The birth and collapse of the “thaw”. Presentation on the history of the "Khrushchev Thaw" Khrushchev Thaw presentation
“Thaw” N.S. Khrushchev (1953 – 1964) « « Very little time will pass and both the Manezh and the corn will be forgotten... And people will live in his houses for a long time. Liberated or people... and no one will have any evil towards him - neither tomorrow, nor after tomorrow. Khrushchev is that rare, albeit controversial, figure who personifies not only goodness, but also desperate personal courage, which it would be a good idea for all of us to learn from him...” M. Romm. I. The struggle for power. N.S. Khrushchev, G.M. Malenkov, G.K. Zhukov v. L.P. Beria:
- N.S. Khrushchev, G.M. Malenkov, G.K. Zhukov v. L.P. Beria: A) arrest of Beria by the military; B) execution as a foreign spy (= Stalin’s methods) 12/23/53
- the costs of transporting raw materials and components have been reduced,
- Cooperation between enterprises located in the same territory has increased,
- Local industry has strengthened.
- Difficulties arose in the implementation of economic ties between large regions.
- The number of management staff has increased
- The dictates of sectoral departments were replaced by the dictates of territorial economic councils.
- Pension reform: A) reduction of the retirement age by 5 years; B) increase in pensions by 2 times; B) pension for collective farmers.
- Period 1953-1958: A) increase in purchase prices; B) writing off debts to collective farms; C) additional supplies of agricultural equipment.
- Use of nuclear energy: A) 1954 - the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk (mothballed in 2002),
- Education Reform, 1958: A) compulsory education – 8 grades; B) further ShRM, technical school or grades 9-11 (+ vocational training);
C) to a university only if you have 2 years of production experience or service in the SA
2. Adoption of resolutions abolishing negative assessments of the creativity of cultural figures during Stalin’s time. 2. Adoption of resolutions abolishing negative assessments of the creativity of cultural figures during Stalin’s time. 3. The emergence of new literary magazines: A) “Youth”; B) “Young Guard”... 4. New creative teams: A) “Sovremennik”; B) Taganka Theater 5. Weakening of the “Iron Curtain”: 5. Weakening of the “Iron Curtain”: A) foreign tours; B) International Festival of Youth and Students; IN) International competitions performers named after P.I., Tchaikovsky 6. Persecution of cultural figures: 6. Persecution of cultural figures: A) “The Pasternak Case” - persecution of a writer because of publication in the West and an award Nobel Prize for “Doctor Zhivago” B) the destruction of an exhibition of abstract artists in the Manege; B) the destruction of an exhibition of abstractionists in the Manege; B) meetings N.S. Khrushchev with cultural figures VIII. Novocherkassk, 1962 1. Reason: simultaneous reduction of prices by 30% and increase in prices by 25 - 30% for products 2. Events: 2. Events: A) 01.06 - strike of 11 thousand NEVZ workers; B) 02.06 – citywide strike; C) dispersal with the help of the army. 3. Consequences: 3. Consequences: A) 112 people - convicted; B) 9 men – the death penalty, 2 women – 15 years old; C) all the wounded and their families - to Siberia
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“Thaw” (1953-1964) Famous Soviet writer I.G. Ehrenburg called this period the “thaw” that came after the long and harsh Stalinist “winter.”
“Thaw” (1953-1964) “Thaw” is an unofficial designation for the period in the history of the USSR after the death of Stalin. It was characterized by the condemnation of the personality cult of Stalin, the repressions of the 1930s, the liberalization of the regime, the release of political prisoners, the refusal of the authorities to resolve internal disputes through violence, the weakening of totalitarian power, the emergence of some freedom of speech, the relative democratization of political and public life, openness Western world, more freedom creative activity
Report by N.S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU “On the cult of personality and its consequences” (February 1956)
“Thaw” in the economy Decentralization of economic management and restructuring of industrial management from a sectoral principle to a territorial one (economic councils, 1957) Development of new industries (nuclear, space) Writing off debts from collective farms and reducing taxation of collective farms Expanding the economic independence of collective farms Development of virgin lands Elimination of MTS and sale of equipment to collective farms “Corn Epic” Unreasonable assignments for meat procurement, significant reduction in livestock RESULTS Fall in agricultural production. Deterioration of food supply to the population. Beginning of grain imports from abroad.
“Thaw” in the social sphere Increasing the minimum wage by 35% Increasing the size of old-age pensions by 2 times and reducing the retirement age by 5 years Deployment of mass housing construction (“Khrushchev”) Introduction of cash wages for collective farmers Establishment of a 7-hour working day
Normalization of relations with Yugoslavia (1954-1955) Signing of a peace treaty with Austria and the return of its sovereignty (1955) Meeting between N. Khrushchev and D. Eisenhower (1959) Unilateral reduction of the army Treaty between the USSR, USA and Great Britain on the prohibition nuclear tests in the atmosphere and under water (1963) “Thaw” in foreign policy Creation of the Department of Internal Affairs (1955) Suppression of the popular uprising in Hungary (1956) Worsening relations with Germany and the construction of the Berlin Wall (1962) Cuban missile crisis and nuclear confrontation between the USSR and the USA (1962)
education reform Goal Strengthening the connection between school and industry Elimination of 7-year compulsory and 10-year complete education Introduction of compulsory 8-year education. Obtaining secondary education through: Main directions College 3-year industrial training ShRM Receiving higher education if you have work experience Consequences Increased labor turnover in production Decreased level of labor discipline
The beginning of rehabilitation, criticism of Stalin’s “cult of personality” The beginning of the publication of new magazines “Youth”, “Foreign Literature” “The Thaw” in literature (I. Erenburg, A. Tvardovsky, A. Solzhenitsyn) The emergence of new theater groups (“Sovremennik”, Taganka Theater) “Thaw” in culture Control of the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia Persecution of B. Pasternak for the novel “Doctor Zhivago” Resumption of arrests for “anti-Soviet activities”
SPACE CONSTRUCTION October 1957, for the first time in the world, an artificial Earth satellite was launched into space orbit. In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin made the first manned space flight in history. This was followed by the flights of G. Titov, A. Nikolaev, A. Popovich, V. Tereshkova and R. Bykovsky. P.S. The Americans wanted to be the first to send a man into space, but we stopped them)
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY In 1957, the world's most powerful synchrophasotron was launched in the USSR. Nuclear power plants also began to be created. In 1954, the world's first Obninsk nuclear power plant came into operation. In the mid-60s. Beloyarskaya was built (in Sverdlovsk region) and Novo-Voronezh NPP.
Governance reforms national economy Measures to improve life Soviet people“Thaw” in cultural life New realities of foreign policy Peaceful coexistence and expansion of cooperation with foreign countries Controversial reformism of N.S. Khrushchev Economic “slippage” and the myth of a bright communist future Price increases. Tragedy in Novocherkassk Strengthening control by the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia Arms race. The entry of troops of the Warsaw Warsaw countries into Hungary. Caribbean crisis
Increasing dissatisfaction in society with the policies of N.S. Khrushchev: Citizens - dissatisfied with the increase in prices for food products Peasants - dissatisfied with the reduction of personal subsidiary plots Intellectuals - dissatisfied with the inconsistency of the cultural "thaw" Military - dissatisfied with the reduction of the army Officials - dissatisfied with the constant shake-up of personnel
Virgin land is the general name for poorly developed lands in Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Far East. The term appeared in the USSR when in 1954–1960. an attempt was made through the so-called. “virgin land development” to eliminate the backlog Agriculture and increase grain production.
CHANGES IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE COUNTRY The beginning of the process of de-Stalinization in cultural policy. With the beginning of the Khrushchev Thaw, the process of overcoming Stalinism affected various areas of culture, contributed to the restoration of cultural continuity, and the expansion of international contacts. The party and government apparatus made some concessions in these areas, which allowed for some departure from the principles of socialist realism.
After the death of I.V. Stalin, the Ministry of Culture of the USSR was created (headed by E.A. Furtseva), the role of creative unions and congresses of artistic intelligentsia (the Union of Artists of the RSFSR, the Union of Writers of the RSFSR, the Union of Cinematograph Workers of the USSR) increased. The good names of figures of science, art, and literature (O. Mandelstam, B. Pilnyak, I. Babel, etc.) were restored. At the same time, the concept of cultural policy itself did not change: the principle of partisanship in literature and art continued to operate in full. In connection with the adoption of the new CPSU Program (1961), the creative intelligentsia was tasked with truthfully reflecting socialist reality and the achievements of the national economy, and exposing bourgeois culture. After the death of I.V. Stalin, the Ministry of Culture of the USSR was created (headed by E.A. Furtseva), the role of creative unions and congresses of artistic intelligentsia (the Union of Artists of the RSFSR, the Union of Writers of the RSFSR, the Union of Cinematograph Workers of the USSR) increased. The good names of figures of science, art, and literature (O. Mandelstam, B. Pilnyak, I. Babel, etc.) were restored. At the same time, the concept of cultural policy itself did not change: the principle of partisanship in literature and art continued to operate in full. In connection with the adoption of the new CPSU Program (1961), the creative intelligentsia was tasked with truthfully reflecting socialist reality and the achievements of the national economy, and exposing bourgeois culture.
THE SIXTEIES Chronologically, the thaw in the field of culture began earlier than in political sphere. Already in 1953-1956. writers I. Erenburg, M. Dudintsev, critic V. Pomerantsev in their works raised questions that concern everyone: about the role of the intelligentsia in national history, her relationship with the party, about the significance of the creativity of artists and writers in the existing system. In connection with the onset of the thaw, a split occurred among the intelligentsia into conservatives, who remained faithful to the old principles, and liberals (the sixties), who made an attempt to change the position and role of the creative intelligentsia in the country.
NEW TRENDS IN THE ARTISTIC LIFE OF THE COUNTRY Thaw in literature As a result of changes in the socio-political life of the country, many literary figures have been rehabilitated, incl. A.A. Akhmatova, M.M. Zoshchenko and others. Works that were undeservedly forgotten or simply unknown have become available. The publication of new and some old literary and artistic magazines began.
SAMIZDAT At the end of the 50s, samizdat (uncensored literature) became widespread, playing a significant role in the public life of that time. The organizer of samizdat was the young generation of Moscow intelligentsia - writers, poets, philosophers, who did not obey the official course. The first samizdat magazine Syntax was founded by the poet A. Ginzburg.
PUBLIC EDUCATION AND HIGHER SCHOOL Based on the law of December 24, 1958, school reform began, which continued until the middle. 60s, the transition from seven to eight year education was completed (schoolchildren had to work in production two days a week); The primary four-year school was replaced by a three-year school. Duration of study in high school increased from 10 to 11 years. Graduates received a certificate of specialty along with their matriculation certificate. There have been changes in the vocational education system
At the same time, in 1950-1955, 50 new universities were opened throughout the country (the total number of them by the end of the 50s was 766 (versus 105 in pre-revolutionary Russia), and the number of students was 2200 thousand (versus 127 thousand before revolution) Young people with work experience had advantages when enrolling in universities.
SOCIAL SCIENCES After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, social sciences received a new impetus, although the administrative leadership continued to restrain their development. Collective works were published: The World History, History of the Great Patriotic War, History of Russian art, ethnographic series Peoples of the World. New journals appeared in various branches of social science. In the works of historians and social scientists, new topics and new approaches were developed related to the beginning of the de-Stalinization process.
At the same time, the process of ideologization of consciousness continued. In order to further improve the communist education of the younger generation, new social disciplines were introduced in schools and universities: Social studies, Fundamentals of scientific communism, Fundamentals of scientific atheism; for the adult population - a system of political studies, universities of Marxism-Leninism were opened. At the same time, the process of ideologization of consciousness continued. In order to further improve the communist education of the younger generation, new social disciplines were introduced in schools and universities: Social studies, Fundamentals of scientific communism, Fundamentals of scientific atheism; for the adult population - a system of political studies, universities of Marxism-Leninism were opened.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REVOLUTION IN THE USSR Accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress. The central problem during the period of Khrushchev's reforms was the task of accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress and significantly increasing its economic and social effect. The entry of the USSR into the era of the scientific and technological revolution became an important factor in the development of culture. The network of scientific institutions in the country during this period significantly exceeded the pre-war level. Only in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1956 there were 120 institutes and large laboratories, 12 local branches. New scientific centers were created in Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Crimea, Volga region, etc.
CINEMATOGRAPHY IN THE 50-60s. Russian cinema was experiencing a new stage of its development (color cinema appeared). During these years, films were released with a new type of film hero (close and understandable to viewers): M. Khutsieva Spring on Zarechnaya Street; A. Zarkhi Height (with N. Rybnikov in the title role).
FINE AND MUSICAL ARTS In 1957, the Union of Artists of the USSR was established. The avant-garde art of the 1920s was rehabilitated, and exhibitions of young artists working in an unconventional style were held. During this period, Soviet artists M. Saryan, B. Ioganson, P. Korin continued to work actively; sculptors - E. Vuchetich, S. Konenkov and others. In the 50s. The art of music has achieved significant success. During these years, the Tenth and Eleventh symphonies by D. Shostakovich, the ballets Spartacus by A. Khachaturian, and The Path of Thunder by K. Karaev were written, and Soviet pianists S. Richter, E. Gilels, and violinist D. Oistrakh received worldwide recognition.
ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE In the early 50s. There have been changes in urban planning practices and building architecture. Several high-rise buildings were built in Moscow (including the Moscow State University building on the Lenin Hills, 1949-1953, architect L. Rudnev).
A NEW IDEOLOGICAL ATTACK ON THE INTELLIGENTSIA At the end of the 50s. There was a turn of the official authorities towards a tough policy in the field of culture and art. During meetings of the leaders of the CPSU with various creative unions and intellectuals, there was a call for their active work for the benefit of communist construction. At the same time, N.S. Khrushchev showed incompetence and categorical assessment of the creativity of cultural figures. The Pasternak case became a milestone of sorts.
In 1958, for the novel Doctor Zhivago, banned in the USSR and published abroad, B. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the same time, Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union and was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize. In 1962, after visiting N.S. Khrushchev's exhibition at the Academy of Arts was another study of cultural figures, and leftist movements were condemned as formal and abstract. In 1958, for the novel Doctor Zhivago, banned in the USSR and published abroad, B. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the same time, Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union and was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize. In 1962, after visiting N.S. Khrushchev's exhibition at the Academy of Arts was another study of cultural figures, and leftist movements were condemned as formal and abstract.
CONCLUSION The development of culture during the Khrushchev Thaw was contradictory. On the one hand, a deep impetus was given for the development of domestic education, science, art, and there was an expansion international relations with the foreign public. On the other hand, in the conditions of the existence of a totalitarian state, figures Soviet culture were within strict limits and under the constant control of the party and government apparatus. The party bureaucracy did not allow freedom of creativity, directing the efforts of the intelligentsia into the strict channel of ideological work. At different periods of the state's existence, undesirable creative workers were subjected to persecution, repression or oblivion. The intelligentsia was unable to openly resist pressure from the authorities, which subsequently gave rise to a spiritual crisis in society.
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Khrushchev's Thaw After the death of I.V. Stalin, the totalitarian regime weakened. There is freedom of speech, relative democratization of political and social life, openness to the world, and greater freedom of creative activity. The name is associated with the tenure of the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N. S. Khrushchev (). After the death of I.V. Stalin, the totalitarian regime weakened. There is freedom of speech, relative democratization of political and social life, openness to the world, and greater freedom of creative activity. The name is associated with the tenure of the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N. S. Khrushchev ().
Story Starting point The “Khrushchev Thaw” was triggered by the death of Stalin in 1953. The “thaw” also includes a short period when Georgy Malenkov was in charge of the country’s leadership and major criminal cases were closed (“Leningrad Case”, “Doctors’ Case”), and an amnesty was given to those convicted of minor crimes.. The starting point of the “Khrushchev Thaw” was death Stalin in 1953. The “thaw” also includes a short period when Georgy Malenkov was in charge of the country and major criminal cases were closed (“Leningrad Case”, “Doctors’ Case”), and an amnesty was given to those convicted of minor crimes. *De-Stalinization is the process of overcoming the cult of personality and the liquidation of the political and ideological system created in the USSR during the reign of I.V. Stalin. This process led to a partial democratization of public life, called the “thaw.” *De-Stalinization is the process of overcoming the cult of personality and eliminating the political and ideological system created in the USSR during the reign of I.V. Stalin. This process led to a partial democratization of public life, called the “thaw.”
Detailing With Khrushchev’s consolidation in power, the “thaw” began to be associated with the condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult. At the same time, Stalin still continued to be officially revered in the USSR as a great leader; at that time, in portraits they were often depicted together with Lenin. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU in 1956, N. S. Khrushchev made a speech in which Stalin’s cult of personality and Stalin's repressions, and in the foreign policy of the USSR a course towards “peaceful coexistence” with the capitalist world was proclaimed. Khrushchev also began a rapprochement with Yugoslavia, relations with which had been severed under Stalin. With Khrushchev strengthening in power, the “thaw” began to be associated with the condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult. At the same time, Stalin still continued to be officially revered in the USSR as a great leader; at that time, in portraits they were often depicted together with Lenin. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU in 1956, N. S. Khrushchev made a speech in which Stalin’s personality cult and Stalin’s repressions were criticized, and the foreign policy of the USSR proclaimed a course towards “peaceful coexistence” with the capitalist world. Khrushchev also began a rapprochement with Yugoslavia, relations with which had been severed under Stalin.
Detalization In general, the new course was supported at the top of the party and corresponded to the interests of the nomenklatura, since previously even the most prominent party figures who fell into disgrace had to fear for their lives. Another motive was the enormous administrative and military costs required by Stalinist-type totalitarian control over the countries of the socialist camp. In general, the new course was supported at the top of the party and corresponded to the interests of the nomenklatura, since previously even the most prominent party figures who fell into disgrace had to fear for their lives. Another motive was the enormous administrative and military costs required by Stalinist-type totalitarian control over the countries of the socialist camp.
Detailing Many political prisoners in the USSR and socialist countries were released and rehabilitated. Since 1953, commissions for verification of cases and rehabilitation have been formed. The majority of peoples deported in the 1930s and 1940s were allowed to return to their homeland. Tens of thousands of German and Japanese prisoners of war were sent home. In some countries, relatively liberal leaders came to power, such as Imre Nagy in Hungary. An agreement was reached on the state neutrality of Austria and the withdrawal of all occupation forces from it. In 1955, Khrushchev met in Geneva with US President Dwight Eisenhower and the heads of government of Great Britain and France. Many political prisoners in the USSR and socialist countries were released and rehabilitated. Since 1953, commissions for verification of cases and rehabilitation have been formed. The majority of peoples deported in the 1930s and 1940s were allowed to return to their homeland. Tens of thousands of German and Japanese prisoners of war were sent home. In some countries, relatively liberal leaders came to power, such as Imre Nagy in Hungary. An agreement was reached on the state neutrality of Austria and the withdrawal of all occupation forces from it. In 1955, Khrushchev met in Geneva with US President Dwight Eisenhower and the heads of government of Great Britain and France. In 1957, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR prohibited the naming of cities and factories after party leaders during their lifetime. In 1957, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR prohibited the naming of cities and factories after party leaders during their lifetime.
Thaw in art During the period of de-Stalinization, censorship was noticeably weakened, primarily in literature, cinema and other forms of art, where a more critical coverage of reality became possible. The “first poetic bestseller” of the thaw was a collection of poems by Leonid Martynov (Poems. M., Molodaya Gvardiya, 1955). The main platform of the “thaw” supporters was literary magazine « New world" Some works of this period became famous abroad, including Vladimir Dudintsev’s novel “Not by Bread Alone” and Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” Other significant representatives of the Thaw period were writers and poets Viktor Astafiev, Vladimir Tendryakov, Bella Akhmadulina, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Andrei Voznesensky, Evgeny Yevtushenko. Film production was sharply increased. The main film directors of the Thaw were Marlen Khutsiev, Mikhail Romm, Georgy Danelia, Eldar Ryazanov, Leonid Gaidai. An important cultural event were the films “Carnival Night”, “Ilyich’s Outpost”, “Spring on Zarechnaya Street”, “Idiot”, “I Walk Through Moscow”, “Amphibian Man”, “Welcome, or No Trespassing”. Over the years, television broadcasting was introduced in most parts of the country. Television studios are open in all capitals of the union republics and in many regional centers. During the period of de-Stalinization, censorship was noticeably weakened, primarily in literature, cinema and other forms of art, where a more critical coverage of reality became possible. The “first poetic bestseller” of the thaw was a collection of poems by Leonid Martynov (Poems. M., Molodaya Gvardiya, 1955). The main platform of the “thaw” supporters was the literary magazine “New World”. Some works of this period became famous abroad, including Vladimir Dudintsev’s novel “Not by Bread Alone” and Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” Other significant representatives of the Thaw period were writers and poets Viktor Astafiev, Vladimir Tendryakov, Bella Akhmadulina, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Andrei Voznesensky, Evgeny Yevtushenko. Film production was sharply increased. The main film directors of the Thaw were Marlen Khutsiev, Mikhail Romm, Georgy Danelia, Eldar Ryazanov, Leonid Gaidai. An important cultural event were the films “Carnival Night”, “Ilyich’s Outpost”, “Spring on Zarechnaya Street”, “Idiot”, “I Walk Through Moscow”, “Amphibian Man”, “Welcome, or No Trespassing”. Over the years, television broadcasting was introduced in most parts of the country. Television studios are open in all capitals of the union republics and in many regional centers. The VI World Festival of Youth and Students takes place in Moscow in 1957. The VI World Festival of Youth and Students takes place in Moscow in 1957.
The end of the Thaw The final end of the Thaw is considered to be the removal of Khrushchev and the coming to leadership of Leonid Brezhnev in 1964. De-Stalinization was stopped, and in connection with the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War The process of exalting the role of Stalin as the organizer and inspirer of the victory of the Soviet people in the war began. The final end of the “thaw” is considered to be the removal of Khrushchev and the coming to leadership of Leonid Brezhnev in 1964. De-Stalinization was stopped, and in connection with the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War, the process of exalting the role of Stalin as the organizer and inspirer of the victory of the Soviet people in the war began. Mass political repressions, however, were not resumed, and Khrushchev, deprived of power, retired and even remained a member of the party. Shortly before this, Khrushchev himself criticized the concept of “thaw” and even called Ehrenburg, who invented it, a “swindler.” Mass political repressions, however, were not resumed, and Khrushchev, deprived of power, retired and even remained a member of the party. Shortly before this, Khrushchev himself criticized the concept of “thaw” and even called Ehrenburg, who invented it, a “swindler.” With the end of the “thaw,” criticism of Soviet reality began to spread only through unofficial channels, such as Samizdat. With the end of the “thaw,” criticism of Soviet reality began to spread only through unofficial channels, such as Samizdat.
Space Soviet cosmonautics refers to rocketry and space exploration programs conducted Soviet Union(USSR) from the 1930s until its dissolution in 1991. Soviet cosmonautics refers to the rocketry and space exploration programs conducted by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1930s until its dissolution in 1991. The USSR was the first country to carry out a successful launch and launch into low-Earth orbit of an artificial Earth satellite. The USSR was the first country to successfully launch and place an artificial Earth satellite into low-Earth orbit. Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, was launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, was launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit on November 3, 1957, which for the first time launched a living creature, the dog Laika, into space. Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit on November 3, 1957, which for the first time launched a living creature, the dog Laika, into space. "Vostok" series of single-seat manned aircraft spaceships Korolev Design Bureau for flights in low-Earth orbit with ejection and landing of the astronaut on a parachute separately from the descent vehicle. “Vostok” is a series of single-seat manned spacecraft of the Korolev Design Bureau for flights in low-Earth orbit with ejection and landing of the astronaut by parachute separately from the descent vehicle. They were created under the leadership of OKB-1 General Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev from 1958 to 1963. They were created under the leadership of OKB-1 General Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev from 1958 to 1963. The first manned Vostok, which was launched on April 12, 1961, became at the same time the world's first spacecraft that made it possible to carry out human flight into outer space. This day (April 12) is celebrated in Russia and in many other countries of the world as World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day. The first manned Vostok, which was launched on April 12, 1961, became at the same time the world's first spacecraft that made it possible to carry out human flight into outer space. This day (April 12) is celebrated in Russia and in many other countries of the world as World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day. Subsequently, five more ships of the series flew, incl. two group (without docking), incl. with the world's first female cosmonaut Tereshkova. The planned 4 more flights (including longer ones, with the creation of artificial gravity) were cancelled. Subsequently, five more ships of the series flew, incl. two group (without docking), incl. with the world's first female cosmonaut Tereshkova. The planned 4 more flights (including longer ones, with the creation of artificial gravity) were cancelled.
Mass riots in the USSR in June 1957 were an emergency in the city of Podolsk, Moscow region. The actions of a group of citizens who spread rumors that police officers killed the detained driver. The number of “group of drunken citizens” is 3 thousand people. 9 instigators of the June 1957 emergency in the city of Podolsk, Moscow region, were brought to criminal responsibility. The actions of a group of citizens who spread rumors that police officers killed the detained driver. The number of “group of drunken citizens” is 3 thousand people. 9 instigators were brought to justice.
Mass riots on January 15, 1961, the city of Krasnodar. Reasons: the actions of a group of drunken citizens who spread rumors about the beating of a serviceman when he was detained by a patrol for violating the wearing of his uniform. Number of participants: 1300 people. Applied firearms, one person was killed. 24 people were brought to criminal responsibility. January 15, 1961, Krasnodar city. Reasons: the actions of a group of drunken citizens who spread rumors about the beating of a serviceman when he was detained by a patrol for violating the wearing of his uniform. Number of participants: 1300 people. Firearms were used and one person was killed. 24 people were brought to criminal responsibility. On June 21, 1961, in the city of Biysk, Altai Territory, 500 people took part in mass riots. They stood up for a drunk who the police wanted to arrest at the central market. A drunken citizen resisted security officers during arrest public order. There was a fight involving weapons. One person was killed, one was injured, 15 were prosecuted. On June 21, 1961, in the city of Biysk, Altai Territory, 500 people took part in mass riots. They stood up for a drunk who the police wanted to arrest at the central market. The drunken citizen resisted the public order officers during his arrest. There was a fight involving weapons. One person was killed, one was injured, 15 were prosecuted. On June 30, 1961, in the city of Murom, Vladimir Region, over 1.5 thousand workers of the local plant named after Ordzhonikidze almost destroyed the construction of a medical sobering-up station, in which one of the employees of the enterprise, taken there by the police, died. Law enforcement officers used weapons, two workers were injured, and 12 men were brought to justice. On June 30, 1961, in the city of Murom, Vladimir Region, over 1.5 thousand workers of the local plant named after Ordzhonikidze almost destroyed the construction of a medical sobering-up station, in which one of the employees of the enterprise, taken there by the police, died. Law enforcement officers used weapons, two workers were injured, and 12 men were brought to justice.
Mass riots On July 23, 1961, 1,200 people took to the streets of the city of Alexandrov, Vladimir Region, and moved to the city police department to the rescue of their two detained comrades. The police used weapons, as a result of which four were killed, 11 were wounded, and 20 people were put in the dock. On July 23, 1961, 1,200 people took to the streets of the city of Aleksandrov, Vladimir Region, and moved to the city police department to rescue their two detained comrades. The police used weapons, as a result of which four were killed, 11 were wounded, 20 people were put in the dock, September 1961, street riots in the North Ossetian city of Beslan. The number of rioters was 700 people. The riot arose due to an attempt by the police to detain five people who were drunk in public place. Armed resistance was provided to the law enforcement officers. One was killed. Seven put on trial September 1961, street riots in the North Ossetian city of Beslan. The number of rioters was 700 people. The riot arose due to an attempt by the police to detain five people who were drunk in a public place. Armed resistance was provided to the law enforcement officers. One was killed. Seven were put on trial. July 1-3, 1962, Novocherkassk Rostov region, 4 thousand workers of the electric locomotive plant, dissatisfied with the actions of the administration in explaining the reasons for the increase in retail prices for meat and butter, went out to protest. The protesting workers were dispersed with the help of troops. 23 people were killed, 70 were injured. 132 instigators were brought to criminal responsibility, seven of whom were later shot. July 1-3, 1962, Novocherkassk, Rostov region, 4 thousand workers of the electric locomotive plant, dissatisfied with the actions of the administration in explaining the reasons for the increase in retail prices for meat and butter, walked out for a protest demonstration. The protesting workers were dispersed with the help of troops. 23 people were killed, 70 were injured. 132 instigators were brought to criminal responsibility, seven of whom were later shot
The struggle for power after the death of I.O. Stalin. L.P. Beria – first deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers, again headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs. G.M. Malenkov – Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. N.S. Khrushchev - Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Death of I.V. Stalin on March 5, 1953.
Socionics.org Activities aimed at easing the regime: Rehabilitation according to the “doctors’ case”; Initiator of mass amnesty; The desire to limit the interference of party bodies in economic affairs. This was interpreted as a desire to seize power. Association with the aim of eliminating Beria June 1953. - arrest, trial, execution.
The second stage of the struggle for power The trial of the top leaders of the MGB, guilty of falsifying the “Leningrad case” February 1955. – Malenkov was removed from the post of Head of Government. Steady strengthening of Khrushchev’s Position.
The third stage of the struggle for power (February 1955 - March 1958) “United opposition”: Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich and others. An attempt to abolish the post of first secretary by decision of the Presidium, where Khrushchev’s opponents had a majority. The plenum of the Central Committee supported Khrushchev, and the oppositionists were declared an anti-party group. (Summer 1957) October 1957 - Marshal G.K. Zhukov was deprived of his posts. March 1958 - N. Bulganin, who supported in the summer of 1957, was removed from the post of head of government. opposition. Concentrated all power
Exposing Stalin's Cult of Personality BACKGROUND: Stalin's death eased fear of the state and repression; Uprisings in the Gulag system in 1953 - 1956; The maturation of social protest in society; Condemnation of the cult as a means of struggle in the highest echelons of power. The need for change in society XX Congress of the CPSU, Report of Khrushchev N.S. about the cult of personality (February 1956); Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of June 30, 1956 “On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences.” Rehabilitation of victims of mass political repression.
Economy of the USSR in 1953 – 1964. Shifting the center of gravity to the development of light and food industries, as well as agriculture. Increasing productivity and strengthening the personal interest of collective farmers. Reducing the rate of mandatory supplies from private farms, reducing cash taxes and writing off debts. Malenkov's economic course
Agricultural policy of Khrushchev N.S. Increasing government purchase prices for agricultural products; Expansion of sown areas (development of virgin and fallow lands (1954); (1954); Increase in government spending on social development villages; Cancellation of the tax on personal subsidiary plots and permission to increase its size by 5 times. (until 1958)
Agricultural policy during the period: 1958 – 1964. Liquidation of MTS and sale of equipment to collective farms; Consolidation of collective farms and creation of agricultural farms; Unjustified expansion of corn crops; Persecution of private households; Unreasonable assignments for meat procurement, reduction in livestock numbers.
Consequences: Decline in agricultural production; Deterioration of food supply to the population; The beginning of grain imports from abroad - events in Novocherkassk!!!
Industrial development. Refusal from Malenkov's course: Increasing disproportion towards the production of means of production (“A”); Overall, the average annual production growth rate exceeded 10%; The use of scientific and technical progress as a lever for development (the results were noticeable mainly in the development of the military-industrial complex).
Scientific and technological progress First nuclear power plant(1954); the first artificial Earth satellite (1957); nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" (1959); hydrogen bomb test; development of the chemical industry; expansion of the research institute network.
1958 – reform in the field of education. Goal: strengthening the connection between school and industry. Abolition of compulsory seven-year and full ten-year education. Introduction of compulsory eight-year education through: ShRM technical schools Three-year secondary schools with compulsory industrial training Obtaining higher education only with industrial experience
Reform of national economic management. Decentralization of economic management, transition from a sectoral principle to a territorial one. Decentralization of economic management and restructuring of industrial management from a sectoral principle to a territorial one. Elimination of 10 industrial ministries and replacing them with economic councils, which managed local enterprises. Consolidation of economic councils and the creation of the Council of National Economy to coordinate their activities, as well as state committees for industries. (1962) The reform did not give the expected results, but only increased industrial and managerial confusion.
Social policy PROGRAM OF MEASURES AIMED AT IMPROVING THE LIFE OF THE POPULATION: Increasing the minimum wage by 35%; Increasing the old-age pension by 2 times and reducing the retirement age by 5 years; Cancellation of all types of tuition fees; The working week was reduced from 48 to 46 hours per week; Introduction of cash wages for collective farmers; Deployment of mass housing construction and encouragement of the creation of housing cooperatives.
“The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism.” (Khrushchev N.S.) XXII Congress of the CPSU (October 1961) ADOPTION OF THE NEW CPSU PROGRAM. THREE MAIN TASKS: CREATION OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL BASE OF COMMUNISM; FORMATION OF NEW COMMUNIST PUBLIC RELATIONS; RAISING A NEW PERSON. UTOPIAN ASPIRATIONS?
“Thaw” in cultural life and its limited nature. Inconsistency; maintaining control of the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia; low artistic taste of the authorities. Persecution of B. Pasternak; Resumption of arrests for “anti-Soviet activities” (“the case of young historians”); persecution of artists (an incident at an exhibition in MANEGE); A new round of persecution of the Orthodox Church.
Literature “writing honestly means not thinking about the expressions on the faces of tall and short readers.” (V. Pomerantsev) I. Erinburg (“Thaw”); V. Panova (“Seasons”); V. Dudintsev (“Not by Bread Alone”); D. Granin (“Seekers”); A. Solzhenitsyn (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, “Matrenin’s Yard”); A. Fadeev’s attempt to change the leadership style of the Writers’ Union; the appearance of young talented poets (E. Yevtushenko, A. Voznesensky) “And a couple of phrases flying from here will swing into meaningless heights...” (A. Voznesensky)
MUSIC A. Khachaturian - resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On correcting errors in the evaluation of the operas “The Great Friendship”, “Bogdan Khmelnitsky” and “From the Heart”. In it, previous assessments of the work of composers: D. Shostakovich, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturyan, V. Shebalin were recognized as unfair
N.S. Khrushchev’s visit to an art exhibition in the Manege “... I’m telling you as Chairman of the Council of Ministers: the Soviet people do not need all this.” (N.S. Khrushchev) Khrushchev was especially indignant at the work of artists Yu. Sooster, V. Yankilevsky and B. Zhutovsky.
A breath of freedom! International festival of youth and students, the beginning of foreign tours of Soviet creative groups, the opening of new theaters and new magazines. The Kremlin is open to visitors!
Foreign policy Liberalization of foreign policy Normalization of relations with Yugoslavia (1954 – 1955); Signing of a peace treaty with Austria (1955); Attempts to reach a compromise with Western countries on disarmament issues: Khrushchev’s meeting with Eisenhower (1959), unilateral reduction of the Soviet Army; USSR, USA and Great Britain - a treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere and under water. Continuation " cold war» Creation of a military-political organization of social. Countries - Warsaw Pact (1955); Suppression of the popular uprising in Hungary (1956); The Berlin Question: aggravation of relations with the West and the construction of the Berlin Wall (1961); Caribbean crisis, nuclear confrontation between the USSR and the USA (1962); Deterioration of relations with China and Albania since 1962.
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