Romanovs in the 17th century. Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: basic facts

The ruling dynasty of the Romanovs gave the country many brilliant kings and emperors. It is interesting that this surname does not belong to all of its representatives, the noblemen Koshkins, Kobylins, Miloslavskys, Naryshkins met in the family. The family tree of the Romanov dynasty shows us that the history of this family dates back to 1596.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: the beginning

The ancestor of the family is the son of the boyar Fyodor Romanov and the boyar Xenia Ivanovna, Mikhail Fedorovich. The first king of the dynasty. He was a cousin-nephew of the last emperor from the Moscow family branch of the Rurikovichs - Fedor the First Ioannovich. On February 7, 1613, he was elected to reign. On July 21 of the same year, a ceremony was performed for the reign. It was this moment that marked the beginning of the reign of the great Romanov dynasty.

At the beginning of 1917, the Romanov dynasty consisted of 32 males, 13 of whom were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918-19. Those who escaped this settled in Western Europe(mainly in France) and the USA. In the 1920s and 30s, a significant part of the representatives of the dynasty continued to hope for a collapse Soviet power in Russia and the restoration of the monarchy.

1. The Council recognized that the right to exercise supreme power in Russia belongs to the dynasty of the House of Romanov.
2. The Council considered it necessary and in accordance with the desire of the population to head the national statehood by the Supreme Ruler from the members of the Dynasty, whom the members of the House of Romanov indicate.
3. The government was asked to enter into negotiations with representatives of the Romanov dynasty.

All current representatives of this family are descendants of the four sons of Nicholas I:

* Aleksandrovichi, descendants of Alexander II. This branch has four living representatives - his great-great-granddaughter, Maria Vladimirovna, her son Georgy, and brothers Dmitry and Mikhail Pavlovich Romanov-Ilyinsky (the youngest of whom was born in 1961).
* Konstantinovichi, descendants of Konstantin Nikolaevich. In the male line, the branch was cut short in 1973 (with the death of Vsevolod, the son of John Konstantinovich).
* Nikolaevich, descendants of Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder. The two living male representatives are the brothers Nikolai and Dmitry Romanovich Romanov, the youngest of whom was born in 1926.
* Mikhailovichi, descendants of Mikhail Nikolaevich. All other living Romanov men (see below) belong to this branch, the youngest of them was born in 2009.

Only two of the descendants of the Romanovs in the male line remained on the territory of the USSR - the children of Alexander Iskander: (Natalya and Kirill (1915-1992) Androsovs); the rest either left or died.

On December 22, 2011, the President of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic I.N. Smirnov signed the Decree "On the status of the Russian Imperial House in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic". According to this decree, on the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the Russian Imperial House is recognized as a unique historical institution without rights legal entity which takes part in the patriotic and spiritual and moral education of the citizens of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage, traditions of the Pridnestrovian society. Back in 2009, Maria Vladimirovna Romanova was awarded the highest award of the PMR - the Order of the Republic. On June 9, 2011, for the first time since 1917, a representative of the House of Romanov was awarded the state award of Russia: Prince Romanov, Dmitry Romanovich.

In total, as of May 2010, the Romanov family consisted of 12 male representatives. Among them, only four (grandchildren and great-grandson of Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich) are not older than forty years.

Outstanding personalities - the Romanov dynasty.

The genealogical tree includes about 80 people. In this article, we will not touch on everyone, but only the reigning persons and their families.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty

Mikhail Fedorovich and his wife Evdokia had one son - Alexei. He headed the throne from 1645 to 1676. Was married twice. The first wife is Maria Miloslavskaya, from this marriage the tsar had three children: Fedor - the eldest son, Ivan the Fifth and daughter Sophia. From his marriage with Natalya Naryshkina, Mikhail had one son - Peter the Great, who later became a great reformer. Ivan married Praskovya Saltykova, from this marriage they had two daughters - Anna Ioannovna and Ekaterina. Peter had two marriages - with Evdokia Lopukhina and Catherine the First. From the first marriage, the tsar had a son, Alexei, who later married Sophia Charlotte. Peter II was born from this marriage.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great

Three children were born from the marriage - Elizabeth, Anna and Peter. Anna married Karl Friedrich, and they had a son, Peter the Third, who married

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Miloslavsky branch Catherine II. She, in turn, took the crown from her husband. But Catherine had a son - Pavel the First, who married Maria Feodorovna. From this marriage, the emperor was born, who in the future married Alexandra Feodorovna. Alexander II was born from this marriage. He had two marriages - with Maria Alexandrovna and Ekaterina Dolgorukova. The future heir to the throne - Alexander the Third - was born from his first marriage. He, in turn, married Maria Feodorovna. The son from this union became the last emperor of Russia: we are talking about Nicholas II.

Ivan the Fourth and Praskovya Saltykova had two daughters - Ekaterina and Anna. Catherine married Karl Leopold. From this marriage, Anna Leopoldovna was born, who married Anton Ulrich. The couple had a son, known to us as Ivan the Fourth.

Such, in brief, is the genealogical tree of the Romanovs. Scheme includes all wives and children of rulers Russian Empire. Second-order relatives are not considered. Undoubtedly, the Romanovs are the brightest and most powerful dynasty that ruled Russia.

Meeting of the Great Embassy by Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and nun Martha at the Holy Gates of the Ipatiev Monastery on March 14, 1613. Miniature from the Book of the Election of the Great Sovereign and Grand Duke Mikhail Feodorovich of All Great Russia to the Highest Throne of the Great Russian Tsardom. 1673"

It was 1913. A jubilant crowd met the Emperor, who arrived with his family in Kostroma. The solemn procession was heading to the Ipatiev Monastery. Three hundred years ago, young Mikhail Romanov was hiding from the Polish interventionists within the walls of the monastery, here Moscow diplomats begged him to marry the kingdom. Here, in Kostroma, the history of the service of the Romanov dynasty to the Fatherland began, which tragically ended in 1917.

First Romanovs

Why was Mikhail Fedorovich, a seventeen-year-old boy, given responsibility for the fate of the state? The Romanov clan was closely connected with the vanished Rurik dynasty: the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, had brothers, the first Romanovs, who received a surname on behalf of their father. The most famous of them is Nikita. Boris Godunov saw the Romanovs as serious rivals in the struggle for the throne, so all the Romanovs were exiled. Only two sons of Nikita Romanov survived - Ivan and Fedor, who was tonsured a monk (in monasticism he received the name Filaret). When the Time of Troubles, disastrous for Russia, ended, it was necessary to choose a new tsar, and the choice fell on the young son of Fedor, Mikhail.

Mikhail Fedorovich ruled from 1613 to 1645, but in fact the country was ruled by his father, Patriarch Filaret. In 1645, sixteen-year-old Alexei Mikhailovich ascended the throne. During his reign, foreigners were willingly called up for service, there was an interest in Western culture and customs, and the children of Alexei Mikhailovich were influenced by European education, which largely determined the further course Russian history.

Alexei Mikhailovich was married twice: the first wife, Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, gave the king thirteen children, but only two of the five sons, Ivan and Fedor, survived their father. The children were sickly, and Ivan also suffered from dementia. From his second marriage to Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, the tsar had three children: two daughters and a son, Peter. Alexei Mikhailovich died in 1676, and Fyodor Alekseevich, a fourteen-year-old boy, was crowned king. The reign was short - until 1682. His brothers had not yet reached adulthood: Ivan was fifteen years old, and Peter was about ten. Both of them were proclaimed kings, but the government was in the hands of their regent, Princess Sophia Miloslavskaya. Having reached adulthood, Peter returned power. And although Ivan V also bore the royal title, only Peter ruled the state.

The era of Peter the Great

The Petrine era is one of the brightest pages national history. However, it is impossible to give an unambiguous assessment of either the personality of Peter I himself or his reign: despite the progressiveness of his policy, his actions were sometimes cruel and despotic. This is confirmed by the fate of his eldest son. Peter was married twice: from the union with his first wife, Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, a son, Alexei, was born. Eight years of marriage ended in divorce. Evdokia Lopukhina, the last Russian Empress, was sent to a monastery. Tsarevich Alexei, raised by his mother and her relatives, was hostile to his father. Opponents of Peter I and his reforms rallied around him. Alexei Petrovich was accused of treason and sentenced to death penalty. He died in 1718 in the Peter and Paul Fortress, without waiting for the execution of the sentence. From the second marriage with Catherine I, only two children - Elizabeth and Anna - survived their father.

After the death of Peter I in 1725, the struggle for the throne began, in fact, provoked by Peter himself: he canceled old order succession to the throne, according to which power would pass to his grandson Peter, the son of Alexei Petrovich, and issued a decree by which the autocrat himself could appoint a successor to himself, but did not have time to draw up a will. With the support of the guards and the inner circle of the deceased emperor, Catherine I ascended the throne, becoming the first empress of the Russian state. Her reign was the first in a series of reigns of women and children and marked the beginning of the era of palace coups.

Palace coups

The reign of Catherine was short-lived: from 1725 to 1727. After her death, eleven-year-old Peter II, the grandson of Peter I, came to power. He ruled for only three years and died of smallpox in 1730. This was the last representative of the Romanov family in the male line.

The administration of the state passed into the hands of the niece of Peter the Great, Anna Ivanovna, who ruled until 1740. She had no children, and according to her will, the throne passed to the grandson of her sister Ekaterina Ivanovna, Ivan Antonovich, a two-month-old baby. With the help of the guards, the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, overthrew Ivan VI and his mother and came to power in 1741. The fate of the unfortunate child is sad: he and his parents were exiled to the north, to Kholmogory. He spent his whole life in prison, first in a remote village, then in the Shlisselburg fortress, where his life ended in 1764.

Elizabeth ruled for 20 years from 1741 to 1761. - and died childless. She was the last representative of the Romanov family in a straight line. The rest of the Russian emperors, although they bore the surname of the Romanovs, actually represented the German dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp.

According to Elizabeth's will, her nephew, the son of Anna Petrovna's sister, Karl Peter Ulrich, who received the name Peter in Orthodoxy, was crowned king. But already in 1762, his wife Catherine, relying on the guards, made palace coup and came to power. Catherine II ruled Russia for more than thirty years. Perhaps that is why one of the first decrees of her son Paul I, who came to power in 1796 already at a mature age, was the return to the order of succession to the throne from father to son. However, his fate also had a tragic ending: he was killed by conspirators, and his eldest son Alexander I came to power in 1801.

From the Decembrist uprising to February Revolution.

Alexander I had no heirs, his brother Constantine did not want to reign. The incomprehensible situation with the succession to the throne provoked an uprising on Senate Square. It was severely suppressed by the new Emperor Nicholas I and went down in history as the Decembrist uprising.

Nicholas I had four sons, the eldest, Alexander II, ascended the throne. He ruled from 1855 to 1881. and died after an assassination attempt by the Narodnaya Volya.

In 1881, the son of Alexander II, Alexander III, ascended the throne. He was not the eldest son, but after the death of Tsarevich Nicholas in 1865, they began to prepare him for public service.

Exit Alexander III to the people on the Red Porch after the coronation. May 15, 1883. Engraving. 1883

After Alexander III, his eldest son, Nicholas II, was crowned king. A tragic event took place at the coronation of the last Russian emperor. It was announced that gifts would be distributed on the Khodynka field: a mug with the imperial monogram, half a loaf wheat bread, 200 grams of sausage, gingerbread with coat of arms, a handful of nuts. Thousands of people died and were maimed in the stampede for these gifts. Many who are inclined to mysticism see a direct connection between the Khodynka tragedy and the murder of the imperial family: in 1918, Nicholas II, his wife and five children were shot in Yekaterinburg on the orders of the Bolsheviks.

Makovsky V. Khodynka. Watercolor. 1899

With doom royal family the Romanov family did not die out. Most of the Grand Dukes and Duchesses with their families managed to escape from the country. In particular, the sisters of Nicholas II - Olga and Xenia, his mother Maria Feodorovna, his uncle - Alexander III's brother Vladimir Alexandrovich. It is from him that the clan that heads the Imperial House today comes.

Russian tsars. Romanov dynasty

Russian tsars. Romanov dynasty.

The Romanov dynasty and their family

Reading history great Russia, we cannot but recall the proud Romanov dynasty. It was they who were remembered for their unchanging patriotism and many unexpected events. Each sovereign has gone through hard times, lifting the country out of poverty as a result of constant wars. It is no secret that the history of the Romanov dynasty is thoroughly saturated with secrets and bloody events. Practically every representative of this kind honored the interests of the people, but at the same time was distinguished by cruelty.

On the pages of our resource you can find the sections "the first Romanovs" or "the history of the Romanov dynasty". Everyone has the right to decide for himself what role this long family played in history. Russian state. Their accession took place under strange circumstances that constantly carried the mystery of death. A lot of historical figures who were directly related to the Romanovs were remembered for their contradictory actions. You can also read about the influence of some of them here, from Patriarch Filaret to Rasputin. Naturally, the Romanov dynasty itself keeps many secrets, which, perhaps, are not entirely positive. Their genealogy is not known for certain, there are several versions of who was the ancestor of the great kings.

It is no secret that the Romanov dynasty was able to survive both the Time of Troubles and the reign of two False Dmitrys. But their strength did not squint, they succeeded one another without thinking about their predecessors. Someone ruled wisely, someone made many mistakes, but all of them did not have the right to make a mistake. If the sovereign stumbled, the country suffered great losses. With our help, you can restore the path of this family, get to know the last of the Romanovs and their secrets. The brightest personalities from this ancient family will no longer be phantoms for you, you will experience their losses and rejoice in victories.

In February 1613, among the dirt and debris left by foreign invaders in the Grand Kremlin Palace, the hiding and persecuted sixteen-year-old Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was proclaimed the Tsar of All Rus'. It is from him that the history of the Romanov dynasty begins, which determined the fate of Russia for three millennia. The line of dynastic rulers had peak points - the ruler Alexei, who raised Russia to positions that have importance in countries of Eastern Europe; Peter the Great - who created an invincible army and a new capital, St. Petersburg, and forcibly raised Rus' from the Middle Ages to the present, and three empresses of the 18th century, Anna, Elizabeth and Catherine the Great, who interrupted the tradition of male rule. Catherine, in particular, brought the ideas of the Enlightenment to Russia and became famous for decorating the palace. However, the history of the Romanov dynasty also had its gloomy notes.

The Moscow boyar, from whom the Romanov dynasty originates, was called Roman. There is evidence that he died in 1543. The history of the Romanov dynasty included two children from the Romanov family: Anastasia, who successfully married Ivan IV the Terrible, and her brother Nikita, who faithfully served his reigning son-in-law, nevertheless, remaining uninvolved in his atrocities.

The Romanov family, in particular Nikita, could boast of large offspring, including Fedor Romanov, who in his declining years became the patriarch of All Rus' and accepted church name Filaret. He, in turn, had a son, Michael. In the 17th century, when Russia was tormented by war with Sweden and ongoing internecine wars, the state did not have a legitimate ruler. Thanks to the reputation of Nikita and Anastasia, the Romanov family was in good standing, and that is why in February 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich, the sixteen-year-old son of Patriarch Filaret, marked the accession of the Romanovs to the throne of Moscow.

Michael entrenched himself on the throne for thirty-two years. In 1645 he was replaced by his son Alexei, who also ruled for quite a long time, more than thirty years. After the reign of Alexei, the succession to the throne was fraught with some difficulties. Since 1676, Alexei's son Fyodor ruled Russia for six years. After his death, in 1682, the reign of the Romanov dynasty was continued by his brothers Peter I and Ivan V, who for fourteen years exercised the so-called dual power.

In fact, their power-hungry sister Sophia was in charge of the country. For these purposes, there was a double throne with a hole through which Sophia whispered instructions to the brothers.

At the age of seventeen, Peter I got bored with this, he seized power and old tradition The Romanov family did not fail to hide Sophia in a monastery. One of the most famous rulers of the Romanov dynasty, the strongman Peter, better known as the legendary "Peter the Great", the first emperor of all Russia. He was a heartless ruler who set himself the goal of reorganizing his underdeveloped country in a Western fashion. Despite the advanced initiatives, he was a wayward tyrant, to match his predecessor, the husband of the first Romanova in power, Anastasia - Ivan the Terrible. Some researchers reject the significance of the Petrine perestroikas and the policy of the Romanovs in general during this period. He was in such a hurry to achieve his goals in the shortest way and used such clumsy methods that after his untimely death, the empire very quickly returned to the state from which Peter I Romanov tried to bring it out. It turned out that it was impossible to completely change the people in one fell swoop, even by building a newly minted capital, shaving their beards and ordering them to gather for political rallies. More important is the politics of the Romanovs; in particular, the administrative reforms introduced by Peter - but they did not transform as much as we usually think.

The reign of the Romanov Dynasty, starting with Catherine I, acquired completely new facets. In this troubled time, the fate of the country was decided by military dictatorships, which put women on the throne - hoping that it would be easier to manage them. Peter the Great reigned on the throne for forty-three years. This is more than anyone from the Romanov dynasty. Following him, it became simply dangerous for a man to be the head of the Russian throne.

Beginning with the first Romanovs, the history of the royal family is full of murders, deaths, bloodshed and intra-family strife. No wonder the last of the Romanovs, the great Emperor Nicholas II, was nicknamed the Bloody, although the monarch himself did not have a cruel disposition.

Emperor of All Russia, Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland Nicholas II of the Romanov dynasty ascended the throne in 1894.

The reign of Nicholas II was marked by a rapid economic leap in Russia, at the same time, the simultaneous growth of various social and political contradictions within the country, the emergence of a revolutionary movement, which ultimately led to the revolutionary uprising of 1905-1907 and the February revolution of 1917.

Nicholas II is described as a gentle, highly educated and sincerely devoted person to the ideals of the country, but at the same time extremely stubborn. Hence the stubbornness in rejecting the opinions of experienced dignitaries in governing the country, which led to fatal mistakes in the policy of the Romanovs. The emperor's devoted love for his own wife, who in some historical sources was known as a somewhat mentally unbalanced person, gave rise to the discrediting of the royal family as the only true power. This was explained by the fact that the wife of the great emperor had a weighty word in government and did not miss the opportunity to use it - this did not suit many high-ranking officials. Many considered the last of the Romanov family to be a fatalist, while others were of the opinion that the emperor was simply indifferent to the suffering of the people.

The bloody revolution of 1917 was the result of the shattered power of the autocrat during the First World War and the ineffective policy of the Romanovs during this difficult period for the empire. The antagonists of the royal family argued that during this period, Nicholas II was unable to timely implement the necessary political and social reorganizations.

The February Revolution of 1917 forced the last Romanov abdicate the throne. As a result, Nicholas II, together with the royal family, was under house arrest in the palace in Tsarskoye Selo.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Romanov dynasty ruled over one-sixth of the earth's surface. It was practically a whole world, self-sufficient, independent and absolute, concentrating in itself the greatest wealth in Europe. The culture of Rus', rich and vibrant, continued to shine for decades after the death of its high benefactor. This was the world that ended after the execution of the royal family, the last of the Romanovs: Nicholas II and Alexandra, and their five children, in the basement of the Ipatiev house in the Ural city of Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16/17, 1918.

Royal Russia is a historically fixed formation, one of the most influential moments of which is the Romanov dynasty. Therefore, we, as their descendants, must remember the great monarchs who wisely and fairly (albeit not always) ruled a vast country. Our website has been created to give those who are interested in the necessary information about the members of this extended family.

We invite you to recall the history of the Romanov dynasty with the help of a chronological selection of important or interesting events.

February 21, 1613 Romanov was elected tsar

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected tsar at the age of 16 by the Zemsky Sobor. The choice fell on the young prince, because he was a descendant of the Rurikids, the first dynasty of Russian tsars. The death of the last representative of their line, Theodore I (he was childless) in 1598 marked the beginning of a turbulent period in Russian history. The ascension to the throne of the founder of the Romanov dynasty marked the end of the Time of Troubles. Michael I pacified and restored the country. He made peace with the Poles and Swedes, took care of the finances of the kingdom, reorganized the army, created industry. He had ten children from his second wife Evdokia Streshneva. Five survived, including Tsarevich Alexei (1629-1675), who, like his father, came to the throne at 16.

May 7, 1682: murder of the first Romanov?

20 years. That was how much Tsar Fedor III had at the time of his death on May 7, 1682. The eldest son of Alexei I and his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, was in very poor health. So, in 1676, the coronation ceremony (it usually lasts three hours) was reduced to the maximum so that the weak monarch could defend it to the end. Be that as it may, in fact he turned out to be a reformer and innovator. He reorganized the civil service, modernized the army, banned private tutors and the study of foreign languages ​​without the supervision of official teachers.

Be that as it may, his death seems suspicious to some experts: there are theories that Sister Sophia poisoned him. Perhaps he became the first in a long list of Romanovs who died at the hands of close relatives?

Two kings on the throne

After the death of Fedor III, Ivan V, the second son of Alexei I from his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, was to replace him. Nevertheless, he was a man of narrow mind, incapable of ruling. As a result, he shared the throne with his half-brother Peter (10 years old), the son of Natalia Naryshkina. He spent more than 13 years on the throne, without really ruling the country. In the early years, Ivan V's elder sister Sophia ruled everything. In 1689, Peter I removed her from power after an unsuccessful plot to kill his brother: as a result, she had to take monastic vows. After the death of Ivan V on February 8, 1696, Peter became a full-fledged Russian monarch.

1721: Tsar becomes emperor

Peter I, monarch, autocrat, reformer, conqueror and winner of the Swedes (after more than 20 years of war on August 30, 1721, the Peace of Nystad was signed), received from the Senate (it was created by the king in 1711, and its members were appointed by him) the titles "Great ”, “Father of the Fatherland” and “Emperor of All Russia”. Thus, he became the first emperor of Russia, and since then this designation of the monarch has finally replaced the tsar.

Four empresses

When Peter the Great died without appointing an heir, his second wife Catherine was proclaimed empress in January 1725. This allowed the Romanovs to remain on the throne. Catherine I continued her husband's work until her death in 1727.

The second Empress Anna I was the daughter of Ivan V and the niece of Peter I. She sat on the throne from January 1730 to October 1740, but was not interested in state affairs, in fact transferring the leadership of the country to her lover Ernst Johann Biron.

Context

How the tsars returned to Russian history

Atlantico 19.08.2015

The Romanov dynasty - despots and warriors?

Daily Mail 02.02.2016

Moscow was ruled by "Russian" tsars?

Obozrevatel 04/08/2016

Tsar Peter the Great was not Russian

02/05/2016 The third empress was Elizaveta Petrovna, the second daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine. At first, she was not allowed to ascend the throne, because she was born before the marriage of her parents, but then she nevertheless stood at the head of the country after the bloodless coup d'état of 1741, removing the regent Anna Leopoldovna (the granddaughter of Ivan V and the mother of Tsar Ivan VI, appointed by Anna I). After her coronation in 1742, Elizabeth I continued her father's conquests. The Empress restored and beautified St. Petersburg, which had been abandoned to please Moscow. She died in 1761, leaving no descendants, but appointing her nephew Peter III as her successor.

The last in a series of Russian empresses was Catherine II the Great, born in Prussia under the name of Sophia Augusta Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst. She took power, overthrowing the wife of Peter III in 1762, just a few months after his coronation. Her long reign(34 years - a record among the Romanov dynasty) was one of the most prominent. Being an enlightened despot, she expanded the territory of the country, strengthened the central government, developed industry and trade, improved Agriculture and continued the arrangement of St. Petersburg. She became famous as a philanthropist, was a friend of philosophers and scientists, left a rich legacy after her death in November 1796.

March 11-12, 1801: conspiracy against Paul I

That night, Catherine II's son Paul I was murdered in the Mikhailovsky Castle after refusing to abdicate. A conspiracy against the emperor, who was considered by many crazy (he carried out a very extravagant internal and foreign policy), was arranged by the governor of St. Petersburg, Peter Alekseevich Palen. Among the conspirators was the eldest son of the late Alexander I, who was convinced that they only wanted to overthrow, and not kill the king. According to the official version, the emperor died of apoplexy.

45 thousand dead and wounded

Such are the losses of the Russian army in the Battle of Borodino (124 kilometers from Moscow). There Grand Army Napoleon clashed on September 7, 1812 with the troops of Alexander I. As night fell Russian army retreated. Napoleon could have marched on Moscow. This was a humiliation for the king and kindled his hatred for Napoleon: now his goal was to continue the war until the power of the French emperor in Europe fell. To do this, he made an alliance with Prussia. On March 31, 1814, Alexander I entered Paris in triumph. On April 9, Napoleon abdicated.

7 assassination attempts on Alexander II

Emperor Alexander II seemed too liberal to the aristocracy, but this was clearly not enough for the oppositionists who sought to eliminate him. The first assassination attempt took place on April 16, 1866 in a summer garden in St. Petersburg: the terrorist's bullet only touched him. The following year, they tried to kill him during the World Exhibition in Paris. In 1879 there were as many as three assassination attempts. In February 1880, an explosion occurred in the dining room of the Winter Palace. The king then gave a dinner in honor of his wife's brother. Luckily, he was not in the room at the time, because he was still receiving guests.

The sixth assassination attempt took place on March 13, 1881 on the embankment of the Catherine Canal in St. Petersburg: the explosion claimed the lives of three people. Uninjured Alexander approached the neutralized terrorist. At that moment, a Narodnaya Volya member Ignaty Grinevitsky threw a bomb at him. The seventh attempt was successful ...

Emperor Nicholas II was crowned with his wife Alexandra (Victoria Alice Elena Louise Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt) on May 26, 1896 in the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. The festive dinner was attended by 7 thousand guests. However, the events were overshadowed by tragedy: several thousand people died in a stampede during the distribution of gifts and food on the Khodynka field. The king, despite what happened, did not change the program and went to see the French ambassador. This aroused the anger of the people and exacerbated the hostility between the monarch and his subjects.

304 years of reign

It was for so many years that the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. The descendants of Michael I ruled until the February Revolution of 1917. In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, but he did not accept the throne, which marked the end of the monarchy.
In August 1917, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile to Tobolsk, and then to Yekaterinburg. On the night of July 16-17, 1918, he was shot, along with his wife and five children, on the orders of the Bolsheviks.

The last more than 300 years of Russian autocracy (1613-1917) are historically associated with the Romanov dynasty, which gained a foothold on the Russian throne during the period known as the Time of Troubles. The appearance of a new dynasty on the throne is always a major political event and is often associated with a revolution or coup, that is, the forcible removal of the old dynasty. In Russia, the change of dynasties was caused by the suppression of the ruling branch of the Rurikids in the offspring of Ivan the Terrible. Problems of succession to the throne gave rise to a deep socio-political crisis, accompanied by the intervention of foreigners. Never in Russia have the supreme rulers changed so often, each time bringing a new dynasty to the throne. Among the contenders for the throne were representatives from different social strata, there were also foreign candidates from among the "natural" dynasties. The descendants of the Rurikovichs (Vasily Shuisky, 1606-1610), then came from among the untitled boyars (Boris Godunov, 1598-1605), then impostors (False Dmitry I, 1605-1606; False Dmitry II, 1607-1610) became kings .). No one managed to gain a foothold on the Russian throne until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov was elected to the kingdom, and finally a new ruling dynasty was established in his person. Why did the historical choice fall on the Romanov family? Where did they come from and what did they look like by the time they came to power?
The genealogical past of the Romanovs was quite clearly represented already in the middle of the 16th century, when the rise of their family began. In accordance with the political tradition of that time, the genealogies contained the legend of the “departure”. Having become related to the Rurikovichs (see table), the boyar family of the Romanovs also borrowed the general direction of the legend: Rurik in the 14th “knee” was derived from the legendary Prussian, and the native “from the Prussian” was recognized as the ancestor of the Romanovs. The Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Yakovlevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins and other well-known families in Russian history are traditionally considered to be of the same origin with the Romanovs (from the legendary Kambila).
An original interpretation of the origin of all genera that have a legend about leaving "from the Prussians" (with a predominant interest in ruling house Romanovs) gave in the XIX century. Petrov P.N., whose work has been reprinted in large numbers already today. (Petrov P.N. History of the birth of the Russian nobility. Vol. 1–2, St. Petersburg, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991. - 420s. ; 318 p.). He considers the ancestors of these families to be Novgorodians who broke with their homeland for political reasons at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. and went to the service of the Moscow prince. The assumption is based on the fact that in the Zagorodsky end of Novgorod there was a Prussian street, from which the road to Pskov began. Its inhabitants traditionally supported the opposition against the Novgorod aristocracy and were called "Prussians". “Why should we look for other people's Prussians? ...” - asks P.N. Petrov, calling on “to dispel the darkness of fairy-tale fictions, which were still accepted as truth and who wanted to impose a non-Russian origin on the Romanov family at all costs.”

Table 1.

The genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII - XIV centuries) are given in the interpretation of Petrov P.N. (Petrov P.N. History of the birth of Russian nobility. T. 1-2, - St. Petersburg, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991. - 420s.; 318 p.).
1 Ratsha (Radsha, Christian name Stefan) is the legendary founder of many noble families of Russia: Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Neplyuevs, Kobylins, etc. A native of the "Prussians", according to Petrov P. N. Novgorod, a servant of Vsevolod Olgovich, and maybe Mstislav the Great; according to another version of Serbian origin
2 Yakun (Christian name Mikhail), Novgorod mayor, died in monasticism with the name Mitrofan in 1206
3 Aleksa (Christian name Gorislav), in monasticism Varlaam St. Khutynsky, died in 1215 or 1243.
4 Gabriel, hero of the Battle of the Neva in 1240, died in 1241
5 Ivan is a Christian name, in the Pushkin family tree - Ivan Morkhinya. According to Petrov P.N. before baptism was called Gland Kambila Divonovich, moved "from the Prussians" in the 13th century, the generally accepted ancestor of the Romanovs .;
6 Petrov P.N. considers this Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose five sons became the founders of 17 families of the Russian nobility, including the Romanovs.
7 Grigory Aleksandrovich Pushka, the founder of the Pushkin family, is mentioned under 1380. From him the branch was called the Pushkins.
8 Anastasia Romanova - the first wife of Ivan IV, the mother of the last Tsar Rurikovich - Fedor Ivanovich, through her the genealogical relationship of the Rurik dynasties with the Romanovs and Pushkins is established.
9 Fedor Nikitich Romanov (born between 1554-1560, died 1663) from 1587 - boyar, from 1601 - tonsured a monk with the name Filaret, patriarch from 1619. Father of the first king of the new dynasty.
10 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the founder of a new dynasty, was elected to the kingdom in 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor. The Romanov dynasty occupied the Russian throne until the 1917 revolution.
11 Alexei Mikhailovich - Tsar (1645-1676).
12 Maria Alekseevna Pushkina married Osip (Abram) Petrovich Gannibal, their daughter Nadezhda Osipovna is the mother of the great Russian poet. Through it - the intersection of the Pushkin and Hannibal families.

Without discarding the traditionally recognized ancestor of the Romanovs in the person of Andrei Ivanovich, but developing the idea of ​​​​the Novgorod origin of the “leaving the Prussians”, Petrov P.N. believes that Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla is the grandson of the Novgorodian Iakinf the Great and is related to the Ratsha family (Ratsha is a diminutive of Ratislav. (See Table 2).
In the annals, he is mentioned under 1146 among other Novgorodians on the side of Vsevolod Olgovich (son-in-law of Mstislav, the Grand Duke of Kyiv 1125-32). At the same time, Gland Kambila Divonovich, the traditional ancestor, “a native of the Prussian”, disappears from the scheme, and until the middle of the 12th century. the Novgorod roots of Andrei Kobyla are traced, who, as mentioned above, is considered the first documented ancestor of the Romanovs.
The formation of the reigning from the beginning of the XVII century. genus and the allocation of the ruling branch is presented in the form of a chain of Kobylina - Koshkina - Zakharyina - Yuriev - Romanov (see Table 3), reflecting the transformation of a family nickname into a surname. The rise of the clan dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is connected with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - Anastasia. (See Table 4. At that time, it was the only non-titled surname that remained in the forefront of the old Moscow boyars in the stream of new titled servants who flooded the sovereign's Court in the second half of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century (princes Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky , Trubetskoy).
The ancestor of the Romanov branch was the third son of Roman Yuryevich Zakharin - Nikita Romanovich (d. 1586), the brother of Empress Anastasia. His descendants were already called Romanovs. Nikita Romanovich - a Moscow boyar since 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and diplomatic negotiations, after the death of Ivan IV, headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). One of the few Moscow boyars of the 16th century who left a good memory among the people: name preserved folk epic depicting him as a good-natured mediator between the people and the formidable Tsar Ivan.
Of the six sons of Nikita Romanovich, the eldest stood out especially - Fedor Nikitich (later - Patriarch Filaret, the unspoken co-ruler of the first Russian tsar of the Romanov family) and Ivan Nikitich, who was part of the Seven Boyars. The popularity of the Romanovs, acquired by their personal qualities, increased from the persecution they were subjected to by Boris Godunov, who saw in them potential rivals in the struggle for the royal throne.

Table 2 and 3.

Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov. Rise to power of a new dynasty

In October 1612, as a result of the successful actions of the second militia under the command of Prince Pozharsky and the merchant Minin, Moscow was liberated from the Poles. Provisional Government established and elections announced Zemsky Sobor, the convocation of which was planned for the beginning of 1613. There was one, but extremely painful issue on the agenda - the election of a new dynasty. They unanimously decided not to choose from foreign royal houses, and there was no unity regarding domestic candidates. Among the noble candidates for the throne (princes Golitsyn, Mstislavsky, Pozharsky, Trubetskoy) was 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov from an old boyar, but untitled family. By himself, he had little chance of winning, but the interests of the nobility and the Cossacks, who played a certain role during the Time of Troubles, converged on his candidacy. The boyars hoped for his inexperience and expected to maintain their political positions, which had strengthened during the years of the Seven Boyars. The political past of the Romanov family was also at hand, as mentioned above. They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. Agitation was actively conducted among the people in favor of Michael, which also played an important role in his approval on the throne. The final decision was made on February 21, 1613. Michael was chosen by the Council, approved by "the whole earth." The outcome of the case was decided by a note by an unknown ataman, who stated that Mikhail Romanov was the closest relative to the former dynasty and could be considered a “natural” Russian tsar.
Thus, autocracy of a legitimate nature (by birthright) was restored in his face. The possibilities of alternative political development of Russia, laid down during the Time of Troubles, or rather, in the then formed tradition of electiveness (and hence the replacement) of monarchs, were lost.
Behind Tsar Mikhail for 14 years stood his father, Fyodor Nikitich, better known as Filaret, Patriarch of the Russian Church (officially since 1619). The case is unique not only in Russian history: the son occupies the highest state post, the father - the highest church. This is hardly a coincidence. Reflections on the role of the Romanov clan during the Time of Troubles are suggested by some Interesting Facts. For example, it is known that Grigory Otrepiev, who appeared on the Russian throne under the name of False Dmitry I, was a servant of the Romanovs before being exiled to the monastery, and he, having become a self-proclaimed tsar, returned Filaret from exile, elevated him to the rank of metropolitan. False Dmitry II, in whose Tushino headquarters Filaret was, made him a patriarch. But be that as it may, at the beginning of the XVII century. a new dynasty was established in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.

Tables 4 and 5.

Dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, their role in Russian history

During the XVIII century. Genealogical ties between the Romanov dynasty and other dynasties were intensively established, which expanded to such an extent that, figuratively speaking, the Romanovs themselves were dissolved in them. These ties were formed mainly through the system of dynastic marriages, established in Russia since the time of Peter I. (see Tables 7-9). The tradition of equal marriages in the conditions of dynastic crises, so characteristic of Russia in the 20-60s of the 18th century, led to the transfer of the Russian throne into the hands of another dynasty, whose representative acted on behalf of the vanished Romanov dynasty (in male offspring - after his death in 1730 Mr. Peter II).
During the XVIII century. the transition from one dynasty to another was carried out both along the line of Ivan V - to representatives of the Mecklenburg and Brunswick dynasties (see Table 6), and along the line of Peter I - to members of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty (see Table 6), whose descendants occupied the Russian throne on behalf of the Romanovs from Peter III to Nicholas II (see Table 5). The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, in turn, was a younger branch of the Danish Oldenburg dynasty. In the 19th century the tradition of dynastic marriages continued, genealogical connections multiplied (see Table 9), giving rise to the desire to “hide” the foreign roots of the first Romanovs, so traditional for the Russian centralized state and burdensome for the second half of the 18th – 19th centuries. The political need to emphasize the Slavic roots of the ruling dynasty was reflected in the interpretation of Petrov P.N.

Table 6

Table 7

Ivan V was on the Russian throne for 14 years (1682-96) together with Peter I (1682-1726), initially under the regency of his older sister Sophia (1682-89). He did not take an active part in the government of the country, descendants male did not have, his two daughters (Anna and Ekaterina) were married, based on the state interests of Russia at the beginning of the 18th century (see table 6). In the conditions of the dynastic crisis of 1730, when the male offspring line of Peter I, the descendants of Ivan V were established on the Russian throne: daughter - Anna Ioannovna (1730-40), great-grandson Ivan VI (1740-41) under the regency of Anna Leopoldovna's mother, in the person of whom representatives of Brunswick actually appeared on the Russian throne dynasties. The coup of 1741 returned the throne to the descendants of Peter I. However, having no direct heirs, Elizaveta Petrovna transferred the Russian throne to her nephew Peter III, who belonged to the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty by his father. The Oldenburg dynasty (through the Holstein-Gottorp branch) is connected with the Romanov dynasty in the person of Peter III and his descendants.

Table 8

1 Peter II is the grandson of Peter I, the last male representative of the Romanov family (by his mother, a representative of the Blankenburg-Wolfenbüttel dynasty).

2 Paul I and his descendants, who ruled Russia until 1917, from the point of view of origin, did not belong to the Romanov family (Paul I was a representative of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty on his father, and Anhalt-Zerbt dynasty on his mother).

Table 9

1 Paul I had seven children, of which: Anna - the wife of Prince Wilhelm, later King of the Netherlands (1840-49); Catherine - since 1809 the wife of the prince
George of Oldenburg, since 1816 married to Prince Wilhelm of Württemburg, who later became king; Alexandra - the first marriage with Gustav IV, the Swedish king (until 1796), the second marriage - since 1799 with Archduke Joseph, the Hungarian stole.
2 Daughters of Nicholas I: Maria - since 1839 the wife of Maximilian, Duke of Leitenberg; Olga - since 1846 the wife of the Württemberg Crown Prince, then - King Charles I.
3 Other children of Alexander II: Maria - since 1874 married to Alfred Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; Sergei - married to Elizabeth Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Hesse; Pavel - since 1889 married to the Greek Queen Alexandra Georgievna.

On February 27, 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, during which the autocracy was overthrown. On March 3, 1917, the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II, in a military trailer near Mogilev, where the Headquarters was located at that time, signed his abdication. This ended the history of monarchical Russia, which on September 1, 1917 was declared a republic. The family of the deposed emperor was arrested and deported to Yekaterinburg, and in the summer of 1918, when there was a threat of the capture of the city by the army of A.V. Kolchak, they were shot by order of the Bolsheviks. Together with the emperor, his heir, the minor son Alexei, was liquidated. The younger brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, the heir of the second circle, in whose favor Nicholas II abdicated the throne, was killed a few days earlier near Perm. This is where the story of the Romanov family should end. However, excluding all legends and versions, it can be reliably said that this family has not died out. Survived lateral, in relation to the last emperors, branch - the descendants of Alexander II (see table 9, continued). Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (1876-1938) was next in line to the throne after Mikhail Alexandrovich, the younger brother of the last emperor. In 1922, after the completion civil war in Russia and the final confirmation of information about the death of the entire imperial family, Kirill Vladimirovich declared himself Guardian of the Throne, and in 1924 took the title of Emperor of All Russia, Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad. His seven-year-old son Vladimir Kirillovich was proclaimed heir to the throne with the title Grand Duke Heir Tsesarevich. He succeeded his father in 1938 and was Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad until his death in 1992 (see Table 9, continued.) He was buried on May 29, 1992 under the vaults of the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. His daughter Maria Vladimirovna became the head of the Russian Imperial House (abroad).

Milevich S.V. - Toolkit for a course in genealogy. Odessa, 2000.