legal liability means following specific laws and norms of state regulation that determine what an organization can and cannot do, a group as a separate element of an organization, an individual as an object of control.

Unlike the legal Social responsibility is a certain degree of voluntary response to social problems in accordance with social norms, values, characteristics of the subculture and moral obligations.

Social responsibility lies outside the requirements defined by law or regulatory authorities. Example: donations to help sick children, disabled people, etc. Such behavior is not regulated by legal laws and is voluntary. Another example: donor activity to provide emergency care to a patient. This is an example of an altruistic act associated with the realization of duty.

Social responsibility is associated with the implementation general rules, norms that are assimilated by man. Social norms of behavior are formed gradually in the process of growing up, starting from childhood. Gradually, from external requirements, they become internal, psychological formations.

Social responsibility serves as a means of internal control of the individual (it is called self-control), i.e. activities that are carried out consciously and voluntarily.

A person's awareness of the need for social responsibility is associated with the action of various factors: cognitive, motivational, situational, characterological, personal and others.

Social responsibility is directly related to the implementation of group norms of behavior. When it is said that an employee violates the norms of the group of which he is a member, this means that such norms exist and that the person must follow them.

Group norms are understood as a set of requirements and rules developed within a group as a certain community and playing the role of the most important means of regulating the behavior of members of this group.

The practice of forming and functioning of groups (in social psychology they are called "small" or "working" groups) testifies that these norms are not set by anyone from the outside, but are formed in the process of joint activity of people. We can say that group norms are created spontaneously and become the standards of behavior for all members of the group.

In a close-knit group, norms of relations with other people are also formed. The value-oriented unity of the group is one of the complex socio-psychological phenomena, since it is systemic in nature. To date, it has not been sufficiently studied. Group norms promote the performance of certain actions by people doing a common job. The existence of group norms makes it possible to predict the behavior of not only individual members of the group, but the entire group as a whole. In the presence of group norms, the group itself becomes a collective organizer and coordinator of the activities of performers. The system of group norms is controlled by the group itself. Therefore, not only the leader, but the group itself become the subjects of management by all its members.

In any organization with a developed structure, there are formal and informal groups.

The leader is responsible not only for the present, but also for the future, for fulfilling his duties and foreseeing the consequences of his own actions. As an example, we can take any managerial decision, without which an organizational task cannot be solved. So, without solving the problems of personnel management, without selecting the necessary personnel and management personnel, it is impossible to solve a single managerial problem.

For any decision leader is responsible. But there are situations when the leader does not make specific decisions. Failure to make decisions may be a violation of the social responsibility of the leader. For example, no decision has been made to check safety measures by managers who are directly related to this. The result is the death of people due to the resulting fire.

The leader must foresee the consequences of his inaction and be ready to bear responsibility for this. The social responsibility of managers may conflict with legal responsibility. For example, contrary to the law, the manager seeks funds by renting out premises located on the territory of the enterprise to pay off wage arrears to employees. Such behavior of the leader from purely human positions can be regarded as socially responsible.

Social responsibility should be considered as a stable personal property. When making life plans, a person usually weighs whether this goal is feasible for him or whether he needs to rely on external forces, on other people. According to researchers, one person can act as the master of his own destiny, while the other "floats at the will of the waves", i.e. one person takes responsibility and the other walks away from it.

In this regard, two different strategies of human behavior should be noted:

1) see the source of control of your life in external environment;

2) in itself.

In accordance with the views of J. Rotter, if a person takes responsibility for the events of his life, then this means that the person has "internal" control. The internality of the personality positively correlates with social responsibility, with awareness of the meaning and goals of life. Individuals with an internal locus of control (locus of control- the property of a person to determine the measure of responsibility for their actions to themselves or external circumstances) take responsibility for the course of life events, guided by a sense of duty, morality and clearly aware of the meaning.

Socially responsible individuals are characterized by the presence of positive qualities, ranging from punctuality, accuracy, obedience and ending with moral, civic traits such as honesty, justice, adherence to principles, etc.

If responsibility is attributed by circumstances to other people or to an occasion, then this characterizes the presence of an external, i.e. "external" control. The internality and externality of the locus of control are stable personality traits formed in the process of socialization (according to J. Rotter). Socialization- this is the result of the inclusion of a person in social relations, thanks to which social experience is assimilated, and then reproduced in activity. In contrast to interval, external personalities, suspiciousness, anxiety, depression, aggressiveness, conformism, dogmatism, authoritarianism, etc. are characteristic.

Questions for revision and discussion

1. What caused the need for management?

2. What is the essence of managerial interaction?

3. What is meant by the system of social management?

4. What is resource management?

5. What is included in the concept of a social system?

6. What elements does the control system consist of?

7. What is responsibility?

8. What characterizes social responsibility?

9. What is the relationship between personality and responsibility?